896:. Many studies point to sexual selection as a way of maintaining reproductive isolation. Female choice with regards to male coloration is one of the more studied modes of sexual selection in African cichlids. Female choice is present in cichlids because the female does much of the work in raising the offspring, while the male has little energy input in the offspring. She exerts sensory bias when picking males by choosing those that have colors similar to her or those that are the most colorful. This helps maintain sympatric speciation within the lakes. Cichlids also use acoustic reproductive communication. The male cichlid quivers as a ritualistic display for the female which produces a certain number of pulses and pulse period. Female choice for good genes and sensory bias is one of the deciding factors in this case, selecting for calls that are within her species and that give the best fitness advantage to increase the survivability of the offspring. Male-male competition is a form of intrasexual selection and also has an effect on speciation in African cichlids. Ritualistic fighting among males establishes which males are going to be more successful in mating. This is important in sympatric speciation because species with similar males may be competing for the same females. There may be a fitness advantage for one phenotype that could allow one species to invade another. Studies show this effect in species that are genetically similar, have the capability to interbreed, and show phenotypic color variation. Ecological character displacement is another means for sympatric speciation. Within each lake there are different niches that a species could occupy. For example, different diets and depth of the water could help to maintain isolation between species in the same lake.
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evidence). Molecular studies have been able to show that, in some cases where there is no chance for allopatry, species continue to diverge. One such example is a pair of species of isolated desert palms. Two distinct, but closely related species exist on the same island, but they occupy two distinct soil types found on the island, each with a drastically different pH balance. Because they are palms they send pollen through the air they could freely interbreed, except that speciation has already occurred, so that they do not produce viable hybrids. This is hard evidence for the fact that, in at least some cases, fully sympatric species really do experience diverging selection due to competition, in this case for a spot in the soil.
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1001:
ratio, life cycles, etc. The main discrepancy between the two types of definitions tends to be the necessity for "panmixia". Population genetics definitions of sympatry require that mating be dispersed randomly – or that it be equally likely for an individual to mate with either subspecies, in one area as another, or on a new host as a nascent one: this is also known as panmixia. Population genetics definitions, also known as non-spatial definitions, thus require the real possibility for random mating, and do not always agree with spatial definitions on what is and what is not sympatry.
1022:
It is not known how much of the earth's diversity it could be responsible for. Some still say that panmixia should slow divergence, and thus sympatric speciation should be possible but rare (1). Meanwhile, others claim that much of the earth's diversity could be due to speciation without geographic isolation. The difficulty in supporting a sympatric speciation hypothesis has always been that an allopatric scenario could always be invented, and those can be hard to rule out – but with modern molecular genetic techniques can be used to support the theory.
993:
sympatric divergence actually is. The use of different definitions by researchers is a great impediment to empirical progress on the matter. The dichotomy between sympatric and allopatric speciation is no longer accepted by the scientific community. It is more useful to think of a continuum, on which there are limitless levels of geographic and reproductive overlap between species. On one extreme is allopatry, in which the overlap is zero (no gene flow), and on the other extreme is sympatry, in which the ranges overlap completely (maximal gene flow).
20:
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For example, micro-allopatry, also known as macro-sympatry, is a condition where there are two populations whose ranges overlap completely, but contact between the species is prevented because they occupy completely different ecological niches (such as diurnal vs. nocturnal). This can often be caused
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A somewhat analogous system has been reported in horseshoe bats, in which echolocation call frequency appears to be a magic trait. In these bats, the constant frequency component of the call not only determines prey size but may also function in aspects of social communication. Work from one species,
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of the same species geographically coexist but exploit different niches in the same patchy or heterogeneous environment. It is thus is a refinement of sympatric speciation, with a behavioral, rather than geographical barrier to the flow of genes among diverging groups within a population. Behavioral
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This, and the other few concrete examples that have been found, are just that; they're few, so they tell us little about how often sympatry actually results in speciation in a more typical context. The burden now lies on providing evidence for sympatric divergence occurring in non-isolated habitats.
992:
Investigating the possibility of sympatric speciation requires a definition thereof, especially in the 21st century, when mathematical modeling is used to investigate or to predict evolutionary phenomena. Much of the controversy concerning sympatric speciation may lie solely on an argument over what
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Evolutionary theory as well as mathematical models have predicted some plausible mechanisms for the divergence of species without a physical barrier. In addition there have now been several studies that have identified speciation that has occurred, or is occurring with gene flow (see section above:
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barrier must be present, he believed, at least temporarily, in order for a new biological species to arise. This hypothesis is the source of much controversy around the possibility of sympatric speciation. Mayr's hypothesis was popular and consequently quite influential, but is now widely disputed.
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The German evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr argued in the 1940s that speciation cannot occur without geographic, and thus reproductive, isolation. He stated that gene flow is the inevitable result of sympatry, which is known to squelch genetic differentiation between populations. Thus, a physical
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Mallet et al. (2002) claims that the new non-spatial definition is lacking in an ability to settle the debate about whether sympatric speciation regularly occurs in nature. They suggest using a spatial definition, but one that includes the role of dispersal, also known as cruising range, so as to
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fruit. The term heteropatry semantically resolves the issue of sympatric speciation by reducing it to a scaling issue in terms of the way the landscape is used by individuals versus populations. From a population perspective, the process looks sympatric, but from an individual's perspective, the
1073:
Although some evolutionary biologists still regard sympatric speciation as highly contentious, both theoretical and empirical studies support it as a likely explanation of the diversity of life in particular ecosystems. Arguments implicate competition and niche separation of sympatric ecological
1000:
Definitions based on population genetics are not necessarily spatial or geographical in nature, and can sometimes be more restrictive. These definitions deal with the demographics of a population, including allele frequencies, selection, population size, the probability of gene flow based on sex
996:
The varying definitions of sympatric speciation fall generally into two categories: definitions based on biogeography, or on population genetics. As a strictly geographical concept, sympatric speciation is defined as one species diverging into two while the ranges of both nascent species overlap
726:
is the evolution of geographically adjacent populations into distinct species. In this case, divergence occurs despite limited interbreeding where the two diverging groups come into contact. In sympatric speciation, there is no geographic constraint to interbreeding. These categories are special
917:
forms in the northeast
Pacific. Resident and transient orcas inhabit the same waters, but avoid each other and do not interbreed. The two forms hunt different prey species and have different diets, vocal behaviour, and social structures. Some divergences between species could also result from
1005:
by host-specific parasitism, which causes dispersal to look like a mosaic across the landscape. Micro-allopatry is included as sympatry according to spatial definitions, but, as it does not satisfy panmixia, it is not considered sympatry according to population genetics definitions.
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could not explain how two species could emerge from one if the subspecies were able to interbreed. Since Mayr's heyday in the 1940s and 50s, mechanisms have been proposed that explain how speciation might occur in the face of interbreeding, also known as
734:
organisms, sympatric speciation is a plausible process that is known to occur, but the frequency with which it occurs is not known. In bacteria, however, the analogous process (defined as "the origin of new bacterial species that occupy definable
958:. And even more recently concrete examples of sympatric divergence have been empirically studied. The debate now turns to how often sympatric speciation may actually occur in nature and how much of life's diversity it may be responsible for.
869:
Some parasitic ants may have evolved via sympatric speciation. Isolated and relatively homogeneous habitats such as crater lakes and islands are among the best geographical settings in which to demonstrate sympatric speciation. For example,
2515:; Anstett, Marie-Charlotte; Lexer, Christian; Hutton, Ian; Clarkson, James J.; Norup, Maria V.; Powell, Martyn P.; Springate, David; Salamin, Nicolas; Baker, William J. (2006). "Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island".
832:), shows that abrupt changes in call frequency among sympatric morphs is correlated with reproductive isolation. A further well-studied circumstance of sympatric speciation is when insects feed on more than one species of
918:
contrasts in microhabitats. A population bottleneck occurred around 200,000 years ago greatly reducing the population size at the time as well as the variance of genes which allowed several ecotypes to emerge afterwards.
1757:
Geiger, Matthias F.; McCrary, Jeffrey K.; Schliewen, Ulrich K. (2010). "Not a simple case – A first comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the Midas cichlid complex in
Nicaragua (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Amphilophus)".
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represent more accurately the possibility for gene flow. They assert that this definition should be useful in modeling. They also state that under this definition, sympatric speciation seems plausible.
980:, in 1966. He came up with the idea of disruptive selection. He figured that if two ecological niches are occupied by a single species, diverging selection between the two niches could eventually cause
2325:
Morin, PA; Archer, FI; Foote, AD; Vilstrup, J; Allen, EE; Wade, P; Durban, J; Parsons, K; Pitman, R; Li, L; Bouffard, P; Abel
Nielsen, SC; Rasmussen, M; Willerslev, E; Gilbert, MT; Harkins, T (2010).
1029:
fish from a tiny volcanic crater lake in Africa were observed in the act of sympatric speciation using DNA sequencing methods. A study found a complex combination of ecological separation and
739:") might be more common because bacteria are less constrained by the homogenizing effects of sexual reproduction and are prone to comparatively dramatic and rapid genetic change through
984:. By adapting to have the highest possible fitness in the distinct niches, two species may emerge from one even if they remain in the same area, and even if they are mating randomly.
3365:
2021:
Amorim, M.C.P.; Simóes, J.M.; Fonseca, P.J.; Turners, G.F. (2008). "Species differences in courtship acoustic signals among five Lake Malawi cichlid species (Pseudotropheus spp.)".
1945:
Egger, B.; Mattersdorfer, K.; Sefc, K.M. (2009). "Variable discrimination and asymmetric preferences in laboratory tests of reproductive isolation between cichlid colour morphs".
1066:'s seminal paper on sympatric speciation. In recognition of the importance of this behavioral versus geographic distinction, Wayne Getz and Veijo Kaitala introduced the term
945:
For some time it was difficult to prove that sympatric speciation was possible, because it was impossible to observe it happening. It was believed by many, and championed by
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is the evolution of species caused by the geographic isolation of two or more populations of a species. In this case, divergence is facilitated by the absence of gene flow.
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Bast, F.; Kubota, S.; Okuda, K. (2014). "Phylogeographic
Assessment of Panmictic Monostroma Species from Kuroshio Coast, Japan Reveals Sympatric Speciation".
3345:
3350:
2068:"The African Cichlid Fish Astatotilapia burtoni Uses Acoustic Communication for Reproduction: Sound Production, Hearing, and Behavioral Significance"
1374:
789:, therefore, homozygosity would be favoured over heterozygosity, eventually leading to speciation. Sympatric divergence could also result from the
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process looks allopatric, once the time spent flying over or moving quickly through intervening non-preferred niches is taken into account.
3501:
808:. Beak morphology conforms to two different size ideals, while intermediate individuals are selected against. Some characteristics (termed
238:
866:, and the hawthorn feeding race does not now normally feed on apples. This may be an early step towards the emergence of a new species.
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549:
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into separate races and then species. Assortative mating most easily occurs if mating is linked to niche preference, as occurs in the
2458:
Kondrashov, Fyodor A.; Kondrashov, Alexey S. (1999). "Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation".
4705:
4160:
3318:
357:
1888:"Divergent selection during speciation of the Lake Malawi cichlid fishes inferred from parallel radiations in nuptial coloration"
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63:
763:. The polyploid offspring occupy the same environment as the parent plants (hence sympatry), but are reproductively isolated.
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A number of models have been proposed for alternative modes of sympatric speciation. The most popular, which invokes the
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offers some empirical evidence that sympatric speciation has taken place, as many examples exist of recently diverged (
623:
352:
183:
812:) such as beak morphology may drive speciation because they also affect mating signals. In this case, different beak
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3197:
906:) allochronic species. A case of ongoing sympatric divergence due to allochrony might be found in the marine insect
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3883:
2327:"Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species"
85:
23:
In sympatric speciation, reproductive isolation evolves within a population without the aid of geographic barriers.
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1990:"Female preference for male color is necessary and sufficient for assortative mating in 2 cichlid sister species"
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McPheron, Bruce A.; Smith, D. Courtney; Berlocher, Stewart H. (1988). "Genetic differences between host races of
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310:
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4305:
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2127:"Male-male competition and nuptial-colour displacement as a diversifying force in Lake Victoria cichlid fishes"
564:
347:
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cases of a continuum from zero (sympatric) to complete (allopatric) spatial segregation of diverging groups.
616:
603:
4255:
2827:
1332:
Bolnick, Daniel I.; Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M. (2007). "Sympatric
Speciation: Models and Empirical Evidence".
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include nine described species and dozens of undescribed species that have evolved by sympatric speciation.
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534:
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entirely – this definition is not specific enough about the original population to be useful in modeling.
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overlap so that they occur together at least in some places. If these organisms are closely related (e.g.
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The first to propose what is now the most pervasive hypothesis on how sympatric speciation may occur was
590:
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1205:
885:, the molecular phylogenetics using nuclear introns revealed staggering diversification of population.
90:
705:
4223:
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3012:"Habitat avoidance: overlooking an important aspect of host-specific mating and sympatric speciation"
825:
456:
431:
411:
391:
68:
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2176:"Direct male-male competition can facilitate invasion of new colour types in Lake Victoria cichlids"
854:) speciation. The apple feeding race of this species appears to have spontaneously emerged from the
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in their extension of
Maynard Smiths' analysis of conditions that facilitate sympatric speciation.
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individuals may, under particular environmental conditions, have a greater fitness than those with
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A rare example of sympatric speciation in animals is the divergence of "resident" and "transient"
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Jaenike, John; Dyer, Kelly A; Cornish, Chad; Minhas, Miranda S; Noor, Mohamed (10 October 2006).
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also offer some evidence for sympatric speciation. They show a large amount of diversity in the
881:, a marine green algae, also shows sympatric speciation in southwest Japanese islands. Although
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1716:"A Social Parasite Evolved Reproductive Isolation from Its Fungus-Growing Ant Host in Sympatry"
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Barluenga, Marta; Stölting, Kai N.; Salzburger, Walter; Muschick, Moritz; Meyer, Axel (2006).
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Sympatric speciation events are quite common in plants, which are prone to acquiring multiple
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836:. In this case insects become specialized as they struggle to overcome the various plants'
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78:
35:
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Bolnick, D. I. (2006). "Multispecies outcomes in a common model of sympatric speciation".
2213:
Kaiser, Tobias S.; Haeseler, Arndt von; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin; Heckel, David G. (2021).
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Rabeling, Christian; Schultz, Ted R.; Pierce, Naomi E.; Bacci Jr, Maurício (August 2014).
8:
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2847:"Genomic islands of speciation separate cichlid ecomorphs in an East African crater lake"
1085:, where individual flies from different races use volatile odors to discriminate between
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2286:) in the eastern North Pacific and genetic differentiation between foraging specialists"
2230:
2215:"Timing strains of the marine insect Clunio marinus diverged and persist with gene flow"
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while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region. In evolutionary biology and
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270:
198:
163:
2376:"Genetic divergence without spatial isolation in polecat Mustela putorius populations"
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Kingston, Tigga; Rossiter, Stephen J. (2004). "Harmonic-hopping in
Wallacea's bats".
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feeding race in the 1800–1850 AD time frame, after apples were first introduced into
786:
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133:
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118:
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Getz, W. M.; Kaitala, V. (1989). "Ecogenetic models, competition, and heteropatry".
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2828:"'Darwin's puddle' shows how new species can emerge without geographic separation"
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Sympatric speciation is one of three traditional geographic modes of speciation.
674:
243:
233:
95:
19:
1771:
1448:"Reproductive isolation of sympatric morphs in a population of Darwin's finches"
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Allender, C.J.; Seehausen, O.; Knight, M.E.; Turner, G.F.; Macleen, N. (2003).
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1561:"Genetic differentiation between sympatric host races of the apple maggot fly
850:, may be currently undergoing sympatric or, more precisely, heteropatric (see
43:
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Huber, S. K; Leon, L. F. D.; Hendry, A. P; Bermingham, E.; Podos, J. (2007).
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937:) phenotype, which is directly influenced by peculiarities of forest brooks.
859:
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148:
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2006:
1989:
1988:
Selz, O.M.; Pierotti, M.E.R.; Mann, M.E.; Schmid, C.; Seehausen, O. (2014).
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to genetically separate even in the presence of some genetic exchange.
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is a special case of sympatric speciation that occurs when different
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128:
2568:"Asymmetrical Reinforcement and Wolbachia Infection in Drosophila"
2479:
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separation as a mechanism for promoting sympatric speciation in a
3983:
3697:
3304:
3139:
2418:
Mayr, Ernst (December 1947). "Ecological
Factors in Speciation".
1175:
1026:
889:
2446:
2175:
16:
Evolution of a new species from an ancestor in the same location
1151:
779:
585:
1559:
Feder, Jeffrey L.; Chilcote, Charles A.; Bush, Guy L. (1988).
3904:
3066:
1885:
1795:"Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish"
1713:
1094:
1090:
2511:
1325:
1282:
930:
914:
2173:
2020:
1358:
1283:
Fitzpatrick, B. M.; Fordyce, J. A.; Gavrilets, S. (2008).
929:) exhibited a rare dark phenotype similar to the European
820:, providing a barrier to exchange between the gene pools.
2174:
Dijkstra, P.D.; Seehausen, O.; Groothuis, T.G.G. (2005).
1445:
1352:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
2565:
2507:
2505:
2324:
2620:
Mallet, J.; Meyer, A.; Nosil, P.; Feder, J. L. (2009).
1452:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
862:. The apple feeding race does not now normally feed on
796:
Disruption may also occur in multiple-gene traits. The
1987:
1944:
1756:
1619:
1265:
681:), such a distribution may be the result of sympatric
2619:
2502:
804:) is showing gene pool divergence in a population on
2615:
2613:
2457:
2279:
1667:
Smith, D. Courtney (1988). "Heritable divergence of
1334:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1105:
2280:Hoelzel, A. R.; Dahlheim, M.; Stern, S. J. (1998).
1388:John Maynard Smith (1966). "Sympatric Speciation".
1012:
2724:Smith, J. Maynard (1966). "Sympatric Speciation".
1387:
1331:
1242:Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London
3009:
2610:
2124:
2065:
1558:
4746:
3010:Forbes, A. A.; Fisher, J.; Feder, J. L. (2005).
2066:Maruska, K.P.; Ung, U.S.; Fernald, R.D. (2012).
1494:
2670:
2668:
1850:
3465:
3082:
2765:
2763:
1285:"What, if anything, is sympatric speciation?"
1232:
1230:
624:
2677:"Sympatric Speciation: Why the Controversy?"
2665:
2413:
2411:
2282:"Low genetic variation among killer whales (
1373:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1062:(or patchwork landscape) was highlighted in
785:for a certain trait. Under the mechanism of
2939:
2772:"Speciation with gene flow could be common"
1252:
711: 'fatherland'. The term was coined by
3472:
3458:
3089:
3075:
2760:
1227:
1040:
631:
617:
3027:
2878:
2795:
2692:
2640:
2593:
2583:
2408:
2391:
2350:
2301:
2248:
2238:
2150:
2101:
2091:
2050:
2005:
1921:
1911:
1733:
1596:
1471:
1300:
4706:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3479:
2844:
1547:Ecology – From individuals to ecosystems
1363:(7th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1346:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095804
18:
2966:
2674:
1262:(2nd edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc.
1236:
673:are terms referring to organisms whose
4747:
774:in 1966. Maynard Smith suggested that
715:in 1904, who explains the derivation.
4469:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
3453:
3070:
2901:
2769:
2723:
1760:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1666:
3408:
2417:
2373:
2125:Seehausen, O.; Schulter, D. (2004).
1671:host races by seasonal asynchrony".
1434:La guerre des sexes chez les animaux
1211:Laboratory experiments of speciation
987:
872:Nicaragua crater lake cichlid fishes
3432:
1359:King, Stansfield, Mulligan (2006).
13:
3874:Evolutionary developmental biology
3029:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01804.x
2845:Malinsky, M.; et al. (2015).
949:, that the theory of evolution by
655:of a new species from a surviving
14:
4781:
3055:
4728:
4719:
4718:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3396:
3395:
2905:(1966). "Sympatric speciation".
2797:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03715.x
2642:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01816.x
2622:"Space, sympatry and speciation"
2393:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00275.x
2043:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01802.x
1959:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01906.x
1302:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01611.x
1150:
1136:
1122:
1108:
1013:Current state of the controversy
770:model, was first put forward by
598:
597:
584:
42:
4531:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3720:Gene-centered view of evolution
3003:
2960:
2933:
2895:
2838:
2820:
2717:
2629:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2559:
2380:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2367:
2318:
2273:
2206:
2167:
2118:
2059:
2014:
1981:
1947:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1938:
1879:
1844:
1786:
1750:
1707:
1660:
1613:
1552:
1539:
1289:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
968:Modern synthesis (20th century)
689:, sympatry is derived from
591:Evolutionary biology portal
4659:Hologenome theory of evolution
4526:History of molecular evolution
3752:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3641:Last universal common ancestor
3096:
2969:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2942:Theoretical Population Biology
1488:
1439:
1424:
1381:
1240:(1904). "What is a species?".
940:
550:Creation–evolution controversy
304:History of evolutionary theory
1:
4453:Renaissance and Enlightenment
1221:
1074:variants that evolve through
702: 'together' and
4664:Missing heritability problem
4291:Gamete differentiation/sexes
2954:10.1016/0040-5809(89)90022-1
2585:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040325
2093:10.1371/journal.pone.0037612
1853:Journal of Applied Phycology
535:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
3426:Evolutionary biology Portal
1772:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.015
1158:Evolutionary biology portal
1101:
1033:preference had allowed two
746:
10:
4786:
4296:Life cycles/nuclear phases
3848:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
2989:10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.01.009
2675:Jiggins, Chris D. (2006).
965:
961:
840:. (Drès and Mallet, 2002)
830:Rhinolophus philippinensis
570:Nature-nurture controversy
4714:
4614:
4539:
4443:
4370:
4326:
4181:
4085:
3902:
3861:
3794:Parent–offspring conflict
3730:
3599:Earliest known life forms
3520:
3487:
3391:
3338:
3287:
3230:
3178:
3132:
3104:
2694:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.077
2250:21.11116/0000-0007-AC55-8
2192:10.1007/s00265-005-0919-5
1865:10.1007/s10811-014-0452-x
1735:10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.048
1545:Begon, Townsend, Harper:
826:large-eared horseshoe bat
457:Evolutionary neuroscience
432:Evolutionary epistemology
412:Evolutionary anthropology
392:Applications of evolution
4647:Cultural group selection
4511:The eclipse of Darwinism
4483:On the Origin of Species
4458:Transmutation of species
3269:Nonecological speciation
1436:Eds O Jacob, Paris, 2006
816:may result in different
741:horizontal gene transfer
447:Evolutionary linguistics
442:Evolutionary game theory
417:Evolutionary computation
4652:Dual inheritance theory
4491:History of paleontology
2907:The American Naturalist
2871:10.1126/science.aac9927
2726:The American Naturalist
2303:10.1093/jhered/89.2.121
1913:10.1073/pnas.2332665100
1041:Heteropatric speciation
560:Objections to evolution
467:Evolutionary psychology
462:Evolutionary physiology
407:Evolutionary aesthetics
386:Fields and applications
368:History of paleontology
4340:Punctuated equilibrium
3661:Non-adaptive radiation
3609:Evolutionary arms race
3374:Punctuated equilibrium
3330:Character displacement
3150:Reproductive isolation
3119:Laboratory experiments
3062:Berkeley evolution 101
2770:Nosil, Patrik (2008).
2180:Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol
2143:10.1098/rspb.2004.2737
1464:10.1098/rspb.2007.0224
1361:Dictionary of Genetics
1196:Polymorphism (biology)
1093:and look for mates on
982:reproductive isolation
713:Edward Bagnall Poulton
492:Speciation experiments
472:Experimental evolution
427:Evolutionary economics
249:Recent human evolution
107:Processes and outcomes
24:
4632:Evolutionary medicine
4506:Mendelian inheritance
4214:Biological complexity
4202:Programmed cell death
3894:Phenotypic plasticity
3614:Evolutionary pressure
3604:Evidence of evolution
3502:Timeline of evolution
3255:Ecological speciation
3170:Evidence of evolution
2343:10.1101/gr.102954.109
2007:10.1093/beheco/aru024
1258:Futuyma, D. J. 2009.
1181:History of speciation
1144:Earth sciences portal
966:Further information:
724:Parapatric speciation
720:Allopatric speciation
452:Evolutionary medicine
397:Biosocial criminology
363:History of speciation
276:Evolutionary taxonomy
239:Timeline of evolution
22:
4760:Evolutionary biology
4606:Teleology in biology
4501:Blending inheritance
3879:Genetic assimilation
3742:Artificial selection
3481:Evolutionary biology
1669:Rhagoletis pomonella
1622:Rhagoletis pomonella
1563:Rhagoletis pomonella
1083:Rhagoletis pomonella
844:Rhagoletis pomonella
768:disruptive selection
649:sympatric speciation
645:evolutionary biology
422:Evolutionary ecology
36:Evolutionary biology
4669:Molecular evolution
4627:Ecological genetics
4496:Transitional fossil
4286:Sexual reproduction
4126:endomembrane system
4055:pollinator-mediated
4011:dolphins and whales
3789:Parental investment
3259:Parallel speciation
2981:2006JThBi.241..734B
2863:2015Sci...350.1493M
2857:(6267): 1493–1498.
2834:. 18 December 2015.
2788:2008MolEc..17.2103N
2537:10.1038/nature04566
2529:2006Natur.441..210S
2513:Savolainen, Vincent
2472:1999Natur.400..351K
2290:Journal of Heredity
2231:2021MolEc..30.1264K
2137:(1546): 1345–1353.
2084:2012PLoSO...737612M
2035:2008JFBio..72.1355A
1904:2003PNAS..10014074A
1898:(24): 14074–14079.
1822:10.1038/nature04325
1814:2006Natur.439..719B
1685:1988Natur.336...66S
1638:1988Natur.336...64M
1581:1988Natur.336...61F
1517:10.1038/nature02487
1509:2004Natur.429..654K
1390:American Naturalist
894:African Great Lakes
798:medium ground finch
524:Social implications
512:Universal Darwinism
502:Island biogeography
437:Evolutionary ethics
402:Ecological genetics
348:Molecular evolution
286:Transitional fossil
114:Population genetics
30:Part of a series on
4770:Taxonomy (biology)
4642:Cultural evolution
3757:Fisher's principle
3686:Handicap principle
3676:Parallel evolution
3540:Adaptive radiation
3339:Speciation in taxa
3274:Assortative mating
2131:Proc. R. Soc. Lond
1994:Behavioral Ecology
1166:Adaptive radiation
1116:Environment portal
1076:assortative mating
1064:John Maynard Smith
978:John Maynard Smith
838:defense mechanisms
772:John Maynard Smith
555:Theistic evolution
487:Selective breeding
199:Parallel evolution
164:Adaptive radiation
25:
4742:
4741:
4358:Uniformitarianism
4311:Sex-determination
3816:Sexual dimorphism
3811:Natural selection
3715:Unit of selection
3681:Signalling theory
3447:
3446:
3325:Secondary contact
3297:Hybrid speciation
3245:Natural selection
3232:Isolating factors
2903:Smith, J. Maynard
2776:Molecular Ecology
2374:Lodé, T. (2001).
2240:10.1111/mec.15791
2219:Molecular Ecology
1728:(17): 2047–2052.
1458:(1619): 1709–14.
1186:Hybrid speciation
988:Defining sympatry
951:natural selection
806:Santa Cruz Island
787:natural selection
737:ecological niches
730:In multicellular
657:ancestral species
641:
640:
332:Origin of Species
134:Natural selection
4777:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4521:Modern synthesis
4281:Multicellularity
4276:Mosaic evolution
4161:auditory ossicle
3843:Social selection
3826:Flowering plants
3821:Sexual selection
3474:
3467:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3435:
3434:
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3398:
3250:Sexual selection
3179:Geographic modes
3091:
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3049:
3031:
3022:(7): 1552–1559.
3007:
3001:
3000:
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2913:(916): 637–650.
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2316:
2315:
2305:
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2270:
2252:
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2225:(5): 1264–1280.
2210:
2204:
2203:
2171:
2165:
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2154:
2122:
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2105:
2095:
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2029:(6): 1355–1368.
2018:
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2009:
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1915:
1883:
1877:
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1859:(4): 1725–1735.
1848:
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1808:(7077): 719–23.
1799:
1790:
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1754:
1748:
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1711:
1705:
1704:
1693:10.1038/336066a0
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1646:10.1038/336064a0
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1589:10.1038/336061a0
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935:Mustela lutreola
927:Mustela putorius
923:European polecat
633:
626:
619:
606:
601:
600:
593:
589:
588:
565:Level of support
358:Current research
343:Modern synthesis
338:Before synthesis
291:Extinction event
49:Darwin's finches
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27:
26:
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4743:
4738:
4710:
4637:Group selection
4610:
4535:
4439:
4366:
4328:Tempo and modes
4322:
4177:
4081:
3898:
3857:
3733:
3726:
3703:Species complex
3516:
3507:History of life
3483:
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3448:
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3387:
3370:Paleopolyploidy
3334:
3289:Hybrid concepts
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3144:Species complex
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2732:(916): 637–50.
2722:
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2681:Current Biology
2673:
2666:
2635:(11): 2332–41.
2624:
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2611:
2564:
2560:
2523:(7090): 210–3.
2510:
2503:
2466:(6742): 351–4.
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2432:10.2307/2405327
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2331:Genome Research
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1721:Current Biology
1712:
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1679:(6194): 66–67.
1665:
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1632:(6194): 64–66.
1618:
1614:
1575:(6194): 61–64.
1557:
1553:
1549:, 4th ed., p.10
1544:
1540:
1503:(6992): 654–7.
1493:
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1396:(916): 637–50.
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802:Geospiza fortis
791:sexual conflict
759:, resulting in
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234:History of life
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217:Natural history
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3666:Origin of life
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3651:Microevolution
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3646:Macroevolution
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3632:
3631:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Common descent
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3562:Baldwin effect
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3378:Macroevolution
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3279:Haldane's rule
3276:
3271:
3266:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3205:
3202:Founder effect
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3136:
3134:
3133:Basic concepts
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3056:External links
3054:
3052:
3051:
3002:
2975:(4): 734–744.
2959:
2932:
2919:10.1086/282457
2894:
2837:
2819:
2759:
2738:10.1086/282457
2716:
2664:
2609:
2558:
2501:
2445:
2407:
2366:
2337:(7): 908–916.
2317:
2272:
2205:
2186:(2): 136–143.
2166:
2117:
2058:
2013:
2000:(3): 612–626.
1980:
1953:(2): 433–439.
1937:
1878:
1843:
1785:
1766:(3): 1011–24.
1749:
1706:
1659:
1612:
1551:
1538:
1487:
1438:
1423:
1402:10.1086/282457
1380:
1351:
1324:
1264:
1251:
1238:Poulton, E. B.
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1147:
1133:
1130:Ecology portal
1119:
1103:
1100:
1042:
1039:
1014:
1011:
989:
986:
963:
960:
942:
939:
908:Clunio marinus
748:
745:
687:Etymologically
679:sister species
639:
638:
636:
635:
628:
621:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:
594:
577:
576:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
545:Social effects
542:
537:
532:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Classification
268:
263:
258:
253:
252:
251:
241:
236:
231:
229:Common descent
226:
224:Origin of life
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
57:
56:
47:
39:
38:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4782:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:Phylogenetics
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4582:Structuralism
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Catastrophism
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Neo-Darwinism
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Reinforcement
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4362:Catastrophism
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Macromutation
4350:
4349:Micromutation
4347:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Immune system
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:symbiogenesis
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:Kin selection
3782:
3780:
3779:Genetic drift
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3383:
3382:Chronospecies
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:Reinforcement
3313:
3310:
3309:Recombination
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:(9): 2103–6.
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2687:(9): R333–4.
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:10.1038/22514
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:(4): 263–88.
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2386:(2): 228–36.
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:(5): e37612.
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:10400.12/1391
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:2027.42/62806
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1295:(6): 1452–9.
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Reinforcement
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Phylogenetics
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:heterogeneous
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:Heteropatric
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
985:
983:
979:
974:
969:
959:
957:
952:
948:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
878:
873:
867:
865:
861:
860:North America
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
744:
742:
738:
733:
728:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
612:
611:
605:
595:
592:
587:
581:
580:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
521:
520:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:Phylogenetics
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Before Darwin
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
301:
300:
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287:
284:
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279:
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180:
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162:
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157:
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152:
150:
149:Genetic drift
147:
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142:
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127:
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62:
61:
59:
58:
54:
50:
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41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
29:
28:
21:
4691:Polymorphism
4674:Astrobiology
4622:Biogeography
4577:Saltationism
4567:Orthogenesis
4552:Alternatives
4481:
4467:
4434:
4400:Cospeciation
4395:Cladogenesis
4344:Saltationism
4301:Mating types
4224:Color vision
4209:Avian flight
4131:mitochondria
3869:Canalisation
3747:Biodiversity
3492:Introduction
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3221:
3216:Ring species
3165:Cospeciation
3160:Cladogenesis
3109:Introduction
3019:
3015:
3005:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2910:
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2632:
2628:
2578:(10): e325.
2575:
2572:PLOS Biology
2571:
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2520:
2516:
2463:
2459:
2423:
2419:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2296:(2): 121–8.
2293:
2289:
2284:Orcinus orca
2283:
2275:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2026:
2023:J. Fish Biol
2022:
2016:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1805:
1801:
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1709:
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1562:
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1500:
1496:
1490:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1433:
1431:Thierry Lodé
1426:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1360:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1292:
1288:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1082:
1080:apple maggot
1072:
1044:
1024:
1020:
1016:
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1003:
999:
995:
991:
975:
971:
944:
934:
926:
920:
912:
898:
887:
875:
868:
848:apple maggot
843:
842:
829:
822:
810:magic traits
801:
795:
783:heterozygous
765:
750:
729:
717:
708:
703:
699:
694:
668:
664:
661:biogeography
648:
642:
497:Sociobiology
482:Paleontology
330:
266:Biogeography
261:Biodiversity
179:Coextinction
169:Co-operation
144:Polymorphism
69:Introduction
4701:Systematics
4572:Mutationism
4390:Catagenesis
4318:Snake venom
4251:Eusociality
4229:in primates
4219:Cooperation
4147:In animals
3967:butterflies
3940:Cephalopods
3930:Brachiopods
3862:Development
3836:Mate choice
3589:Convergence
3572:Coevolution
3530:Abiogenesis
3438:WikiProject
3198:Centrifugal
1068:heteropatry
1031:mate choice
941:Controversy
904:sister taxa
852:heteropatry
757:chromosomes
507:Systematics
316:Renaissance
194:Convergence
184:Contingency
174:Coevolution
4765:Speciation
4749:Categories
4562:Lamarckism
4540:Philosophy
4463:David Hume
4425:Peripatric
4420:Parapatric
4405:Ecological
4385:Anagenesis
4380:Allopatric
4372:Speciation
4336:Gradualism
4261:Metabolism
4121:chromosome
4111:Eukaryotes
3889:Modularity
3806:Population
3732:Population
3693:Speciation
3671:Panspermia
3624:Extinction
3619:Exaptation
3594:Divergence
3567:Cladistics
3555:Reciprocal
3535:Adaptation
3301:Polyploidy
3263:Allochrony
3240:Adaptation
3208:Parapatric
3190:Peripatric
3186:Allopatric
3155:Anagenesis
3098:Speciation
2832:Phyorg.com
1340:: 459–87.
1222:References
1201:Polyploidy
1171:Cladistics
1047:speciation
947:Ernst Mayr
900:Allochrony
879:latissimum
877:Monostroma
834:host plant
818:bird calls
814:phenotypes
776:homozygous
761:polyploidy
753:homologous
732:eukaryotic
683:speciation
281:Cladistics
204:Extinction
189:Divergence
159:Speciation
139:Adaptation
53:John Gould
4696:Protocell
4547:Darwinism
4435:Sympatric
4184:processes
4072:Tetrapods
4021:Kangaroos
3947:Dinosaurs
3884:Inversion
3853:Variation
3774:Gene flow
3767:Inclusive
3577:Mutualism
3522:Evolution
3222:Sympatric
3046:221730795
3016:Evolution
2948:: 34–58.
2927:222329634
2814:164288751
2754:222329634
2420:Evolution
2259:1365-294X
1418:222329634
1369:cite book
1260:Evolution
1248:: 77–116.
1035:ecomorphs
956:gene flow
883:panmictic
864:hawthorns
665:sympatric
653:evolution
540:Dysgenics
256:Phylogeny
154:Gene flow
124:Diversity
119:Variation
4724:Category
4599:Vitalism
4594:Theistic
4587:Spandrel
4271:Morality
4266:Monogamy
4141:plastids
4106:Flagella
4062:Reptiles
4043:sea cows
4026:primates
3935:Molluscs
3913:Bacteria
3801:Mutation
3734:genetics
3710:Taxonomy
3656:Mismatch
3636:Homology
3550:Cheating
3545:Altruism
3402:Category
3319:evidence
3124:Glossary
3038:16153040
2997:16483610
2889:26680190
2806:18410295
2711:16947323
2703:16682343
2651:19732264
2604:17032063
2545:16467788
2488:10432111
2402:83203438
2361:20413674
2267:33410230
2200:22364262
2161:15306332
2112:22624055
2072:PLOS ONE
1967:20002244
1932:14614144
1873:17236629
1830:16467837
1780:20580847
1744:25155509
1525:15190351
1482:17504742
1311:18823452
1216:Taxonomy
1102:See also
1087:hawthorn
1051:ecotypes
1025:In 2015
890:cichlids
888:African
856:hawthorn
755:sets of
747:Evidence
709:(patrís)
670:sympatry
604:Category
530:Eugenics
372:timeline
353:Evo-devo
311:Overview
129:Mutation
91:Evidence
86:Glossary
4755:Ecology
4615:Related
4445:History
4306:Meiosis
4241:Empathy
4236:Emotion
4136:nucleus
4077:Viruses
4067:Spiders
3979:Mammals
3962:Insects
3762:Fitness
3698:Species
3497:Outline
3414:Commons
3366:Fossils
3356:Insects
3305:Klepton
3194:Quantum
3140:Species
3114:History
2977:Bibcode
2880:4700518
2859:Bibcode
2851:Science
2784:Bibcode
2746:2459301
2659:9722101
2595:1592313
2525:Bibcode
2496:4425252
2468:Bibcode
2440:2405327
2352:2892092
2312:9542159
2227:Bibcode
2152:1691729
2103:3356291
2080:Bibcode
2031:Bibcode
1975:6533055
1900:Bibcode
1838:3165729
1810:Bibcode
1701:4371982
1681:Bibcode
1654:4264026
1634:Bibcode
1607:4318103
1577:Bibcode
1533:4422561
1505:Bibcode
1473:2493575
1410:2459301
1319:8721116
1176:Ecotype
1027:Cichlid
962:History
780:alleles
651:is the
96:History
79:Outline
4734:Portal
4410:Hybrid
4246:Ethics
4088:organs
4050:Plants
4036:lemurs
4031:humans
4016:horses
4006:hyenas
3994:wolves
3989:canids
3923:origin
3361:Plants
3212:Clines
3044:
3036:
2995:
2925:
2887:
2877:
2812:
2804:
2752:
2744:
2709:
2701:
2657:
2649:
2602:
2592:
2553:867216
2551:
2543:
2517:Nature
2494:
2486:
2460:Nature
2438:
2400:
2359:
2349:
2310:
2265:
2257:
2198:
2159:
2149:
2110:
2100:
1973:
1965:
1930:
1923:283548
1920:
1871:
1836:
1828:
1802:Nature
1778:
1742:
1699:
1673:Nature
1652:
1626:Nature
1605:
1569:Nature
1531:
1523:
1497:Nature
1480:
1470:
1416:
1408:
1317:
1309:
846:, the
706:πατρίς
700:(sun-)
675:ranges
602:
326:Darwin
4197:Death
4192:Aging
4171:brain
3957:Fungi
3918:Birds
3831:Fungi
3629:Event
3512:Index
3346:Birds
3042:S2CID
2923:S2CID
2810:S2CID
2750:S2CID
2742:JSTOR
2707:S2CID
2655:S2CID
2625:(PDF)
2549:S2CID
2492:S2CID
2436:JSTOR
2398:S2CID
2196:S2CID
1971:S2CID
1869:S2CID
1834:S2CID
1798:(PDF)
1697:S2CID
1650:S2CID
1603:S2CID
1529:S2CID
1414:S2CID
1406:JSTOR
1315:S2CID
1095:natal
1091:apple
1055:races
693:
691:Greek
64:Index
4684:Tree
4156:hair
4096:Cell
3999:dogs
3984:cats
3974:Life
3952:Fish
3905:taxa
3351:Fish
3034:PMID
2993:PMID
2885:PMID
2802:PMID
2699:PMID
2647:PMID
2600:PMID
2541:PMID
2484:PMID
2357:PMID
2308:PMID
2263:PMID
2255:ISSN
2157:PMID
2108:PMID
1963:PMID
1928:PMID
1892:PNAS
1826:PMID
1776:PMID
1740:PMID
1521:PMID
1478:PMID
1375:link
1307:PMID
1246:1903
1089:and
931:mink
921:The
915:orca
824:the
667:and
74:Main
4182:Of
4151:eye
4101:DNA
4086:Of
3903:Of
3024:doi
2985:doi
2973:241
2950:doi
2915:doi
2911:110
2875:PMC
2867:doi
2855:350
2792:doi
2734:doi
2730:100
2689:doi
2637:doi
2590:PMC
2580:doi
2533:doi
2521:441
2476:doi
2464:400
2428:doi
2388:doi
2347:PMC
2339:doi
2298:doi
2245:hdl
2235:doi
2188:doi
2147:PMC
2139:doi
2135:241
2098:PMC
2088:doi
2047:hdl
2039:doi
2002:doi
1955:doi
1918:PMC
1908:doi
1896:100
1861:doi
1818:doi
1806:439
1768:doi
1730:doi
1689:doi
1677:336
1642:doi
1630:336
1624:".
1593:hdl
1585:doi
1573:336
1513:doi
1501:429
1468:PMC
1460:doi
1456:274
1398:doi
1394:100
1342:doi
1297:doi
1053:or
697:συν
647:,
643:In
51:by
4751::
3380:·
3376:·
3372:·
3307:·
3303:·
3261:·
3214:·
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