652:
94:. The significance and general relevance of this pattern are still a matter of some debate, as a great many exceptions exist, though a common explanation for the phenomenon when it occurs is that the parasites may have started as
151:
In 1909, the taxonomist Carlo Emery made an important generalization, now known as Emery's rule, which states that social parasites and their hosts share common ancestry and hence are closely related to each other (Emery
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sense, the relationship is considered to be in "strict" adherence to Emery's rule. When the parasite is a close relative of the host but not its sister species, the relationship is in "loose" adherence to the rule.
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180:
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Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor
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Over time, this pattern has been recognized in many additional cases, and generalized to what is now known as Emery's rule.
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Phylogenetic relationships among yellowjackets and the evolution of social parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae).
139:
397:
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The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet
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within the host species itself (such forms of intraspecific parasitism are well-known, even in some species of
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Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger
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A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect
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Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones
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102:), but later became reproductively isolated and split off from the ancestral species, a form of
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In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area
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Emery, C. "Über den
Ursprung der dulotischen, parasitischen und myrmekophilen Ameisen".
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Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms
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Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae
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Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function
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Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands
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Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature
82:. Emery's rule is also applicable to members of other kingdoms such as
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No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude
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to be parasites to species or genera they are closely related to.
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Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic
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Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts
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Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time
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The top of an animals coloration is darker than the bottom
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Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for
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and implications for the evolution of social parasitism.
229:"Intraspecific queen parasitism in highly eusocial bee"
287:
The phylogenetic position of the bumble bee inquiline
511:An animals metabolic rate decreases with its size
38:noted that social parasites among insects (e.g.,
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70:parasitizes other members of its genus such as
670:Where genetics opposes environment as a factor
432:Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent
179:Carpenter, J. M., & Perera, E. P. (2006).
318:
471:Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates
285:Hines, H. M., & Cameron, S. A. (2010).
491:Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts
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311:
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561:Latitudinal range increases with latitude
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242:(2). Royal Society Publishing: 173–176.
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402:Loss of complex traits is irreversible
53:The pattern is best known for various
352:Shorter appendages in colder climates
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461:Complete competitors cannot coexist
362:Extra limbs mirror their neighbours
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412:Parasites co-vary with their hosts
34:In 1909, the Italian entomologist
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392:Larger bodies in deep-sea animals
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372:Larger bodies in colder climates
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109:When a parasitic species is a
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142:. Nature Education Knowledge
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16:Trend of parasitic organisms
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382:Bodies get larger over time
140:"Social Parasitism in Ants"
10:
730:
29:
667:Countergradient variation
659:
648:
517:Hennig's progression rule
340:
184:American Museum Novitates
165:Biologisches Centralblatt
138:Richard Deslippe (2010).
67:Dolichovespula adulterina
227:Wenseleers, Tom (2011).
205:(Hymenoptera: Vespidae).
199:Dolichovespula norwegica
73:Dolichovespula norwegica
79:Dolichovespula arenaria
248:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0819
527:Jarman–Bell principle
96:facultative parasites
289:Bombus inexspectatus
104:sympatric speciation
195:Dvořák, L. (2007).
61:. For example, the
704:1909 introductions
587:Schmalhausen's law
388:Deep-sea gigantism
210:2016-03-04 at the
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685:
442:Insular gigantism
428:Fahrenholz's rule
296:, 57(4), 379–383.
113:to its host in a
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709:Biological rules
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24:social parasites
22:is the trend of
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637:Williston's law
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627:von Baer's laws
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617:Van Valen's law
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212:Wayback Machine
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40:kleptoparasites
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477:Haldane's rule
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358:Bateson's rule
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217:, 13(1) 65–67.
197:Parasitism of
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675:Gigantothermy
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699:Parasitology
597:Thayer's law
418:Emery's rule
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348:Allen's rule
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269:. Retrieved
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144:. Retrieved
115:phylogenetic
111:sister taxon
108:
77:
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65:
52:
44:
33:
20:Emery's rule
19:
18:
577:Rosa's rule
457:Gause's law
398:Dollo's law
378:Cope's rule
63:social wasp
59:Hymenoptera
36:Carlo Emery
693:Categories
146:2010-10-29
122:References
92:mistletoe
88:red algae
49:In nature
266:20961883
208:Archived
660:Related
257:3061179
186:, 1–19.
30:History
271:9 July
264:
254:
152:1909).
90:, and
341:Rules
232:(PDF)
84:fungi
273:2011
262:PMID
100:bees
76:and
55:taxa
252:PMC
244:doi
201:by
57:of
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168:29
149:.
130:^
106:.
86:,
440:(
326:e
319:t
312:v
275:.
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240:7
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