Qizilbash - Knowledge

2200: 1990: 2658:(r. 1588–1629), would significantly expand this policy when during the reign of Abbas I alone some 200,000 Georgians, 300,000 Armenians and many tens of thousands of Circassians were relocated to Iran's heartlands. By this creation of a so-called "third layer" or "third force" in Iranian society composed of ethnic Caucasians, and the complete systematic disorganisation of the Qizilbash by his personal orders, Abbas I eventually fully succeeded in replacing the power of the Qizilbash, with that of the Caucasian ghulams. These new Caucasian elements (the so-called 3080:

reports, some were willing to listen to their message. In turn, the Ottoman authorities responded by making more efforts to classify the Qizilbash as Muslims, though the Qizilbash did not always accept these efforts, such that they would openly decline them at times. Despite such adversarial interactions, a clear picture of how these groups perceived their relations with the Ottoman government or the Western missionaries has not yet been established. Hans-Lukas Kieser talks about an "Alevi renaissance" which, according to him, took place in the

10537: 4510::..Obtaining accurate population figures for the Qizilbash in Afghanistan and Pakistan is virtually impossible because they claim to be Sunni, Tajik, Farsiwan, or Pashtun, or they identify themselves according to their place of origin in India. Population estimates for Afghanistan range from 30,000 to 200,000, but some suggest the figure is closer to one million. The story is similar in Pakistan. Few influential Qizilbash live in Iran, their original home... 2850: 1131: 10526: 2183: 1662: 940: 1927: 2497: 50: 2745:, both men and women, whom he and his predecessors had taken captive en masse during their wars in the Caucasus, and would systematically replace the Qizilbash from their functions with converted Circassians and Georgians. The new army and civil administration would be fully loyal to the king personally and not to the clan-chiefs anymore. 2978:'s policies, the Qizilbash started to turn and rebel against the Safavids. This then lead to the empire adopting more classical Twelver beliefs and it cooperating with Shi'i scholars in combatting Qizilbash doctrines, eventually causing their decline in favour of a more orthodox interpretation of Twelver Shi'ism. 4124: 2725:, made him determined to end the dominance of the untrustworthy Turcoman chiefs in Persia which Tahmasp had already started decades before him. In order to weaken the Turcomans – the important militant elite of the Safavid kingdom – Shah Abbas further raised a standing army, personal guard, Queen-Mothers, 2684: 3079:

century, a Western interest in the origins and political orientations of the Qizilbash sparked, resulting in them becoming the target of Western missionaries, who believed that they held Christian views about Jesus. The Qizilbash weren't hostile towards these missionaries and, according to missionary

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to Iran's heartlands. Initially only solely put in the royal harems, royal guards, and several other specific posts of the Empire, Tahmasp believed he could eventually reduce the power of the Qizilbash, by creating and fully integrating a new layer in Iranian society with these Caucasian elements and

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According to Husaini, the "gholam Khana" furnished 15,000 out of Shah Zaman's total cavalry of 100,000 and consisted mostly of Qizilbash. Burnes reports that the Qizilbash retained a great degree of their autonomous organization and only pledged direct allegiance to their individual khans, who were

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Between the late seventeenth century and 1822, the term "Qizilbash" was also used in Ottoman administrative documents to identify Twelver (Imami) Shiites in what is today Lebanon. The Ottomans were aware they had no link to the Anatolian or Iranian Qizilbash, employing the term only as a means to

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The inter-tribal rivalry of the Turcomans, the attempt of Persian nobles to end the Turcoman dominance, and constant succession conflicts went on for another 10 years after Tahmasp's death. This heavily weakened the Safavid state and made the kingdom vulnerable to external enemies: the Ottomans

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In 1996, approximately 40 percent of Afghans were Pashtun, 11.4 of whom are of the Durrani tribal group and 13.8 percent of the Ghilzai group. Tajiks make up the second-largest ethnic group with 25.3 percent of the population, followed by Hazaras, 18 percent; Uzbeks, 6.3 percent; Turkmen, 2.5

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in turn answerable to the king. This statement is borne out by the fact that the command of the entire bodyguard rested with the Qizilbash leader Mahmud Khan Bayat during 'Timur Shah's time. Up to Shah Zaman's reign the Khorasani contingents were listed according to tribal allegiance.

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continued in Ottoman areas – with great success. Even more alarming for the Ottomans was the successful conversion of Turcoman tribes in Eastern Anatolia, and the recruitment of these well-experienced and feared fighters into the growing Safavid army. To stop Safavid propaganda,

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The origin of the Qizilbash can be dated from the 15th century onward, when the spiritual grandmaster of the movement, Shaykh Haydar (the head of the Safaviyya Sufi order), organized his followers into militant troops. The Qizilbash were originally composed of seven Turkic, all

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920 A.H.), the two armies met at Chaldiran in northwestern Iran. The Ottomans, who were equipped with both firearms and cannon, were reported to outnumber the Qizilbash as much as three to one. The Qizilbash were badly defeated; casualties included many high-ranking Qizilbash

3462:Кызылбаши, первоначально состоявшие из представителей семи малоазиатских тюркоязычных племен румлу, шамлу, устаджлу, афшар, каджар, текелю и зулкадар, говоривших на азербайджанском языке, были с XV в. одной из главных военно-политических опор Сефевидского государства. 4354: 4238: 3386:

Savory, EI2, Vol. 5, p. 243: "Kizilbāsh (T. "Red-head"). In general, it is used loosely to denote a wide variety of extremist Shi'i sects , which flourished in Anatolia and Kurdistān from the late 7th/13th century onwards, including such groups as the

4781: 2234:), initially a pejorative label given to them by the Ottomans, but later adopted as a mark of pride. The religion of the Qizilbash resembled much more the heterodox beliefs of northwestern Iran and eastern Anatolia, rather than the traditional 4121: 4877:

Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present", Berlin, 14-17 April

2512:. An imperial army that was sent to suppress it was defeated. Ismail sought to turn the chaos within the Ottoman Empire to his advantage and moved the border westwards in Asia Minor. The Qizilbash defeated a large Ottoman army under 2173:

s as commanders of Qizilbash tribes. The Turcomans considered this an insult and brought about the death of 3 of the 5 Persians appointed to this office – an act that later inspired the deprivation of the Turcomans by Shah Abbas I.

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The rise of the Ottomans put a great strain on the Turkmen tribes living in the area, which eventually led them to join the Safavids, who transformed them into a militant organisation, called the Qizilbash (meaning "red heads" in

2668:), almost always after conversion to Shi'ism depending on given function would be, unlike the Qizilbash, fully loyal only to the Shah. This system of mass usage of Caucasian subjects continued to exist until the fall of the 4351: 4235: 2893:

had a cavalry of over 100.000 men, consisting mostly of Qizilbash Afghanistan's Qizilbash held important posts in government offices in the past, and today engage in trade or are craftsmen. Since the creation of

2718:) the chief of all the armed forces. Later on, events of the past, including the role of the Turcomans in the succession struggles after the death of his father, and the counterbalancing influence of traditional 2312:

was the center of an organization designed to keep the Safavi leadership in close touch with its murids in Azerbaijan, Iraq, Eastern Anatolia, and elsewhere. The organization was controlled through the office of

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The Turcoman Qizilbash nevertheless remained an important part of the Safavid executive apparatus, even though ethnic Caucasians came to largely replace them. For example, even in the 1690s, when ethnic

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Some of Nadir's Qizilbash soldiers settled in Afghanistan where their descendants had successful careers in the army (until the end of Dost Muhammad's rule), government, the trades, and crafts.

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century, the term was also used in Turkey to refer to the Qizilbash, who were seen as heretics by the Sunni majority. Alevism in Turkey is present among the Turkish, Kurdish, as well as the

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has become something of a derogatory term and can be applied to groups that aren't necessarily associated with the Kazilbash of Central Asia. The Bektaşi in Turkey are often referred to as

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In 1499, Ismail, the young leader of the Safavi order, left Lahijan for Ardabil to make a bid for power. By the summer of 1500, about 7,000 supporters from the local Turcoman tribes of

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in large numbers, either voluntarily or by being deported there from Anatolia by the Ottoman authorities between the 15th and 17th centuries. Qizilbash communities are also present in

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During the reign of Shah Tahmasp, the Qizilbash fought a series of wars on two fronts and – with the poor resources available to them – successfully defended their kingdom against the

2446:. This defeat put an end to Safavid expansion and influence in Transoxania and left the northeastern frontiers of the kingdom vulnerable to nomad invasions, until some decades later. 2576:

and kept murdering many Iranians who were appointed to that office. After the death of Ismail, the Turkomans managed to seize power from the Iranians, they were however, defeated by

2199: 1099:"conduct unbecoming of a Sufi") became "an act of treason against the king and a crime against the state", as was the case in 1614 when Abbas the Great put some followers to death. 5272:

Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2020). "Neither Victim Nor Accomplice: The Kızılbaş as Borderland Actors in the Early Modern Ottoman Realm". In Krstić, Tijana; Terzioğlu, Derin (eds.).

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delegitimize them or justify punitive campaigns against them. In the early eighteenth century, a part of northern Lebanon is even described as the "Kızılbaş mukataa" tax district.

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population. Yet, despite speaking Kurdish and Zaza natively, many of the Alevi tribes still use Turkish as a liturgical language. The Kurdish Alevis are known locally by the term

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rulers of Persia who succeeded the Safavids, stemmed from a Qizilbash background. Many other Qizilbash – Turcoman and Non-Turcoman – were settled in far eastern cities such as

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is used to refer to groups that are not initiated into the Bektashi order but have similar beliefs. These groups are looked down upon by initiated members of the tariqa.

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The reorganisation of the army also ended the independent rule of Turcoman chiefs in the Safavid provinces, and instead centralized the administration of those provinces.

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Following Shah Abbas's gradual replacement of the Qizilbash in the Safavid military and administrative ranks, and the persecution they faced at the hands of his and

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The Qizilbash are not a part of Ja'fari jurisprudence, even though they can be considered as members of different tariqa of Shia Islam all looks like sub-classes of

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were named after an area in Azerbaijan, or after their ancestors. All these tribes shared a common lifestyle, language, faith, and animosity towards the Ottomans.

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thoughts, originally introduced by Abu’l-Khāttāb Muhammad ibn Abu Zaynab al-Asadī, and later developed by Maymun al-Qāddāh and his son ʿAbd Allāh ibn Maymun, and

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who would question the power and hegemony of the tribal Qizilbash. This included the formation of a military slave system, similar to that of the neighboring

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in human form. There were a total of seven major Qizilbash "tribes", each named after an area they identified themselves with; the Rumlu presumably came from

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The Qizilbash conceal their real identity, outwardly professing to be orthodox Sunnis to their Turkish or Bulgarian neighbours, or alternatively claim to be

2766:, had risen to the position of commander-in-chief of all Safavid armed forces. and by that became one of the most powerful men in the empire. The offices of 1095:

relationship into a political one. As a consequence, any act of disobedience of the Qizilbash Sufis against the order of the spiritual grandmaster (Persian:

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The Qizilbash, or "Red Heads," were Turkic warriors-turned-Persian who had arrived in Afghanistan in numbers after Nadir Shah's and other Persian debacles.

3536: 10153: 8440: 3738: 3535:’ Published in: Shahrokh Raei (ed.), Islamic Alternatives: Non-Mainstream Religion in Persianate Societies . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2017, pp. 65-93. ( 2625:(1555), peace between Safavids and Ottomans remained for the rest of Tahmasp's reign. During Tahmasp' reign, he carried out multiple invasions in the 3088:. There are some doubts, though, whether this term is appropriate, due to the scarcity of sources and the diversity of the various Qizilbash-groups. 10252: 5263:

Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2019). "One Word, Many Implications: The Term 'Kızılbaş' in the Early Modern Ottoman Context". In Erginbaş, Vefa (ed.).

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This defeat destroyed Shah Ismail's belief in his own invincibility and divine status. It also fundamentally altered the relationship between the

4086: 5219: 3068:, associating them with the Qizilbash in the Safavid dynasty, although their exact origins are unclear and subject to debate. Among Bektashis, 2913:

Described as learned, affluent, and influential, they appear to have abandoned their native Turkish language in favour of Persian, and became

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is usually applied exclusively to them. Some of these greater Turcoman tribes were subdivided into as many as eight or nine clans, including:

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Stefan Winter, "The Kızılbaş of Syria and Ottoman Shiism" in Christine Woodhead, ed., The Ottoman World (London: Routledge, 2012), 171–183.

2898:, they constitute an important and politically influential element of society. Estimates of their population vary from 30,000 to 200,000. 2583:

For almost ten years after the Battle of Chaldiran, rival Qizilbash factions fought for control of the kingdom. In 1524, 10-year-old Shah

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empire since Shah Ismail I and for many centuries afterward, and started with the trend of deporting and moving hundreds of thousands of

5547: 5476: 2434:. However, in 1512, an entire Qizilbash army was annihilated by the Uzbeks after Turcoman Qizilbash had mutinied against their Persian 5234:

Aldous, Gregory (2021). "The Qizilbāsh and their Shah: The Preservation of Royal Prerogative during the Early Reign of Shah Ṭahmāsp".

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Grigoriev, Sergei (2000). "Об этнической принадлежности шиитов Афганистана" [On the ethnicity of the Shiites of Afghanistan].

10581: 10257: 10173: 10274: 7817: 7564: 5404: 2797:'master of the army'), commander-in-chief of all armed forces – Turcoman and Non-Turcoman – and usually held by a Persian ( 5356: 3552:(2015). "Dersim and Dalahu: Some Reflections on Kurdish Alevism and the Ahl-i Haqq religion". In Öz, Mehmet; Yeşil, Fatih (eds.). 2086:– were occasionally listed among these "seven great uymaqs". Today, the remnants of the Qizilbash confederacy are found among the 10237: 10158: 7608: 5669: 2677: 4478: 2754:

were appointed to high positions within the royal household, and by the end of Shah Abbas' reign, one-fifth of the high-ranking

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and incorporating his kingdom, he moved south into Azarbaijan, where his 7,000 Qizilbash warriors defeated a force of 30,000

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The Interaction Between State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)

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was taken, there was not a single book on Twelverism among the Qizilbash leaders. The book of the well known Iraqi scholar

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ruler of the Safavid kingdom. However, Tahmasp managed to reassert his authority over the state and over the Qizilbash.

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are called Ja'faris. Although the Qizilbash are also Twelvers, their practices do not adhere to Ja'fari jurisprudence.

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did not participate in the formation of Safavid religious policies during the early formation of the state. However,

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percent; Qizilbash, 1.0; 6.9 percent other. The usual caveat regarding statistics is particularly appropriate here.

3555:Ötekilerin Pesinde - Ahmet Yasar Ocak'a Armagan /In pursuit of the Others: Festschrift in honor of Ahmet Yaşar Ocak 1297: 1155: 349: 7244: 6989: 10395: 10211: 8817: 8765: 8379: 7427: 7091: 5979: 5859: 5481: 2994:

in Greece is the land of Qizilbash nowadays. This strip includes a part of eastern Bulgaria, including cities as

2356:), he sought revenge for the death of his father and his grandfather in Shīrvan. After defeating the Shīrvanshāh 925: 3287:, were the military force introduced by the conquering Safavis to the Iranian domains in the sixteenth century." 2520:, the new ruler, decided to invade with a force of 200,000 Ottomans. In addition, he ordered the persecution of 10460: 10018: 9916: 9059: 6807: 6785: 6099: 6064: 5540: 5291:

Bashir, Shahzad (2014). "The Origins and Rhetorical Evolution of the Term Qizilbāsh in Persianate Literature".

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to the vakil office. However, the Turcomans did not like having an Iranian to the most powerful office of the

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formed the mainstay of the Safavid military, the Qizilbash still played a significant role in the army. The

1732:(1250–1325) was procured in the town library to provide religious guidance to the state. The imported Shi'i 886: 105: 10571: 10380: 10357: 9977: 9833: 9823: 9729: 9440: 9080: 8120: 7601: 7273: 7119: 7069: 6510: 5954: 3115: 2161:

The rivalry between the Turkic clans and the Persian nobles was a major problem in the Safavid kingdom. As

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From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa

10482: 10347: 10163: 9931: 9724: 9159: 8748: 7638: 7502: 6850: 6164: 5674: 5651: 5646: 5556: 5371: 3017:, depending who is addressing them. According to the 1992 census, there were 85,773 Shiites in Bulgaria. 1307: 1175: 1170: 820: 354: 165: 6212: 830: 10242: 10125: 9642: 9119: 8157: 7752: 7738: 7477: 7222: 6996: 6478: 6109: 6069: 5804: 5721: 5575: 5456: 5326: 5213: 5161: 1510: 1312: 855: 4717:

Eminov, A. (2000). Turks and Tatars in Bulgaria and the Balkans. Nationalities Papers, 28(1), 129-164.

2049:(The most powerful clan during the reign of Shah Ismail I. Its name means the one who originates from 10591: 10322: 10023: 9852: 9548: 9328: 9291: 9070: 7704: 7422: 7073: 6835: 6059: 5964: 5939: 5789: 5533: 4751: 2966:(2006-2021) of Afghanistan mentioned Qizilbash as an ethnic group in the third line of third stanza. 1411: 1180: 796: 17: 8982: 3759: 10477: 10206: 10030: 9803: 9341: 9085: 9075: 9065: 7835: 7355: 6969: 6588: 6159: 6089: 5451: 5446: 4480:

State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)

3172: 1965: 1815: 1683: 1638: 1230: 1165: 890: 721: 438: 379: 224: 4941: 2929:– both companions of Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone – described the Qizilbash of Afghanistan also as 10586: 10340: 9214: 8973: 8937: 6962: 6920: 6775: 6390: 6179: 6084: 5914: 5869: 5735: 5471: 3189: 2902: 1608: 850: 481: 476: 9368: 4507: 4346: 4230: 4192: 2293:); the Takkalu from the Takkeh in southeastern Anatolia; the Ostajlu from Ostaj in the southern 10492: 10421: 10390: 10330: 9312: 9307: 9225: 8655: 8609: 8003: 7684: 7179: 6840: 6770: 6730: 6715: 6395: 6149: 6054: 6039: 6030: 5909: 5874: 5799: 5466: 4524: 3692: 3653: 3373: 2941: 2372: 2079: 1840:

that helped to establish the Safavid dynasty – were "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites".

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The Qizilbash were a coalition of many different tribes of predominantly (but not exclusively)

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to describe these groups, seeing as it was originally used for descendants of Ali, the fourth

1217: 10438: 10416: 9235: 9112: 8878: 8537: 7709: 7626: 7372: 7342: 6899: 6795: 6342: 6169: 5919: 5829: 5319: 4671:"The Ottoman State and Descendants of the Prophet in Anatolia and the Balkans (c. 1500-1700)" 4117: 3852: 3549: 3528: 3085: 1809: 1401: 1302: 1292: 1285: 1262: 49: 8578: 4931: 1396: 10105: 10012: 9957: 8324: 7731: 7589: 7514: 7359: 7174: 7022: 6927: 6906: 6765: 6720: 6705: 6254: 6104: 6094: 6079: 5899: 5864: 5854: 5849: 5824: 5399: 5018: 4197: 3995: 3167: 3149: 2940:

clans, especially after the Qizilbash openly allied themselves with the British during the

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is obligatory although some Alevi Turks perform their fasting duties partially in Ramadan.

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Traktat über die Derwischmützen (ri̇sāle-i̇ Tāciyye) des Müstaqīm-zāde Süleymān Sāʻdeddīn

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because they encouraged the Shi'i population of Asia Minor to revolt against the sultan.

2210:, depicting Shah Ismail I at an audience receiving the Qizilbash after they defeated the 2013: 1931: 1805: 1676: 1623: 1603: 1540: 1212: 1192: 1113: 1053: 399: 359: 204: 67: 3246:

in Persian, is also a term for hats used to delineate one's affiliation to a particular

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Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban

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The Waning of the Qizilbash: The Spiritual and the Temporal in Seventeenth Century Iran

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Vincent Eyre, "The Military Operations at Cabul", London, Murray, MDCCCXLIII, p. XXXI.

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H.A.R. Gibb & H. Bowen, "Islamic society and the West", i/2, Oxford, 1957, p. 189

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Savory, Roger M. (1964). "The significance of the political murder of Mirza Salman".

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Between Dersim and Dâlahû: Reflections on Kurdish Alevism and the Ahl-i Haqq religion

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The influence of the Qizilbash in the government created resentment among the ruling

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of India and became one of the most influential groups of the Mughal court until the

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were imported in increasing numbers to bolster orthodox Twelver practice and belief.

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Altruism and Imperialism: Western Cultural and Religious Missions in the Middle East

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from Safavid-ruled Georgia, well known by his adopted Muslim name after conversion,

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Some of these names consist of a place-name with the addition of the Turkish suffix

1002:, have been suggested. Of these, the Khurramites were, like the Qizilbash, an early 10502: 10487: 10247: 9952: 9674: 9612: 9602: 9592: 9577: 9383: 9286: 9258: 9146: 7916: 7890: 7593: 7266: 7169: 7010: 6892: 6745: 6725: 6710: 6275: 5934: 5702: 5502: 5300: 5243: 4969: 4937: 4882: 4846: 4801: 4793: 4682: 4633: 4437: 3885: 3778: 3487: 3225: 3206: 3180: 3125: 2853: 2810: 2783: 2513: 2396: 2392: 2231: 1905: 1864: 1785: 1771: 1729: 1643: 1618: 1535: 1087:"supreme spiritual director" and, after the establishment of the kingdom, as their 1045: 845: 801: 451: 259: 101: 31: 4797: 3713: 2493:

and destroying his dynasty. His head was sent to the Ottoman sultan as a warning.

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Roger M. Savory, "The significance of the political murder of Mirza Salman", in

2931:"Persians, of Persian descent, or descendant of the Persians, wearing a red cap" 2165:

put it, friction between these two groups was inevitable, because the Turcomans

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Rūmlu (Its name means the one who originates from the Roman land i.e. Anatolia.)

1350: 10540: 10267: 10120: 9962: 9664: 9008: 8927: 8793: 8770: 8753: 8604: 8529: 8453: 7974: 7880: 7489: 7444: 7439: 7290: 7259: 7164: 7047: 6885: 6638: 6571: 6564: 6554: 6402: 6139: 6000: 5929: 5904: 5764: 5697: 5613: 5512: 4973: 4874:

Kehl-Bodrogi; Otter-Beaujean; Kellner-Heikele, Barbara, eds. (1 January 1997).

4850: 4400: 3014: 2975: 2918: 2886: 2834: 2830: 2647: 2573: 2509: 2431: 2357: 2348:– collectively called "Qizilbash" by their enemies – rallied to his support in 2330: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2269:

were common, with the Qizilbash viewing their Safavid leader (whom they called

2253:

However, a common aspect that all these heterodox beliefs shared was a form of

2154: 2147: 2125: 2091: 2067: 2050: 2028:

tribe were by far the most important in both number and influence and the name

1872: 1648: 1550: 1486: 1418: 983: 825: 786: 684: 344: 269: 194: 121: 8968: 8775: 7967: 5304: 5247: 4638: 4621: 4607: 3889: 2352:. Leading his troops on a punitive campaign against the Shīrvanshāh (ruler of 1896:, referring to an inner or hidden meaning in holy texts. It incorporates some 1006:

group and dressed in red, for which they were termed "the red ones" (Persian:

120:, meaning "red head". The expression is derived from their distinctive twelve- 10555: 10443: 10280: 10130: 9669: 9632: 9607: 9492: 8932: 8862: 8842: 8804: 8428: 8413: 8177:

Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī

7984: 7909: 7719: 7680: 7667: 7642: 7548: 7337: 7309: 7186: 7140: 7058: 6757: 6658: 6643: 6633: 6468: 6430: 6407: 6369: 6280: 6010: 6004: 5994: 5982: 5394: 5119:

A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)

4963: 4842:

Sur les traces du soufisme turc: Recherches sur l'Islam populaire en Anatolie

4840: 4746: 4686: 4647: 4562: 4408: 4175: 3499: 3316: 2814: 2772: 2669: 2618: 2266: 2214: 2132: 2113:

tribes such as the Afshār, Dulghadir, or Bayāt, as mentioned by the medieval

2087: 2083: 2062: 1993: 1977: 1958: 1545: 1406: 1391: 1069: 1049: 791: 756: 659: 289: 274: 264: 190: 161: 153: 96:

from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the

35: 8894: 4732:

Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World

1836:, the Qizilbash of the 16th century – a religious and political movement in 1091:(great king). The kingdom's establishment thus changed the purely religious 10530: 10455: 10115: 9967: 9845: 9561: 9465: 9453: 9167: 8960: 8889: 8677:

Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī

8617: 8595: 8586: 8486: 7963: 7779: 7714: 7407: 7304: 7295: 7201: 6955: 6623: 6542: 6473: 6337: 5834: 5774: 5749: 5730: 5342: 5053: 4404: 3361: 3048:

century. Historically, however, it wouldn't be appropriate to use the term

2926: 2707: 2439: 2419: 2247: 2187: 2072: 1801: 1767: 1593: 1423: 1322: 1080: 761: 694: 674: 250: 149: 8627: 8125: 7745: 4886: 3575: 2371:

By 1510, Ismail and his Qizilbash had conquered the whole of Iran and the

1901: 1711:. They regarded their rulers as divine figures, and so were classified as 1707:

Shi’i doctrines encouraged by the early Safavi sheikhs Haydar and his son

10092: 9582: 9521: 9448: 9335: 8942: 8664: 8632: 8582: 8448: 8146: 8111: 8093: 7885: 7622: 7552: 7232: 7131: 6700: 6673: 6663: 6600: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6322: 6305: 6129: 6044: 5884: 5759: 5420: 4873: 4549:

Mountstuart Elphinstone, An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, pp. 320–321

3972:

Roger M. Savory, Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Safawids", Online Edition, 2005

3876:

Savory, Roger M. (1965). "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia".

2905:

described the Qizilbash of Kabul in the beginning of the 19th century as

2895: 2866: 2838: 2734: 2634: 2477:. However, in 1507, Shah Ismail and the Qizilbash overran large areas of 2384: 2239: 2211: 2110: 1523: 1438: 1433: 1384: 1317: 1272: 1257: 1252: 1242: 1207: 1072:

after Shah Abbas's military reform in the beginning of the 17th century.

995: 806: 669: 304: 294: 182: 169: 4694: 4670: 4501: 3629:

Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985,

3507: 3475: 3404:

Moojan Momen, "An Introduction to Shi'i Islam", Yale Univ. Press, 1985,

2329:. The Safavi presence in eastern Anatolia posed a serious threat to the 10385: 9482: 9457: 8591: 8388: 8169: 8115: 8013: 7951: 7902: 7868: 7821: 7742: 7675: 7662: 7580: 7556: 7485: 7390: 7332: 7254: 7157: 6530: 6294: 6290: 6124: 6049: 6025: 5990: 5944: 5879: 5839: 5814: 5769: 5754: 5744: 4806: 4655: 4558: 2882: 2849: 2826: 2778: 2714:

and his former guardian and tutor, Alī Quli Khān Shāmlū (also known as

2592: 2470: 2466: 2412: 2411:

his vassals. Many of these areas were priorly under the control of the

2361: 2337: 2258: 2254: 2114: 2025: 1954: 1848: 1823: 1822:

The Qizilbash have a unique and complex conviction tracing back to the

1797: 1793: 1704: 1578: 1121: 208: 70: 6375:

Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)

6234:

Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī

3812:

Minorsky, Vladimir (1943) "Tadhkirat al-muluk", London, pp. 16–18, 188

3422: 3420: 2683: 10100: 9531: 9346: 8846: 8834: 8812: 8743: 8656:

Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī

8647: 8553: 8498: 8423: 8077: 8072: 7998: 7942: 7688: 7536: 7412: 7323: 7237: 7217: 7062: 7003: 6515: 6483: 6438:

Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī

6326: 6204: 6119: 6114: 5924: 5889: 5784: 5779: 5183:

Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul

5023:

Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

4998:. New York: Middle East Institute, Columbia University. p. 136. 3789: 3785: 3774: 3767: 3007: 2806: 2759: 2742: 2738: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2584: 2577: 2478: 2427: 2243: 2182: 2099: 1973: 1942: 1919: 1897: 1893: 1860: 1613: 1372: 1130: 881: 741: 726: 623: 576: 566: 93: 8837: 3553: 168:. The name was originally a pejorative label given to them by their 10433: 9939: 9797: 9749: 9543: 9497: 9461: 9186: 9031: 8998: 8853: 8738: 8730: 8524: 7929: 7860: 7783: 7766: 7597: 7584: 7417: 7363: 7145: 6593: 6384: 6217: 5809: 5525: 4875: 3955:

Safevi Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü

3771: 3764: 3417: 3130: 3110: 3081: 3053: 2999: 2991: 2937: 2874: 2822: 2695: 2626: 2561: 2376: 2349: 2345: 2294: 2095: 2021: 1969: 1946: 1876: 1775: 1708: 1503: 1476: 1462: 1202: 1088: 1065: 895: 679: 643: 521: 394: 89: 81: 73: 4965:

Archaeology, Anthropology and Heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia

2537: 1036:

sees the Qizilbash as "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites".

34:. For the related Sufi order that led to the Safavid dynasty, see 10448: 10054: 9742: 9622: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9244: 9036: 9016: 8977: 8822: 8669:

Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī

8613: 8570: 8417: 8407: 8132: 8081: 8035: 7873: 7770: 7671: 7650: 7529: 7524: 7399: 7350: 7278: 7227: 6948: 6827: 6500: 6314: 6246: 5636: 3793: 3782: 3569: 3388: 3044:, which were formed out of Qizilbash groups in Anatolia in the 16 3035: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2660: 2630: 2517: 2388: 2380: 2353: 2309: 2222: 2037: 1972:

who are in the class of ghulat Twelver Shia Islam, but a special

1950: 1938: 1912: 1844: 1789: 1755: 1747: 1718: 1379: 1367: 1362: 982:

Connections between the Qizilbash and other religious groups and

900: 872: 766: 751: 689: 649: 618: 611: 606: 571: 561: 556: 491: 486: 414: 39: 5274:

Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750

4574:

Lady Sale, "A Journal of the Disasters in Afghanistan 1841–42",

4527:: Claitor's Law Books and Publishing Division, 2001, 226 pages. 4083:"Alevis protest plans to name third bridge after Ottoman Sultan" 9972: 9946: 9905: 9866: 9783: 9696: 9617: 9472: 9418: 9413: 9180: 9104: 9041: 9021: 8902: 8866: 8055: 7958: 7895: 7774: 7617: 7571: 7051: 6360:

Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)

6318: 6265: 5689: 5600: 5311: 4575: 4314: 3247: 2617:

in the east, and against the arch-rivals of the Safavids – the

2614: 2521: 2482: 2423: 2365: 2286: 2278: 2169:. Shah Ismail tried to solve the problem by appointing Persian 2046: 1997: 1964:

They all may be considered as special groups not following the

1884: 1827: 1725: 1713: 1628: 1568: 1471: 1452: 1247: 1237: 1145: 1003: 987: 546: 419: 339: 186: 157: 6225:

Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī

2282: 2124:

The non-Turkic Iranian tribes among the Qizilbash were called

1661: 939: 10221: 10046: 10000: 9988: 9790: 9776: 9735: 9408: 9265: 9251: 9172: 9135: 9026: 8067: 7692: 7493: 7481: 6283: 6258: 6229: 5618: 4602:, "Afghanistan: The society and its environment", index s.v. 4432:

The Dictionary. — N. — Nadir Shah Afshar, page 305 – 306. //

3061: 2956: 2878: 2870: 2818: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2588: 2549: 2528: 2474: 2461: 2341: 1734: 1481: 1457: 1076: 1057: 736: 551: 541: 471: 466: 461: 446: 424: 384: 4350:, "Allāhverdi Khān", v, pp. 891–892, Online Edition, 2005, ( 2955:

and were persecuted and hunted by the government and by the

2881:. Some of them are descendants of the troops left behind by 2496: 1926: 9887: 9859: 9809: 9756: 9701: 9272: 8720:

Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī

6269: 6264:

Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-

6194: 4057:"Turkey's Alevis Outraged by 'Executioner' Name for Bridge" 2755: 2719: 2533: 2486: 2418:

In 1510 Shah Ismail sent a large force of the Qizilbash to

2138: 1930:

Mannequin of a Safavid Qizilbash soldier, exhibited in the

1889: 1751: 1061: 456: 136:

in Persian; sometimes specifically titled "Haydar's Crown"

8680:

Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī

5096:

Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend

4622:"Introduction: Religion and Statecraft in Pre-Modern Iran" 4326: 4302: 4265:"Barda and Barda-Dāri v. Military slavery in Islamic Iran" 2109:, such as Shāmlu or Bahārlu. Other names are those of old 172:

Ottoman foes, but soon it was adopted as a mark of pride.

6628: 5021:, "Survivals among the Kappadokian Kizilbash (Bektash)", 4373:

Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan

2274: 581: 6370:

Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī

5293:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

4675:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

2885:. Others however were brought to the country during the 2246:

practises, the latter which had been practised by their

1875:, are highly respected. In addition, the Safavid leader 1032:) by medieval sources. In this context, Turkish scholar 5206:

Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. III, Fasc. 5

3935: 3923: 3439: 3437: 3435: 2257:, devoid of the restrictions of the Islam practiced in 4210: 3333:

Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800

2729:

and full civil administration from the ranks of these

1859:, but who was later eliminated and murdered by Caliph 1048:-speaking background united in their adherence to the 6422:

Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)

6385:

Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī

4290: 3194: 2321:) in regions where Safavi propaganda was active. The 1014: 8652:

Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī

6255:

Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī

4177:

The Poetry Of Shah Ismail I Valdimir Minorsky (1942)

3957:, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1992, p. 15. 3432: 3092:

It has been reported that, among the Ottoman Turks,

2776:

fell in disuse and were replaced by the office of a

1027: 5271: 5262: 4933:

Writing Religion: The Making of Turkish Alevi Islam

2680:in the west, whereas the Uzbeks attacked the east. 2556: 2524:and massacred its adherents in the Ottoman Empire. 1911:Not all of the members believe that the fasting in 8696:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī 8644:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī 6363:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya) 4845:. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press. p. 35. 4389: 4278: 3685: 2654:. Tahmasp's successors, and most importantly Shah 2580:, the son of Ismail who got rid of the Turcomans. 2469:deported large numbers of the Shi'i population of 2004:, founder of the Safavid dynasty of Iran, and the 8189:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam) 5199: 4257: 4248: 4234:, "Peace of Amasya", v, p. 928, Online Edition, ( 3611:under the Safawids", in JOAS, lxxxv, 1965, p. 501 3476:"The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran" 3426: 3301:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 225 vol.1. 3157: 2167:"were no party to the national Persian tradition" 1922:still are common among the Qizilbash in villages. 10553: 7118: 6352:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām 5200:Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998). 4523:. Editors: Richard F. Nyrop, Donald M. Seekins. 4519:Social Structure. — Ethnic Groups, page 104. // 3727: 2426:. The Qizilbash defeated the Uzbeks and secured 8516:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī 6366:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī 4744: 2981: 2829:, and remained there as consultants to the new 2368:. This was the beginning of the Safavid state. 2273:, "the Perfect Guide") as the reincarnation of 1830:(extremist) Shia. According to Turkish scholar 1761: 1742:doctrines were later forsaken and Arab Twelver 5079:. California: University of California Press. 4961: 9120: 7097:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam 6447:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya) 5541: 5327: 5267:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 47–70. 4461: 3237: 3200: 3040:In Turkey, there is a community of so-called 1831: 1684: 962: 143: 137: 131: 125: 5041:, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, 4792:(3–4). Cambridge University Press: 449–483. 4729: 4725: 4723: 4436:. Fourth edition. Author: Ludwig W. Adamec. 3277:. Princeton University. pp. 1–6, 41–47. 2710:came to power. He appointed the Governor of 38:. For the related Sufi order in Turkey, see 8195:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh) 5159: 5140: 5112: 4936:. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–77. 4925: 4923: 4921: 4834: 4832: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4075: 3996:"History of Iran: Safavid Empire 1502–1736" 3808: 3806: 3804: 3664: 3662: 3473: 2504:In 1511, a pro-Safavid revolt known as the 9127: 9113: 8216:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī) 5568: 5548: 5534: 5334: 5320: 5218:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4147:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. 4140: 3548: 3336:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. 2833:after the Shah's death. Others joined the 2694:, military commander, and the governor of 2591:, succeeded his father Ismail. He was the 2221:(A History of Shah Ismail I), produced in 1691: 1677: 969: 955: 4942:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199969401.003.0002 4805: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4637: 4049: 3706: 3455: 42:. For the suburb of Nicosia, Cyprus, see 7818:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah 6357:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm 5405:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam 5166:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 5122:(2 ed.). Mazda Publishers. p. 5074: 4929: 4918: 4838: 4829: 4779: 4668: 4619: 4440:: Scarecrow Press, 2012, XCV+569 pages. 4395:5. The Rise of Afghanistan, page 124 // 4296: 4044:"Studies on the history of Safawid Iran" 4015: 3847:Tapper, Richard (2011). "Introduction". 3801: 3659: 2911:"Persian, and among themselves Turkish." 2848: 2758:were ghulams. By 1598 already an ethnic 2682: 2495: 2219:Tarikh-i Jahangusha-yi Khaqan Sahibqiran 2198: 2181: 2036:Ustādjlu (Its origins reach back to the 1988: 1925: 116:The word Qizilbash derives from Turkish 48: 8041:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī 5180: 5039:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587–1629 4508:Countries and Their Cultures: Qizilbash 4370: 4216: 4196:, "Dīv Soltān", Online Edition, 2005, ( 3849:Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan 3460:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg: 32–46. 3296: 3272: 2869:primarily live in urban areas, such as 1888:, or creed, is based upon a syncretic 1814:In Turkey, orthodox Twelvers following 14: 10554: 7398: 7041:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity 5290: 5233: 5141:Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund (2012). 5052: 5049:, English translation by Azizeh Azodi. 4993: 4708: 4476: 4134: 3968: 3966: 3941: 3929: 3910: 3875: 3846: 3443: 3329: 3299:Voices of Islam (Praeger perspectives) 2489:in Central Asia, killing their leader 2449: 1871:and consequently was killed by Caliph 1867:, who incited a rebellion against the 10307: 10075: 9691: 9108: 7117: 6190:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar 5567: 5529: 5315: 5143:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age 4914:. London: Luzac & Co. p. 64. 4909: 4869: 4867: 4466:. University of California, Berkeley. 4019:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia 3474:Floor, Willem; Javadi, Hasan (2013). 3357: 3355: 3353: 3224: 3166: 994:, or its more radical offspring, the 148:), indicating their adherence to the 10076: 9692: 5555: 5362:List of mothers of the Safavid shahs 5236:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5093: 4434:Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan 4284: 3398: 3268: 3266: 3176: 3084:period, as well as later, after the 3002:. Most of the Qizilbash settled in 2217:. Album leaf from a copy of Bijan’s 2078:Other tribes – such as the Turkman, 1826:and Khurramites, who are considered 7829:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi 5037:Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi, 4968:. Gorgias Press. pp. 333–338. 3963: 3656:, "Kizil-Bash", Online Edition 2005 3558:. Istanbul: Timaş. pp. 613–30. 3184: 3153: 2787: 2629:which had been incorporated in the 2325:, in turn, had subordinates termed 1020: 1007: 138: 24: 5227: 5031: 4864: 4477:Noelle, Christine (25 June 2012). 3350: 25: 10608: 8201:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir) 5265:Ottoman Sunnism: New Perspectives 4669:Canbakal, Hülya (November 2009). 4462:Noelle-Karimi, Christine (1995). 4085:. todayszaman.com. Archived from 3823:"BĪGDELĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 3263: 2564:tried to reduce the power of the 2364:under Alwand Mirzā and conquered 1892:(jurisprudence tradition) called 10582:Military history of Safavid Iran 10536: 10535: 10524: 10055:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 9303:Timeline of the history of Islam 9134: 8219:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh) 6441:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard 6313:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad- 5991:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit 5341: 5163:Historical Dictionary of Georgia 4930:Dressler, Markus (7 June 2013). 3668: 3607:Roger M. Savory, "The office of 3020: 2557:The deprivation of the Turcomans 2516:. Shocked by this heavy defeat, 1843:Among the individual revered by 1660: 1129: 938: 10396:List of ex-Muslim organisations 8766:United Submitters International 8050:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir 7428:Alid dynasties of northern Iran 6781:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 5160:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). 5012: 4987: 4955: 4912:The Bektashi Order of Dervishes 4903: 4773: 4764: 4738: 4662: 4613: 4590: 4581: 4568: 4552: 4543: 4513: 4470: 4455: 4426: 4364: 4338: 4222: 4184: 4168: 4110: 4101: 4036: 4022:. Reaktion Books. p. 165. 4009: 3988: 3975: 3947: 3904: 3869: 3840: 3815: 3753: 3735:"ʿAbdallāh B. Maymūn Al-Qaddāḥ" 3642: 3623: 3614: 3601: 3580: 3562: 3542: 3522: 3467: 3449: 2500:A Safavid Qizilbash cavalryman. 2317:who appointed representatives ( 2128:by the Turcomans and included: 1079:(sworn students) of the Safavi 1039: 66:were a diverse array of mainly 9060:Sunni schools of jurisprudence 8078:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād 6791:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 6786:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 6444:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya) 6065:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari 4962:Karakaya-Stump, Ayfer (2010). 3798:Vol 1 and 2, Yeni Boyut, 2011. 3380: 3323: 3290: 3231: 3143: 2860: 2716:Hājī Alī Qizilbāsh Mazandarānī 1984: 1056:, the Qizilbash also included 637:Other related sects and groups 13: 1: 8492:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi 6818:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid 5208:. New York. pp. 514–522. 5181:Rothman, E. Nathalie (2015). 4910:Birge, John Kingsley (1965). 4798:10.1080/00210862.2019.1646120 4760:, Centre for Islamic Studies. 4120:, "Čālderān", v, pp. 656–8, ( 3851:. London: Routledge. p. 3586:H. Anetshofer/H.T. Karateke, 3427:Savory & Karamustafa 1998 2536:as well as three influential 2194: 10567:Medieval history of Anatolia 10381:Apostasy in Islam by country 10258:Liberalism and progressivism 8180:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid) 8121:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi 8102:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi 7120:Islamic schools and branches 5955:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad 5860:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam 5185:. Cornell University Press. 4620:Arjomand, Said Amir (1994). 4521:Afghanistan: A Country Study 3492:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516 3297:Cornell, Vincent J. (2007). 3257: 3116:Bektashism and folk religion 3075:In the second half of the 19 2982:Bulgaria, Greece and Romania 2379:(with its important city of 1941:. Their conviction includes 1780:Bektashism and folk religion 1762:Qizilbash aqidah in Anatolia 1492:Bektashism and folk religion 926:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism 665:Bektashism and folk religion 111: 53:Flag of the Qizilbash forces 7: 10577:Medieval Iranian Azerbaijan 8112:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin 6808:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam 6165:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi 6100:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi 5372:Safavid dynasty family tree 5276:. Brill. pp. 423–450. 4994:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2002). 4375:. I.B.Tauris. p. 114. 3393:Islam: belief and practices 3330:Parker, Charles H. (2010). 3238: 3201: 3195: 3104: 2915:"in fact Persianized Turks" 2277:and a manifestation of the 1976:belief somewhat similar to 1028: 1015: 166:Imamate in Twelver doctrine 144: 132: 126: 10: 10613: 10308: 8863:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir 8308:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī 8061:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī 7739:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani 7223:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 6479:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 6110:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi 6070:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi 5895:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 4974:10.31826/9781463225421-014 4851:10.31826/9781463233389-004 4758:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 3458:Восток: история и культура 3164:Azerbaijani pronunciation: 3033: 2595:of the powerful Qizilbash 2453: 2177: 2016:from Eastern Anatolia and 1783: 1765: 1102: 921:List of Twelver Shia books 175: 76:groups that flourished in 29: 10519: 10404: 10371: 10321: 10317: 10303: 10230: 10197: 10169:Geography and cartography 10144: 10091: 10087: 10071: 9897: 9819: 9766: 9715: 9711: 9687: 9557: 9439: 9399: 9282: 9234: 9158: 9154: 9143: 9054: 9007: 8959: 8913: 8803: 8790: 8729: 8626: 8569: 8552: 8439: 8387: 8378: 8317: 8234: 8168: 8145: 8092: 8012: 7997: 7927: 7794: 7637: 7501: 7476: 7452:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects 7389: 7289: 7139: 7130: 7126: 7113: 7087: 7032: 6979: 6875: 6868: 6826: 6796:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine 6756: 6614: 6511:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i 6459: 6429: 6336: 6304: 6245: 6203: 6024: 5978: 5965:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki 5940:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 5790:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani 5729: 5720: 5688: 5660: 5627: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5563: 5498:Ottoman–Safavid relations 5490: 5439: 5413: 5387: 5349: 5305:10.1163/15685209-12341352 5248:10.1017/S1356186321000250 5075:Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). 5060:. Yale University Press. 4752:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam 4639:10.1080/00210869408701817 4203:29 September 2008 at the 4127:29 September 2008 at the 4016:Rayfield, Donald (2013). 3890:10.1515/islm.1965.41.1.71 3273:Babayan, Kathryn (1993). 3199:(modern Iranian reading: 3029: 2844: 2839:British conquest of India 2297:. It is uncertain if the 2082:, Qaramānlu, Warsāk, and 1717:"extremists" by orthodox 1703:The Qizilbash adhered to 817:Other hadith collections 797:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih 185:-speaking tribes: Rumlu, 10597:Turkic words and phrases 10478:Islamic view of miracles 8481:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī 7356:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi 6970:The Moderation in Belief 6851:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya 6589:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi 6160:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri 6090:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi 5447:Military of Safavid Iran 4881:. BRILL. pp. 1–20. 4839:Mélikoff, Irène (2011). 4756:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 4745:İlyas Üzüm (1988–2016). 4687:10.1163/156852009X458241 4241:15 December 2007 at the 3572:Religion and Public Life 3136: 2825:during the conquests of 2733:who were usually ethnic 2621:– in the west. With the 2008:of the Qizilbash armies. 1904:with a strong belief in 1639:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim 225:The Fourteen Infallibles 197:, Tekelu, and Zulkadar. 156:, the spiritual leader ( 10243:Creationism (evolution) 8938:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 8334:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān 8252:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī 8024:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād 6963:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi 6921:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah 6776:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 6180:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 6085:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti 6075:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari 5915:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani 5870:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi 5805:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini 5025:, 30., 1900, pp. 305–20 4780:Yıldırım, Rıza (2019). 4565:", London, 1886, p. 380 4333:Floor & Herzig 2012 4144:Iran Under the Safavids 2969: 2903:Mountstuart Elphinstone 2599:Ali Beg Rūmlū (titled " 2527:On 20 August 1514 (1st 2460:Meanwhile, the Safavid 2143:Siāh-Kuh (Karādja-Dagh) 1847:, two figures, firstly 851:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya 821:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays 164:in accordance with the 10493:Persecution of Muslims 10391:List of former Muslims 9308:Succession to Muhammad 8610:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu 8192:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif) 7685:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana 7180:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 6841:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd 6836:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani 6771:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 6731:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi 6716:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi 6396:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri 6391:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar 6150:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 6060:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi 6055:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi 6040:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi 5910:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani 5875:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati 5800:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi 5457:Persian–Portuguese War 5058:Iran: A Modern History 4540: 4452: 4423: 4371:Matthee, Rudi (2012). 4357:6 October 2007 at the 3673:. Encyclopedia Iranica 3654:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3648:Roger M. Savory (ref. 3550:Bruinessen, Martin van 3377:, Vol. 5, pp. 243–245. 3374:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3222:Turkish pronunciation: 3210: 3158: 3102: 2964:former national anthem 2942:First Anglo-Afghan War 2857: 2703: 2702:between 1627 and 1633. 2501: 2373:Republic of Azerbaijan 2226: 2191: 2059:(Arabic: Dhu 'l-Kadar) 2009: 1935: 1832: 1574:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 1161:Succession to Muhammad 54: 10287:Conversion to mosques 10154:Alchemy and chemistry 8879:Wallace Fard Muhammad 7836:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya 7343:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi 7092:Early Muslim scholars 6900:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq 6170:Rahmatullah Kairanawi 5920:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi 5830:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 5477:Georgian-Safavid Wars 5388:Ideology and religion 4887:10.1163/9789004378988 4730:H. T. Norris (1993). 4535: 4448: 4419: 4118:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3827:www.iranicaonline.org 3529:Martin van Bruinessen 3283:, composed mainly of 3090: 3086:Young Turk Revolution 3034:Further information: 2986:A strip of land from 2852: 2686: 2499: 2315:khalīfāt al-khulafā'ī 2308:In the 15th century, 2202: 2185: 2012:Among the Qizilbash, 1992: 1966:Ja'fari jurisprudence 1929: 1816:Ja'fari jurisprudence 1810:Muhammad II of Alamut 1784:Further information: 1667:Shia Islam portal 1293:Verse of purification 1140:Beliefs and practices 945:Shia Islam portal 380:Imamate of the Family 52: 30:For the surname, see 10562:15th century in Iran 10013:Ma malakat aymanukum 9588:Association football 8530:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya 8325:Al-Harith ibn Surayj 7515:Theology of Twelvers 7360:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi 6907:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal 6706:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 6105:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi 6095:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni 6080:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani 5900:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami 5865:Taqi al-Din al-Subki 5855:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi 5850:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5825:Abu al-Walid al-Baji 5491:Other related topics 5452:Ottoman–Persian Wars 5400:Ideology of Safavids 5094:Blow, David (2009). 5019:John Winter Crowfoot 4578:, Murray 1843, p. IX 4347:Encyclopædia Iranica 4323:, pp. 291, 536. 4231:Encyclopædia Iranica 4193:Encyclopædia Iranica 3693:"Abu'l-Ḵaṭṭāb Asadī" 3650:Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı 3395:, London 1951, 83)." 3391:(see A. S. Tritton, 2950:enemies of the state 2944:(1839–1842). During 2907:"a colony of Turks," 1980:in their conviction. 1833:Abdülbaki Gölpinarli 1589:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 1268:Mourning of Muharram 1198:Mourning of Muharram 1034:Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı 836:Reality of Certainty 512:Mourning of Muharram 390:Mourning of Muharram 27:Shia militant groups 10572:Islam-related slurs 8759:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez 8506:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī 8478:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya 8276:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī 7938:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah 7245:Other Salafi trends 7074:Musta'li Isma'ilism 6990:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya 6381:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr 6145:Anwar Shah Kashmiri 5795:Zakariyya al-Ansari 5472:Mughal–Persian Wars 5114:Bournoutian, George 4599:Library of Congress 4411:, 2009, 375 pages. 4190:Roger M. Savory in 4141:Savory, R. (2007). 4089:on 14 December 2014 3919:. Karachi: 181–191. 3609:khalifat al-khulafa 3429:, pp. 628–636. 3220:'red head' 3168:[ɡɯzɯɫˈbɑʃ] 3121:Javanshir Qizilbash 2688:Daud Khan Undiladze 2456:Battle of Chaldiran 2450:Battle of Chaldiran 2444:Battle of Ghazdewan 2399:, and had made the 1879:is highly regarded. 1806:Hassan II of Alamut 1604:Ruqayya bint Husayn 1511:Extinct Shi'a sects 1231:Days of remembrance 1218:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage 1213:The Four Companions 517:Arba'een Pilgrimage 10498:Quran and miracles 10412:Criticism of Islam 10126:Geometric patterns 9978:Gender segregation 9549:Non-denominational 9058:Other scholars of 8949:Islamic modernists 8923:Modernist Salafism 8579:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar 8538:Abdullah ibn Saba' 8473:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar 8358:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf 8346:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr 8337:Muhārīb ibn Dithār 8268:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī 7590:Astarabadi (Naimi) 7320:Abdullah al-Harari 7274:Muhammad bin Dawud 7207:Syed Nazeer Husain 6942:Tabsirat al-Adilla 6856:Al-Mansur al-Qasim 6691:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 6538:Syed Nazeer Husain 6461:Salafi Theologians 6213:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham 6185:Muhammad Abu Zahra 5970:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 5820:Abdul Qadir Gilani 5467:Persian–Uzbek wars 4254:Streusand, p. 148. 3760:Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri 3226:[kɯzɯɫbaʃ] 2891:Zaman Shah Durrani 2858: 2704: 2587:, the governor of 2502: 2263:divine inspiration 2236:Twelver Shia Islam 2227: 2225:, end of the 1680s 2192: 2157:families and clans 2119:Mahmud al-Kashgari 2018:Iranian Azerbaijan 2010: 2006:Commander-in-chief 1936: 1838:Iranian Azerbaijan 1424:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 1351:Branches and sects 1298:Two weighty things 780:Hadith collections 124:crimson headwear ( 86:Armenian highlands 55: 44:Kizilbash (suburb) 10549: 10548: 10515: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10483:Domestic violence 10473:Islamic terrorism 10468:Islamic extremism 10299: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10062: 9853:Marriage contract 9683: 9682: 9643:Political aspects 9430:Story of Prophets 9199:Prophets of Islam 9102: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9050: 9049: 8859:Muhammad Jaunpuri 8786: 8785: 8712:Sumāma ibn Ashras 8548: 8547: 8399:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî 8374: 8373: 8244:Gaylān ibn Marwān 8141: 8140: 7993: 7992: 7656:Abdallah al-Aftah 7472: 7471: 7385: 7384: 7369:Necmettin Erbakan 7211:Siddiq Hasan Khan 7175:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la 7109: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7083: 7082: 7023:Tajrid al-I'tiqad 7017:Tashih al-I'tiqad 6928:Al-Sawad al-A'zam 6864: 6863: 6846:Al-Qasim al-Rassi 6813:Idris Imad al-Din 6766:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 6741:Ruhollah Khomeini 6721:Zurarah ibn A'yan 6696:Sharif al-Murtaza 6684:Muhammad al-Mahdi 6669:Muhammad al-Jawad 6649:Muhammad al-Baqir 6550:Siddiq Hasan Khan 6526:Rabee al-Madkhali 6175:Murtada al-Zabidi 5950:Ibrahim al-Bajuri 5716: 5715: 5523: 5522: 5462:Russo-Persian War 5440:Military and wars 5431:School of Isfahan 5214:cite encyclopedia 4896:978-90-04-37898-8 4490:978-1-136-60317-4 4046:, xv, pp. 186–187 4029:978-1-78023-070-2 3944:, pp. 44–45. 3932:, pp. 43–44. 3862:978-0-415-61056-8 3598:(German original) 3285:Turkman tribesmen 3219: 3193: 3078: 3059: 3056:Caliph. In the 19 3047: 2990:in Romania until 2946:Abdur Rahman Khan 2923:Robert Henry Sale 2796: 2720:Ithnāʻashari Shia 2506:Şahkulu rebellion 2491:Muhammad Shaybani 2467:Sultan Bayezid II 2204:Persian miniature 2053:i.e. the Levant.) 1869:Abbasid Caliphate 1857:Umayyad Caliphate 1853:Abbasid Caliphate 1851:who assisted the 1701: 1700: 1634:Fatimah bint Asad 1599:Fatima bint Hasan 1328:Battle of Karbala 1026: 1013: 979: 978: 875:and jurisprudence 482:Nahy ani l-Munkar 322: 321: 106:early modern Iran 16:(Redirected from 10604: 10592:Shia communities 10539: 10538: 10531:Islam portal 10529: 10528: 10527: 10319: 10318: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10146:Medieval science 10089: 10088: 10079: 10073: 10072: 9730:Economic history 9713: 9712: 9689: 9688: 9675:Islam by country 9508:Bektashi Alevism 9156: 9155: 9147:Outline of Islam 9129: 9122: 9115: 9106: 9105: 8801: 8800: 8567: 8566: 8385: 8384: 8361:Nusayr ibn Yahyā 8343:Awn ibn Abdullāh 8330:Sa'id ibn Jubayr 8300:Ubayd al-Mūktaib 8166: 8165: 8010: 8009: 7979:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus 7948:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī 7917:Khashabiyya Shia 7853:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān 7811:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān 7594:Imadaddin Nasimi 7499: 7498: 7396: 7395: 7267:Salafi Modernism 7170:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 7137: 7136: 7128: 7127: 7115: 7114: 7011:Awail Al Maqalat 6893:Al-Baz al-Ashhab 6873: 6872: 6803:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 6758:Isma'ili Shi'ism 6746:Wilayat al-faqih 6726:Hisham ibn Hakam 6711:Allamah Al-Hilli 5935:Muhammad Mayyara 5727: 5726: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5565: 5564: 5557:Islamic theology 5550: 5543: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5503:Gunpowder Empire 5336: 5329: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5287: 5268: 5259: 5223: 5217: 5209: 5202:"Esmāʿīl Ṣafawī" 5196: 5177: 5156: 5137: 5109: 5090: 5071: 5026: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4927: 4916: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4809: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4718: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4641: 4617: 4611: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4453: 4430: 4424: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4368: 4362: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4321:Mikaberidze 2015 4318: 4312: 4309:Bournoutian 2002 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4138: 4132: 4116:M.J. McCaffrey, 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3992: 3986: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3799: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3737:. Archived from 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3666: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3546: 3540: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3415: 3402: 3396: 3384: 3378: 3370: 3359: 3348: 3347: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3294: 3288: 3278: 3270: 3251: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3214: 3204: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3178: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3147: 3126:Mirza Kalich Beg 3076: 3057: 3045: 2954: 2854:Afghan Qizilbash 2791: 2789: 2605: 2514:Koca Sinan Pasha 2397:Eastern Anatolia 2285:(Anatolia); the 1932:Sa'dabad Complex 1918:Some beliefs of 1906:The Twelve Imams 1865:Babak Khorramdin 1835: 1786:Mansur Al-Hallaj 1772:Imadaddin Nasimi 1693: 1686: 1679: 1665: 1664: 1644:Ruqayya bint Ali 1619:Fatima bint Musa 1133: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1031: 1025:romanized: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1012:romanized: 1011: 1009: 1000:Turkic shamanism 990:movement in the 984:secret societies 971: 964: 957: 943: 942: 846:Mafatih al-Jinan 831:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa 802:Tahdhib al-Ahkam 405:Wilayat al-Faqih 230: 229: 200: 199: 147: 141: 140: 135: 129: 102:Afsharid empires 32:Qizilbash (name) 21: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10545: 10525: 10523: 10507: 10429:Cultural Muslim 10400: 10367: 10323:Other religions 10313: 10309: 10291: 10226: 10193: 10140: 10083: 10081:Islamic studies 10077: 10059: 9893: 9838: 9815: 9762: 9707: 9706: 9679: 9628:Moral teachings 9571: 9553: 9527:Nation of Islam 9488:Twelver Shi'ism 9435: 9401:Religious texts 9395: 9313:Early conquests 9296: 9278: 9230: 9150: 9139: 9133: 9103: 9090: 9046: 9003: 8974:Ahmed Raza Khan 8955: 8909: 8899:Fethullah Gülen 8874:Nation of Islam 8795: 8792: 8782: 8725: 8702:Ahmad ibn Hābīt 8630: 8622: 8560: 8556: 8544: 8465:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā 8435: 8370: 8355:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb 8313: 8230: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8137: 8088: 8001: 7989: 7923: 7797: 7790: 7758:Hassan-i Sabbah 7641: 7633: 7505: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7468: 7433:Hasan al-Utrush 7381: 7347:Ahmed Raza Khan 7293: 7285: 7192:Dawud al-Zahiri 7143: 7122: 7101: 7079: 7028: 6975: 6935:Kitab al-Tawhid 6860: 6822: 6752: 6679:Hasan al-Askari 6654:Ja'far al-Sadiq 6616:Twelver Shi'ism 6610: 6582:Salafi Jihadism 6577:Osama bin Laden 6560:Safar Al-Hawali 6521:Saleh Al-Fawzan 6455: 6425: 6418:Sahib ibn Abbad 6413:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 6378:Ja'far ibn Harb 6343:Wasil ibn 'Ata' 6340: 6332: 6300: 6261:ī (Muqātilīyya) 6241: 6199: 6155:Shah Abdul Aziz 6028: 6020: 5974: 5960:Ahmad al-Dardir 5845:Ahmad al-Rifa'i 5733: 5712: 5684: 5656: 5623: 5584: 5583: 5559: 5554: 5524: 5519: 5486: 5482:Defensive walls 5435: 5409: 5383: 5367:Safavid dynasty 5345: 5340: 5284: 5230: 5228:Further reading 5211: 5210: 5193: 5174: 5153: 5134: 5106: 5087: 5068: 5034: 5032:General sources 5029: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4928: 4919: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4872: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4837: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4786:Iranian Studies 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4743: 4739: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4667: 4663: 4626:Iranian Studies 4618: 4614: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4569: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4460: 4456: 4431: 4427: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4369: 4365: 4359:Wayback Machine 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4243:Wayback Machine 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4205:Wayback Machine 4189: 4185: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4129:Wayback Machine 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3913:Islamic Studies 3909: 3905: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3802: 3779:Hallâc-ı Mansûr 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3647: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3590:; Brill, 2001; 3585: 3581: 3567: 3563: 3547: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3480:Iranian Studies 3472: 3468: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3403: 3399: 3385: 3381: 3368: 3362:Roger M. Savory 3360: 3351: 3344: 3328: 3324: 3309: 3295: 3291: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3236: 3232: 3221: 3173:Ottoman Turkish 3163: 3156:(Latin script: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3107: 3038: 3032: 3023: 2984: 2972: 2952: 2863: 2847: 2835:Mughal emperors 2764:Allahverdi Khan 2623:Peace of Amasya 2603: 2559: 2545:murshid-e kāmil 2458: 2452: 2271:morshed-e kamel 2197: 2180: 2020:who had helped 2014:Turcoman tribes 1987: 1863:, and secondly 1812: 1782: 1766:Main articles: 1764: 1697: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1584:Zaynab bint Ali 1564: 1556: 1555: 1526: 1516: 1515: 1429:Sulaymani Bohra 1353: 1343: 1342: 1313:Fatimah's house 1288: 1278: 1277: 1233: 1223: 1222: 1141: 1120: 1119: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1085:murshid-e kāmil 1042: 992:Sasanian Empire 981: 975: 937: 932: 931: 930: 915: 907: 906: 905: 891:The Infallibles 876: 864: 863: 862: 841:Nahj al-Balagha 813: 781: 773: 772: 771: 716: 708: 707: 706: 638: 630: 629: 628: 596: 588: 587: 586: 536: 528: 527: 526: 506: 505:Other practices 498: 497: 496: 477:Amr bi-l maʿrūf 441: 431: 430: 429: 374: 366: 365: 364: 334: 324: 323: 227: 216:Twelver Shi'ism 178: 114: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10610: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10587:Rebels by type 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10533: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10431: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10408: 10406: 10405:Related topics 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10327: 10325: 10315: 10314: 10301: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10277: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10095: 10085: 10084: 10069: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10038: 10036:Sources of law 10033: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10016: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9992: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9914: 9909: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9772: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9719: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9660:Social welfare 9657: 9652: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9445: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9405: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9323:Historiography 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9240: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9184: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9164: 9162: 9152: 9151: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9132: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9109: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9013: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8980: 8965: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8928:Muhammad Abduh 8919: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8809: 8807: 8798: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8771:Rashad Khalifa 8763: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8754:Muhammad Iqbal 8746: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8645: 8638: 8636: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8620: 8607: 8605:Bektashi Order 8598: 8589: 8575: 8573: 8564: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8454:Abu al-Khattab 8445: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8412:Abū Hulmān al- 8405: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8393: 8391: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8367:Amr ibn Murrah 8365: 8364:Ahmad ibn Hārb 8362: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8352:Salm ibn Sālem 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8284:Sāleh ibn Umar 8279: 8278: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8260:Gassān al-Kūfī 8255: 8254: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8174: 8172: 8163: 8143: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8109: 8107:Jābir ibn Zayd 8104: 8098: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8075: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8018: 8016: 8007: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7975:Tawussite Shia 7972: 7971: 7970: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7830: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7802: 7800: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7777: 7764: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7678: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7647: 7645: 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6879: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6738: 6736:Ja'far Sobhani 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6639:Husayn ibn Ali 6636: 6631: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6572:Salman al-Ouda 6569: 6568: 6567: 6565:Sahwa movement 6557: 6555:Zubair Ali Zai 6552: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6435: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6403:Al-Zamakhshari 6400: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6348: 6346: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6262: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6140:Ahmad Sirhindi 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6008: 6001:Malik ibn Anas 5998: 5987: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5765:Al-Shahrastani 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5299:(3): 364–391. 5288: 5283:978-9004440296 5282: 5269: 5260: 5242:(4): 743–758. 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5197: 5192:978-0801463129 5191: 5178: 5173:978-1442241466 5172: 5157: 5152:978-1850439301 5151: 5145:. I.B.Tauris. 5138: 5133:978-1568591414 5132: 5110: 5105:978-0857716767 5104: 5098:. I.B.Tauris. 5091: 5086:978-0520947573 5085: 5072: 5067:978-0300112542 5066: 5050: 5047:978-1595845672 5033: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5011: 5004: 4986: 4954: 4917: 4902: 4895: 4863: 4828: 4772: 4763: 4737: 4719: 4707: 4681:(3): 542–578. 4661: 4612: 4589: 4580: 4567: 4551: 4542: 4512: 4500: 4489: 4469: 4454: 4425: 4401:Stephen Tanner 4388: 4382:978-1845117450 4381: 4363: 4344:C. Fleischer, 4337: 4335:, p. 479. 4325: 4313: 4311:, p. 208. 4301: 4289: 4277: 4256: 4247: 4228:M. Köhbach in 4221: 4219:, p. 236. 4209: 4183: 4167: 4153: 4133: 4109: 4100: 4074: 4048: 4035: 4028: 4008: 3987: 3974: 3962: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3903: 3868: 3861: 3839: 3814: 3800: 3752: 3741:on 16 May 2018 3726: 3705: 3684: 3658: 3641: 3622: 3613: 3600: 3579: 3561: 3541: 3521: 3466: 3448: 3431: 3416: 3414:, pp. 101–107. 3397: 3379: 3349: 3343:978-1139491419 3342: 3322: 3308:978-0275987329 3307: 3289: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3230: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3103: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 2983: 2980: 2971: 2968: 2919:Florentia Sale 2862: 2859: 2846: 2843: 2648:Ottoman Empire 2606:) who was the 2574:Safavid Empire 2568:by appointing 2558: 2555: 2518:Sultan Selim I 2454:Main article: 2451: 2448: 2438:and commander 2432:Battle of Marv 2358:Farrukh Yassar 2331:Ottoman Empire 2261:. Concepts of 2208:Mo'en Mosavver 2196: 2193: 2179: 2176: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2102:, and others. 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2054: 2044: 2041: 2000:of the Safavi 1986: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1962: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1882:The Qizilbash 1880: 1841: 1763: 1760: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1681: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1649:Sayyida Nafisa 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1624:Hakimah Khātūn 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1419:Hebtiahs Bohra 1416: 1415: 1414: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1104: 1101: 1041: 1038: 986:, such as the 977: 976: 974: 973: 966: 959: 951: 948: 947: 934: 933: 929: 928: 923: 917: 916: 914:Related topics 913: 912: 909: 908: 904: 903: 898: 893: 884: 878: 877: 870: 869: 866: 865: 861: 860: 859: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 826:Bihar al-Anwar 823: 814: 812: 811: 810: 809: 804: 799: 794: 787:The Four Books 783: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 739: 734: 724: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 705: 704: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 646: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 627: 626: 621: 616: 615: 614: 609: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 525: 524: 519: 514: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 495: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 442: 437: 436: 433: 432: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 336: 335: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 254: 253: 246: 245: 244: 243: 238: 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 212: 211: 177: 174: 113: 110: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10609: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10542: 10534: 10532: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10444:Post-Islamism 10442: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10342: 10341:Protestantism 10339: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10306: 10302: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10184:Ophthalmology 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9932:Death penalty 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898:Other aspects 9896: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9882: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9738: 9737: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9702:Jurisprudence 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9441:Denominations 9438: 9432: 9431: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9254: 9253: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9226:Holiest sites 9224: 9222: 9221:Judgement Day 9219: 9217: 9216: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9123: 9118: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9009:Other beliefs 9006: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8983:Hilmi Tunahan 8981: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933:Muhammad Asad 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8843:Sabbatai Zevi 8841: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8789: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693:Ali al-Aswarī 8692: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8555: 8551: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8472: 8471: 8470:Muʿāmmarīyya 8469: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8155: 8148: 8144: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7986: 7985:Waqifite Shia 7983: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7910:Ishaq al-Turk 7908: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7668:Hamdan Qarmat 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7565:Safavid Islam 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7549:Sheikh Haydar 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7142: 7141:Ahl al-Hadith 7138: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6828:Zaydi Shi'ism 6825: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6659:Musa al-Kazim 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6644:Ali al-Sajjad 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634:Hasan ibn Ali 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6605:Post-Salafism 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6469:Ibn Taymiyyah 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6450:Mustadrakīyya 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Amr ibn Ubayd 6406: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5379:Grand viziers 5377: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5357:Safavid shahs 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054:Amanat, Abbas 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4870: 4868: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4835: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4734:. p. 98. 4733: 4726: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4593: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4563:Hobson-Jobson 4560: 4555: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4533:9781579807443 4530: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4483:. Routledge. 4482: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4446:9780810878150 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4417:9780306818264 4414: 4410: 4409:Da Capo Press 4406: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4298: 4297:Aslanian 2011 4293: 4287:, p. 66. 4286: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4156: 4154:9780521042512 4150: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4063:. 31 May 2013 4062: 4061:bloomberg.com 4058: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4012: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3967: 3956: 3953:Faruk Sümer, 3950: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3694: 3688: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3637: 3636:0-300-03499-7 3633: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3596:90-04-12048-3 3593: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3446:, p. 43. 3445: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3411:0-300-03499-7 3408: 3401: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3174: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3021:Syria/Lebanon 3018: 3016: 3011: 3010:(Deliorman). 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921:(wife of Sir 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2865:Qizilbash in 2856:lady in Kabul 2855: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2773:amir al-umarā 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2673: 2671: 2670:Qajar dynasty 2667: 2664:/ غِلْمَان / 2663: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2553:(followers). 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508:broke out in 2507: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422:to fight the 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267:reincarnation 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2248:Central Asian 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:Farrukh Yasar 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2189: 2184: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Shah Ismail I 1991: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1961:" sentiments. 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 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1290: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1263:Eid al-Ghadir 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052:. Apart from 1051: 1050:Safavid order 1047: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1017: 1016:sarkh jāmegān 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 972: 967: 965: 960: 958: 953: 952: 950: 949: 946: 941: 936: 935: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 911: 910: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 874: 868: 867: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 816: 815: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 792:Kitab al-Kafi 790: 789: 788: 785: 784: 777: 776: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 757:Seghatoleslam 755: 753: 750: 747: 743: 740: 738: 735: 732: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 712: 711: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 647: 645: 642: 641: 634: 633: 625: 622: 620: 617: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 603: 600: 599: 592: 591: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 532: 531: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 502: 501: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 440: 435: 434: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 373:Other beliefs 370: 369: 361: 360:Judgement Day 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 333: 328: 327: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 232: 231: 226: 221: 220: 217: 214: 213: 210: 206: 202: 201: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 173: 171: 167: 163: 162:Safavid order 159: 155: 154:Shaykh Haydar 151: 146: 134: 128: 123: 119: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 61: 57: 51: 45: 41: 37: 36:Safavid order 33: 19: 10456:Islamophobia 10331:Christianity 10279: 10212:Contemporary 10106:Architecture 10045: 10011: 9999: 9987: 9945: 9938: 9904: 9886: 9881:Nikah mut'ah 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9808: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9775: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9647: 9428: 9352: 9334: 9327: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236:Five Pillars 9213: 9179: 9168:God in Islam 9145: 8992:Other orders 8897: / 8890:Nur movement 8861: / 8818:Mirza Ghulam 8749:Tolu-e-Islam 8618:Galibi Order 8616: / 8601:Balım Sultan 8596:Babai revolt 8587:Qalandariyya 8585: / 8487:Mufaḍḍaliyya 8396:Jawārībīyya 8349:Umar ibn Zar 8318:Other Murjīs 8047:Bayhasīyyah 7964:Nuqta-yi Ula 7780:Pir Sadardin 7773: / 7687: / 7683: / 7600: / 7592: / 7579: / 7559: / 7555: / 7551: / 7543: 7408:Zayd ibn Ali 7358: / 7345: / 7296:Ilm al-Kalam 7209: / 7202:Ahl-i Hadith 7070:Umm al-kitab 7068: 7057: 7046: 7039: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6968: 6961: 6956:Fihi Ma Fihi 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6624:Twelve Imams 6543:Ahl-i Hadith 6474:Ibnul Qayyim 6354:(Nazzāmīyya) 5835:Ibn al-Jawzi 5775:Al-Taftazani 5750:Al-Baqillani 5343:Safavid Iran 5296: 5292: 5273: 5264: 5239: 5235: 5205: 5182: 5162: 5142: 5118: 5095: 5076: 5057: 5038: 5022: 5014: 4995: 4989: 4977:. Retrieved 4964: 4957: 4945:. Retrieved 4932: 4911: 4905: 4876: 4854:. Retrieved 4841: 4819:. Retrieved 4789: 4785: 4775: 4766: 4754:(44+2 vols.) 4750: 4740: 4731: 4698:. Retrieved 4678: 4674: 4664: 4632:(1/4): 5–8. 4629: 4625: 4615: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4570: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4515: 4503: 4494: 4479: 4472: 4463: 4457: 4449: 4428: 4420: 4405:Philadelphia 4391: 4372: 4366: 4345: 4340: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4299:, p. 1. 4292: 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4259: 4250: 4229: 4224: 4217:Rothman 2015 4212: 4191: 4186: 4176: 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4143: 4136: 4112: 4103: 4091:. Retrieved 4087:the original 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4060: 4051: 4043: 4038: 4018: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3990: 3977: 3959:(in Turkish) 3954: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3884:(1): 71–94. 3881: 3877: 3871: 3848: 3842: 3830:. Retrieved 3826: 3817: 3763: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3739:the original 3729: 3717:. Retrieved 3708: 3696:. Retrieved 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3644: 3630: 3625: 3616: 3608: 3603: 3587: 3582: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3544: 3532: 3524: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3382: 3372: 3365: 3332: 3325: 3298: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3243: 3233: 3145: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3049: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3012: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2935: 2930: 2927:Vincent Eyre 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2887:Durrani rule 2864: 2831:Afghan crown 2803: 2798: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2730: 2715: 2708:Shah Abbas I 2705: 2691: 2674: 2665: 2659: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2582: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2526: 2503: 2459: 2440:Najm-e Thani 2435: 2420:Transoxiania 2417: 2403:kingdoms of 2370: 2340:(Anatolia), 2335: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2270: 2252: 2228: 2218: 2188:Jean Chardin 2170: 2166: 2160: 2123: 2106: 2104: 2077: 2029: 2011: 2001: 1883: 1813: 1802:Babai revolt 1768:Qalandariyya 1743: 1739: 1733: 1723: 1712: 1702: 1594:Umm al-Banin 1498: 1323:Second Fitna 1203:Intercession 1193:Judgment Day 1096: 1092: 1084: 1074: 1043: 1040:Organization 980: 762:Hojatoleslam 700:Ni'matullāhī 675:Qalandariyya 654: 522:Intercession 410:Usul al-fiqh 395:Intercession 251:Twelve Imams 179: 150:Twelve Imams 145:Tāj-e Ḥaydar 117: 115: 63: 59: 58: 56: 10231:Other areas 10222:Theological 10217:Eschatology 10174:Mathematics 10111:Calligraphy 10041:Theological 9995:Inheritance 9912:Cleanliness 9342:Shi'a Imams 9336:Ahl al-Bayt 8943:Rashid Rida 8791:Independent 8776:Edip Yüksel 8739:Ahle Qur'an 8690:Nazzāmīyya 8687:Ikhshīdiyya 8674:Huzaylīyya 8665:Bahshamiyya 8641:Mā’marīyya 8633:Rationalism 8583:Malamatiyya 8503:Mānsūrīyya 8449:Khaṭṭābiyya 8380:Mu'shabbiha 8340:Sābit Kutna 8273:Sawbānīyya 8257:Gassānīyya 8241:Gaylānīyya 8235:Other sects 8030:Sa'labīyyah 8027:Maymunīyyah 8004:Arbitration 7886:Khurramites 7850:Sam‘ānīyya 7623:Bābā Rexheb 7553:Shah Ismail 7373:Millî Görüş 7291:Ahl ar-Ra'y 7233:Al-Uthaymin 7154:Kullabiyya 7132:Sunni Islam 7033:Independent 6877:Sunni books 6701:Shaykh Tusi 6674:Ali al-Hadi 6664:Ali al-Rida 6601:Yasir Qadhi 6506:Al-Uthaymin 6496:Rashid Rida 6491:Al-Shawkani 6387:(Jāhizīyya) 6372:(Jubbāīyya) 6276:Jawālikīyya 6130:Ali al-Qari 6045:Al-Sarakhsi 6031:Al-Maturidi 5905:Al-Sha'rani 5885:Ibn Khaldun 5760:Al-Qushayri 5722:Theologians 5703:Metaphysics 5609:Eschatology 5576:Theologians 4807:11693/53335 4525:Baton Rouge 4160:10 December 4093:10 December 4067:10 December 4001:16 December 3942:Amanat 2017 3930:Amanat 2017 3783:Darağacında 3745:15 February 3719:15 February 3714:"Ḵaṭṭābiya" 3698:15 February 3620:Momen, 1985 3444:Amanat 2017 3150:Azerbaijani 2896:Afghanistan 2867:Afghanistan 2861:Afghanistan 2735:Circassians 2652:Janissaries 2635:Circassians 2385:Mesopotamia 2375:, southern 2289:from Sham ( 2259:urban areas 2250:ancestors. 2244:shamanistic 2242:beliefs to 2240:Zoroastrian 2212:Shirvanshah 2206:created by 2163:V. Minorsky 2024:defeat the 1985:Composition 1873:al-Mu'tasim 1524:Ahl al-Kisa 1439:Qutbi Bohra 1434:Alavi Bohra 1412:Progressive 1338:Persecution 1318:First Fitna 1273:Omar Koshan 1258:Eid al-Adha 1253:Eid al-Fitr 1156:Prophethood 1008:سرخ‌ جامگان 996:Khurramites 871:Sources of 807:Al-Istibsar 715:Scholarship 670:Malamatiyya 648:Sufism and 535:Holy cities 400:Occultation 350:Prophethood 189:, Ustajlu, 183:Azerbaijani 10556:Categories 10386:Ex-Muslims 10281:Shu'ubiyya 10275:Psychology 10263:Literature 10253:Inventions 10199:Philosophy 10007:Leadership 9983:Honorifics 9638:Philosophy 9493:Isma'ilism 9458:Maturidism 9347:Caliphates 9318:Golden Age 9209:Revelation 8987:Süleymancı 8895:Said Nursî 8854:Mahdavīyya 8805:Messianism 8709:Sumamīyya 8699:Hābītīyya 8592:Baba Ishak 8534:Saba'īyya 8521:Mukhāmmīsa 8512:Mughīrīyya 8499:Ghurābīyya 8461:Bāzīghiyya 8429:Bārāq Bābā 8408:Hulmānīyya 8305:Ziyādīyya 8297:Ubaydīyya 8289:Shamrīyya 8281:Sālehīyya 8265:Tūmanīyya 8249:Yūnusīyya 8210:Sauwāqīyya 8186:Hakāiqīyya 8170:Karrāmīyya 8160:Hanafiyyah 8014:Kharijites 7952:Nuktawiyya 7903:al-Muqanna 7881:Muḥammirah 7869:Abu Muslim 7865:Rezāmīyya 7840:Hārithīyya 7832:Janāhiyya 7822:Hashimiyya 7796:Kaysanites 7743:Badakhshan 7676:Qarmatians 7663:Batiniyyah 7643:Isma'ilism 7614:Demir Bābā 7609:Baktāshism 7602:Bektashism 7581:ibn Nusayr 7577:al-Khaṣībī 7561:Kul Nesîmî 7557:Pir Sultan 7462:Khalafiyya 7457:Dukayniyya 7391:Shia Islam 7333:Maturidism 7255:Madkhalism 7158:Ibn Kullab 6981:Shia books 6531:Madkhalism 6431:Najjārīyya 6321:al-Qībtī ( 6295:Karramiyya 6291:Ibn Karram 6247:Mu'jassimā 6135:Al-Maydani 6125:Ali Qushji 6050:Al-Bazdawi 6026:Maturidism 6011:Al-Shafi'i 5880:Al-Baydawi 5840:Qadi Ayyad 5815:Ibn Tumart 5770:Al-Ghazali 5755:Al-Juwayni 5745:Al-Bayhaqi 5736:al-Ash'ari 5708:Philosophy 5629:Philosophy 5005:097212313X 4747:"KIZILBAŞ" 4559:Henry Yule 4399:. Author: 3671:"Bāṭenīya" 3486:(4): 569. 3366:Kizil-Bash 3242:, meaning 2959:majority. 2909:who spoke 2883:Nadir Shah 2827:Nader Shah 2779:Sipahsālār 2690:, Safavid 2666:"servants" 2601:Div Soltān 2471:Asia Minor 2413:Ak Koyunlu 2362:Aq Qoyunlu 2344:, and the 2338:Asia Minor 2255:messianism 2195:Beginnings 2117:historian 2115:Karakhanid 2026:Aq Qoyunlu 1978:Isma'ilism 1959:Isma'ilism 1955:Qarmatians 1849:Abu Muslim 1824:Kaysanites 1798:Baba Ishak 1794:Qarmatians 1579:Umm Salama 1563:Holy women 1151:Holy Books 1146:Monotheism 1122:Shia Islam 1097:nāsufigari 1029:muḥammirah 1019:, Arabic: 685:Bektashism 340:Monotheism 332:Principles 209:Shia Islam 78:Azerbaijan 10503:Symbolism 10461:Incidents 10439:Criticism 10336:Mormonism 10238:Astrology 10164:Cosmology 10159:Astronomy 10101:Arabesque 9968:Etiquette 9927:Blasphemy 9717:Economics 9532:Ahmadiyya 9466:Mu'tazili 9454:Ash'arism 8915:Modernism 8847:Sabbatean 8835:Kabbalist 8813:Ahmadiyya 8744:Kala Kato 8717:Kā‘bīyya 8648:Bishriyya 8628:Muʿtazila 8561:al-Juhani 8554:Qadariyah 8424:Kalandars 8404:Hāshwīyya 8292:Abū Shamr 8225:Zarībīyya 8222:Wāhidīyya 8213:Sūramīyya 8207:Razīnīyya 8183:Dhīmmīyya 8152:Hasan ibn 8126:Wahbiyyah 8073:Abu Qurra 7999:Muhakkima 7943:Hurufiyya 7930:Mahdiists 7845:Riyāhīyya 7826:Hārbīyya 7767:Aga Khans 7762:Assassins 7725:Sulaymani 7689:ad-Darazi 7627:Hārābātīs 7544:Qizilbash 7537:Shaykhism 7413:Jarudiyya 7324:Al-Ahbash 7305:Ash'arism 7238:Al-Albani 7218:Wahhabism 7063:Ahmadiyya 7004:Al-Khisal 6914:Al-Irshad 6869:Key books 6516:Al-Albani 6484:Wahhabism 6338:Mu'tazila 6327:Qadariyah 6205:Mu'attila 6120:Ibn Kemal 6115:Khidr Bey 5995:Hanafiyah 5930:Al-Bahūtī 5925:Ibn Ashir 5890:Ibn Arafa 5785:Ibn Furak 5780:Al-Maziri 5731:Ash'arism 5698:Cosmology 5675:Cosmology 5670:Astronomy 5642:Education 5426:Miniature 5395:Safaviyya 5256:236547130 4816:204476564 4648:0021-0862 4604:Qizilbash 4285:Blow 2009 3898:161679360 3878:Der Islam 3775:Rebellion 3765:En-el Hak 3669:Halm, H. 3576:"Alevism" 3516:161700244 3500:0021-0862 3317:230345942 3281:Qizilbash 3258:Citations 3190:romanized 3098:Kızılbaşi 3015:Bektashis 3008:Ludogorie 2976:Shah Safi 2807:Georgians 2801:) noble. 2743:Armenians 2739:Georgians 2706:In 1588, 2643:Armenians 2639:Georgians 2585:Tahmasp I 2578:Tahmasp I 2566:Turcomans 2479:Kurdistan 2428:Samarkand 2100:Shahsevan 2030:Qizilbash 1974:Batiniyya 1943:Batiniyya 1920:shamanism 1902:Muʿtazila 1898:Qarmatian 1894:batiniyya 1861:al-Mansur 1705:heterodox 1614:Shahrbanu 1499:Qizilbash 1093:pir–murid 1054:Turkomans 896:Consensus 742:Ayatollah 660:Safaviyya 655:Qizilbash 577:Kadhimiya 567:Jerusalem 439:Practices 310:al-Askari 275:al-Sajjad 160:) of the 112:Etymology 94:Kurdistan 64:Kizilbash 60:Qizilbash 18:Kizilbash 10541:Category 10434:Islamism 10417:Muhammad 10373:Apostasy 10348:Hinduism 10248:Feminism 10179:Medicine 10019:Military 9973:Gambling 9922:Apostasy 9917:Criminal 9829:Marriage 9798:Tayammum 9750:Murabaha 9623:Madrasas 9613:Holidays 9603:Clothing 9598:Children 9593:Calendar 9544:Quranism 9498:Alawites 9462:Atharism 9353:Rashidun 9192:In Islam 9187:Muhammad 9032:Tawakkul 8999:Tawassul 8961:Taṣawwuf 8883:doctrine 8731:Quranism 8525:Namiriya 8154:Muḥāmmad 8147:Murji'ah 7861:Rawendis 7784:Satpanth 7705:Musta'li 7700:Fatimids 7598:Hurufism 7585:Alawites 7490:Sects in 7482:Mahdiist 7418:Batriyya 7364:Deobandi 7315:Shafi'is 7250:Jihadism 7197:Salafism 7165:Hanbalis 7146:Atharism 7059:Malfūzāt 6997:Al-Amali 6594:Hazimism 6306:Murji'ah 6230:Jahmīyya 6218:Mu'jbira 5810:Ibn Aqil 5116:(2002). 5056:(2017). 4695:25651184 4355:Archived 4270:15 April 4239:Archived 4201:Archived 4125:Archived 3772:Anal Haq 3677:4 August 3639:, p. 397 3508:24482868 3211:kızılbaş 3202:qezelbāš 3196:qizilbāš 3177:قزيل باش 3159:qızılbaş 3154:قیزیلباش 3131:Nosairis 3111:Aleviler 3105:See also 3094:kızılbaş 3082:Tanzimat 3070:Kızılbaş 3066:Kızılbaş 3054:Rashidun 3000:Silistre 2992:Dimetoka 2875:Kandahar 2823:Kandahar 2788:سپهسالار 2760:Georgian 2696:Karabakh 2678:attacked 2627:Caucasus 2619:Ottomans 2608:de facto 2570:Iranians 2562:Ismail I 2547:and his 2401:Georgian 2393:Khorasan 2377:Dagestan 2350:Erzincan 2346:Caucasus 2295:Caucasus 2190:'s book. 2153:certain 2146:certain 2057:Dulkadir 2022:Ismail I 1970:Alawites 1947:Hurufism 1877:Ismail I 1855:to beat 1776:Hurufism 1730:al-Hilli 1719:Twelvers 1709:Ismail I 1531:Muhammad 1487:Bektashi 1463:Satpanth 1397:Musta'li 1392:Isma'ili 1303:Mubahala 1243:Arba'een 1114:a series 1112:Part of 1089:padishah 1066:Persians 856:Al-Amali 680:Hurufism 644:Alawites 315:al-Mahdi 290:al-Kazim 285:al-Sadiq 280:al-Baqir 236:Muhammad 205:a series 203:Part of 139:تاج حیدر 118:Kızılbaş 90:Caucasus 82:Anatolia 74:militant 68:Turkoman 10488:Nursing 10449:Qutbism 10363:Sikhism 10358:Judaism 10353:Jainism 10189:Physics 10136:Pottery 10121:Gardens 10116:Carpets 10031:Slavery 9953:Divorce 9940:Dhabiĥa 9768:Hygiene 9743:Takaful 9725:Banking 9655:Science 9649:Qurbani 9618:Mosques 9578:Animals 9567:Culture 9515:Zaydism 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