268:. The Tribe's Crystal Bay Casino, Resort & Spa project was said to create an estimated 4,440 new jobs, 2,200 directly, annual payroll approaching $ 80 million and $ 1 billion in overall annual economic activity for the local area. The Tribe also began talks with the city to explore potential benefits the project could bring to the local economy. Discussions included a proposal for annual payments from the Tribe to mitigate impacts to city services, including funding for additional police and fire protection, reimbursement for lost property taxes and parking tax revenue, and road and traffic improvements. The proposal was funded by Florida real estate developer
244:
sought a determination from the
Chairman that the Nation was a restored tribe within the meaning of 25 U.S.C. 2719(b)(1)(B)(iii). On June 18, 2008, the Chairman disapproved the ordinance. He deferred to a December 29, 2000, determination of the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, which reaffirmed the government-to-government relationship between the Nation and the United States and found that the Nation had never been terminated. Moreover, he said that determinations about the government-to-government relationships between the United States and Indian tribes are made by the Secretary of the Interior and the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
37:
1234:
320:, a much larger tribe that owns 23 casinos in Oklahoma. The agreement calls for Global Gaming Solutions, a wholly-owned Chickasaw business, to manage and operate the proposed facility. In February 2022, the tribe announced an agreement with the Northern California Carpenters Union, for the site, which is planned to have 2,500 gaming machines, a 400-room hotel, six restaurant and food service areas, a meeting center and spa, and a live entertainment venue.
49:
251:(DOI) a determination that the tribe qualified to conduct gaming on lands taken into trust, as part of “the restoration of lands for an Indian tribe that is restored to Federal recognition.” . On January 19, 2017, DOI denied the tribe's eligibility for the IGRA exception. In January 2019, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that the tribe was in fact eligible.
195:
Records on file at the
National Archives regional center in San Bruno show that in 1953, when Lake County expressed interest in acquiring the land for an airport, the only two Indians living on Purvis Flats were a couple, Harry Johnson and his wife, Isabella. A special Act of Congress in 1956 gave 99
243:
In March 2008, the tribe submitted a gaming ordinance for the
National Indian Gaming Commission (NICG) Chairman's review and approval. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), 25 U.S.C. 2710(b), requires the NIGC Chairman to review and approve (or disapprove) tribal gaming ordinances. The ordinance
119:
Koi, meaning people of water, lived on islands in the Clear Lake in what is now Lake County, California, and migrated seasonally to the
California coast. The "Purvis Tract" is located on the Northwest corner of the Clear Lake. For thousands of years, the Nation lived under the Purvis Tract. In that
292:
for a proposed $ 850 million project, promising to pay the city between $ 10 million and $ 20 million a year, along with generating thousands of jobs. In
January 2015 the Vallejo City Council voted to reject all gambling proposals and to concentrate solely on industrial proposals for the site.
157:
In the 19th century, European-Americans occupied Pomo lands in large numbers. The US government signed two treaties with Pomos in 1851–1852 which defined Pomo territory; however, these treaties were never ratified by
Congress. In 1856, the US government forcibly removed many Pomo people to a
132:. In 1961, the tribe organized under the Articles of Association. In 1994, a new tribal government apparently was formed to make a claim for Pearce Field, a small airport which Lake County closed that year. In June 2008, a new Constitution was ratified, replacing the Articles of Association.
327:(BIA) began preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA) to analyze the potential environmental consequences of the proposed fee-to-trust transfer of the Sonoma County property, including a comment period in mid-2022. The EA was issued in late 2023; in March 2024, the BIA decided that an
199:
The tribe was terminated on 29 March 1956 by two laws, Public Law 443 70 Stat. 58 and Public Law 751 70 Stat. 595. Indian Health program records similarly show termination as of that date, with no tribal members eligible for services. The termination was part of the
218:
In
California, tribes with gaming operations pay into a fund which distributes payments to federally-recognized tribes which operate fewer than 350 gaming devices. Payments started in 2001, and through June 30, 2021, the Koi Nation had received $ 21.39 million.
309:, for $ 12.3 million, and planned to turn it into a $ 600 million casino resort. Koi Nation attorneys filed an application to place the land into trust with the federal government, to make it eligible for casino construction under the
313:. The development would be about 1.2 million square feet and have about 2,000 employees when completed, according to a spokesman for the tribe. The tribe has declined to provide the names of any investors in the project.
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In addition to the EIS, a determination is needed as to whether the project meets the requirements of the Indian Gaming
Regulatory Act. The final major regulatory step would be for the tribe to negotiate a
1335:
172:
By the beginning of the 1900s, tribal members were primarily living around Santa Rosa, Windsor, and
Sebastopol. As of 2021, the Koi Nation has 90 members, most of whom live in Sonoma County.
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described it as "a rock pile," and it remained uninhabited until a handful of
Indians took up residence there in the 1940s. Seven tribal families lived on the rancheria in 1950.
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The tribal position was that though they were landless, they had not been officially terminated. After years of attempting to have their status reaffirmed, the
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215:, "citing oversights in official records", again recognized the tribe on 29 December 2000. At the time, the tribe consisted of 53 members, mostly children.
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acres to the county for the airport, and the remaining 41 acres, occupied by the Johnsons, became their private property, a "gift" from the government.
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169:. By 1871, their homes had been burned and destroyed by European-Americans. Disease, enslavement, and murder greatly reduced their population.
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In September 2021, the tribe announced that it had purchased a 68-acre vineyard site on unincorporated county land on the southeast border of
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The Koi people were among the Southeastern Pomo who lived in north-central California for millennia. They fished, hunted, and gathered.
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533:
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The Koi became a recognized tribe in 1916, the year the federal government bought 140 acres, known as Purvis Flats, near the town of
1137:"Koi Nation of Northern California Shiloh Resort and Casino Project – Environmental Assessment / Tribal Environmental Impact Report"
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In 2005, the tribe officially announced its plans to build a world-class tribal government gaming facility, resort and spa near the
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768:"The Koi Nation of Northern California v. United States Department of Interior, 011619 DCDC, C. A. 17-1718 (BAH)"
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563:
226:, seeking to delay the city's development of a sports complex on 25 acres of land. The tribe argued that a full
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722:"KOI NATION OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA V. U.S. DEPT. OF THE INTERIOR Case No. 17-1718 (BAH) (D.D.C. Jan. 16, 2019)"
328:
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97:
508:"The history of Indian gaming in the North Bay is fraught with battles. The Koi Nation's has only begun"
1668:
1295:
391:"Re: In re: The June 13,2008 disapproval of a gaming ordinance for the Lower Lake Ranchcria Koi Nation"
285:
248:
71:
828:"Lower Lake Rancheria Koi Nation Announces Plans to Bring Tribal Government Gaming to City of Oakland"
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843:"Tribe drops plan for casino near airport - Koi Nation faced opposition from most politicians"
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environmental review was required, instead of a mitigated negative declaration by the city.
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1030:"Koi Nation Reestablishes Tribal Land Base, Plans To Build Resort, Casino In Sonoma County"
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time, the nation continued to assert its unique identity and maintain control of its area.
8:
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1083:"What a partnership with the Chickasaw Nation means for proposed Koi casino near Windsor"
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In late 2014, the tribe was one of eight applicants for the development of a site in
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317:
159:
67:
460:"City of Clearlake pursues new approach to promoting airport property development"
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288:; four applications involved Indian gambling. The tribe partnered with developer
135:
The tribe is governed by a democratically elected five-person community council.
109:
1788:
1252:
1164:"Another chance for public comment on Koi Nation casino project near Windsor"
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813:
745:
269:
42:
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534:"Who are the Koi people of Sonoma County? A brief history of their culture"
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316:
In January 2022, the tribe announced a pre-development agreement with the
1500:
1112:"Koi Nation to use union workers in constructing new casino near Windsor"
166:
101:
84:
152:
1239:
1233:
895:"Vallejo to hold hearing on Indian gaming, other Mare Island proposals"
54:
1578:
1057:"Koi Nation tribe plans to build casino and resort in Sonoma County"
1005:"Tribe hopeful for planned $ 600 million casino resort near Windsor"
641:
370:
1773:
1320:
697:"Koi Nation suing city of Clearlake over proposed sports complex"
204:
of the mid-1940s to mid-1960s, and specifically part of a set of
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272:. Facing community opposition, the tribe dropped its plans.
206:
Congressional acts that targeted 51 Rancherias in California
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671:"How much demand is there for another North Bay casino?"
648:
331:(EIS), a more comprehensive assessment, was required.
247:
In 2006, 2009, and 2014, the tribe requested from the
104:
in northern California. Their name for their tribe is
1795:
Native American tribes in Sonoma County, California
921:"Off-reservation casino battle heats up in Vallejo"
1800:Native American tribes in Lake County, California
605:
587:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 6, Laws"
560:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 6, Laws"
1805:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1786:
1054:
798:"CASE LAW ON AMERICAN INDIANS AUGUST 2018-2019"
869:"Vallejo ponders N. Mare Island possibilities"
656:"Bureau of Land Management termination report"
613:"Indian Health program terminated tribes list"
222:In July 2023, the Koi Nation sued the city of
1216:
1055:DiFeliciantonio, Chase (September 15, 2021).
589:. digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from
562:. digital.library.okstate.edu. Archived from
162:; however, the Koi remained on their island.
128:The Lower Lake Rancheria is headquartered in
950:"Vallejo dumps casino plans for Mare Island"
867:Weilenman, Donna Beth (November 10, 2014).
384:
382:
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866:
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184:in Lake County, and designated it as the
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165:In 1870, Koi people attended a historic
796:Schlosser, Thomas (December 16, 2019).
578:
531:
458:Larson, Elizabeth (November 17, 2020).
426:
1787:
1238:Indian reservations and RancherĂas in
1161:
1109:
1080:
1003:Bomberger, Paul (September 15, 2021).
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636:
634:
551:
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361:
94:Koi Nation of the Lower Lake Rancheria
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996:
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532:Minkler, Alana (September 16, 2021).
411:
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919:Burchyns, Tony (November 20, 2014).
669:Reed, Kathryn (September 24, 2021).
668:
389:Hogen, Philip N. (October 7, 2008).
29:Regions with significant populations
893:Burchyns, Tony (October 15, 2014).
631:
585:Oklahoma State University Library.
558:Oklahoma State University Library.
506:Barber, Phil (September 18, 2021).
13:
1110:Barber, Phil (February 11, 2022).
1100:
993:
975:"Live! Hotel & Casino Vallejo"
938:
477:
374:Koi Nation of Northern California.
371:"Tribal History - The Koi Nation."
108:, from their traditional village,
14:
1821:
1185:
1141:www.shilohresortenvironmental.com
1081:Barber, Phil (January 25, 2022).
948:Fagan, Kevin (January 17, 2015).
642:"Tribal History - The Koi Nation"
398:National Indian Gaming Commission
238:
106:Koi Nation of Northern California
22:Koi Nation of Northern California
1232:
496:. 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
349:Indigenous peoples of California
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47:
35:
1162:Barber, Phil (March 17, 2024).
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841:DeFao, Janine (June 11, 2005).
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820:
789:
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695:Barber, Phil (August 5, 2023).
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339:with the state of California.
146:
112:, once located on an island in
1009:The North Bay Business Journal
675:The North Bay Business Journal
525:
499:
451:
427:Russell, Ron (March 8, 2005).
329:environmental impact statement
1:
354:
284:, which had been part of the
266:Oakland International Airport
123:
311:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
7:
802:American Indian Law Journal
376:Retrieved November 5, 2012.
342:
10:
1826:
1143:. Bureau of Indian Affairs
286:Mare Island Naval Shipyard
275:
259:
249:Department of the Interior
150:
138:
98:federally recognized tribe
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1116:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
1087:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
701:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
538:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
512:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
233:
202:Indian termination policy
82:
77:
66:
61:
33:
28:
732:(4): 273–303. May 2019.
325:Bureau of Indian Affairs
213:Bureau of Indian Affairs
190:Bureau of Indian Affairs
153:Pomo § Post contact
1061:San Francisco Chronicle
847:San Francisco Chronicle
1659:Manchester-Point Arena
925:The Vacaville Reporter
738:10.1089/glr2.2019.2349
130:Santa Rosa, California
873:Benicia Herald Online
489:May 16, 2013, at the
188:. An official of the
78:Related ethnic groups
1366:Jamul Indian Village
1036:. September 15, 2021
433:San Francisco Weekly
429:"Father of a Nation"
186:Lower Lake Rancheria
24:Lower Lake Rancheria
303:Windsor, California
282:Vallejo, California
25:
494:Trinidad Rancheria
255:Specific proposals
176:Tribal recognition
21:
1782:
1781:
1341:Fort Independence
726:Gaming Law Review
484:"Tribal Council."
90:
89:
72:Southeastern Pomo
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1669:Montgomery Creek
1361:Inaja and Cosmit
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619:on July 23, 2012
615:. Archived from
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435:. Archived from
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318:Chickasaw Nation
160:Mendocino County
100:of Southeastern
70:, traditionally
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981:. November 2014
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1589:Cold Springs
1461:Santa Ysabel
1436:Round Valley
1356:Hoopa Valley
1336:Fort Bidwell
1321:Death Valley
1248:Reservations
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85:Pomo peoples
18:Ethnic group
15:
1810:Pomo tribes
1744:Smith River
1734:Sheep Ranch
1719:Rohnerville
1634:Laytonville
1564:Buena Vista
1534:Berry Creek
1471:Smith River
1446:San Pasqual
1401:Mesa Grande
1386:Los Coyotes
1346:Fort Mojave
1331:Ewiiaapaayp
1092:January 28,
775:Turtle Talk
680:October 20,
543:October 20,
305:, north of
167:Ghost Dance
102:Pomo people
1789:Categories
1764:Upper Lake
1754:Susanville
1729:Santa Rosa
1664:Middletown
1649:Lower Lake
1624:Grindstone
1619:Greenville
1609:Enterprise
1604:Elk Valley
1584:Cloverdale
1569:Cedarville
1554:Big Valley
1544:Big Lagoon
1516:RancherĂas
1486:Tule River
1456:Santa Ynez
1451:Santa Rosa
1441:San Manuel
1301:Chemehuevi
1286:Bridgeport
1240:California
1147:August 20,
706:August 20,
403:August 20,
355:References
307:Santa Rosa
151:See also:
124:Government
114:Clear Lake
55:California
1704:Resighini
1679:Northfork
1674:Mooretown
1599:Dry Creek
1559:Blue Lake
1549:Big Sandy
1466:Sebastian
1396:Mendocino
1391:Manzanita
1381:Lone Pine
1351:Fort Yuma
1173:March 17,
814:2474-6975
754:243755757
746:2572-5300
224:Clearlake
182:Clearlake
62:Languages
1774:XL Ranch
1759:Trinidad
1714:Robinson
1689:Picayune
1684:Paskenta
1539:Big Bend
1421:Pechanga
1376:La Posta
1371:La Jolla
1276:Big Pine
1253:Colonies
1121:March 6,
597:June 21,
570:June 21,
487:Archived
343:See also
1699:Redding
1644:Lookout
1629:Jackson
1594:Cortina
1524:Alturas
1406:Morongo
276:Vallejo
260:Oakland
139:History
68:English
1769:Wilton
1724:Rumsey
1654:Lytton
1639:Likely
1614:Graton
1529:Auburn
1496:Washoe
1491:Viejas
1476:Sycuan
1431:Rincon
1311:Colusa
1281:Bishop
1266:Barona
954:SFGATE
812:
752:
744:
234:Gaming
83:other
52:
40:
1579:Chico
1506:Yurok
1501:Wiyot
1481:Tejon
1291:Campo
808:(1).
771:(PDF)
750:S2CID
394:(PDF)
96:is a
1411:Pala
1326:Elem
1251:and
1175:2024
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1123:2022
1094:2022
1068:2021
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1016:2021
987:2021
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880:2021
854:2021
810:ISSN
783:2021
742:ISSN
708:2023
682:2021
625:2014
599:2015
572:2015
545:2021
519:2021
471:2021
445:2021
405:2023
228:CEQA
92:The
734:doi
110:Koi
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