36:
4511:
4322:-oriented grammatical and phonological structures, uses a number of consonant clusters in its words. Since it is designed to be as universal as possible, it allows a type of anaptyxis called "buffering" to be used if a speaker finds a cluster difficult or impossible to pronounce. A vowel sound that is nonexistent in Lojban (usually /ɪ/ as in
4332:) is added between two consonants to make the word easier to pronounce. Despite altering the phonetics of a word, the use of buffering is completely ignored by grammar. Also, the vowel sound used must not be confused with any existing Lojban vowel.
2162:). Some accounts distinguish between "intrusive" optional vowels, vowel-like releases of consonants as phonetic detail, and true epenthetic vowels that are required by the phonotactics of the language and are
4351:) (pronounced ) hard or impossible to pronounce, the vowel can be pronounced between the two consonants, resulting in the form . Nothing changes grammatically, including the word's spelling and the
4367:
is known as "movement epenthesis" and occurs, most commonly, during the boundary between signs while the hands move from the posture required by the first sign to that required by the next.
953:
While epenthesis most often occurs between two vowels or two consonants, it can also occur between a vowel and a consonant or at the ends of words. For example, the
Japanese prefix
2851:
French in fact presents three layers in the vocabulary in which initial vowel epenthesis is or is not applied, depending on the time a word came into the language:
825:, and a consonant or vowel may be added to make pronunciation easier. Epenthesis may be represented in writing, or it may be a feature only of the spoken language.
2240:
Similarly as above, a vowel may be inserted in the middle of a word to resolve an impermissible word-final consonant cluster. An example of this can be found in
4564:
1156:
4048:
4030:
In
Standard Finnish, consonant clusters may not be broken by epenthetic vowels; foreign words undergo consonant deletion rather than addition of vowels:
597:
2276:
4520:, 3.13 /r/, pp. 92–95, citing unpublished "The phonology of Japanese /r/: a panchronic account" by same author, originally from Ph.D. thesis
665:
1848:
analysis. As for a diachronic (historical) analysis, since epenthetic consonants are not used regularly in modern
Japanese, the epenthetic
1424:. However, a synchronic analysis, in keeping with the perception of most native speakers, would (though incorrectly) see it as epenthesis:
4705:
2187:
at the end of a word, often as a result of the common sound change where vowels at the end of a word are deleted. For example, in the
1200:
4592:
17:
2345:
558:
4689:
4668:
4547:
681:) or in-between two syllabic sounds in a word. The opposite process, where one or more sounds are removed, is referred to as
2314:
3666:
3458:, and others try to approximate the nearest equivalents in Portuguese of the phonemes in the original language. The word
2810:'two-edged sword, typically used by cavalry' becomes the normal word for 'sword' in Romance languages with an inserted
4636:
3887:
In colloquial registers of
Brazilian Portuguese, is sometimes inserted between consonant clusters except those with
1349:
1318:
is inserted in inverted interrogative phrases between a verb ending in a vowel and a pronoun beginning with a vowel:
79:
57:
3638:
50:
4522:
Le statut phonologique de /r/ en japonais et en coréen : histoire, typologie, structure interne des segments
579:
140:
3777:
Epenthesis most often occurs within unfamiliar or complex consonant clusters. For example, in
English, the name
3860:
as "ath-e-lete". Some apparent occurrences of epenthesis, however, have a separate cause: the pronunciation of
4626:
4477:
4337:
3407:
307:
4128:
are of interest. In
Standard Finnish, they are slightly intensified before a consonant in a medial cluster:
3936:
3927:
3439:
3431:
3423:
4052:. However, modern loans may not end in consonants. Even if the word, such as a personal name, is native, a
3191:
Vocalic epenthesis typically occurs when words are borrowed from a language that has consonant clusters or
4300:
4057:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3869:
3818:
3814:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3577:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3514:
3475:
3451:
3447:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3379:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3210:
3176:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
2966:
2928:
2924:
2860:
2856:
2811:
2801:
2481:
2447:
2292:
2281:
2264:
2257:
2245:
2217:
2213:
2195:
2083:
1865:
1849:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1315:
593:
589:
3491:
3375:
3308:
3289:
3270:
3257:
3750:). The practice is no longer productive as of late 20th century and a few such words have changed back:
4720:
4423:
2366:
551:
4015:. The second is , connecting stems that have historically been consonant stems to their case endings:
2797:
322:
99:
4143:
4472:
4432:
4386:
2377:
1586:
490:
290:
262:
108:
44:
3946:
3844:
Epenthesis is sometimes used for humorous or childlike effect. For example, the cartoon character
1348:
is the original third-person verb inflection. It is incorrect to call it epenthesis unless viewed
4398:
3180:
3015:
2188:
1041:
834:
671:
460:
372:
222:
197:
187:
115:
485:
4436:
3541:
3495:
3486:
3455:
2249:
2198:
was added when final non-open vowels were dropped leaving /Cr/ clusters at the end, e.g. Latin
1643:
575:
465:
61:
272:
4730:
3617:
2859:
in inherited and commonly-used learned and semi-learned words, which then drop the following
2341:
861:
544:
4617:
Liddell, Scott; Johnson, Robert (2011), "American Sign
Language: The Phonological Base", in
3183:
analysis as the vowel was originally present in the suffix but has been lost in most words.
669:) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially in the beginning syllable (
4315:
3977:, there are two epenthetic vowels and two nativization vowels. One epenthetic vowel is the
3834:
3399:
818:
455:
255:
2969:
is not inserted and uncommon old learned borrowings are remolded to look more like Latin:
1899:
1595:
is often added as a transitional sound between the parts of a nasal + fricative sequence:
8:
2501:
2391:
1279:
933:
415:
227:
135:
4725:
4657:
4107:
3624:
3019:
2306:
1755:
1375:
869:
520:
495:
480:
377:
297:
4679:
4335:
An example of buffering in Lojban is that if a speaker finds the cluster in the word
1762:'s limit of two short syllables so the first syllable is lengthened by adding another
1559:
4685:
4664:
4632:
4543:
4482:
4442:
4139:
3620:
3220:
3119:
2505:
2457:
2301:
1868:
would then be not epenthetic but simply an archaic pronunciation. Another example is
1783:
822:
515:
505:
341:
242:
3126:
of a language. Regular or semi-regular epenthesis commonly occurs in languages with
1543:
3974:
3826:
3810:
3609:
3573:
3551:
3471:
3385:
2519:
2420:
2322:
2296:
2103:
1691:
1655:
1639:
1605:
1372:
1359:
1243:
1045:
865:
761:
616:
368:
1527:
1511:
1162:
1012:
4570:
3545:
3499:
3314:
3293:
2840:
2434:
2349:
2310:
2261:
2241:
1759:
1311:
160:
2031:
1878:
1796:
1495:
4428:
3954:
3856:
football fans in which
England is usually rendered as or the pronunciation of
3830:
3443:
3274:
3214:
2515:
2424:
2272:
1592:
1436:
1152:
661:
302:
202:
155:
150:
3480:
3198:
Languages use various vowels, but schwa is quite common when it is available:
2800:, a prothetic vowel was inserted at the beginning of any word that began with
2423:, in which former word-initial consonant clusters, which were still extant in
2321:
Vowel insertion in the middle of a word can be observed in the history of the
1473:
1018:
860:
A consonant may be placed between consonants in a consonant cluster where the
4714:
4618:
4497:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4364:
4352:
3982:
3806:
3764:
3192:
3131:
2326:
2086:
developed "as a default, epenthetic consonant in the intervocalic position".
1196:
510:
352:
331:
317:
277:
4631:(5 ed.), Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, pp. 315–316,
1390:
1330:('has he?'). There is no epenthesis from a historical perspective since the
699:
4492:
4418:
4100:
3950:
3554:
also does not allow clusters at the beginning of a word and typically uses
3123:
2330:
1853:
1455:
is inserted in between. For example, the comparative form of the adjective
833:
A consonant may be added to separate vowels in hiatus, as is the case with
814:
387:
312:
267:
145:
95:
27:
Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word
4146:, have epenthesis instead and use the preceding vowel in clusters of type
3962:
1479:
1457:
1024:
1006:
4056:
is needed to connect a consonantal case ending to the word. The vowel is
3613:
3464:
2936:
2932:
2268:
1386:
1186:
1089:
530:
525:
445:
382:
3958:
1441:
1000:
4622:
3978:
3474:
does not allow clusters at the beginning of a word, and typically uses
3244:
2870:
2205:
2079:
450:
411:
335:
2067:
2049:
1935:
1917:
4160:
4150:
3845:
3689:
3643:
3627:
2845:
2163:
1786:
use epenthetic consonants to separate vowels. An example is the word
1770:, and may have been the normal way of pronouncing a word starting in
1445:(which has several meanings) is attached to a word already ending in
1409:
1204:
743:
606:
500:
420:
394:
327:
237:
171:
3872:) in some North American dialects arises out of analogy with other -
2491:
vowel in sequences of a consonant followed by a flap. For instance,
4684:. The Phonology of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press.
4539:
4467:
4392:
4380:
4053:
1221:
677:
585:
475:
470:
440:
192:
128:
4172:. (In Finnish linguistics, the phenomenon is often referred to as
4189:
3853:
2769:
2167:
1416:
disappearing except if a following vowel required its retention:
890:
682:
401:
232:
215:
1092:
4487:
4447:
4404:
4311:
4258:
3504:
3202:
3000:
2909:
2891:
2873:
2827:
2376:) in modern Russian and Ukrainian. Other Slavic languages used
2208:
1766:. However, the pronunciation was often not written with double
1037:
406:
361:
2504:
carry an inherent vowel after each consonant. For example, in
1626:
4376:
4319:
3838:
3782:
3683:
3206:
3127:
2488:
2476:
2442:
2419:
Another environment can be observed in the history of Modern
2359:
2192:
2148:
1062:
747:
2772:
words also undergo anaptyxis, for example, the
English word
1670:
1664:
634:
3921:
is pronounced in a number of dialects). Examples would be
3576:
does not allow clusters at the beginning of a word with an
3388:
2380:
for the vowel and the syllable-final consonant, producing *
2115:
1700:
928:
A vowel may be placed between consonants to separate them.
773:
652:
637:
628:
3949:
of people from lower classes, such as those arriving from
3940:
3931:
3922:
3912:
3902:
3892:
3502:, copy vowels are often used as well, e.g. English/French
3813:
are some of the dialects that may insert a schwa between
3095:
3057:
3028:
was placed at the beginning of the word before the sound
2136:
2127:
2109:
1614:
794:
785:
767:
643:
619:
4192:
in
Finnish so there is usually no danger of confusion.)
3361:
is followed by a consonant or when a syllable ends with
2487:
In Spanish, as a phonetic detail, it is usual to find a
2280:'field, acre' would have ended up with an impermissible
3558:
to break up such clusters in borrowings except between
2016:
2010:
2004:
3524:
3509:
2471:
2465:
2437:
2399:
2394:
2371:
2353:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2112:
2106:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1661:
1620:
797:
791:
788:
770:
764:
646:
640:
631:
4401:: the addition of a sound to the beginning of a word
2451:
2428:
2405:
2285:
2124:
2118:
1623:
782:
776:
625:
584:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3745:
3727:
3671:
2121:
1694:
1667:
1658:
1617:
1611:
1608:
779:
622:
4656:
4563:Thompson, Phil; Armstrong, Eric (March 15, 2010).
4407:: the inclusion of a whole word within another one
3195:that are not permitted in the borrowing language.
3089:
3073:
3051:
3035:
3029:
3023:
2334:
2003:occurs only in the example; it can be analyzed as
4562:
3793:(), and many speakers insert a schwa between the
1189:
4712:
1282:
1144:
1138:
813:Epenthesis arises for a variety of reasons. The
598:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3478:to break up such clusters in borrowings: Latin
3145:) is inserted before the English plural suffix
3122:or vowel sequence that is not permitted by the
2058:
2040:
2022:
1989:
1974:
1959:
1944:
1926:
1908:
1890:
1869:
1787:
1167:
984:
969:
954:
4616:
4395:: the addition of a sound to the end of a word
3303:
3284:
3265:
3252:
2783:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2639:
2633:
2617:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2573:
2567:
2551:
2545:
2529:
2509:
2065:
2047:
2029:
1996:
1981:
1973:is common (occurring before a consonant), and
1966:
1951:
1933:
1915:
1897:
1876:
1838:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1794:
991:
976:
961:
923:
855:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4256:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4196:
4173:
4167:
4157:
4147:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4031:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3757:
3751:
3733:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3677:
3659:
3649:
3631:
3601:
3591:
2821:
2815:
2492:
2460:
2329:in medieval times. An example of this is the
1246:
817:of a given language may discourage vowels in
552:
4648:
3852:. Another example is found in the chants of
3518:
3370:
3297:
3006:
2988:
2976:
2958:
2946:
2915:
2897:
2879:
2833:
2385:
2252:
2227:
2173:
1943:. It exhibits epenthesis on both morphemes:
1856:. It is also possible that Old Japanese /ame
1363:
1353:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1132:
1126:
1110:
1104:
1071:
738:. Epenthesis may be divided into two types:
4306:
3739:
3721:
3585:
3278:
3153:when the root ends in a similar consonant:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2952:
2940:
2903:
2885:
2864:
2805:
2523:
2411:
2221:
2199:
1749:
1740:
1725:
1504:
1450:
1352:since the modern basic form of the verb is
1337:
1269:
1229:
1065:
4625:; Mulrooney, Kristin; et al. (eds.),
4590:
3781:is commonly pronounced with an epenthetic
3454:. Most speakers pronounce borrowings with
2427:, are regularly broken up: Middle Persian
1056:
1028:), is an example of terminal excrescence.
983:when it is followed by a consonant, as in
864:is different (such as if one consonant is
559:
545:
4663:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
4659:An Introduction to Historical Linguistics
4584:
4566:Glossonomia: Episode 7: Schwa [ə]
3953:in internal migrations to cities such as
2216:'black' (thus avoiding the impermissible
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4389:: the reordering of sounds within a word
3382:vowels and a split of English diphthong
43:This article includes a list of general
4677:
4654:
4517:
3540:). Many other modern varieties such as
14:
4713:
4263:. (An exception is that in Pohjanmaa,
3536:corresponds to Modern Standard Arabic
2291:), so it was resolved by inserting an
1971:, (gemination of following consonant))
981:, (gemination of following consonant))
4628:Linguistics of American Sign Language
3884:, etc.) rather than from epenthesis.
3548:allow word-initial clusters, however.
2931:in learned words borrowed during the
1362:process is therefore the addition of
4610:
4533:
4370:
3945:. Some dialects also use , which is
3525:
3510:
3406:, which, in most dialects, triggers
2791:
2472:
2438:
828:
588:. For the distinction between ,
29:
4358:
4299:. Also, in a small region in Savo,
4072:, or in the case of personal name,
3829:, a phenomenon that also occurs in
3485:
3113:
2461:
2253:
1889:A complex example of epenthesis is
1774:rather than a poetic modification.
1385:before a vowel. It originated from
24:
4542:: Assam Book Depot. pp. 3–4.
3772:
3353:depending on the source language.
2804:and another consonant, e.g. Latin
2183:Many languages insert a so-called
2096:Epenthesis of a vowel is known as
1305:
1053:is the epenthesis of a consonant.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4742:
4699:
3186:
2863:after the medieval period: Latin
2235:
948:
3508:(car horn) > Egyptian Arabic
3384:
3349:may also be used after borrowed
3014:Similarly, at some point in the
2384:in this case, as seen in Polish
2102:
1739:(accusative plural) > poetic
1718:
1690:
1654:
1604:
1580:
1412:analysis would see the original
760:
615:
34:
4047:
3630:followed by another consonant:
2768:) etc. in Assamese. Other, non-
2275:
1820:is added to separate the final
1678:often pronounced with an added
1634:often pronounced with an added
1509:. Similarly, the agent noun of
1155:
754:(in Sanskrit) or alternatively
580:International Phonetic Alphabet
141:Consonant voicing and devoicing
4556:
4527:
4178:; the same word can also mean
2497:'vinegar' may be but also .
2178:
1777:
1031:
13:
1:
3968:
3118:Epenthesis often breaks up a
2508:, the inherent vowel is "o" (
2325:, which had a preference for
1782:A limited number of words in
1748:The three short syllables in
675:) or in the ending syllable (
4534:Deka, Dharma Singha (2019).
4504:
3848:says "pic-a-nic basket" for
3690:
3644:
3517:'car horn', but note French
3096:
3090:
3058:
3052:
2477:
2470:> modern Iranian Persian
2452:
2443:
2429:
2360:
2204:'(shiny) black' > * >
2091:
1905:, 'deep blue, ghastly pale')
1860:/ was once pronounced */same
916:
746:, and for the addition of a
688:
7:
4524:, Paris 7 University, 1993.
4411:
3746:
3728:
3672:
2965:then in the modern period,
2778:
2752:
2734:
2716:
2698:
2680:
2662:
2640:
2618:
2596:
2574:
2552:
2530:
2466:
2400:
2372:
2059:
2041:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1975:
1960:
1945:
1927:
1909:
1891:
1870:
1839:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1788:
985:
970:
955:
924:Breaking consonant clusters
856:Bridging consonant clusters
10:
4747:
4678:Labrune, Laurence (2012).
4591:Savolainen, Erkki (1998).
4240:. Ambiguities may result:
3825:() under the influence of
3684:
3637:
3149:and the past tense suffix
3074:
3036:
3030:
3024:
2354:
2149:
1584:
1199:
1035:
1004:, often found in the form
664:
4681:The Phonology of Japanese
4649:General and cited sources
3941:
3932:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3893:
3740:
3722:
3665:
3371:
3304:
3285:
3266:
3253:
3205:uses a single vowel, the
2798:Western Romance languages
2784:
2764:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2710:
2704:
2692:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2656:
2634:
2612:
2590:
2568:
2546:
2524:
2510:
2395:
2365:
2066:
2048:
2030:
1997:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1934:
1916:
1898:
1877:
1795:
1541:), but the agent noun of
1477:, but the comparative of
1371:A similar example is the
992:
977:
962:
4599:(in Finnish). Internetix
4433:Co-articulated consonant
4363:A type of epenthesis in
4307:In constructed languages
3833:due to the influence of
3468:as in the example above.
3378:, with three epenthetic
3034:, leading to words like
3005:> remolded to modern
2999:> learned Old French
2855:insertion of epenthetic
2267:. In the development of
2037:, 'drizzle, light rain')
968:transforms regularly to
491:Compensatory lengthening
263:Compensatory lengthening
4655:Crowley, Terry (1997).
4336:
3947:deemed as stereotypical
3456:spelling pronunciations
3365:. For example, English
3325:is used after borrowed
3247:. For example, English
3016:Proto-Armenian language
3001:
2910:
2892:
2874:
2828:
2528:). Sanskrit words like
2344:inserted an epenthetic
2336:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2248:'heart' corresponds to
2209:
2189:Gallo-Romance languages
2174:Historical sound change
1503:and not the expected **
1408:in all positions, so a
1389:
1342:('he has'), and so the
1191:
1168:
1161:
1093:
1057:Historical sound change
1042:Linking and intrusive R
966:, 'pure …, complete …')
835:linking and intrusive R
808:
576:phonetic transcriptions
116:Quantitative metathesis
64:more precise citations.
18:Excrescence (phonology)
4437:Secondary articulation
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4257:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4197:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4148:
4138:. Some dialects, like
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4046:) from Proto-Germanic
4032:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3917:; note syllable-final
3763:
3758:
3752:
3734:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3678:
3660:
3650:
3632:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3542:North Levantine Arabic
3519:
3496:Modern Standard Arabic
3479:
3298:
3279:
3022:, the prothetic vowel
3007:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2916:
2904:
2898:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2839:
2834:
2822:
2816:
2806:
2493:
2433:'brother' > modern
2412:
2406:
2386:
2250:Modern Standard Arabic
2228:
2222:
2200:
1750:
1741:
1726:
1558:
1542:
1526:
1510:
1505:
1494:
1478:
1472:
1456:
1451:
1440:
1439:, whenever the suffix
1364:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1336:is derived from Latin
1332:
1326:
1320:
1283:
1270:
1247:
1230:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1111:
1105:
1072:
1066:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
742:for the addition of a
698:
573:This article contains
4379:: the insertion of a
3907:) or syllable-ending
3682:< Byzantine Greek
3584:to such words: Latin
3523:> Egyptian Arabic
3260:in Japanese; English
3179:. However, this is a
3141:(here abbreviated as
2814:: Spanish/Portuguese
2342:East Slavic languages
2340:'town', in which the
2082:argues that Japanese
1585:Further information:
1404:), which retained an
998:. The English suffix
862:place of articulation
4316:constructed language
3835:Indo-Aryan languages
3400:Brazilian Portuguese
2502:Indo-Aryan languages
1587:Prince–prints merger
256:Transphonologization
3396:into two syllables.
2392:Old Church Slavonic
1923:, 'pure, complete')
1734:remnants, survivors
1682:sound, GA: or RP:
136:Consonant gradation
4303:is used instead.)
4188:, but it is not a
3616:to loanwords with
3243:, when it uses an
3020:Classical Armenian
2307:syllabic consonant
2305:(cf. the use of a
1756:dactylic hexameter
1376:indefinite article
1368:to the base form.
823:consonant clusters
521:Consonant mutation
496:Monophthongization
378:Consonant mutation
4721:Figures of speech
4706:Definition at BYU
4691:978-0-19-954583-4
4670:978-0-19-558378-6
4549:978-93-82384-00-7
4483:Pharyngealisation
4443:Consonant harmony
4371:Related phenomena
3580:in them and adds
3376:/sɯ.tʰɯ.ɾa.i.kʰɯ/
3130:. For example, a
3120:consonant cluster
2792:Beginning of word
2458:Early New Persian
2450:, Middle Persian
2404:, Serbo-Croatian
2015:(intervocalic) →
1714:often pronounced
1160:> Old English
868:and the other is
829:Separating vowels
569:
568:
516:Shm-reduplication
506:Rhinoglottophilia
342:Consonant harmony
243:Cluster reduction
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4738:
4695:
4674:
4662:
4642:
4641:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4531:
4525:
4515:
4359:In sign language
4350:
4347:
4344:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4287:, respectively:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4155:
4137:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3871:
3827:Celtic languages
3820:
3816:
3811:Scottish English
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3493:
3489:
3477:
3472:Classical Arabic
3453:
3449:
3441:
3440:/mɛkiˈdonawdʒis/
3433:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3212:
3178:
3167:
3163:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3114:Grammatical rule
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2890:> Old French
2889:
2883:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2496:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2375:
2369:
2364:), which became
2363:
2357:
2356:
2339:
2323:Slavic languages
2297:rhotic consonant
2294:
2290:
2283:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1832:and the initial
1830:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1804:, a compound of
1803:
1802:, 'spring rain')
1801:
1800:
1791:
1754:do not fit into
1753:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1508:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1454:
1449:, an additional
1403:
1400:
1397:
1381:, which becomes
1367:
1360:psycholinguistic
1357:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1324:('he has') >
1323:
1317:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1233:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1185:(Reconstructed)
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1151:(Reconstructed)
1148:
1142:
1137:> Portuguese
1136:
1130:
1114:
1108:
1096:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1046:Liaison (French)
997:
995:
994:
988:
982:
980:
979:
973:
967:
965:
964:
958:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
737:
734:
731:
724:
721:
718:
711:
708:
705:
668:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
595:
591:
561:
554:
547:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4692:
4671:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4571:York University
4561:
4557:
4550:
4532:
4528:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4414:
4373:
4361:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4309:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4166:, in Savo also
4096:
4093:
4090:
4054:paragogic vowel
4043:
4040:
4037:
3981:, found in the
3979:preceding vowel
3971:
3775:
3773:Informal speech
3546:Moroccan Arabic
3500:Egyptian Arabic
3410:of a preceding
3387:
3383:
3321:in most cases.
3235:, when it uses
3223:generally uses
3189:
3116:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3094:) from Iranian
3085:
3082:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3056:) from Iranian
3047:
3044:
3041:
2794:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2435:Iranian Persian
2352:, resulting in
2350:closed syllable
2284:final cluster (
2262:Egyptian Arabic
2242:Lebanese Arabic
2238:
2181:
2176:
2166:identical with
2159:
2156:
2153:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2063:
2045:
2027:
1994:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1931:
1913:
1895:
1884:, 'light rain')
1874:
1863:
1859:
1792:
1780:
1758:because of the
1736:
1733:
1730:
1721:
1693:
1689:
1657:
1653:
1607:
1603:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1308:
1306:Synchronic rule
1298:
1295:
1292:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1059:
1048:
1034:
996:, 'pure white')
989:
974:
959:
951:
926:
858:
831:
811:
763:
759:
735:
732:
729:
722:
719:
716:
709:
706:
703:
691:
651:
618:
614:
603:
602:
601:
565:
536:
535:
436:
428:
427:
426:
425:
397:
364:
347:
346:
323:Final devoicing
293:
283:
282:
258:
248:
247:
218:
208:
207:
183:
166:
165:
161:Debuccalization
131:
121:
120:
111:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4700:External links
4698:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4675:
4669:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4619:Valli, Clayton
4609:
4597:Suomen murteet
4583:
4555:
4548:
4536:Rosona Bisitra
4526:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:Palatalization
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4429:Coarticulation
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4372:
4369:
4360:
4357:
4308:
4305:
3970:
3967:
3955:Rio de Janeiro
3831:Indian English
3821:in words like
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3607:
3571:
3549:
3469:
3408:palatalization
3397:
3312:
3218:
3215:Israeli Hebrew
3193:syllable codas
3188:
3187:Borrowed words
3185:
3115:
3112:
3012:
3011:
2963:
2921:
2866:stēlla, *stēla
2793:
2790:
2660:) etc. become
2456:'column' >
2425:Middle Persian
2327:open syllables
2273:Proto-Germanic
2237:
2236:Middle of word
2234:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2093:
2090:
2055:, 'fog, mist')
1861:
1857:
1852:could be from
1779:
1776:
1746:
1745:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1683:
1647:
1593:stop consonant
1591:In English, a
1582:
1579:
1350:synchronically
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1266:
1226:
1183:
1153:Proto-Germanic
1149:
1123:
1101:
1087:
1058:
1055:
1033:
1030:
950:
949:Other contexts
947:
946:
945:
925:
922:
921:
920:
902:
887:
857:
854:
853:
852:
830:
827:
810:
807:
707:in addition to
690:
687:
596:⟩, see
572:
571:
570:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:
418:
409:
404:
398:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
365:
360:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
345:
344:
339:
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:Palatalization
305:
303:Coarticulation
300:
294:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
203:Vowel breaking
200:
195:
190:
184:
179:
178:
175:
174:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
156:L-vocalization
153:
151:Spirantization
148:
143:
138:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4743:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4640:
4638:9781563685071
4634:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4593:"Välivokaali"
4587:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4499:
4498:Vowel harmony
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Language game
4461:
4459:
4458:Labialisation
4456:
4454:
4453:Dissimilation
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:within a word
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4365:sign language
4356:
4354:
4353:syllabication
4340:
4339:
4333:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4199:
4195:For example,
4193:
4191:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4145:
4144:Ostrobothnian
4141:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3983:illative case
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:/ˈn(j)ukjəlɚ/
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3850:picnic basket
3847:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3812:
3808:
3807:Irish English
3804:
3784:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3736:
3730:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3575:
3572:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3521:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3494:'street'. In
3488:
3483:
3482:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3368:
3357:is used when
3316:
3313:
3300:
3295:
3281:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3246:
3227:except after
3222:
3219:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3160:
3156:
3133:
3132:reduced vowel
3129:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3098:
3092:
3060:
3054:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2923:insertion of
2922:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2826:, Old French
2824:
2818:
2808:
2799:
2789:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2754:
2736:
2718:
2700:
2682:
2664:
2642:
2620:
2598:
2576:
2554:
2532:
2522:, it is "a" (
2521:
2517:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2468:
2459:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2251:
2243:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2147:, from Greek
2144:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2051:
2043:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1992:
1977:
1962:
1947:
1937:
1929:
1919:
1911:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1719:Poetic device
1711:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1581:Variable rule
1578:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1530:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:Ancient Greek
1193:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:> English
1113:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1097:> English
1095:
1091:
1088:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
987:
972:
957:
944:
942:
936:
935:
931:
930:
929:
918:
914:
912:
906:
903:
901:
899:
893:
892:
888:
886:
884:
878:
875:
874:
873:
871:
867:
863:
851:
849:
843:
840:
839:
838:
836:
826:
824:
820:
816:
806:
802:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
728:
715:
702:
701:
696:
686:
684:
680:
679:
674:
673:
667:
663:
657:
612:
608:
599:
587:
583:
581:
577:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Sulcalization
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
432:
431:
422:
419:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
370:
367:
366:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:Dissimilation
351:
350:
343:
340:
337:
333:
332:vowel harmony
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
318:Labialization
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
292:
287:
286:
279:
278:Floating tone
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
257:
252:
251:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
212:
211:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
182:
177:
176:
173:
170:
169:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
130:
125:
124:
117:
114:
113:
110:
105:
104:
101:
97:
94:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4731:Phonotactics
4680:
4658:
4627:
4612:
4601:. Retrieved
4596:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4565:
4558:
4535:
4529:
4521:
4518:Labrune 2012
4513:
4493:Velarization
4424:Assimilation
4419:Assibilation
4362:
4334:
4310:
4205:Ostrobothnia
4194:
4132:
4110:consonants:
4106:Finnish has
4105:
4101:elative case
4029:
3972:
3951:rural flight
3937:/adivoˈɡadu/
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3849:
3843:
3822:
3802:
3785:between the
3778:
3776:
3762:< French
3711:
3701:
3655:
3614:close vowels
3597:
3581:
3503:
3484:>
3463:
3459:
3444:vocalization
3442:with normal
3435:
3427:
3419:
3366:
3261:
3248:
3239:, and after
3209:(pronounced
3197:
3190:
3173:
3169:
3158:
3154:
3124:phonotactics
3117:
3067:animal mouth
3045:animal mouth
3013:
2927:and keeping
2914:> modern
2896:> modern
2878:> modern
2850:
2832:> modern
2795:
2773:
2514:), while in
2499:
2486:
2418:
2381:
2348:to open the
2331:Proto-Slavic
2320:
2239:
2184:
2182:
2164:acoustically
2097:
2095:
2088:
2077:
1888:
1854:Old Japanese
1845:
1844:. That is a
1837:
1825:
1816:in which an
1781:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1747:
1686:
1679:
1650:
1635:
1600:
1590:
1561:
1497:
1446:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1309:
1285:
1275:
1249:
1239:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1166:, Old Saxon
1120:
1116:
1098:
1070:> French
1050:
1049:
952:
940:
938:
932:
927:
910:
908:
904:
897:
895:
889:
882:
880:
876:
859:
847:
845:
841:
837:in English.
832:
815:phonotactics
812:
755:
751:
739:
726:
713:
694:
692:
676:
670:
610:
604:
592:and ⟨
574:
388:Vowel hiatus
313:Velarization
291:Assimilation
268:Nasalization
180:
146:Assibilation
96:Sound change
76:
67:
48:
4623:Lucas, Ceil
4569:(Podcast).
4318:that seeks
4228:, and Savo
3928:/tisuˈnami/
3738:< Greek
3723:σταυροειδής
3720:< Greek
3664:< Greek
3636:< Greek
3345:, although
3271:/sɯtoɺiːto/
2937:Renaissance
2933:Middle Ages
2295:before the
2269:Old English
2179:End of word
1778:In Japanese
1536:salesperson
1387:Old English
1358:and so the
1187:Proto-Greek
1090:Old English
1051:Excrescence
1032:Excrescence
752:svarabhakti
740:excrescence
697:comes from
531:Chain shift
526:Vowel shift
446:Affrication
435:Other types
383:Tone sandhi
273:Tonogenesis
100:alternation
62:introducing
4715:Categories
4603:2010-08-26
4473:Metathesis
4387:Metathesis
4377:Infixation
4213:Pohojammaa
4094:about Bush
4063:(Inter)net
3969:In Finnish
3882:particular
3691:Skoutárion
3685:Σκουτάριον
3628:fricatives
3596:, English
3530:/beˈluːzæ/
3492:/sˤiraːtˤ/
3436:McDonald's
3432:/isˈtɾɛsi/
3292:; and the
3245:echo vowel
3181:synchronic
3166:/ˈɡlɑːsᵻz/
2871:Old French
2838:(see also
2820:, Catalan
2448:/bærɑˈdær/
2410:and Czech
2378:metathesis
2346:copy vowel
2206:Old French
2185:prop vowel
2080:hypothesis
2021:; akin to
1846:synchronic
1742:relliquiās
1552:to perform
1410:diachronic
1399:one, a, an
1280:Portuguese
1146:mensageiro
1081:to tremble
1036:See also:
695:epenthesis
611:epenthesis
451:Gemination
412:Synaeresis
181:Epenthesis
109:Metathesis
70:April 2009
45:references
4726:Phonology
4576:March 31,
4505:Citations
4399:Prothesis
4320:logically
4198:Pohjanmaa
3963:São Paulo
3878:binocular
3846:Yogi Bear
3729:stavridís
3702:steamboat
3656:set screw
3612:prefixes
3570:is added.
3515:/kæˈlæks/
3424:/ˈnɛʁdʒi/
3162:/ˈɡlæsᵻz/
2996:speciālis
2984:spatiālis
2972:scholāris
2902:'study',
2846:swordfish
2232:'cart').
2191:, a prop
2157:unfolding
2150:ἀνάπτυξις
2098:anaptyxis
2092:Anaptyxis
2073:, 'rain')
1941:, 'blue')
1751:reliquiās
1727:reliquiās
1572:performer
1544:uitvoeren
1271:audire(m)
1231:homine(m)
1121:passenger
1117:messenger
1067:tremulare
993:真っ白（まっしろ）
934:Hamtramck
905:*a-mrotos
877:something
756:anaptyxis
744:consonant
693:The word
689:Etymology
672:prothesis
666:ἐπένθεσις
607:phonology
501:Rhotacism
421:Synizesis
416:diaeresis
395:Synalepha
373:linking R
328:Metaphony
238:Haplology
223:Apheresis
198:Unpacking
188:Prothesis
172:Fortition
4540:Guwahati
4468:Lenition
4412:See also
4393:Paragoge
4381:morpheme
4087:Bushista
4049:*strandō
3959:Brasília
3933:advogado
3789:and the
3717:istavrit
3712:Scotland
3697:istimbot
3673:skoúmbri
3667:σκουμπρί
3651:setuskur
3625:alveolar
3621:clusters
3566:, when
3490:
3465:estresse
3369:becomes
3258:/kjappɯ/
3251:becomes
3221:Japanese
3177:/ˈbætᵻd/
3002:especiel
2978:scolaire
2920:'school'
2908:> OF
2884:'star',
2776:becomes
2506:Assamese
2482:/soˈtun/
2246:/ˈʔaləb/
2244:, where
2214:/ˈnegrə/
2170:vowels.
2168:phonemic
2024:kirisame
1968:真っ〜（まっ〜）
1789:harusame
1784:Japanese
1685:English
1649:English
1599:English
1528:verkoper
1512:verkopen
1222:ambrosia
1214:immortal
1206:ámbrotos
1201:ἄμβροτος
1140:mensagem
1134:messager
1112:passager
1106:messager
1073:trembler
1010:, as in
986:masshiro
978:真っ〜（まっ〜）
870:alveolar
678:paragoge
590:/ /
586:Help:IPA
476:Iotacism
471:Betacism
461:Fronting
456:Clipping
441:Apophony
193:Paragoge
129:Lenition
4275:become
4190:phoneme
3985:ending
3975:Finnish
3942:abdômen
3924:tsunami
3876:words (
3866:nucular
3862:nuclear
3858:athlete
3854:England
3803:realtor
3707:İskoçya
3679:Üsküdar
3661:uskumru
3633:Isparta
3618:initial
3610:Turkish
3593:especie
3587:species
3574:Spanish
3552:Persian
3532:(where
3462:became
3309:/bahha/
3290:/ɡohho/
3159:glasses
3128:affixes
3105:mystery
3008:spécial
2990:spatial
2954:spatium
2942:speciēs
2935:or the
2887:studium
2875:esteile
2841:espadon
2796:In the
2770:Tatsama
2520:Marathi
2494:vinagre
2444:barādar
2421:Persian
1907:, from
1864:/; the
1638:sound,
1601:hamster
1560:uitvoer
1520:to sell
1373:English
1296:to hear
1244:Spanish
1192:amrotos
1128:message
1125:French
1103:French
1099:thunder
1013:amongst
939:Hamtram
891:hamster
842:drawing
733:putting
683:elision
578:in the
466:Raising
402:Elision
369:Liaison
233:Apocope
228:Syncope
216:Elision
58:improve
4688:
4667:
4635:
4546:
4488:Sandhi
4448:Crasis
4405:Tmesis
4312:Lojban
4259:salami
4250:strait
4237:vanaha
4225:ryhymä
4108:moraic
4012:taloon
4000:maahan
3988:-(h)*n
3894:atleta
3779:Dwight
3747:Smírni
3741:Σμύρνη
3645:Sparti
3639:Σπάρτη
3603:estrés
3598:stress
3520:blouse
3505:klaxon
3487:صِرَاط
3481:strāta
3460:stress
3428:stress
3367:strike
3315:Korean
3294:German
3273:; the
3262:street
3203:Hebrew
3174:batted
3072:), or
2960:espace
2948:espèce
2911:escole
2905:schola
2893:estude
2881:étoile
2829:espede
2823:espasa
2817:espada
2807:spatha
2641:dvaara
2619:harsha
2583:effort
2531:maaŋsa
2430:brādar
2361:gorodŭ
2355:городъ
2311:Gothic
2277:*akraz
2265:/ʔælb/
2258:/qalb/
2223:carrum
2220:, cf.
2218:/negr/
2201:nigrum
2034:（きりさめ）
2018:massao
1953:真〜（ま〜）
1902:（まっさお）
1892:massao
1871:kosame
1799:（はるさめ）
1760:dactyl
1724:Latin
1651:warmth
1642:: or
1474:zoeter
1327:a-t-il
1312:French
1268:Latin
1228:Latin
1219:; cf.
1177:to sow
1157:*sēaną
1044:, and
1038:Sandhi
1016:(from
963:真〜（ま〜）
866:labial
819:hiatus
727:thesis
594:
486:Merger
481:Fusion
407:Crasis
362:Sandhi
336:umlaut
298:Fusion
47:, but
4338:mlatu
4296:kiria
4290:kirja
4243:salmi
4231:vanha
4219:ryhmä
4183:schwa
4069:netti
4041:shore
4033:ranta
4024:nimen
4018:nim+n
3914:pasta
3904:prato
3874:cular
3839:Hindi
3837:like
3783:schwa
3765:sport
3759:ıspor
3756:<
3735:İzmir
3710:<
3700:<
3654:<
3600:>
3590:>
3526:بلوزة
3438:>
3430:>
3422:>
3402:uses
3372:스트라이크
3341:, or
3317:uses
3296:name
3277:name
3275:Dutch
3267:ストリート
3207:schwa
3155:glass
3083:dream
2987:>
2975:>
2957:>
2945:>
2917:école
2899:étude
2869:>
2785:গিলাছ
2779:gilas
2774:glass
2765:দুৱাৰ
2762:>
2759:দ্বাৰ
2753:duwar
2744:>
2735:horix
2726:>
2717:podum
2708:>
2699:zoton
2690:>
2681:roton
2672:>
2663:moŋoh
2657:দ্বাৰ
2605:lotus
2597:padma
2575:yatna
2561:jewel
2553:ratna
2516:Hindi
2500:Many
2489:schwa
2478:sotun
2467:sutūn
2439:برادر
2401:gradŭ
2396:градъ
2382:grodŭ
2373:gorod
2367:город
2337:gordŭ
2335:*
2333:form
2286:*
2226:>
2210:negre
2193:schwa
2039:from
2012:masao
1998:青（さお）
1983:青（あお）
1920:〜（ま〜）
1881:（こさめ）
1687:fence
1557:) is
1525:) is
1506:zurer
1493:) is
1471:) is
1466:sweet
1437:Dutch
1428:>
1420:>
1339:habet
1278:>
1274:>
1242:>
1240:homre
1238:>
1236:homne
1234:>
1195:>
1190:*
1169:sāian
1163:sāwan
1094:þunor
1063:Latin
1019:among
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915:(see
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885:thing
846:draw-
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662:Greek
582:(IPA)
4686:ISBN
4665:ISBN
4633:ISBN
4578:2024
4544:ISBN
4314:, a
4284:-ri-
4281:and
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4272:-rj-
4269:and
4266:-lj-
4255:vs.
4175:švaa
4169:-nh-
4156:and
4142:and
4140:Savo
4122:and
4081:-sta
4075:Bush
4006:talo
3961:and
3939:and
3823:film
3817:and
3809:and
3797:and
3753:spor
3732:),
3562:and
3544:and
3511:كلكس
3498:and
3420:nerd
3339:/dʒ/
3335:/tʃ/
3299:Bach
3280:Gogh
3254:キャップ
3231:and
3151:-/d/
3147:-/z/
3091:eraz
3075:երազ
3053:erax
3037:երախ
3018:and
2848:').
2835:épée
2747:হৰিষ
2741:হৰ্ষ
2729:পদুম
2723:পদ্ম
2705:যত্ন
2687:ৰত্ন
2669:মাংস
2649:door
2635:হৰ্ষ
2613:পদ্ম
2591:যত্ন
2569:ৰত্ন
2547:মাংস
2539:meat
2518:and
2473:ستون
2462:ستون
2453:stūn
2413:hrad
2407:grad
2387:gród
2315:akrs
2302:æcer
2282:/kr/
2260:and
2229:char
2078:One
2070:（あめ）
2052:（きり）
2042:kiri
2006:maao
1961:ma'-
1938:（あお）
1828:haru
1810:and
1807:haru
1772:rel-
1496:zuur
1488:sour
1480:zuur
1458:zoet
1321:il a
1276:ouir
971:ma'-
900:ster
881:some
850:-ing
809:Uses
725:and
712:and
700:epi-
414:and
98:and
4346:cat
4327:hit
4301:/e/
4103:).
4058:/i/
3994:maa
3973:In
3919:/s/
3909:/s/
3899:/ɾ/
3897:),
3889:/l/
3864:as
3819:/m/
3815:/l/
3801:of
3799:/t/
3795:/l/
3791:/w/
3787:/d/
3694:),
3676:),
3648:),
3623:of
3578:/s/
3568:/o/
3564:/t/
3560:/s/
3556:/æ/
3538:/i/
3534:/e/
3476:/i/
3452:/w/
3450:to
3448:/l/
3446:of
3416:/d/
3414:or
3412:/t/
3404:/i/
3380:/ɯ/
3363:/ɲ/
3359:/ʃ/
3355:/u/
3351:/ʃ/
3347:/u/
3343:/ç/
3331:/ʒ/
3327:/ʃ/
3323:/i/
3319:/ɯ/
3305:バッハ
3286:ゴッホ
3249:cap
3241:/h/
3237:/o/
3233:/d/
3229:/t/
3225:/ɯ/
3213:in
3211:/ɛ/
3170:bat
3164:or
3143:/ᵻ/
3139:/ə/
3137:or
3135:/ɪ/
3110:).
3097:raz
3059:rax
2967:/e/
2929:/s/
2925:/e/
2861:/s/
2857:/e/
2812:/e/
2802:/s/
2788:).
2750:),
2732:),
2714:),
2711:যতন
2696:),
2693:ৰতন
2678:),
2675:মঙহ
2638:),
2627:joy
2616:),
2594:),
2572:),
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2318:).
2309:in
2293:/e/
2288:æcr
2254:قلب
2196:/ə/
2084:/r/
2060:ame
1991:sao
1946:ma-
1910:ma-
1900:真っ青
1866:/s/
1850:/s/
1840:ame
1836:of
1834:/a/
1824:of
1822:/u/
1818:/s/
1813:ame
1665:ɔːr
1577:).
1452:-d-
1442:-er
1435:In
1333:a-t
1316:/t/
1310:In
1260:man
1248:hom
1025:-st
1007:-st
956:ma-
937:→
896:ham
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844:→
821:or
805:).
714:en-
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4021:→
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3957:,
3930:,
3880:,
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3805:.
3714:,
3704:,
3658:,
3582:e-
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3333:,
3329:,
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2075:.
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2032:霧雨
2009:→
1988:→
1976:ao
1958:→
1928:ao
1925:+
1886:.
1879:小雨
1797:春雨
1768:ll
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1644:RP
1640:GA
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1500:er
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