52:
578:
of a language's phonemes and morphemes and to develop analyses determining the distribution of those allophones and allomorphs.
526:
589:(within the language of an individual speaker, depending on the neighbouring sounds) and do not change the language's
1419:
1387:
585:
changes, which occur in a language's sound system. On the other hand, "alternation" refers to changes that happen
108:
34:
1475:
275:
1404:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1186:
978:
971:
959:
952:
940:
933:
921:
914:
902:
895:
886:
874:
867:
855:
848:
836:
829:
817:
810:
798:
791:
782:
766:
759:
747:
740:
728:
721:
709:
702:
690:
683:
671:
664:
655:
651:
643:
631:
627:
623:
48:
44:
519:
1345:
590:
290:
1379:
1174:
560:
458:
258:
230:
76:
1235:
428:
340:
190:
165:
155:
83:
453:
885:
Otherwise, the preceding sound is voiced, and the plural marker takes the likewise voiced form
582:
433:
30:
240:
512:
20:
1371:
423:
223:
1436:
8:
1372:
1022:
586:
383:
195:
103:
1480:
1178:
1010:
639:
488:
463:
448:
345:
265:
19:
This article is about morphophonological alternations. For syntactic alternations, see
1415:
1383:
1280:
778:
483:
473:
309:
210:
1451:
1239:
608:
336:
1455:
1021:
sound that is missing in the masculine form. In spelling, the feminine ends in a
1006:
128:
1227:
1182:
270:
170:
123:
118:
1370:
Cohn, Abigail (2001). "Phonology". In Mark
Aronoff; Janie Rees-Miller (eds.).
1469:
478:
320:
299:
285:
245:
1285:
355:
280:
235:
113:
63:
570:
Alternations provide linguists with data that allow them to determine the
1243:
540:
498:
493:
413:
350:
418:
379:
303:
148:
1300:
1018:
1014:
647:
602:
575:
571:
552:
468:
388:
362:
295:
205:
139:
1437:"The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations"
1290:
996:
548:
443:
438:
408:
160:
96:
40:
1410:. In Jean-Marc Authier; Barbara E. Bullock; Lisa A. Reed (eds.).
369:
200:
183:
1295:
1009:
has an example of morphologically conditioned alternation. The
611:
564:
374:
329:
607:
An example of a phonologically conditioned alternation is the
1231:
1173:
Syntactically conditioned alternations can be found in the
555:
realization. Each of the various realizations is called an
1001:
1025:, while the masculine ends in a silent consonant letter:
596:
1168:
559:. The variation may be conditioned by the phonological,
1181:
depending on their syntactic position. For example, in
781:, the plural marker takes the likewise voiceless form
39:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1405:"Lexical conservatism in French adjectival liaison"
634:, depending on the nature of the preceding sound.
1343:". This usage of the symbol is borrowed from the
990:
1467:
567:environment in which the morpheme finds itself.
53:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1414:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 243–70.
520:
1151:
1145:
1128:
1122:
1105:
1099:
1082:
1076:
1059:
1053:
1036:
1030:
16:Alternate phonetic realization of a morpheme
1257:
1251:
1209:
1194:
1412:Formal Perspectives in Romance Linguistics
527:
513:
1378:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp.
1402:
1002:Morphologically conditioned alternation
1468:
1319:The vowel of the inflectional suffix -
1177:, where words undergo various initial
597:Phonologically conditioned alternation
1434:
1169:Syntactically conditioned alternation
777:Otherwise, if the preceding sound is
1369:
1335:⟩ is a shorthand for "either
1323:may belong to the phoneme of either
654:), the plural marker takes the form
43:. For the distinction between ,
13:
1331:depending on dialect, and ⟨
581:The term "sound change" refers to
14:
1492:
1189:after a feminine singular noun:
109:Consonant voicing and devoicing
35:International Phonetic Alphabet
1428:
1396:
1363:
1313:
991:Alternation related to meaning
622:. This morpheme is pronounced
1:
1356:
1456:10.1016/j.lingua.2004.09.002
638:If the preceding sound is a
551:exhibiting variation in its
7:
1374:The Handbook of Linguistics
1274:
10:
1497:
994:
600:
18:
1435:Green, Antony D. (2006).
1346:Oxford English Dictionary
1185:, an adjective undergoes
1403:Steriade, Donca (1999).
1306:
1266:The woman bought a bike.
1175:Insular Celtic languages
614:marker commonly spelled
459:Compensatory lengthening
231:Compensatory lengthening
547:is the phenomenon of a
84:Quantitative metathesis
31:phonetic transcriptions
1259:Prynodd y ddynes feic.
1258:
1252:
1238:when it is the direct
1210:
1195:
1152:
1146:
1129:
1123:
1106:
1100:
1083:
1077:
1060:
1054:
1037:
1031:
28:This article contains
1476:Linguistic morphology
21:Diathesis alternation
224:Transphonologization
1256:"bike", mutated in
1179:consonant mutations
104:Consonant gradation
1321:⟨es⟩
640:sibilant consonant
489:Consonant mutation
464:Monophthongization
346:Consonant mutation
1450:(11): 1946–1985.
1281:Phonological rule
591:underlying system
537:
536:
484:Shm-reduplication
474:Rhinoglottophilia
310:Consonant harmony
211:Cluster reduction
1488:
1460:
1459:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1367:
1350:
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1322:
1317:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1207:
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1201:
1198:
1164:
1161:
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1138:
1135:
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1126:
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1089:
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1080:
1072:
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1066:
1063:
1057:
1049:
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1040:
1034:
984:
973:
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954:
946:
935:
927:
916:
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897:
888:
880:
869:
861:
850:
842:
831:
823:
812:
804:
793:
784:
772:
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753:
742:
734:
723:
715:
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685:
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657:
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645:
633:
629:
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529:
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60:
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1496:
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1364:
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1353:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1004:
999:
993:
644:/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/
605:
599:
533:
504:
503:
404:
396:
395:
394:
393:
365:
332:
315:
314:
291:Final devoicing
261:
251:
250:
226:
216:
215:
186:
176:
175:
151:
134:
133:
129:Debuccalization
99:
89:
88:
79:
58:
57:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1494:
1484:
1483:
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1462:
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1427:
1420:
1395:
1388:
1361:
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1358:
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1304:
1303:
1298:
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1288:
1283:
1276:
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1272:
1271:
1224:
1223:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1142:
1119:
1096:
1073:
1050:
1003:
1000:
995:Main article:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
966:
947:
928:
909:
883:
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881:
862:
843:
824:
805:
775:
774:
773:
754:
735:
716:
697:
678:
598:
595:
587:synchronically
535:
534:
532:
531:
524:
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506:
505:
502:
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486:
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476:
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386:
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333:
328:
327:
324:
323:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Palatalization
273:
271:Coarticulation
268:
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257:
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252:
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227:
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198:
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182:
181:
178:
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174:
173:
171:Vowel breaking
168:
163:
158:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
124:L-vocalization
121:
119:Spirantization
116:
111:
106:
100:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
80:
75:
74:
71:
70:
51:⟩, see
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1421:90-272-3691-7
1417:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1389:0-631-20497-0
1385:
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1316:
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1302:
1299:
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1287:
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1282:
1279:
1278:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:soft mutation
1233:
1229:
1212:
1208:, mutated in
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:feminine form
1008:
998:
982:
977:
970:
967:
963:
958:
951:
948:
944:
939:
932:
929:
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920:
913:
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901:
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890:
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859:
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847:
844:
840:
835:
828:
825:
821:
816:
809:
806:
802:
797:
790:
787:
786:
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776:
770:
765:
758:
755:
751:
746:
739:
736:
732:
727:
720:
717:
713:
708:
701:
698:
694:
689:
682:
679:
675:
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663:
660:
659:
649:
641:
637:
636:
635:
621:
617:
613:
610:
604:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
561:morphological
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
510:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
479:Sulcalization
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
400:
399:
390:
387:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
364:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
338:
335:
334:
331:
326:
325:
322:
321:Dissimilation
319:
318:
311:
308:
305:
301:
300:vowel harmony
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
286:Labialization
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
255:
254:
247:
246:Floating tone
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
225:
220:
219:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
185:
180:
179:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
93:
92:
85:
82:
81:
78:
73:
72:
69:
65:
62:
61:
54:
42:
38:
36:
32:
22:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1411:
1398:
1373:
1365:
1344:
1315:
1286:Sound change
1225:
1172:
1005:
980:
975:
968:
961:
956:
949:
942:
937:
930:
923:
918:
911:
904:
899:
892:
876:
871:
864:
857:
852:
845:
838:
833:
826:
819:
814:
807:
800:
795:
788:
785:. Examples:
768:
763:
756:
749:
744:
737:
730:
725:
718:
711:
706:
699:
692:
687:
680:
673:
668:
661:
658:. Examples:
619:
615:
606:
580:
569:
556:
553:phonological
544:
538:
356:Vowel hiatus
281:Velarization
259:Assimilation
236:Nasalization
114:Assibilation
67:
64:Sound change
47:and ⟨
29:
1244:finite verb
1218:a big woman
1150:, feminine
1127:, feminine
1104:, feminine
1081:, feminine
1058:, feminine
1035:, feminine
545:alternation
541:linguistics
499:Chain shift
494:Vowel shift
414:Affrication
403:Other types
351:Tone sandhi
241:Tonogenesis
68:alternation
1470:Categories
1357:References
1250:unmutated
1234:undergoes
1193:unmutated
1144:masculine
1121:masculine
1098:masculine
1075:masculine
1052:masculine
1029:masculine
1017:ends in a
1015:adjectives
741:/ˈtʃɜːrtʃ/
601:See also:
583:diachronic
576:allomorphs
572:allophones
419:Gemination
380:Synaeresis
149:Epenthesis
77:Metathesis
1481:Phonology
1301:Allophone
1211:bean mhór
1019:consonant
974:, plural
955:, plural
936:, plural
917:, plural
898:, plural
870:, plural
851:, plural
832:, plural
813:, plural
794:, plural
779:voiceless
762:, plural
748:/ˈtʃɜːrtʃ
743:, plural
724:, plural
722:/mɪˈrɑːʒ/
705:, plural
686:, plural
667:, plural
652:/tʃ/,/dʒ/
648:affricate
646:), or an
603:Allomorph
565:syntactic
563:, and/or
557:alternant
469:Rhotacism
389:Synizesis
384:diaeresis
363:Synalepha
341:linking R
296:Metaphony
206:Haplology
191:Apheresis
166:Unpacking
156:Prothesis
140:Fortition
1291:Apophony
1275:See also
1187:lenition
1023:silent e
1013:of many
997:Apophony
760:/ˈbrɪdʒ/
745:churches
729:/mɪˈrɑːʒ
650:(one of
642:(one of
549:morpheme
444:Iotacism
439:Betacism
429:Fronting
424:Clipping
409:Apophony
161:Paragoge
97:Lenition
45:/ /
41:Help:IPA
1137:sincere
1130:franche
1107:joyeuse
915:/ˈɡlʌv/
767:/ˈbrɪdʒ
764:bridges
726:mirages
609:English
434:Raising
370:Elision
337:Liaison
201:Apocope
196:Syncope
184:Elision
33:in the
1444:Lingua
1418:
1386:
1382:–203.
1296:Sandhi
1240:object
1101:joyeux
1084:grosse
1061:grande
1038:petite
1007:French
972:/ˈtoʊ/
953:/ˈdɒl/
934:/ˈræm/
922:/ˈɡlʌv
919:gloves
896:/ˈdɒɡ/
868:/ˈmɪθ/
853:coughs
849:/ˈkɒf/
830:/ˈpæk/
811:/ˈmæt/
792:/ˈmɒp/
757:bridge
738:church
719:mirage
707:meshes
703:/ˈmɛʃ/
688:fezzes
684:/ˈfɛz/
669:masses
665:/ˈmæs/
612:plural
454:Merger
449:Fusion
375:Crasis
330:Sandhi
304:umlaut
266:Fusion
49:
1440:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1307:Notes
1242:of a
1228:Welsh
1183:Irish
1153:bonne
1124:franc
1114:merry
1055:grand
1045:small
1032:petit
979:/ˈtoʊ
960:/ˈdɒl
957:dolls
941:/ˈræm
912:glove
903:/ˈdɒɡ
875:/ˈmɪθ
872:myths
856:/ˈkɒf
846:cough
837:/ˈpæk
834:packs
818:/ˈmæt
799:/ˈmɒp
710:/ˈmɛʃ
691:/ˈfɛz
672:/ˈmæs
630:, or
543:, an
37:(IPA)
1416:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1253:beic
1232:noun
1230:, a
1160:good
1078:gros
1068:tall
976:toes
950:doll
938:rams
900:dogs
865:myth
827:pack
815:mats
796:mops
700:mesh
662:mass
656:/ᵻz/
632:/ᵻz/
574:and
382:and
66:and
1452:doi
1448:116
1380:202
1341:/ə/
1339:or
1337:/ɪ/
1329:/ə/
1327:or
1325:/ɪ/
1226:In
1203:big
1196:mór
1147:bon
1091:big
969:toe
931:ram
893:dog
887:/z/
808:mat
789:mop
783:/s/
681:fez
628:/z/
624:/s/
618:or
539:In
1472::
1446:.
1442:.
1246::
889:.
769:ᵻz
750:ᵻz
731:ᵻz
712:ᵻz
693:ᵻz
674:ᵻz
626:,
620:es
593:.
339:,
302:,
1458:.
1454::
1424:.
1392:.
1349:.
1333:ᵻ
1269:'
1263:'
1221:'
1215:'
1206:'
1200:'
1163:'
1157:'
1140:'
1134:'
1117:'
1111:'
1094:'
1088:'
1071:'
1065:'
1048:'
1042:'
983:/
981:z
964:/
962:z
945:/
943:z
926:/
924:z
907:/
905:z
879:/
877:s
860:/
858:s
841:/
839:s
822:/
820:s
803:/
801:s
771:/
752:/
733:/
714:/
695:/
676:/
616:s
528:e
521:t
514:v
306:)
298:(
55:.
23:.
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