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strategy; when food abundance falls below a critical level, kleptoparasitism suddenly becomes advantageous, and aggressive interactions become common. Similarly, when potential victims are rare or widely dispersed, the time needed to find them may not be justified by the food that might be stolen from them, resulting in
158:
to individuals that practise it. Kleptoparasitism costs time and energy which could otherwise be spent directly on feeding, so this cost must be outweighed by the benefit in energy gained from the stolen food. Mathematical modelling suggests that when food is abundant, ordinary feeding is the best
406:
that select hosts that have been parasitized by another female. Kleptoparasitoids may make use of the punctures made by previous parasitoids on their hosts; may follow the trails or traces left by parasitoids to locate hosts; or use hosts already weakened by other parasitoids.
2109:
Smultea, Mari A.; Bacon, Cathy E.; Lomac-MacNair, Kate; Visser, Fleur; Bredvik, Jessica (2014). "Rare Mixed-Species
Associations Between Sperm Whales and Risso's and Northern Right Whale Dolphins Off the Southern California Bight: Kleptoparasitism and Social Parasitism?".
823:
Gulls are both perpetrators and victims of opportunistic kleptoparasitism, particularly during the breeding season. While the victim is most often another member of the same species, other (principally smaller) gulls and terns can also be targeted. In the
546:
relocate large amounts of vertebrate dung, rolling balls of the material to their nests for their larvae to feed on. Several smaller species of dung beetle do not gather dung themselves but take it from the nests of larger species. For example, species of
114:
Kleptoparasitism is a feeding strategy where one animal deliberately steals food from another. This may be intraspecific, involving stealing from members of the same species, or interspecific, from members of other species. The term denotes a form of
418:
896:, in which each species steals the other's kills, is a form of kleptoparasitism. Cheetahs are common targets. Bears, coyotes and wolves are very opportunistic and all have this behavior.
1746:
Shealer, David A.; Spendelow, Jeffrey A.; Hatfield, Jeff S.; Nisbet, Ian C. T. (2005). "The adaptive significance of stealing in a marine bird and its relationship to parental quality".
930:
798:
with food for their young. As the returning birds approach the colony, the frigatebirds, which are fast and agile, swoop in to pursue them vigorously; they sometimes seize
2070:
844:
are skilled kleptoparasites, stealing from other gulls and from raptors. Several species of gull steal food from humans, for example takeaway food at seaside resorts.
2175:
2034:
Schoe, Marjolein; de Iongh, Hans H.; Croes, Barbara M. (6 Jul 2009). "Humans displacing lions and stealing their food in Bénoué National Park, North
Cameroon".
643:
1330:
Dapporto, L.; Cervo, R.; Sledge, M.F.; Turillazzi, S. (2004). "Rank integration in dominance hierarchies of host colonies by the paper wasp social parasite
1284:(1909). "Ăśber den Ursprung der dulotischen, parasitischen und myrmekophilen Ameisen" [On the Origin of Dulotic, Parasitic, and Myrmecophilic Ants].
868:
950:
691:
94:, which states that insect social parasites tend to be closely related to their hosts. The behavior occurs, too, in vertebrates including birds such as
673:
1670:
685:
1513:
1949:
2168:
528:) reportedly shows kleptoparasitic behaviour, laying eggs only in dung balls being interred by one of several co-occurring dung-rolling
850:
1784:
78:
when stealing is less costly than direct feeding, such as when food is scarce or when victims are abundant. Many kleptoparasites are
1303:
Roig-Alsina, A. (1991). "Cladistic analysis of the
Nomadinae s. str. with description of a new genus (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)".
373:. Numerous other wasp families have genera or larger lineages of which some or all members are kleptoparasitic (e.g., the genus
2161:
592:(water cricket) took prey heavier than 7.9 g, other bugs of the same species joined it and successfully ate parts of the prey.
86:
are specialized kleptoparasites which lay their eggs either on the pollen masses made by other bees, or on the insect hosts of
1203:
1024:
2085:
971:
751:, parent birds involved in kleptoparasitism are more successful in raising broods than non-kleptoparasitic individuals.
1100:
1259:
1987:
1932:
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1730:
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1133:
1896:
1877:
151:
75:
17:
2262:
160:
2242:
924:, and that the food is then eaten by the Risso's dolphins. The behaviour is rare and may be opportunistic.
2237:
2202:
98:, which persistently chase other seabirds until they disgorge their food, and carnivorous mammals such as
235:
920:, causing them to open their mouths; it has been suggested that the observed harassment results in some
2252:
2013:
1511:
908:. Human hunters may commonly take the remains of fresh kills from other carnivores, such as lions and
1689:
921:
1567:
2153:
1053:
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841:
817:
808:
238:
among insects, including kleptoparasites, tend to be closely related to their hosts. The largest
1977:
2187:
1528:
Sivinski, J., S. Marshall and E. Petersson (1999) Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the diptera.
1193:
622:, which steal or feed on prey captured by other spiders, are known to occur in five families:
2347:
2212:
1559:
1503:
1192:
Slater, Peter J. B.; Rosenblatt, Jay S.; Snowdon, Charles T.; et al. (30 January 2005).
1066:
82:, especially bees and wasps, but including some true flies, dung beetles, bugs, and spiders.
1463:"Kleptoparasitism as an explanation for paradoxical oviposition decisions of the parasitoid
2302:
2277:
2217:
2043:
1882:
1799:
1635:
1343:
605:
600:
1620:
Erlandsson, Ann (1988). "Food sharing vs monopolising prey: a form of kleptoparasitism in
8:
2232:
1048:
897:
816:, denote this behaviour. However, the amount of food obtained by kleptoparasitism in the
2047:
1639:
1347:
715:
A few bird species are specialist kleptoparasites, while many others are opportunistic.
2316:
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surface and empty the water from their bills, they sometimes have their food stolen by
772:
1501:
ant-mugging flies (Diptera: Milichiidae: Milichiinae) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
2127:
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1983:
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Erler, S.; Lattorff, H. M. G. (2010). "The degree of parasitism of the bumblebee (
464:(Diptera) are kleptoparasites; the strategy is especially common in the subfamily
1716:
1626:
1542:
1517:
655:
227:
91:
87:
1091:
Furness, R. W. (1987). "Kleptoparasitism in seabirds". In
Croxall, J. P. (ed.).
2071:"Human Kleptoparasitism on Eurasian Lynx (Lynx Lynx L.) in Slovenia and Norway"
2069:
Krofel, Miha; Kos, Ivan; Linnell, John; Odden, John; Teurlings, Ivonne (2008).
791:
723:
rely heavily on chasing other seabirds to obtain food. Other species—including
465:
443:
396:
216:
123:, from Greek κλÎπτω (klĂ©ptĹŤ, 'steal'). The strategy has been widely studied in
1439:
1236:
1219:
Kreuter, Kirsten; Bunk, Elfi Bunk (2011). "How the social parasitic bumblebee
2341:
2267:
2131:
1044:
957:
909:
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511:
497:
469:
99:
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1954:
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588:
586:) are kleptoparasitic on their own species. In one study, whenever the bug
540:
529:
520:
239:
1536:
74:
in which one animal deliberately takes food from another. The strategy is
2222:
1281:
1049:"Evolutionarily stable stealing: game theory applied to kleptoparasitism"
976:
917:
720:
697:
626:
583:
549:
543:
480:
476:
448:
388:
350:
346:
231:
208:, for example, parasitises several other species in its genus, including
132:
1316:
1152:
Brockmann, H. Jane; Barnard, C. J. (1979). "Kleptoparasitism in birds".
2323:
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1603:
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680:
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638:
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456:, depositing its larvae on the food reserved for the larvae of the wasp
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195:
155:
136:
116:
83:
63:
1553:
Marshall, S.A. & Pont, A.C. (2013). The kleptoparasitic habits of
361:
have "cuckoo" species that parasitise related species, as for example
2310:
2295:
2289:
1785:"Kleptoparasitism by Bald Eagles wintering in South-Central Nebraska"
1595:
875:
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453:
432:
392:
384:
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336:
329:
281:
243:
79:
2183:
1647:
825:
806:, as well as many of the frigatebirds' colloquial names, including
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937:
787:
439:
320:
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144:
128:
71:
1919:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, eds. (1996).
1379:"Coevolution of daily activity timing in a host-parasite system"
2108:
1578:
Hammond, P. M. (September 1976). "Kleptoparasitic
Behaviour of
1019:. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 145.
944:(and eaten part of it), creating a target for kleptoparasitism.
941:
905:
756:
619:
567:
275:
268:
247:
187:
106:. Other species opportunistically indulge in kleptoparasitism.
1878:"The diet of the Magnificent Frigatebird during chick rearing"
1745:
1671:"Observations on the behaviour of the kleptoparasitic spider,
1582:
Peringuey (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Dung-Beetles".
1329:
901:
776:
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181:
120:
67:
1897:
10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0569:tdotmf]2.0.co;2
1719:; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl; Pimm, Stuart L. (1994).
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795:
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728:
716:
358:
140:
124:
103:
95:
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Nishimura, K. (2010). "Kleptoparasitism and
Cannibalism".
1979:
The Safari
Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals
1950:"Stare seagulls out to save your snacks, researcher says"
1669:
Coyl, F. A.; O'Shields, T. C.; Perlmutter, D. G. (1991).
1109:
747:—do so opportunistically. Among opportunists such as the
515:
501:
461:
250:), which comprises several hundred species in 35 genera.
199:
198:, all of which lay their eggs in the nest cells of other
32:
1147:
1145:
1918:
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Wild, A.L. & Brake, I. 2009. Field observations on
1093:
Seabirds: feeding ecology and role in marine ecosystems
1875:
1739:
1715:
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1185:
1183:
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species engage in this behavior when they can, as do
1001:
Fleas, Flukes and
Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites
1876:Calixto-Albarrán, Itzia; Osorno, José-Luis (2000).
1180:
1038:
1036:
900:have also exhibited kleptoparasitic behaviors. All
147:, it occurs in more than a quarter of the species.
2102:
2033:
1920:
840:, which lurk nearby and grab escaping food items.
755:have been seen attacking smaller raptors, such as
518:and are often found beside their foraging trails.
150:Such a strategy should only be followed if it is
2339:
1151:
1033:
1822:
1782:
1086:
1084:
1015:Proffitt, M., ed. (1997). "kleptoparasitism".
994:
794:, waiting for parent birds to return to their
2169:
1615:
1613:
1409:
1376:
472:. There are also some kleptoparasites in the
349:(Chrysididae) lay their eggs in the nests of
960:have driven off the cheetah and are feeding.
483:. Some adult milichiids, for example, visit
402:Others are dubbed kleptoparasitoids, namely
1941:
1853:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour
1711:
1709:
1460:
1305:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1302:
1218:
1081:
1042:
1017:Oxford English Dictionary. Additions Series
878:has taken a fish from the one in the water.
491:. Others are associated with robber flies (
2176:
2162:
1619:
1610:
1274:
1927:. Vol. 3. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
1895:
1767:
1482:
1394:
1383:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1115:
1095:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
916:have been observed charging "head-on" at
790:nesting seasons, frigatebirds soar above
435:) of a spider (video, 1 m 44 s)
166:
1706:
1370:
1323:
1257:
1067:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1998.ahg625_0453_5.x
1014:
599:
566:
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180:
31:
1912:
1577:
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367:, which parasitises a related species,
14:
2340:
2011:
1947:
1847:
1841:
767:have been recorded stealing food from
514:) steal food and pupae transported by
2157:
2027:
2005:
1975:
1557:Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Muscidae).
1403:
1280:
230:, named for the Italian entomologist
1823:Harris, Tony; Franklin, Kim (2000).
1223:sneaks into power of reproduction".
802:by their long tail plumes. The name
775:have been recorded stealing smashed
2014:"People steal meat from wild lions"
1725:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1225:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
972:Evolutionary models of food sharing
242:lineage of kleptoparasitic bees is
24:
1126:10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00279-5
1004:. New York: Macmillan. p. 10.
487:where they scavenge on half-eaten
25:
2359:
2149:
2002:Estes, op. cit., 281–295, 339–346
1251:
1195:Advances in the Study of Behavior
759:, to steal fish from them. Among
176:
2056:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00975.x
1484:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00016.x
1396:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01139.x
1377:Ortolani, I.; Cervo, R. (2009).
949:
929:
867:
849:
202:, often within the same family.
2062:
1996:
1969:
1869:
1816:
1783:Jorde, D.G.; Lingle, G (1998).
1776:
1662:
1571:
1547:
1522:
1491:
1471:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1454:
1296:
1198:. Academic Press. p. 365.
1118:Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior
535:
29:Type of animal feeding strategy
1982:. Chelsea Green. p. 294.
1923:Handbook of Birds of the World
1356:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.11.012
1212:
1120:. Elsevier. pp. 253–258.
1008:
988:
705:
431:sp. feeding on captured prey (
399:rather than kleptoparasites.
254:Some bees and their parasites
13:
1:
2012:Walker, Matt (24 July 2009).
1948:Sample, Ian (7 August 2019).
1342:(2–3). Elsevier BV: 217–223.
982:
391:). Some of these species are
171:
161:frequency-dependent selection
1855:. London: Christopher Helm.
1827:. London: Christopher Helm.
1798:(2): 183–188. Archived from
1792:Journal of Field Ornithology
1336:Journal of Insect Physiology
1262:. Nature Education Knowledge
1166:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90185-4
562:
7:
1461:Kraaijeveld, A. R. (1999).
1260:"Social Parasitism in Ants"
965:
194:There are many lineages of
154:, meaning that it offers a
109:
10:
2364:
2253:Behavior-altering parasite
2036:African Journal of Ecology
1976:Estes, Richard D. (1999).
1825:Shrikes & Bush-Shrikes
1722:The Birdwatcher's Handbook
1584:The Coleopterists Bulletin
1334:(Hymenoptera, Vespidae)".
1258:Deslippe, Richard (2010).
883:
595:
185:Cuckoo bee from the genus
90:. They are an instance of
2263:Host–parasite coevolution
2198:
1440:10.1007/s00040-010-0093-2
1286:Biologisches Centralblatt
1237:10.1007/s00265-011-1294-z
888:The relationship between
559:beetles are making them.
452:) is a kleptoparasite of
357:wasps. Other families of
226:. These are instances of
2084:: 93–103. Archived from
1414:) by cuckoo bumblebees (
1054:Annals of Human Genetics
842:Great black-backed gulls
719:(including jaegers) and
710:
410:
127:; in four families, all
2188:biological interactions
2112:Northwestern Naturalist
1688:: 62–66. Archived from
818:magnificent frigatebird
582:Many semiaquatic bugs (
553:enter dung-balls while
1682:Journal of Arachnology
1675:(Araneae, Mysmenidae)"
615:
579:
457:
436:
234:, which asserts that
191:
167:Taxonomic distribution
52:
2042:(3). Blackwell: 445.
1769:10.1093/beheco/ari008
1760:10.1093/beheco/ari008
1580:Onthophagus suturalis
1560:African Invertebrates
1504:African Invertebrates
603:
570:
504:. Flies in the genus
442:
425:
184:
152:evolutionarily stable
76:evolutionarily stable
35:
2278:Parasitic castration
2218:Deception in animals
1530:Florida Entomologist
898:Crab-eating macaques
644:Archaeodictyna ulova
606:Argyrodes flavescens
2048:2009AfJEc..47..445S
1673:Mysmenopsis furtiva
1640:1988Oikos..53..203E
1348:2004JInsP..50..217D
998:; Clay, T. (1957).
773:Eurasian blackbirds
449:Craticulina seriata
255:
156:selective advantage
51:) to steal its food
2317:Cleaning symbiosis
2124:10.1898/nwn13-11.1
1748:Behavioral Ecology
1541:2008-09-10 at the
1516:2009-05-15 at the
616:
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58:(originally spelt
53:
37:Great frigatebirds
2335:
2334:
1499:Milichia patrizii
1412:Bombus terrestris
1332:Polistes sulcifer
1205:978-0-08-049015-1
1045:Ruxton, Graeme D.
1026:978-0-19-860027-5
859:in pursuit of an
820:may be marginal.
814:pirate of the sea
692:Kilifia inquilina
669:Symphytognathidae
612:Argiope pulchella
423:
364:Polistes sulcifer
343:
342:
60:clepto-parasitism
16:(Redirected from
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2273:Kleptoparasitism
2258:Brood parasitism
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956:A little later,
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914:Risso's dolphins
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834:Heermann's gulls
792:seabird colonies
674:Curimagua bayano
618:Kleptoparasitic
424:
256:
252:
246:(a subfamily of
236:social parasites
205:Bombus bohemicus
88:parasitoid wasps
70:") is a form of
56:Kleptoparasitism
45:red-footed booby
21:
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809:man-o'-war bird
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397:brood parasites
262:Parasite genus
179:
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2150:External links
2148:
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2101:
2078:Varstvo Narave
2061:
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2004:
1995:
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1968:
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1890:(3): 569–576.
1868:
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1754:(2): 371–376.
1738:
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1634:(2): 203–206.
1609:
1590:(3): 245–249.
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1465:Asobara tabida
1453:
1434:(4): 371–377.
1402:
1389:(2): 399–405.
1369:
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1231:(3): 475–486.
1211:
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1134:
1108:
1102:978-0521301787
1101:
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1061:(5): 453–464.
1032:
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1007:
996:Rothschild, M.
986:
984:
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974:
967:
964:
963:
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948:
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940:has killed an
935:
928:
890:spotted hyenas
885:
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855:
848:
838:laughing gulls
830:brown pelicans
765:masked shrikes
712:
709:
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686:Isela okuncana
678:
666:
648:
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609:on the web of
597:
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468:of the family
466:Miltogramminae
412:
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383:and the tribe
341:
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177:Bees and wasps
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100:spotted hyenas
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18:Kleptoparasite
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2185:Inter-species
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1849:Sibley, David
1844:
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1834:0-7136-3861-3
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1805:on 2007-08-10
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41:Fregata minor
38:
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19:
2348:Parasitology
2272:
2208:Commensalism
2118:(1): 43–49.
2115:
2111:
2104:
2093:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2081:
2077:
2064:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1978:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:The Guardian
1953:
1943:
1922:
1914:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1852:
1843:
1824:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1795:
1791:
1778:
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1747:
1741:
1721:
1697:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1685:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1631:
1625:
1622:Velia caprai
1621:
1587:
1583:
1579:
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1555:Musca albina
1554:
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1331:
1325:
1311:(1): 23–37.
1308:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1282:Emery, Carlo
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1253:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1194:
1157:
1153:
1117:
1111:
1092:
1058:
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1016:
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1000:
990:
918:sperm whales
887:
861:elegant tern
857:Western gull
822:
813:
807:
803:
785:
749:roseate tern
721:frigatebirds
714:
696:
690:
684:
672:
660:
654:
653:(species of
642:
630:
617:
610:
604:
589:Velia caprai
587:
581:
572:Velia caprai
571:
554:
548:
544:dung beetles
539:
536:Dung beetles
521:Musca albina
519:
505:
496:
459:
447:
426:
401:
374:
368:
362:
347:cuckoo wasps
344:
335:
328:
319:
312:
303:
297:
290:
280:
274:
267:
240:monophyletic
228:Emery's rule
223:B. cryptarum
221:
215:
209:
203:
193:
186:
149:
113:
92:Emery's rule
59:
55:
54:
48:
43:) chasing a
40:
26:
2243:Synnecrosis
2223:Inquilinism
2213:Competition
1961:1 September
1477:: 129–133.
1160:: 487–514.
977:Kleptomania
874:The flying
804:frigatebird
800:tropicbirds
779:from other
753:Bald eagles
739:, and some
706:Vertebrates
698:Mysmenopsis
627:Theridiidae
584:Heteroptera
550:Onthophagus
485:spider webs
481:Milichiidae
477:Chloropidae
404:parasitoids
389:Crabronidae
370:P. dominula
232:Carlo Emery
196:cuckoo bees
137:Chionididae
84:Cuckoo bees
62:, meaning "
2324:Mycorrhiza
2303:Intraguild
2283:Parasitoid
2248:Parasitism
2238:Neutralism
2203:Amensalism
2095:2022-05-25
2020:2009-08-01
1883:The Condor
1809:2007-08-21
1699:2006-07-11
1292:: 352–362.
983:References
745:shorebirds
681:Mysmenidae
651:Salticidae
639:Dictynidae
578:, Belgium)
489:stink bugs
462:true flies
454:sand wasps
428:Sarcophaga
393:inquilines
381:Pompilidae
355:mud dauber
292:Anthophora
259:Host genus
217:B. lucorum
172:Arthropods
133:Fregatidae
119:involving
117:parasitism
80:arthropods
64:parasitism
2311:Symbiosis
2296:Carnivore
2290:Predation
2233:Mutualism
2132:1051-1733
1420:Psithyrus
876:cormorant
769:wheatears
761:passerine
701:species).
632:Argyrodes
563:True bugs
556:Scarabeus
532:species.
433:Tipulidae
385:Nyssonini
376:Ceropales
337:Coelioxys
330:Megachile
282:Psithyrus
244:Nomadinae
49:Sula sula
2342:Category
2140:86227330
1906:84078011
1851:(2001).
1539:Archived
1514:Archived
1424:vestalis
1364:15019524
1317:25085241
1174:53151684
1075:56407575
1047:(1998).
966:See also
826:Americas
781:thrushes
662:Simaetha
635:species)
576:Ardennes
526:Muscidae
507:Bengalia
493:Asilidae
474:families
314:Amegilla
305:Zacosmia
129:seabirds
110:Strategy
2228:Mimicry
2192:ecology
2044:Bibcode
1656:3566063
1636:Bibcode
1604:3999694
1344:Bibcode
1245:7124725
938:cheetah
906:jackals
884:Mammals
788:seabird
786:During
763:birds,
757:ospreys
725:raptors
620:spiders
596:Spiders
321:Thyreus
299:Melecta
145:Laridae
72:feeding
2138:
2130:
1986:
1931:
1904:
1859:
1831:
1729:
1654:
1602:
1448:853556
1446:
1416:Bombus
1362:
1315:
1266:25 May
1243:
1202:
1172:
1132:
1099:
1073:
1023:
958:hyenas
942:impala
777:snails
771:, and
695:, and
656:Portia
541:Scarab
530:scarab
495:), or
351:potter
276:Bombus
269:Bombus
248:Apidae
220:, and
188:Nomada
143:, and
131:, the
2136:S2CID
2089:(PDF)
2074:(PDF)
1902:S2CID
1803:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1693:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1652:JSTOR
1627:Oikos
1600:JSTOR
1444:S2CID
1313:JSTOR
1241:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1071:S2CID
902:hyena
894:lions
828:, as
796:nests
741:ducks
737:coots
733:terns
729:gulls
717:Skuas
711:Birds
460:Some
446:fly (
411:Flies
359:wasps
125:birds
121:theft
104:lions
96:skuas
68:theft
2128:ISSN
1984:ISBN
1963:2022
1929:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1535:(2)
1426:)".
1360:PMID
1268:2022
1200:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1021:ISBN
892:and
836:and
812:and
743:and
659:and
516:ants
502:ants
479:and
395:and
353:and
345:The
200:bees
102:and
2190:in
2120:doi
2052:doi
1892:doi
1888:102
1764:hdl
1756:doi
1644:doi
1592:doi
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387:in
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