135:
3751:
1955:
Instrumental prefixes in
Southeastern Pomo are significantly more limited than other Pomo languages. Moshinsky (1974) found that this is the result of a pre-Southeastern Pomo phonological rule which deleted an unstressed vowel that preceded the stressed root vowel, reducing in shape from CV- to C-.
815:
Primary stress is applied to the first stem vowel within the categories of noun and verb, this vowel is also often the first phonemic vowel in the word. Although there are two distinct exceptions to this rule: when a directional prefix comes before the vowel and in reduplication, when the vowel is
928:
D-deletion occurs when it appears before a consonant, and
Moshinsky (1974) has hypothesized that this may occur in order to eliminate two-consonant clusters when the first consonant is an alveolar stop or resonant. Some examples of d-deletion in Southeastern Pomo are:
791:
In cases of loanwords, which are often borrowed from
Spanish (similar to the examples above), the stress is changed from later stresses that are found in the Spanish language to an initial stress. Some examples of words that are borrowed from Spanish are as follows:
1155:
There are some nouns that show reduplication. As noted by
Moshinsky (1974), these nouns include derived verbs, and the semantic domains of small animals, plants and birds. Below are a few examples of nouns with reduplication in the Southeastern Pomo language:
221:. Southeastern Pomos inhabited an area on the northern bank of Cache Creek, and the Sulfur Bank Rancheria. Dialectal differences between the two sites of habitation seem to be minimal, and may be limited to a small number of lexical differences.
1898:
Many, but not all, verb stems that occur with reduplication can also occur without it. There are four reduplication rules for verbs (two of which are minor), that accompany the reduplicative morphemes in the above table.
2481:-qat 'contingent actions', this suffix conjoins two sentences in which the actions occur either simultaneously or sequentially, and can be used when the subject is the same or differs between the sentences
975:
This rule inserts a schwa between stem-initial consonants, preceding the stress vowel. This phonological process most often appears in the most difficult to articulate constant clusters, such as two stops.
198:
1040:
This rule lowers /i/ and /u/ to /e/ and /o/, respectively. This lowering occurs morpheme-finally: /i/ lowering before /s/, /u/ before /cʹ/ and both /i/ and /u/ lowering before /l/.
768:
Words are stressed on the first syllable. Although, in some cases a short epenthetic vowel is inserted to break up word-initial consonant clusters. Examples of these cases are:
2290:
While
Moshinsky (1974) notes that Southeastern Pomo has a somewhat free word order, and that sentences are often generated in the neutral order, Southeastern Pomo is a largely
2265:. Among those that are not direct cognates with the prefixes in these other languages, they are highly related. An example of this with two languages in the Pomoan family is
2431:-day 'simultaneous actions', this suffix conjoins sentences in which the actions are occurring simultaneously, and can include either the same or different subjects
1305:
Verbs take a great variety of suffixes divided into many position classes. There are also instrumental prefixes that figure crucially in the use of many verb stems.
2386:
that come through in a number of sentences. The categories for each sentence type are outlined below with some examples of how they are used in
Southeastern Pomo.
861:
In this phonological rule, /m/ and /l/ become syllabic when they precede a consonant which has the same point or articulation. Examples of this are as follows:
1313:
Moshinsky (1974) identifies the following position classes; it can be seen that there is far more complexity in the set of suffixes than in the prefixes.
2744:
2878:
2406:-yukin 'sequential actions, different subjects', this suffix conjoins sentences with sequentially occurring events but that have different subjects
2846:
2810:
1956:
Because many of the prefixes are now rather similar, there is reduced analyzability of their meanings. The instrumental prefixes are as follows:
4232:
2498:-miṭ 'contingent actions, same subject', conjoins two sentences with the same subject in which the actions are connected or simultaneous
2619:
357:, as in the production of the word 'gopher snake'. The ejective stops of /k/ and /q/ are often distinguished by articulatory position.
3789:
2593:
699:
349:
The consonants in
Southeastern Pomo are as laid out in the following table. Following Moshinsky (1974), at a systematic phonemic and
238:
sometimes depend upon the adjacent consonants. Because of the variability of inserted vowels, they have been hypothesized to be
2871:
2551:- 'If you do bad things, when you die you will go to a bad place.' (you bad when.you.do when.you.die you bad towards will.go)
2739:
1145:
Noun morphology is significantly more limited than among verbs. However, there are still some cases of morphological rules.
4237:
738:
729:
157:
2905:
2347:
511:
242:. Southeastern Pomo is the only language in the Pomoan language family with only a marginal vowel length distinction.
2677:
1902:
Reduplication 1. Stem reduplication, (Directional Prefix) + (Instrumental Prefix) + Root → (DP)+(IP)+Root+(IP)+Root
3755:
2864:
603:
444:
585:
353:
level, the parenthesized segments could be removed from the inventory. The voiced stop /d/ can in some cases be
147:
3663:
3782:
2137:'with a projection at the end of a long object; with the fingers, with the butt of the hand, with the foot'
594:
121:
2806:
1982:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1006:
993:
336:
319:
313:
307:
291:
284:
3724:
3619:
2465:- 'If he gets there before me, he won't know the road.' (he me before if.he.comes road not he.won't.know)
2291:
628:
3898:
3463:
3146:
1875:
There are six verb affixes that are realized phonologically by reduplication, and they are as follows:
747:
620:
415:
4227:
3822:
3399:
745:
618:
611:
601:
553:
509:
499:
489:
442:
432:
422:
350:
2337:- 'We went fishing, deer hunting, mudhen hunting' (fish we.caught, deer we.hunted, mudhen we.hunted)
4161:
4100:
3775:
3537:
3468:
2826:
2458:-fed 'conditional', conjoins two sentences, when the second of which is conditional upon the first
1087:
459:
424:
234:
Southeastern Pomo has six vowels, as depicted in the following table. Vowels that are inserted via
4120:
2887:
681:
544:
452:
239:
210:
206:
139:
The seven Pomoan languages with an indication of their pre-contact distribution within
California
3499:
3909:
3904:
3732:
3275:
3235:
3179:
3165:
482:
408:
202:
3010:
2779:"WALS Online - Datapoint Pomo (Southeastern) / Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases"
4114:
4017:
3887:
3882:
3847:
3424:
3338:
3332:
3320:
3172:
3153:
2274:
716:
658:
649:
3031:
3024:
4108:
4061:
3326:
3306:
2941:
526:
491:
2996:
8:
4150:
3714:
3313:
2986:
722:
642:
578:
519:
354:
214:
197:. In the language's prime, Southeastern Pomo was spoken primarily in an area surrounding
194:
42:
3933:
3457:
3017:
3003:
4137:
4089:
4075:
4030:
3829:
3651:
3598:
3450:
3406:
3299:
3261:
3247:
3226:
3122:
3060:
2421:. - 'He fell asleep before I came.' (I before.I.came already I.saw.he.had.fallen.asleep
668:
475:
375:
365:
3438:
2477:- 'If they ever head him off, I'll see it.' (they him if.they.head.him.off I will.see)
113:
4068:
4052:
4023:
3986:
3965:
3863:
3856:
3815:
3806:
3668:
3515:
3486:
3473:
3444:
3432:
3392:
3382:
3345:
3200:
3139:
3133:
3067:
2851:
2721:
2717:
2683:
2673:
2261:
As noted by Sally McLendon (1973), most of the prefixes are cognate with prefixes in
395:
380:
2350:
in nature. Some examples of this syntactic feature, as noted by
Bernard Comrie are:
153:
4175:
4144:
4038:
3996:
3955:
3892:
3874:
3709:
3699:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3646:
3614:
3608:
3592:
3556:
3525:
3479:
3368:
3268:
3185:
3081:
3043:
2974:
2960:
2713:
2383:
2270:
2262:
687:
555:
537:
501:
434:
390:
370:
190:
69:
2701:
4012:
3991:
3939:
3924:
3836:
3798:
3704:
3656:
3531:
3493:
3413:
3362:
3293:
3241:
3195:
3113:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3074:
3053:
2949:
2914:
2756:
2402:. - 'After he shot it, the deer fell over.' (he after.he.shot the.deer fell.over)
1938:
Reduplication 4. Root+Suffix (minor rule), Root+Suffix → Root+Suffix+Root+Suffix
385:
61:
2815:
126:
4208:
4186:
4169:
4082:
3970:
3603:
3572:
3544:
3357:
3351:
3288:
3254:
3190:
3128:
2967:
2930:
2923:
2841:
2570:
402:
2568:
As of 2009, there is only one remaining fluent native speaker, Loretta Kelsey.
4221:
4192:
4181:
3960:
3566:
3281:
3213:
3206:
2954:
2725:
2687:
1149:
259:
32:
4155:
3504:
2822:
2448:- 'He fell asleep while I was there.' (he I when.I.was.there sleep got.him)
466:
2856:
2494:- 'When they holler, the dog barks.' (they when.they.holler the.dog barks)
97:
2151:'with internal energy; with heat, exploding, burning; with the emotions'
252:
2847:
2702:"The languages of native America: historical and comparative assessment"
2488:'When he came to Leluša, he landed.' (he.landed and Leluša when.he.came)
636:
276:
266:
235:
134:
2778:
2438:- 'It happened when I was grown up.' (it.happened I was.grown.up when)
2667:
2318:
Object-Verb sentences are also exemplified in the Moshinsky grammar:
572:
328:
300:
106:
90:
2521:- 'Whenever they play, they laugh.' (they when.they.play they.laugh)
2389:-fla 'sequential action', affixed to the verb of the first sentence
2009:'with a protrusion; with the mouth, tongue, beak; talking, eating'
165:
3767:
2427:. - 'I'll go before you wake up.' (you before.you.wake.up I'll.go)
2752:
2749:
2571:"Last living speaker works to keep NorCal tribe's language alive"
2471:- 'If I throw, my cap will fall.' (I if.I.throw my cap will.fall)
161:
2594:"Only living Elem Pomo speaker teaches so she won't be the last"
2269:'with the front end, by flowing water';, which is cognate with
2396:'He fell asleep after I came.' (I after.I.came he.fell.asleep)
2842:
Southeastern Pomo, World Atlas of Language Structures Online
2069:'momentaneous, intensive action, projecting from a surface'
218:
2816:
OLAC resources in and about the Southeastern Pomo language
164:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2620:"California's Elém Pomo Tribe Tries to Save Its Language"
2454:- 'I come when he asks me.' (I me when.he.asks I'll.come)
1926:
Reduplication 3. Stem-final Consonant Loss (minor rule)
2308:- 'No one bothered us.' (someone we not they.bothered)
1103:/mxex+mkʹu+tta+t/ 'the two of them swapped something'
1049:/cʹi+mkʹu+cʹ+t/ 'those three are fighting each other'
2179:'with a biting, scratching, tearing, mashing action'
824:
Examples of this, as noted by Moshinsky (1974) are:
2562:
2852:http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~sepomo/index.html
2745:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
2373:'No one bothered us.' (someone we not he.bothered)
189:is one of seven distinct languages comprising the
2463:ʔ'uyi wi yukin x̣ólofedmiṭ, dàwa da fdíkix̣otdit.
2123:'poking, piercing, pounding, squeezing, mashing'
4219:
2820:
2665:
2811:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
2617:
2655:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
3783:
2872:
2105:- 'with the side of a long object, piercing'
1094:when it is directly preceded by a consonant.
970:
2886:
2591:
856:
3790:
3776:
2879:
2865:
1914:Reduplication 2. Directional prefix + -o-
830:/ca+qla+m+t/ 'it flew down to the ground'
133:
2650:
851:
799:'hat', from sombréro
1950:
1100:/pʹutʹ+mkʹu+t/ 'they kissed each other'
335:
18:Endangered Pomoan language of California
2037:'with the front end, by flowing water'
1977:'action by natural forces, by gravity'
158:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4220:
2740:"Department of Linguistics – Director"
2363:- 'Should I leave?' (I should.I.leave)
2297:Some examples of this are as follows:
2165:'with the projected end of an object'
2051:'with a massive object, with a knife'
3771:
2860:
2346:Southeastern Pomo is classified as a
2221:'with a long, often flexible object'
925:This rule is as follows: d → ø / _ C
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2492:ʔòmlay mqóx̣qatmiṭ hàyu wóʔwòʔkikle.
1995:'with one or more fingers or claws'
1090:the last two segments of the suffix
3797:
2382:Southeastern Pomo also has various
2377:
2185:'to eat along with, in addition to'
2015:'to chop something into two pieces'
1308:
1208:Position with relation to speaker:
819:
816:the second occurrence in the stem.
13:
4233:Indigenous languages of California
2618:Lonny Shavelson (March 30, 2006).
2592:Kevin Fagan (September 29, 2007).
2314:- 'I borrowed it.' (I it borrowed)
1870:
1081:
177:, also known by the dialect names
14:
4249:
2800:
2637:
2357:- 'The dog barks.' (dog it.barks)
1035:
935:/lod+t/ 'my hair is falling out'
737:
728:
698:
667:
657:
648:
627:
610:
593:
584:
543:
525:
518:
481:
465:
458:
451:
414:
3750:
3749:
2823:"A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo"
2087:'with the end of a long object'
1969:'pull a plant out of the ground'
1148:
2712:(2–3): 275–291. February 1983.
2475:ʔòmlay ʔuyil ʔqóyfed ʔa mqódit.
2469:ʔa bdékfed wiyaq kàcuce cáqdit.
2436:x̣ólblòt cale ʔà btékit wàlday.
2341:
2023:'handling a number of objects'
1888:Iterative to Completion (ITCOM)
1399:Suffix Position 2 Directionals
985:/qbandu x̣le/ 'white oak tree'
2829:Publications in Linguistics 72
2771:
2732:
2694:
2659:
2653:A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo
2611:
2585:
1934:'he skins an animal every day'
1:
2555:
2285:
2193:'cutting, slicing, shearing'
1891:Plural source of motion (PLS)
1135:
1046:/ca+mlu+l+t/ 'he ran around'
920:
344:
209:, along the eastern coast of
2718:10.1016/0024-3841(83)90066-9
2235:'spreading out, stretching'
2199:'cut with scissors; saw off"
2171:'to whistle, blow a whistle'
743:
736:
727:
696:
665:
656:
647:
626:
616:
609:
599:
592:
583:
551:
542:
524:
517:
507:
497:
487:
480:
464:
457:
450:
440:
430:
420:
413:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
318:
311:
306:
290:
283:
224:
7:
4238:Endangered Pomoan languages
2486:málot ke lèluša x̣óloqat. -
2273:/cû/ and may be related to
1191:
805:'spoon' from cuchára
10:
4254:
2899:indicate extinct languages
2807:Southeastern Pomo language
2651:Moshinsky, Julius (1974).
2452:ʔa wìt x̣bàc̕day x̣ólodit.
2255:'unwind, tear down, erase'
2143:'squeeze with the fingers'
1754:
1609:
1531:
1451:
1333:
1217:
1205:Gender (in third person):
941:
879:
876:/mbo+l+k+t/ 'it exploded'
865:
4202:
4129:
4099:
4051:
4005:
3979:
3948:
3923:
3873:
3846:
3805:
3745:
3723:
3692:
3639:
3632:
3582:
3554:
3513:
3423:
3380:
3225:
3112:
3041:
2984:
2940:
2913:
2904:
2894:
2821:Julius Moshinsky (1974).
2672:. Univ. of Calif. Press.
2666:McLendon, Sally. (1973).
2280:
2157:'wood turns to charcoals'
971:Pretonic vowel epenthesis
763:
401:
362:
229:
144:
132:
120:
104:
88:
83:
58:
48:
38:
28:
23:
2827:University of California
2425:mà móćkiyukin ʔà tílodit
1335:Reduplicative Morphemes
1300:
1293:inalienable possession
1140:
873:/mpu+k+t/ 'he whistles'
857:Sonorant syllabicization
781:'nail' from clávo
775:'dish' from pláto
4121:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
2888:Languages of California
2115:'knock nuts off a tree'
2001:'touch with the finger'
1795:before-switch reference
870:/lṭa/ 'shoulder blade'
3733:American Sign Language
2400:yìwi yóqfla bxè ṭláqya
1824:locative interrogative
1428:down towards a surface
867:/lde/ 'mountain lion'
852:Phonological processes
842:/qlacac/ 'woodpecker'
146:This article contains
3339:Southern Sierra Miwok
3333:Northern Sierra Miwok
2519:itmiṭ qéykiqèykimkle.
2442:yìwi ʔà scàday smán q
2394:ʔà x̣ólofla qnáḱya. -
2348:nominative-accusative
2306:ada wil da cix̣otkle.
1987:'destroy, run out of'
1951:Instrumental prefixes
1549:plural figure, source
1503:plural figure, source
1287:alienable possession
811:'corner' from esquína
3327:Central Sierra Miwok
1922:'cough something up'
1818:yes no interrogative
1756:Conjoining Elements
1743:instr. or place nom.
1347:ITCOM iter. to comp.
1163:'kitchen, cookhouse'
3664:Californian Spanish
2759:on January 22, 2008
2573:. www.azstarnet.com
1906:/b+la+ITCOM+k+t/ →
1894:Plural figure (PLF)
1862:perfective optative
1648:Suffix Position 14
1622:Suffix Position 13
1611:Suffix Position 12
1598:Suffix Position 11
1565:Suffix Position 10
938:/bṭed+lay/ 'women'
215:Northern California
195:Northern California
43:Northern California
3652:California English
3583:Language isolates
3276:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
3262:Kings River Yokuts
3248:Buena Vista Yokuts
1930:/ʔ+loy+HAB+l+t/ →
1737:past passive part.
1716:positive imperfect
1710:negative imperfect
1677:imperfect optative
1665:future conditional
1554:Suffix Position 9
1533:Suffix Position 8
1514:Suffix Position 7
1491:Suffix Position 6
1470:Suffix Position 5
1453:Suffix Position 4
1422:Suffix Position 3
1361:Suffix Position 1
1122:→ mxéx+mukʹ+tta+t
1120:→ mxéx+mkʹu+tta+t
787:'wheat' from trígo
4215:
4214:
4209:extinct languages
4047:
4046:
4033:
4031:Havasupai dialect
4026:
3915:Southeastern Pomo
3899:Northeastern Pomo
3765:
3764:
3741:
3740:
3628:
3627:
3160:Southeastern Pomo
3147:Northeastern Pomo
2384:switch references
2355:hàyu wóʔwòʔkikle.
2323:xa qlakmat, bxe c
2097:'to dress a deer'
1918:/qʹwo+ITCOM+t/ →
1868:
1867:
1728:
1727:
1465:figure separation
1353:PLF plural figure
1350:PLS plural source
1344:DISTR distributed
1298:
1297:
1133:
1132:
1125:→ mxéx+mukʹ+ta+t
1079:
1078:
1071:→ cʹí+mkʹo+cʹi+t
1068:→ cʹí+mkʹu+cʹi+t
1033:
1032:
968:
967:
918:
917:
849:
848:
761:
760:
725:
690:
645:
581:
540:
478:
411:
351:abstract phonemic
342:
341:
187:Sulfur Bank Pomo,
175:Southeastern Pomo
172:
171:
154:rendering support
150:phonetic symbols.
127:Southeastern Pomo
75:Southeastern Pomo
24:Southeastern Pomo
4245:
4228:Pomoan languages
4029:
4024:Hualapai dialect
4022:
3949:Delta–California
3946:
3945:
3823:New River Shasta
3792:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3753:
3752:
3647:American English
3637:
3636:
3620:Plains Sign Talk
3585:and unclassified
3400:New River Shasta
2911:
2910:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2809:overview at the
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2755:. Archived from
2736:
2730:
2729:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2566:
2378:Switch reference
2263:Pomoan languages
2227:'weave a basket'
2057:'he put it down'
1984:
1963:'with the hand'
1885:Iterative (ITER)
1882:Intensive (INTS)
1693:impersonal agent
1650:
1649:
1373:forceful contact
1367:intensive change
1332:
1331:
1323:B — Instrumental
1309:Position classes
1196:
1195:
1113:→ pʹútʹ+mukʹi+t
1097:
1096:
1066:→ cʹí+mkʹu+cʹ+t
1043:
1042:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1008:
995:
979:
978:
932:
931:
864:
863:
827:
826:
820:Stress placement
751:
741:
732:
721:
702:
686:
671:
661:
652:
641:
631:
624:
614:
607:
597:
588:
577:
559:
547:
536:
529:
522:
515:
505:
495:
485:
474:
469:
462:
455:
448:
438:
428:
418:
407:
360:
359:
338:
321:
315:
309:
293:
286:
245:
244:
137:
116:
100:
93:
64:
21:
20:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4198:
4162:Western Jicaque
4125:
4095:
4043:
4001:
3975:
3944:
3919:
3869:
3842:
3801:
3799:Hokan languages
3796:
3766:
3761:
3737:
3719:
3688:
3657:Chicano English
3624:
3618:
3584:
3578:
3550:
3538:Southern Patwin
3509:
3469:Northern Paiute
3458:Luiseño-Juaneño
3419:
3376:
3221:
3108:
3037:
2980:
2936:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2832:
2830:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2411:ʔà x̣òloyukin t
2380:
2344:
2288:
2283:
2079:'it's dripping'
1953:
1942:/ʔ+na+PLF+t/ →
1873:
1806:Interrogatives
1801:identical subj.
1320:A — Directional
1311:
1303:
1194:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1110:→ pʹútʹ+mukʹ+t
1108:→ pʹútʹ+mkʹu+t
1084:
1082:Stop metathesis
1038:
982:/blay/ 'blood'
973:
923:
859:
854:
836:/cicala/ 'pea'
822:
766:
347:
232:
227:
191:Pomoan language
183:Lower Lake Pomo
152:Without proper
140:
112:
96:
89:
79:
65:
62:Language family
60:
51:
50:Native speakers
19:
12:
11:
5:
4251:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4213:
4212:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4101:Tequistlatecan
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3643:
3641:
3634:
3633:Non-Indigenous
3630:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3255:Gashowu Yokuts
3251:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2818:
2813:
2802:
2801:External links
2799:
2796:
2795:
2770:
2731:
2693:
2678:
2658:
2636:
2610:
2584:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:nìlki tìlodit.
2522:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2361:ʔa tilodeyʔha.
2358:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2316:
2315:
2312:ʔà yìl syímya.
2309:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2249:'break, undo'
2244:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:Habitual (HAB)
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1731:Deverbalizers
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:ITER iterative
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:INST intensive
1339:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1268:
1264:non-displaced
1262:
1253:
1241:
1232:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:Displacement:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1056:→ cá+mlu+li+t
1051:
1050:
1047:
1037:
1036:Vowel lowering
1034:
1031:
1030:
1009:bándu x̣lé ~ q
1001:
987:
986:
983:
972:
969:
966:
965:
950:
940:
939:
936:
922:
919:
916:
915:
903:
891:
885:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
858:
855:
853:
850:
847:
846:
840:
834:
821:
818:
813:
812:
806:
800:
789:
788:
782:
776:
765:
762:
759:
758:
756:
754:
752:
742:
735:
733:
726:
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
695:
693:
691:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
664:
662:
655:
653:
646:
639:
633:
632:
625:
615:
608:
598:
591:
589:
582:
575:
569:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
550:
548:
541:
533:
532:
530:
523:
516:
506:
496:
486:
479:
471:
470:
463:
456:
449:
439:
429:
419:
412:
405:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
346:
343:
340:
339:
334:
323:
322:
317:
310:
305:
295:
294:
289:
287:
282:
271:
270:
263:
256:
249:
231:
228:
226:
223:
170:
169:
156:, you may see
142:
141:
138:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
110:
102:
101:
94:
86:
85:
84:Language codes
81:
80:
78:
77:
68:
66:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
30:
29:Native to
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4250:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Southern Pomo
3908:
3906:
3905:Northern Pomo
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3758:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3725:Sign language
3722:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:Indo-European
3638:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:Valley Yokuts
3280:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:Klamath-Modoc
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:Southern Pomo
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:Northern Pomo
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2679:0-520-09444-1
2675:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2370:
2367:cada wil da c
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:'with water'
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:'gather food'
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1946:'1 ties 3 up'
1945:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:Reduplication
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:introspective
1844:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:interrogative
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:plural action
1574:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1520:plural source
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:plural action
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:plural figure
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:'grandfather'
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:Reduplication
1146:
1129:
1128:→mxéxmukʹtat
1126:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:→pʹútʹmukʹit
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1075:
1074:→cʹímkʹocʹit
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:→cá+mlo+li+t
1057:
1054:→ cá+mlu+l+t
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1018:
1003:→qbándu x̣lé
1002:
1000:
997:
989:
988:
984:
981:
980:
977:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
949:
946:
942:
937:
934:
933:
930:
926:
914:
911:
910:→ ṃbó+l+ki+t
908:
904:
902:
899:
896:
892:
890:
886:
884:
880:
875:
872:
869:
866:
862:
845:
841:
839:
835:
833:
829:
828:
825:
817:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
793:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
770:
769:
757:
755:
753:
749:
740:
734:
731:
724:
720:
718:
715:
714:
711:
709:
707:
705:
701:
694:
692:
689:
685:
683:
680:
679:
676:
674:
670:
663:
660:
654:
651:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
622:
613:
605:
596:
590:
587:
580:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
565:
563:
561:
557:
549:
546:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
521:
513:
503:
493:
484:
477:
473:
472:
468:
461:
454:
446:
436:
426:
417:
410:
406:
404:
400:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
361:
358:
356:
352:
332:
330:
325:
324:
303:
302:
297:
296:
288:
280:
278:
273:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
246:
243:
241:
237:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:, Koi Nation
180:
176:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
143:
136:
131:
128:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
92:
87:
82:
76:
73:
72:
71:
67:
63:
57:
54:7 (2013)
53:
47:
44:
41:
37:
34:
33:United States
31:
27:
22:
16:
4204:
4191:
4174:
4160:
4143:
4136:
4115:Tequistlatec
4113:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4018:Upland Yuman
3932:
3914:
3897:
3888:Eastern Pomo
3883:Central Pomo
3862:
3855:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3754:
3613:
3607:
3597:
3591:
3571:
3565:
3555:
3543:
3536:
3524:
3514:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3456:
3449:
3437:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3381:
3367:
3350:
3331:
3321:Plains Miwok
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3234:
3212:
3205:
3178:
3173:Central Pomo
3171:
3164:
3159:
3154:Eastern Pomo
3152:
3145:
3138:
3121:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3042:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2985:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2929:
2922:
2896:
2831:. Retrieved
2786:. Retrieved
2782:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2743:
2734:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2597:
2587:
2577:February 12,
2575:. Retrieved
2564:
2546:
2542:
2541:lálimiṭ mà c
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2342:Case marking
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2292:SOV language
2289:
2275:Eastern Pomo
2266:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1874:
1859:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1829:Evidentials
1821:
1815:
1809:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1768:simultaneous
1765:
1759:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1601:
1590:
1587:non-singular
1584:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1509:semelfactive
1506:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1456:
1446:to away from
1443:
1440:non-singular
1437:
1431:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1338:HAB habitual
1312:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1281:benefactive
1278:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1091:
1088:metathesizes
1085:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1039:
1019:
1004:
998:
991:
974:
962:
959:
957:→ biṭéd+lay
956:
954:→ bəṭéd+lay
953:
947:
944:
927:
924:
912:
909:
907:→ ṃbó+l+k+t
906:
905:→ mbó+l+k+t
900:
897:
894:
888:
882:
860:
843:
837:
831:
823:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
767:
348:
327:
299:
275:
233:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:
145:
105:
74:
15:
4109:Huamelultec
4062:Coahuilteco
3848:Palaihnihan
3500:Tübatulabal
3425:Uto Aztecan
3307:Coast Miwok
2371:ix̣otkle. -
1910:'lap it up'
1774:conditional
1687:inabilitive
1405:circulative
1181:'pneumonia'
960:→ biṭé+lay
952:→ bṭéd+lay
898:→ ṃpú+ki+t
832:→ cáqlamat
717:Approximant
219:Pomo people
207:Lake County
160:instead of
4222:Categories
3715:Vietnamese
3314:Lake Miwok
3011:Purisimeño
2942:Athabaskan
2906:Indigenous
2669:Proto Pomo
2629:August 17,
2603:August 17,
2556:References
2545:ìnaḱotay q
2286:Word order
2213:'dissolve'
1908:bláblàtkit
1780:sequential
1749:absolutive
1722:perfective
1659:imperative
1480:reciprocal
1415:-qlo-~-ql-
1382:with force
1266:displaced
1258:near—this
1251:feminine
1246:masculine
1136:Morphology
1086:This rule
1062:→cámlolit
963:→ biṭélay
921:D-deletion
913:→ ṃbólkit
895:→ ṃpú+k+t
893:→ mpú+k+t
844:→ qəlácac
345:Consonants
240:excrescent
236:epenthesis
211:Clear Lake
203:Lower Lake
193:family of
4207:indicate
4193:Yana/Yahi
4151:Jicaquean
4138:Chimariko
4090:Mamulique
4076:Comecrudo
3830:Okwanuchu
3599:Chimariko
3451:Kitanemuk
3407:Okwanuchu
3300:Bay Miwok
3269:Palewyami
3123:Chimariko
3068:Ramaytush
3061:Chochenyo
3032:Ventureño
3025:Barbareño
2987:Chumashan
2783:wals.info
2726:0024-3841
2688:185287286
2537:ówlimiṭ q
2327:amat, xac
2211:swótkiqat
2129:'to kick'
1932:ʔlóylòlit
1920:qʹwóqʹwòt
1835:quotative
1671:hortative
1631:potential
1593:inceptive
1581:causative
1543:reflexive
1497:inceptive
1459:iterative
1434:causative
1388:iterative
1317:Prefixes
1260:far—that
1234:singular
1169:'thunder'
1161:qwáqwà cà
901:→ ṃpúkit
838:→ cícala
723:voiceless
643:voiceless
579:voiceless
573:Fricative
409:voiceless
355:retroflex
225:Phonology
199:East Lake
179:Elem Pomo
107:Glottolog
91:ISO 639-3
4069:Cotoname
3987:Maricopa
3966:Kumeyaay
3864:Atsugewi
3857:Achumawi
3816:Konomihu
3756:Category
3669:Armenian
3487:Tataviam
3474:Panamint
3445:Kawaiisu
3433:Cahuilla
3393:Konomihu
3227:Penutian
3201:Kumeyaay
3140:Atsugewi
3134:Achomawi
2997:Obispeño
2788:March 4,
2624:VOA News
2503:ʔòmlay t
1704:habitual
1637:about to
1604:negative
1560:durative
1411:downward
1270:subject
1256:mi-, me-
1244:-yi, -wi
1239:plural
1202:Number:
1199:Person:
1192:Pronouns
1024:bàndu x̣
1013:bándu x̣
999:→ buláy
943:→ lód+t
476:ejective
376:Alveolar
166:Help:IPA
114:sout2982
4205:Italics
4176:Salinan
4145:Esselen
4053:Pakawan
4039:Yavapai
3997:Quechan
3956:Cocopah
3934:Cochimí
3893:Kashaya
3807:Shastan
3710:Tagalog
3700:Chinese
3684:Russian
3679:Punjabi
3674:Persian
3615:Takelma
3609:Salinan
3593:Esselen
3526:Nomlaki
3516:Wintuan
3480:Serrano
3383:Shastan
3369:Nisenan
3346:Maiduan
3186:Kashaya
3082:Awaswas
3018:Ineseño
3004:Cruzeño
2975:Wailaki
2961:Mattole
2897:Italics
2833:July 5,
2763:July 5,
2753:Germany
2750:Leipzig
2277:/ku-/.
2271:Kashaya
2253:x̣lókit
2155:mhólkit
2141:mdútkit
1967:ʔbóʔkit
1944:ʔnáʔnàt
1760:-btonwa
1698:ASPECT
1641:-mlaʔm-
1526:to away
1285:-it+baq
1275:object
1227:second
1187:'flute'
990:→ bláy
945:→ ló+t
809:ʔískina
797:sómlilu
396:Glottal
381:Palatal
333:
304:
281:
279:(close)
269:
262:
260:Central
255:
248:
217:by the
162:Unicode
4013:Paipai
3992:Mojave
3940:Kiliwa
3875:Pomoan
3837:Shasta
3705:Korean
3557:Yukian
3532:Patwin
3494:Tongva
3439:Cupeño
3414:Shasta
3363:Konkow
3242:Yokuts
3196:Mojave
3103:Chalon
3096:Rumsen
3089:Mutsun
3075:Tamyen
3054:Karkin
3044:Ohlone
2950:Tolowa
2724:
2706:Lingua
2686:
2676:
2598:SFGate
2533:otay q
2446:làlya.
2415:u qnák
2281:Syntax
2241:'foam'
2197:sqóyit
2183:qcékit
2169:mpúkit
2027:bʔélit
2013:bqóyit
1999:ʔlótit
1851:visual
1790:-yukin
1643:almost
1602:-x̣ot-
1417:upward
1230:third
1222:first
1214:Case:
1179:iméimè
1167:qólqòl
1092:-mkʹu-
948:→ lót
889:→ ḷṭá
887:→ lṭá
883:→ ḷdé
881:→ ldé
803:kúcala
785:tíriku
779:kálawa
773:pílatu
764:Stress
688:voiced
538:voiced
391:Uvular
371:Dental
366:Labial
331:(open)
326:
298:
274:
265:
258:
251:
230:Vowels
70:Pomoan
39:Region
4187:Washo
4170:Karuk
4130:Other
4083:Garza
3980:River
3971:Tipai
3925:Yuman
3693:Asian
3604:Karuk
3573:Wappo
3545:Wintu
3358:Maidu
3352:Chico
3294:Miwok
3289:Wintu
3191:Washo
3129:Karuk
3114:Hokan
2968:Cahto
2931:Yurok
2924:Wiyot
2915:Algic
2515:àbkic
2335:amat.
2091:fádak
2077:létit
2043:'see'
1985:bétit
1856:Mode
1762:after
1675:-hine
1669:-dowa
1653:MODE
1635:-dey-
1624:MODE
1615:-tta-
1409:-qla-
1403:-mlu-
1301:Verbs
1279:-itib
1141:Nouns
750:]
746:[
637:Nasal
623:]
619:[
606:]
602:[
558:]
554:[
514:]
510:[
508:(cʼ)
504:]
500:[
494:]
490:[
447:]
443:[
437:]
433:[
427:]
423:[
386:Velar
253:Front
213:, in
205:, in
4182:Seri
3961:Ipai
3567:Yuki
3464:Mono
3214:Yahi
3207:Yana
2955:Hupa
2835:2023
2790:2020
2765:2023
2722:ISSN
2684:OCLC
2674:ISBN
2631:2012
2605:2012
2579:2009
2529:ìnak
2525:mà c
2419:inya
2331:it c
2225:šbút
2127:kcát
2113:álit
2055:cqát
2041:cdót
1816:-ʔha
1799:-miṭ
1786:when
1784:-qat
1778:-fla
1772:-fed
1766:-day
1735:-baq
1702:-kle
1617:dual
1591:-ki-
1585:-qp-
1579:-qc-
1547:-kp-
1524:-ćx-
1518:-mp-
1507:-ks-
1501:-kp-
1495:-ki-
1457:-mi-
1444:-qx-
1438:-qp-
1432:-qc-
1426:-mg-
1328:Root
1249:-med
1185:lúlù
1173:wówò
996:láy
512:t͡ʃʼ
403:Stop
277:High
267:Back
201:and
185:and
4156:Tol
4006:Pai
3505:Ute
2714:doi
2247:x̣-
2239:šmó
1849:-ya
1833:-do
1822:-we
1810:-ʔe
1720:-ya
1691:-wa
1663:-da
1629:-d-
1558:-l-
1484:-w-
1474:-mk
1463:-n-
1392:-y-
1386:-t-
1371:-š-
1365:-b-
1291:-it
1273:-il
1237:-ay
1225:ma-
1220:wi-
1028:lé
1017:lé
992:→ b
682:Tap
617:x̣
502:t̺ʼ
498:ṭʼ
492:t̪ʼ
488:tʼ
445:t͡ʃ
329:Low
301:Mid
148:IPA
122:ELP
98:pom
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3606:,
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2121:k-
2109:fq
2095:it
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2049:c-
2035:c-
2021:b-
2007:b-
1993:ʔ-
1975:ʔ-
1961:ʔ-
1860:-y
1839:-q
1747:-n
1741:-m
1714:-t
1708:-s
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1681:-k
1657:-a
1573:p-
1569:-c
1541:r-
1537:-c
1478:u-
1379:ʹ-
1377:-p
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1005:→q
744:y
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672:)
600:š
556:d̺
552:d
527:qʼ
520:kʼ
483:pʼ
441:c
435:t̺
431:ṭ
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2444:ʹ
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2369:ʹ
2333:ʹ
2329:ʹ
2325:ʹ
2304:ʹ
2302:c
2111:ʹ
2103:f
2093:ʹ
2075:ʹ
2073:c
2067:-
2065:ʹ
2063:c
1983:ə
1981:ʔ
1843:o
1841:ʹ
1792:ʹ
1683:ʹ
1571:ʹ
1539:ʹ
1476:ʹ
1026:ə
1022:ə
1015:ə
1011:ə
1007:ə
994:ə
748:j
739:l
730:w
700:ɾ
697:(
669:ŋ
666:(
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650:m
629:h
621:χ
612:x
604:ʃ
595:s
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545:b
467:ʔ
460:q
453:k
416:p
337:a
320:o
314:ə
312:(
308:e
292:u
285:i
168:.
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