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battlefield like stones" until the "infidels" were defeated and driven towards Khotan by Yusuf Qadir Khan and the four Imams. The imams however were assassinated by the
Buddhists prior to the last Muslim victory. Despite their foreign origins, they are viewed as local saints by the current Muslim population in the region. In 1006, the Muslim Kara-Khanid ruler Yusuf Kadir (Qadir) Khan of Kashgar conquered Khotan, ending Khotan's existence as an independent Buddhist state. Some communications between Khotan and Song China continued intermittently, but it was noted in 1063 in a Song source that the ruler of Khotan referred to himself as kara-khan, indicating dominance of the Karakhanids over Khotan.
988:. These two rivers produce vast quantities of water, which made habitation possible in an otherwise arid climate. The location next to the mountain not only allowed irrigation for crops but also increased the fertility of the land, as the rivers reduced the gradient and deposited sediment on their banks, creating a more fertile soil. This more fertile soil increased the agricultural productivity that made Khotan famous for its cereal crops and fruit. Therefore, Khotan's lifeline was its proximity to the Kunlun mountain range, and without it Khotan would not have become one of the largest and most successful oasis cities along the Silk Roads.
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Most of the soldiers of
Alexander the Great who stayed in Persia, India and central Asia had married local women, thus their leading generals were mostly Greeks from their father's side or had Greco-Macedonian grandfathers. Antiochos had a Persian mother, and all the later Indo-Greeks or Greco-Bactrians were revered in the population as locals, as they used both Greek and Bactrian scripts on their coins and worshipped the local gods. The DNA testing of the Sampul cemetery shows that the occupants had paternal origins in the eastern part of the Mediterranean
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1140:. Others however argued that the legend of the founding of Khotan is a fiction as it ignores the Iranian population, and that its purpose was to explain the Indian and Chinese influences that were present in Khotan in the 7th century AD. By Xuanzang's account, it was believed that the royal power had been transmitted unbroken since the founding of Khotan, and evidence indicates that the kings of Khotan had used an Iranian-based word as their title since at least the 3rd century AD, suggesting that they may be speakers of an Iranian language.
2963:
token of his allegiance to the
Chinese emperor. The request was granted, and an ambassador was sent to the Chinese court to escort the Chinese princess to Khotan. He advised the princess that she would need to bring silkworms and mulberry seeds in order to make herself robes in Khotan and to make the people prosperous. The princess concealed silkworm eggs and mulberry seeds in her headdress and smuggled them through the Chinese frontier. According to his text, silkworm eggs, mulberry trees and weaving techniques passed from Khotan to
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1867:), portrayed himself as a Chinese emperor in portraiture, used Chinese-style imperial edicts signed with the character chi 勑 ("edict", in imitation of the Tang and Song dynasties' edicts), and used a seal inscribed "Han Son of Heaven of great Khotan" (大于闐漢天子). Viśa' Saṃbhava married the daughter of Cao Yijin, the ruler of the Guiyi Circuit. Cao Yijin's grandson, Cao Yanlu, married the third daughter of Viśa' Saṃbhava.
363:. Despite being a significant city on the silk road as well as a notable source of jade for ancient China, Khotan itself is relatively small – the circumference of the ancient city of Khotan at Yōtkan was about 2.5 to 3.2 km (1.5 to 2 miles). Much of the archaeological evidence of the ancient city of Khotan however had been obliterated due to centuries of treasure hunting by local people.
1576:...Attempts have accordingly been made to explain it as Iranian, and this is of some importance historically. My own preference is for an explanation connecting it semantically with the name Saka, for the Iranian inhabitants of Khotan spoke a language closely related to that used by the used by the Sakas in the north-west of India from the first century B.C. onwards.
1656:) in Kam-śeṅ was acting as pious friend, through being inspired with faith, built the vihāra of Sru-ño. Originally, King Kanika, the king of Gu-zar and the Li ruler, King Vijaya Krīti, and others led an army into India, and when they captured the city called So-ked , King Vijaya Krīti obtained many relics and put them in the stūpa of Sru-ño.
1416:), near Khotan may indicate a settled Saka population in the last quarter of the first millennium BC, although some have suggested they may not have moved there until after the founding of the city. The Saka may have inhabited other parts of the Tarim Basin earlier – presence of a people believed to be Saka had been found in the
1552:, "implies an established connection between the Iranian inhabitants and the royal power," according to the late Professor of Iranian Studies Ronald E. Emmerick (d. 2001). He contended that Khotanese-Saka-language royal rescripts of Khotan dated to the 10th century "makes it likely that the ruler of Khotan was a speaker of
414:. From the 3rd century onwards they also had a visible linguistic influence on the Gāndhārī language spoken at the royal court of Khotan. The Khotanese Saka language was also recognized as an official court language by the 10th century and used by the Khotanese rulers for administrative documentation.
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The kings (or soldiers) of the Sampul cemetery came from various origins, composing as they did a homogeneous army made of
Hellenized Persians, western Scythians, or Sacae Iranians from their mother's side, just as were most of the second generation of Greeks colonists living in the Seleucid Empire.
2270:
to Islam in 934. Satuq Bughra Khan and later his son Musa directed endeavors to proselytize Islam among the Turks and engage in military conquests, and a long war ensued between
Islamic Kashgar and Buddhist Khotan. Satuq Bughra Khan's nephew or grandson Ali Arslan was said to have been killed during
2999:
Khotan, throughout and before the Silk Roads period, was a prominent trading oasis on the southern route of the Tarim Basin – the only major oasis "on the sole water course to cross the desert from the south". Aside from the geographical location of the towns of Khotan it was also important for its
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Xuanzang also praised the culture of Khotan, commenting that its people "love to study literature", and said "usic is much practiced in the country, and men love song and dance." The "urbanity" of the Khotan people is also mentioned in their dress, that of 'light silks and white clothes' as opposed
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seeds and
Chinese know-how - the three crucial components of silk production. The Chinese court had strict rules against these items leaving China, to maintain the Chinese monopoly on silk manufacture. Xuanzang wrote that the King of Khotan asked for the hand of a Chinese princess in marriage as a
2722:
The kingdom was one of the major centres of
Buddhism, and up until the 11th century, the vast majority of the population was Buddhist. Initially, the people of the kingdom were not Buddhist, and Buddhism was said to have been adopted in the reign of Vijayasambhava in the first century BC, some 170
2286:
probably based on an older oral tradition. It contains a story about four Imams from Mada'in city (possibly in modern-day Iraq) who helped the
Qarakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan, Yarkand, and Kashgar. There were years of battles where "blood flows like the Oxus", "heads litter the
1763:
went to Khotan, he was received by the King with minimal courtesy. The soothsayer to the King suggested that he should demand the horse of Ban, and Ban killed the soothsayer on the spot. The King, impressed by Ban's action, then killed the
Xiongnu agent in Khotan and offered his allegiance to Han.
1245:
Ye-u-la was succeeded by his son Vijita Saṃbhava, with whom begins a long series of Khotan kings all begin with Vijita. If there is any truth in the
Chinese statement that Wei-chi or Vijita was the family name of the kings, it is of interest to note that this 'Vijita' dynasty, according to the
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to the north of the Himalayas, where they settled in Khotan and elected one of their members as king. However war then ensued with another group from China whose leader then took over as king, and the two colonies merged. In a different version, it was Kunãla himself who was exiled and founded
1727:, Xiumo Ba, a Khotanese general, rebelled against Suoju (Yarkand), and made himself king of Yutian (in 60 AD). On the death of Xiumo Ba, Guangde, son of his elder brother, assumed power and then (in 61 AD) defeated Suoju (Yarkand). His kingdom became very prosperous after this. From Jingjue (
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According to Kashgari who wrote in the 11th century, the inhabitants of Khotan still spoke a different language and did not know the Turkic language well. It is however believed that the Turkic languages became the lingua franca throughout the Tarim Basin by the end of the 11th century.
1845:. The Buddhist entitites of Dunhuang and Khotan had a tight-knit partnership, with intermarriage between Dunhuang and Khotan's rulers. Dunhuang's Mogao grottos and Buddhist temples were also funded and sponsored by the Khotan royals, whose likenesses were drawn in the Mogao grottoes.
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1103:
There are four versions of the legend of the founding of Khotan. It is important to note that these legends were not contemporary or primary accounts. They were written centuries after the kingdom was founded." These may be found in accounts given by the Chinese pilgrim
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132: The Chinese sent the king of Kashgar, Chenpan, who with 20,000 men, attacked and defeated Khotan. He beheaded several hundred people, and released his soldiers to plunder freely. He replaced the king by installing Chengguo from the family of Xing, and then he
2527:) succeeds Fudu Da (Vijaya Vāhana) and begins persecution of Buddhists. Khotanese Buddhist monks flee to Tibet, where they are given refuge by the Chinese wife of King Mes ag tshoms. Soon after, the queen died in a smallpox epidemic and the monks had to flee to
1873:
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The country is prosperous and the people are numerous; without exception they have faith in the Dharma and they entertain one another with religious music. The community of monks numbers several tens of thousands and they belong mostly to the Mahayana.
3029:, described in the book as Yuzhi 禺氏, or Niuzhi 牛氏, supplied jade to the Chinese. It would seem, from secondary sources, the prevalence of jade from Khotan in ancient Chinese is due to its quality and the relative lack of such jade elsewhere.
2266:(Muslim). During the latter part of the tenth century, Khotan became engaged in a struggle against the Kara-Khanid Khanate. The Islamic conquests of the Buddhist cities east of Kashgar began with the conversion of the Karakhanid
2455:, Xing. He installed his son as the king of Keriya. Then he sent an envoy to offer tribute to Han. The Emperor pardoned the crime of the king of Khotan, ordering him to hand back the kingdom of Keriya. Fangqian refused.
1759:, who during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han (57-75 AD) invaded Khotan and forced the Khotanese court to pay them large annual amounts of tribute in the form of silk and tapestries. When the Han military officer
1927:
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c.56: Xian, the powerful and prosperous king of Yarkent, attacked and annexed Khotan. He transferred Yulin, its king, to become the king of Ligui, and set up his younger brother, Weishi, as king of Khotan.
1777:
The main centre of the kingdom of Yutian (Khotan) is the town of Xicheng ("Western Town", Yotkan). It is 5,300 li (c.2,204 km) from the residence of the Senior Clerk , and 11,700 li (c.4,865 km) from
6358:
Histoire de la ville de Khotan: tirée des annales de la chine et traduite du chinois; Suivie de Recherches sur la substance minérale appelée par les Chinois PIERRE DE IU, et sur le Jaspe des anciens
2819:
of Maḥmūd-Karam Kābolī, it is recorded that Khotan was governed by a Christian ruler in the middle of the 12th century. Despite being a source of dubious historical value, this statement of the
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who describes the covert transfer of silkworms to Khotan by a Chinese princess. Xuanzang, on his return from India between 640 and 645, crossed Central Asia passing through the kingdoms of
4228:
Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp 5-8
1260:
was introduced into Khotan in the fifth year of Vijita Saṃbhava. Eleven kings followed, and then came Vijita Dharma who was a powerful ruler and always engaged in war. Later, he became a
1159:, and together with the founding legend of Khotan, Stein proposed that these people in the Tarim Basin were Indian immigrants from Taxila who conquered and colonized Khotan. The use of
3580:"Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang"
2815:
churches within the kingdom's territory in the mid 5th–11th century, one inside the city of Khotan and one outside the city. A Christian cemetery has also been found in Khotan. In the
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were used in cultural exchange. A number of Buddhist monks who played an important role in the transmission of Buddhism in China had their origins in Khotan including Śikṣānanda and
3813:
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eggs hidden in her hair when she was sent to marry the Khotanese king. This probably took place in the first half of the 1st century AD but is disputed by a number of scholars.
2885:
Despite scant information on the socio-political structures of Khotan, the shared geography of the Tarim city-states and similarities in archaeological findings throughout the
1863:(emperor) in Khotan's Chinese language court documents, and dressed in hats and robes of Chinese style. His son, Viśa' Śūra, used the combined title, "king of kings of China" (
6545:
A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline
5194:
A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline
2275:
from the Kara-Khanids in 970, and according to Chinese accounts, the King of Khotan offered to send in tribute to the Chinese court a dancing elephant captured from Kashgar.
1108:
and in Tibetan translations of Khotanese documents. All four versions suggest that the city was founded around the third century BC by a group of Indians during the reign of
1067:
people. Jade from Khotan had been traded into China for a long time before the founding of the city, as indicated by items made of jade from Khotan found in tombs from the
5940:
Chengzhi, Xie; Chunxiang, Li; Yinqiu, Cui; Dawei, Cai; Haijing, Wang; Hong, Zhu; Hui, Zhou (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang".
3003:
There has been a long history of trade of jade from Khotan to China. Jade pieces from the Tarim Basin have been found in Chinese archaeological sites. Chinese carvers in
6043:
For another publication calling her "Sogdian", see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
2510:
725: Yuchi Tiao (Vijaya Dharma III) is beheaded by the Chinese for conspiring with the Turks. Yuchi Fushizhan (Vijaya Sambhava II) is placed on the throne by the Chinese.
969:
The geographical position of the oasis was the main factor in its success and wealth. To its north is one of the most arid and desolate desert climates on the earth, the
6120:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687.
5996:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27 & footnote #46, ISSN 2157-9687.
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The legend suggests that Khotan was settled by people from northwest India and China, and may explain the division of Khotan into an eastern and western city since the
2572:
971: A Buddhist priest (Jixiang) brings a letter from the king of Khotan to the Chinese emperor offering to send a dancing elephant which he had captured from Kashgar.
256:
231:
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5457:
6437:
Compareti, Matteo (2015). "Armenian Pre-Christian Divinities: Some Evidence from the History of Art and Archaeological Investigation". In Asatrian, Garnik (ed.).
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1826:
The Tibetans later defeated the Chinese and took control of the Four Garrisons. Khotan was first taken in 665, and the Khotanese helped the Tibetans to conquer
8442:
2465:
151: Jian, the king of Khotan, was killed by Han chief clerk Wang Jing, who was in turn killed by Khotanese. Anguo, the son of Jian, was placed on the throne.
1199:. One suggestion is therefore that the early migrants to the region may have been an ethnically mixed people from the city of Taxila led by a Greco-Saka or an
1743:) had also begun to prosper. From then on, these two kingdoms were the only major ones on the Southern Route in the whole region to the east of the Congling (
4079:
4100:
2385:
The foundation of Khotan occurred when Kushtana, said to be a son of Ashoka, the Indian emperor belonging to the Maurya Empire settled there about 224 BC.
5970:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, pp 15-16, ISSN 2157-9687.
1855:, who used the Chinese name Li Shengtian and claimed to a descendant of the Tang dynasty imperial family. While using the Indic-style title "lion king" (
1275:
Vijita Dharma was followed on the throne by his son Vijita Siṃha, and the latter by his son Vijita-Kīrti. Vijita-Kīrti is said to have carried war into
4376:
China in central Asia : the early stage, 125 B.C.-A.D. 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of The history of the former Han dynasty
3041:
5983:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 27, ISSN 2157-9687.
4418:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 22, ISSN 2157-9687.
3834:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 26, ISSN 2157-9687.
6047:, No. 230, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 4, ISSN 2157-9687.
5031:
1238:. But Kustana's son Ye-u-la, who is said to have founded the capital of the kingdom is most probably identical with the king Yü-Lin mentioned in the
4485:
The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages
3934:
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 1 Later Han, Three Kingdoms and Western Chin in China and Bactria to Shan-shan in Central Asia
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3958:
1284:
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3315:
If this is correct, and if modern dating of the beginning of Kanishka's era in 127 AD, this must have happened at about this date - just before
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and Chahai had been carving ring-shaped pendants "from greenish jade from Khotan as early as 5000 BC". The hundreds of jade pieces found in the
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5729:
5612:
5580:
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6268:
4901:
Die Geschichte des uigurischen Manichäismus an der Seidenstrasse: Forschungen zu manichäischen Quellen und ihrem geschichtlichen Hintergrund
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1956:
1948:
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674: King Fudu Xiong (Vijaya Sangrāma IV), his family and followers flee to China after fighting the Tibetans. They are unable to return.
1652:
Afterwards king Vijaya Krīti, for whom a manifestation of the Ārya Mañjuśrī, the Arhat called Spyi-pri who was propagating the religion (
5518:
7871:
6459:
3511:
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1714:
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2933:. The legend, repeated in many sources, and illustrated in murals discovered by archaeologists, is that a Chinese princess brought
2290:
It has been suggested Buddhists in Dunhuang, alarmed by the conquest of Khotan and ending of Buddhism there, sealed Cave 17 of the
2216:
940:
8437:
8305:
6960:
6464:
3985:
3966:
3945:
Xavier Tremblay, "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century," in
1680:
6504:
2775:-dominated kingdom on the opposite side of the desert. Faxian's account of the city states it had fourteen large and many small
1672:, covering the period from 125 BC to 23 AD, Khotan had 3,300 households, 19,300 individuals and 2,400 people able to bear arms.
8457:
8191:
5569:(History of Civilisations of Central Asia: Vol III, The Crossroads of Civilisations: A.D.250-750 ed.). Paris. p. 284.
2992:
1816:
1487:
in 177-176 BC. In turn the Yuezhi were responsible for attacking and pushing the Sai (i.e. Saka) south. The Saka crossed the
6116:"; see Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
5786:(2001a). "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies".
3481:
2747:, it has also been suggested that Buddhism may not have been adopted in the region until the middle of the second century AD.
1420:
region at Yumulak Kum (Djoumboulak Koum, Yuansha) around 200 km east of Khotan, possibly as early as the 7th century BC.
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4144:, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, p. 13.
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for paid copy of original version. Updated version of this article is available for free download (with registration) at:
8263:
8146:
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61: Khotan defeats Yarkand. Khotan becomes very powerful after this and 13 kingdoms submitted to Khotan, which now, with
1588:(east of Kashgar). Similar documents in the Khotanese-Saka language dating mostly to the 10th century have been found in
8447:
8141:
7142:
6588:
5992:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
5979:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
5966:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
4414:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
3830:
Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012), "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)," in Victor H. Mair (ed),
3273:
6685:
Martini, G. (2011). "Mahāmaitrī in a Mahāyāna Sūtra in Khotanese - Continuity and Innovation in Buddhist Meditation",
1793:
1711:. The town grew very quickly after local trade developed into the interconnected chain of silk routes across Eurasia.
7552:
6615:
6491:
6099:
6065:
5833:
4562:
2589:
Some names are in modern Mandarin pronunciations based on ancient Chinese records and Time period of rulers is in CE.
44:
2516:
736: Fudu Da (Vijaya Vāhana the Great) succeeds Yuchi Fushizhan and the Chinese emperor bestows a title on his wife.
1495:
around 140 B.C. Later the Saka would also move into Northern India, as well as other Tarim Basin sites like Khotan,
8405:
2575:
1006: Khotan held by the Muslim Yūsuf Qadr Khān, a brother or cousin of the Muslim ruler of Kāshgar and Balāsāghūn.
2458:
131: Fangqian, the king of Khotan, sends one of his sons to serve and offer tribute at the Chinese Imperial Palace.
1059:
From an early period, the Tarim Basin had been inhabited by different groups of Indo-European speakers such as the
488:). To the Tibetans in the seventh and eighth centuries, the kingdom was called Li (or Li-yul) and the capital city
6396:
The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing
5430:
8151:
7421:
6801:
2909:". He further commented that the city "manufactures carpets and fine-felts and silks" as well as "dark and white
2013:
4211:, 377-462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 377-388, 391,
2743:
also did not mention Buddhism there, and with the absence of Buddhist art in the region before the beginning of
8186:
8131:
7381:
6764:
6528:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
2958:
to Khotan occurred in the first quarter of the 5th century. The King of Khotan wanted to obtain silkworm eggs,
2551:
786 to 788: Yuchi Yao still ruling Khotan at the time of the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Wukong's visit to Khotan.
4332:
7675:
7137:
2513:
728: Yuchi Fushizhan (Vijaya Sambhava II) officially given the title "King of Khotan" by the Chinese emperor.
2468:
175: Anguo, the king of Khotan, attacked Keriya, and defeated it soundly. He killed the king and many others.
1740:
6741:
3845:
1767:
By the time the Han dynasty exerted its dominance over Khotan, the population had more than quadrupled. The
8432:
8136:
6698:
1268:. We know from Chinese sources that Kashgar had formerly developed great power, but it became dependent on
507:
The name as written by the locals changed over time; in about the third century AD, the local people wrote
5872:
5028:
3032:
Xuanzang also observed jade on sale in Khotan in 645 and provided a number of examples of the jade trade.
5640:
Hill (2009). "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE", pp. 466-467.
1564:, in texts of approximately the 7th to the 10th century AD written in an Iranian language itself called
7401:
5314:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilisations: Vol 2
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3552:
1283:, together with king Kanika (or the king of Kanika) and the Guzan king Guzan here evidently stands for
6369:. Translated and edited by H. W. Bailey. Indo-Scythian Studies, Cambridge, The University Press. 1961.
1859:) and the Near Eastern Emperor-like title "king of kings", Viśa' Saṃbhava also used the Chinese title
1427:
in Old Sinitic) in ancient Chinese records. These records indicate that they originally inhabited the
1087:
7637:
6931:
6681:
5254:
3426:
2282:, written sometime in the period from 1700 to 1849 in the Eastern Turkic language (modern Uyghur) in
1336:
1188:
390:. There is debate as to how much Khotan's original inhabitants were ethnically and anthropologically
6680:. 2nd Edition." "Appendix A: The Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE."
3222:, encouraged his soldiers and generals to marry local women; consequentially the later kings of the
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422:
The kingdom of Khotan was given various names and transcriptions. The ancient Chinese called Khotan
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379:
72:
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6906:
4117:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia Volume III: The crossroads of civilizations: AD 250 to 750
2848:
2267:
1645:
1372:
1272:
during AD 220-264. It is then probable that this was the time of the powerful king Vijita-Dharma.
564:
403:
371:
6722:
5921:"The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 2"
5913:"The Sino-Kharosthi Coins of Khotan: Their Attribution and Relevance to Kushan Chronology: Part 1"
5102:
2684:
2555:
2236:
1852:
8181:
8069:
7946:
7851:
7695:
7577:
6986:
6936:
6787:
6580:
The Luminous Way to the East: Texts and History of the First Encounter of Christianity with China
6272:
2111:
1340:
6694:
6391:
2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
5755:
5494:
3533:
3166:
At the cemetery in Sampul (Chinese: 山普拉), ~14 km from the archaeological site of Khotan in
3150:
1781:. It controls 32,000 households, 83,000 individuals, and more than 30,000 men able to bear arms.
1367:
Surviving documents from Khotan of later centuries indicate that the people of Khotan spoke the
991:
The kingdom of Khotan was one of the many small states found in the Tarim Basin, which included
8161:
7921:
6946:
6881:
6331:
5485:
5347:
5129:
4303:
4268:
3179:
3100:
2365:
visited Khotan, which was between 1271 and 1275, he reported that "the inhabitants all worship
2254:
In the 10th century, the Iranic Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan was the only city-state in the
1820:
1508:
1204:
1020:
617:
536:
6438:
6165:
6131:
5312:
4972:
4899:
4690:
4663:
4456:
4163:
4115:
4025:
3998:
3905:
3786:
3737:
3699:
3669:
3640:
3608:
3362:
7996:
7971:
7881:
7512:
7346:
5881:
5705:
5282:
5075:
5048:
4945:
4836:
4636:
4515:
4483:
2520:
2448:, Khotan, Yarkand, and other kingdoms, seventeen altogether, who all came to submit to China.
1934:
1769:
1323:
6751:
4429:
4308:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 2
3910:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1
3742:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1
3645:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1
3519:
3455:
2474:
399 Chinese pilgrim monk, Faxian, visits and reports on the active Buddhist community there.
1887:
1387:(also known as Agnean-Kuchean) spoken in adjoining areas of the Tarim Basin. It also shared
7931:
7778:
7313:
7111:
5379:
2877:
2295:
1688:
Minted coins from Khotan dated to the 1st century AD bear dual inscriptions in Chinese and
1589:
1548:. This along with the fact that the king's recorded regnal periods were given as Khotanese
1303:
text which may be contemporary), which we cannot distrust, the colonizing groups of exiled
1051:, all of which had exerted or tried to exert their influence over Khotan at various times.
6298:
4874:
4611:
3125:
2409:
1408:
1152:
8:
8311:
8171:
8105:
7961:
7386:
7376:
7106:
7031:
4458:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
3981:
3962:
3890:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: the age of imperial unity. vol. [2]
3590:
3489:
3207:
3059:
3047:
2987:, Cao Yanlu, shown here wearing elaborate headdress decorated with jade pieces. Mural in
2263:
1969:
1835:
1724:
1581:
1384:
1347:
in the cycle of predictions for people born in that year; ink on paper, early 9th century
694:
383:
337:
249:
5103:"Chapter 33: Of the City of Khotan - Which is Supplied with All the Necessaries of Life"
4333:"The Tribute Trade with Khotan in Light of Materials Found at the Dunhuang Library Cave"
4209:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
3814:"Cultural Convergence in the Northern Qi Period: A Flamboyant Chinese Ceramic Container"
3301:
Scholarship considers the Kingdom of Khotan have been an ancient Buddhist Saka kingdom.
2979:
2861:
2772:
1568:
by the writers. The same name is attested also in two closely related Iranian dialects,
1203:
leader, who established Khotan using the administrative and social organizations of the
8121:
8074:
7941:
7856:
7841:
7798:
7753:
7617:
7406:
7192:
7081:
7041:
6966:
6811:
5811:
5803:
5763:
5748:
5723:
5606:
5574:
5375:
5355:
5340:
5122:
4817:
4778:
4739:
3345:
3248:
3004:
2842:. A supposed reference to Christianity in a Khotanese text has been proved illusory by
2812:
2717:
2299:
1728:
1520:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1156:
1092:
978:
805:
531:
or 'the land of Khotan' was the name given. Khotan became known to the west while the –
391:
68:
6398:. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
5682:
5659:
5489:
4290:
Studia Asiatica: The Collected Papers in Western Languages of the Late Dr. Kazuo Enoki
4158:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
3949:, eds Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, p. 77.
3412:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
1848:
Khotan was conquered by the Tibetan Empire in 792 and gained its independence in 851.
1830:. Tang China later regained control in 692, but eventually lost control of the entire
1226:
who critically examined the different versions of the tradition concluded as follows:
571:
in the ninth century, when it was allied with the Chinese kingdom of Șacū (Shazhou or
8176:
7127:
7101:
7096:
6996:
6981:
6871:
6866:
6836:
6816:
6690:
6611:
6584:
6531:
6487:
6469:
6444:
6423:
6377:
6171:
6137:
6095:
6061:
6027:
5885:
5846:
5829:
5815:
5709:
5698:
5538:
5465:
5387:
5318:
5288:
5133:
5081:
5054:
5008:
4978:
4951:
4905:
4878:
4842:
4821:
4782:
4743:
4698:
4669:
4642:
4634:
4615:
4558:
4521:
4489:
4462:
4435:
4379:
4311:
4250:
4229:
4212:
4191:
4167:
4156:
4121:
4094:
4058:
4033:
4004:
3913:
3856:
3792:
3745:
3705:
3675:
3648:
3616:
3461:
3368:
3183:
2829:
2792:
2569:
969: The son of King Viśa' Saṃbhava named Zongchang sends a tribute mission to China.
2548:
756: Yuchi Sheng hands over the government to his younger brother, Shihu (Jabgu) Yao.
2182:
2133:
1902:
1560:
The name of Khotan is attested in a number of spellings, of which the oldest form is
1553:
970:
648:
302:
158:• Yarkant attacks and annexes Khotan. Yulin abdicates and becomes king of Ligui
5442:
2788:
1117:
8340:
8166:
8094:
7715:
7602:
7411:
7396:
7245:
7091:
7051:
7006:
6991:
6718:
Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan
6603:
5949:
5795:
5530:
5438:
5240:
Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan
5225:
Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan
4809:
4770:
4731:
4140:
Yu Taishan (June 2010), "The Earliest Tocharians in China" in Victor H. Mair (ed),
2898:
2889:
enable some conclusions on Khotanese life. A seventh-century Chinese pilgrim named
2839:
2780:
2231:
2193:
1569:
1376:
1196:
1113:
1008:
974:
889:
707:
8202:
6729:
6726:
6710:
6640:
Sims-Williams, Ursula. 'The Kingdom of Khotan to AD 1000: A Meeting of Cultures.'
6058:
Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia
4970:
3186:
analysis of the human remains has revealed genetic affinities to peoples from the
1718:
Ceramic figurine showing Western influences, Yotkan near Khotan, 2-4th century AD.
1600:
482:, the names of the town and region around it respectively. Others include Huanna (
8370:
8364:
8156:
8099:
8039:
8029:
7991:
7733:
7426:
7225:
7182:
7164:
7001:
6971:
6876:
6851:
6806:
6715:
6702:
6578:
6556:
6417:
6094:, Pasadena, Chicago, London,: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Salem Press, p. 1010,
6006:
5035:
5002:
4927:
4867:
4604:
4288:
Kazuo Enoki (1998), "The So-called Sino-Kharoshthi Coins," in Rokuro Kono (ed.),
3888:
3877:, reprint edition, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 109-111.
3782:
3223:
3206:
lineage. Seeming to confirm this link, from historical accounts it is known that
3199:
3175:
3171:
3016:
2796:
2740:
1879:
1831:
1744:
1396:
1172:
1168:
847:
823:
746:
670:
628:
411:
407:
347:
Built on an oasis, Khotan's mulberry groves allowed the production and export of
6486:. Trans. by Naomi Walford. New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers University Press.
4055:
Keriya, mémoires d'un fleuve. Archéologie et civilations des oasis du Taklamakan
3182:), the local inhabitants buried their dead there from roughly 217 BC to 283 AD.
984:
Khotan was irrigated from the Yurung-kàsh and Kara-kàsh rivers, which water the
8358:
8257:
8116:
8079:
7901:
7836:
7710:
7562:
7547:
7517:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7235:
7086:
7076:
7036:
6821:
5534:
4998:
3407:
3227:
2488:
2248:
2033:
1991:
1962:
1827:
1700:
1699:
Khotan began to exert its power in the first century AD. It was first ruled by
1684:
Ceramic figurine with Western influences, Yotkan near Khotan, 2-4th century AD.
1622:
1512:
1500:
1344:
992:
733:
659:
6746:
6676:
Hill, John E. (2003). Draft version of: "The Western Regions according to the
5953:
5407:
4813:
4774:
4735:
4247:
Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
1167:. There were also Greek influences in early Khotan, based on evidence such as
981:, making travel difficult, and access is only relatively easy from the west.
8421:
8376:
8269:
8251:
8111:
8064:
7956:
7788:
7773:
7705:
7464:
7230:
7202:
7187:
7147:
7046:
6901:
6886:
6841:
5675:
5652:
3860:
3403:
3278:
3021:
3012:
3008:
2959:
2559:
2423:
2379:
2155:
1842:
1732:
1633:
1538:(i.e. "generalissimo"), a distinctively Iranian-based word equivalent to the
1476:
1449:, the area was called the "land of the Sai", i.e. the Saka. According to the
1388:
1368:
1332:
1304:
1212:
1164:
1129:
1068:
1036:
858:
779:
759:
720:
681:
516:
375:
367:
313:, China). The ancient capital was originally sited to the west of modern-day
3698:
Xavier Tremblay (11 May 2007). Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (eds.).
2873:
eggs in her headdress to smuggle them out of China to the Kingdom of Khotan.
8034:
8001:
7981:
7886:
7793:
7748:
7725:
7642:
7537:
7454:
7444:
7336:
7071:
7066:
7056:
7016:
6956:
6921:
6846:
5269:
The Cambridge history of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods.
3263:
3231:
3064:
2866:
2723:
years after the founding of Khotan. However, an account by the Han general
2173:
2164:
2144:
2091:
2024:
1802:
1704:
1417:
1242:
chronicles as ruling over Khotan about the middle of the first century AD.
1096:
1072:
1024:
792:
322:
6756:
6607:
5799:
3000:
wide renown as a significant source of nephrite jade for export to China.
2484:, stays 7–8 months in Khotan and writes a detailed account of the kingdom.
2471:
195: The 'Western Regions' rebelled, and Khotan regained its independence.
8346:
8323:
8126:
8059:
8011:
7976:
7951:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7896:
7891:
7846:
7826:
7818:
7647:
7632:
7582:
7572:
7527:
7484:
7260:
7255:
7220:
7021:
6976:
6916:
6360:. Abel Rémusat. Paris. L'imprimerie de doublet. 1820. Downloadable from:
3258:
2988:
2955:
2934:
2894:
2886:
2870:
2744:
2452:
2378:
The first inhabitants of the region appear to have been Indians from the
2291:
2255:
2240:
2122:
1905:
on the reverse of a painted panel, probably depicting the legendary hero
1841:
After the Tang dynasty, Khotan formed an alliance with the rulers of the
1752:
1668:
1484:
1445:
1356:
1251:
1144:
1137:
985:
869:
318:
306:
5920:
5912:
5807:
4661:
4431:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
2929:
Khotan was the first place outside of inland China to begin cultivating
2727:
suggested that the people of Khotan in 73 AD still appeared to practice
1909:. Khotanese artist Viśa Īrasangä or his father Viśa Baysūna, 7th century
1703:, but revolted in 25-57 AD and took Yarkand and the territory as far as
1383:); as an Indo-European language, Saka was more distantly related to the
333:
kingdom existed for over a thousand years until it was conquered by the
8006:
7831:
7763:
7758:
7685:
7667:
7627:
7612:
7592:
7557:
7542:
7504:
7494:
7479:
7469:
7436:
7323:
7250:
7026:
6926:
6856:
6501:
5408:"Travels of Fa-Hsien -- Buddhist Pilgrim of Fifth Century By Irma Marx"
5029:
http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/17_781-2049-1-PB.pdf
4249:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 174-189, 196-198, 241-242
3283:
3167:
3019:
and her team all originated from Khotan. According to the Chinese text
2491:
invades and conquers Khotan (now known as one of the "four garrisons").
2362:
2080:
1580:
Later Khotanese-Saka-language documents, ranging from medical texts to
1440:
1436:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1060:
924:
278:
7210:
6496:
Hill, John E. July, 1988. "Notes on the Dating of Khotanese History."
6239:
2477:
632: Khotan pays homage to imperial China, and becomes a vassal state.
1785:
Han influence on Khotan, however, diminished when Han power declined.
1411:
7926:
7876:
7808:
7743:
7690:
7680:
7652:
7587:
7532:
7522:
7459:
7449:
7295:
7172:
7132:
7061:
6911:
5908:
5783:
3195:
2732:
2600:
2504:
2283:
2044:
2002:
1807:
1708:
1693:
1613:
1605:
1511:, and they or an ethnically mixed Greco-Scythians either migrated to
1488:
1464:
1450:
1432:
1428:
1012:
911:
298:
6570:
The flowering of Indian art: the growth and spread of a civilization
4925:
4635:
George Michell; John Gollings; Marika Vicziany; Yen Hu Tsui (2008).
4310:(reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1231–1235.
2278:
Accounts of the war between the Karakhanid and Khotan were given in
355:, in addition to the city's other major products such as its famous
8352:
8293:
8281:
8275:
7986:
7966:
7567:
7391:
7305:
7240:
7011:
6013:. Page last modified 17 August 2015. Retrieved on 8 September 2016.
5529:. Colloques internationaux du CNRS. Paris: CNRS Éditions: 279–282.
4797:
4758:
4719:
3316:
3203:
3191:
3187:
2984:
2944:
2890:
2751:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2563:
2528:
2481:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2395:
2366:
2244:
1760:
1736:
1696:
script, showing links of Khotan to India and China in that period.
1629:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1507:(Qiuci). One suggestion is that the Saka became Hellenized in the
1496:
1468:
1380:
1261:
1257:
1105:
1028:
1000:
768:
592:
572:
387:
356:
330:
310:
291:
82:
6518:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
5243:
5228:
4834:
3042:
List of Chinese cash coins by inscription § Kingdom of Khotan
2398:, became the major power on the southern branch of the Silk Route.
1351:
900:
7866:
7861:
7803:
7738:
7622:
7607:
7474:
7351:
7341:
7290:
6896:
6389:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.
4798:"Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism"
4759:"Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism"
4720:"Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism"
3744:. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. pp. 265–266.
3243:
3215:
2948:
2941:
2835:
2808:
2784:
2708:
2542:
2507:
reconquers the Kingdom from Tibet. Khotan is made a protectorate.
2445:
2272:
2053:
1980:
1778:
1756:
1527:
1492:
1480:
1265:
1180:
1160:
1148:
1048:
1032:
880:
608:
360:
6376:. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010.
3534:"Section 4 – The Kingdom of Yutian 于寘 (modern Khotan or Hetian)"
2422:
127: The Khotanese king Vijaya Krīti is said to have helped the
7768:
7700:
7331:
7265:
7177:
6891:
6060:, Leiden, New York, Copenhagen, Cologne: E. J. Brill, pp 67–8,
4971:
Anna Akasoy; Charles S. F. Burnett; Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim (2011).
4571:
3268:
3219:
3211:
3026:
2968:
2902:
2776:
2755:
2204:
2102:
1906:
1653:
1637:
1628:
In the 2nd century AD a Khotanese king helped the famous ruler
1616:
legend, "Of the great king of kings, king of Khotan, Gurgamoya.
1585:
1573:
1516:
1460:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1280:
1269:
1235:
1231:
1184:
1176:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1076:
1004:
996:
814:
352:
236:
183:
6742:
THE SPREAD OF INDIAN ART AND CULTURE TO CENTRAL ASIA AND CHINA
6215:
5986:
4691:"Chapter 7, The Iranian Settlements to the East of the Pamirs"
1819:
began in 640 AD and Khotan submitted to the Tang emperor. The
1395:
moved into the Khotan area. Archaeological evidence from the
8317:
8287:
8245:
7597:
7489:
7416:
7366:
7215:
6861:
4665:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania
4153:
4052:
3253:
2964:
2914:
2906:
2838:
cross with Greek inscription was bought at Khotan during the
2768:
2441:
2259:
2062:
1883:
1641:
1504:
1472:
1455:
1360:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1276:
1247:
1239:
1044:
1040:
1016:
946:
836:
639:
334:
314:
274:
169:
58:
6709:
Reprint Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2000
5939:
4555:
The King's Road: Diplomacy and the Remaking of the Silk Road
3912:. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. p. 263.
3647:. Cambridge University Press; Reissue edition. p. 263.
1942:
1363:, a Buddhist site dated from the late 3rd to 5th century AD.
1254:
annals place the foundation of the national Khotan kingdom.
1171:
found at various sites in the Tarim Basin, for example, the
1075:. The jade trade is thought to have been facilitated by the
8021:
7783:
6831:
6295:"Archaeological GIS and Oasis Geography in the Tarim Basin"
5960:
4835:
Matthew Tom Kapstein; Brandon Dotson, eds. (20 July 2007).
4000:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors
3460:(reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
3178:
has been found (its provenance most likely from the nearby
2930:
2910:
1735:
thirteen kingdoms submitted to him. Meanwhile, the king of
1556:." Furthermore, he elaborated on the early name of Khotan:
1392:
1064:
399:
348:
294:
6092:
The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1
6079:
Chaghatai: the Fabulous Cities and People of the Silk Road
5689:
5386:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 433.
5046:
3824:
2534:
740: Chinese emperor bestows a title on wife of Yuchi Gui.
2302:
recorded a short Turkic language poem about the conquest:
6227:
5677:
Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road
5654:
Silk Road: Monks, Warriors and Merchants on the Silk Road
5490:"Christianity III. In Central Asia and Chinese Turkestan"
5196:. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965, pp. 16-20.
3846:"Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)"
2940:
One version of the story is told by the Chinese Buddhist
1921:
Grotesque face, stucco, found at Khotan, 7th-8th century.
1882:
on the obverse of a painted panel, most likely depicting
5050:
Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources
4808:(3). The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012: 634.
4769:(3). The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012: 633.
4730:(3). The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012: 632.
4398:
4396:
4188:
Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History
2913:". The city's economy was chiefly based upon water from
2500:
c.680 - c.692: 'Amacha Khemeg rules as regent of Khotan.
2298:
so to protect them. The Karakhanid Turkic Muslim writer
1035:. It was surrounded by powerful neighbours, such as the
6661:
Williams, Joanna. 'Iconography of Khotanese Painting'.
6191:
5741:
5739:
5597:
Hsüan-Tsang (1985). "Chapter 12". In Ji Xianlin (ed.).
4534:
4356:
Mentioned by the 8th-century Tibetan Buddhist history,
4295:
3873:
For another thorough assessment, see W.W. Tarn (1966),
2983:
Daughter of the King of Khotan married to the ruler of
2258:
that was not yet conquered by either the Turkic Uyghur
1723:
During the Yongping period (58-76 AD), in the reign of
6723:
M. A. Stein – Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books
6419:
The Literature of Pre-Islamic Iran: Companion Volume I
6367:
Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts. Volume IV
5342:
The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia
5124:
The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia
3553:"Memoir on Maps of Chinese Turkistan and Kansu: vol.1"
2865:
Painting on wooden panel discovered by Aurel Stein in
2451:
129: Fangqian, the king of Khotan, killed the king of
1175:
found near Khotan, tapestries depicting the Greek god
6297:. The Silk Road Foundation Newsletter. Archived from
5255:"Notes on Marco Polo: Vol.1 / Page 435 (Color Image)"
4662:
Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1994).
4583:
4393:
3986:
United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
3967:
United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3046:
The Kingdom of Khotan is known to have produced both
2388:
c.84 BC: Buddhism is reportedly introduced to Khotan.
2220:
The Kingdom of Khotan and main neighbouring polities
1112:. According to one version, the nobles of a tribe in
6484:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
5736:
4838:
Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet
4557:. Princeton University Press. pp. 35, 254–255.
3559:
2917:
for irrigation and the manufacture of traded goods.
2558:
marries the daughter of Cao Yijin, the ruler of the
2494:
c.670-673: Khotan governed by Tibetan Mgar minister.
1755:
in 73 AD. Khotan at the time had relations with the
1707:, thereby gaining control over part of the southern
1475:, China, were assaulted and forced to flee from the
8232:
5919:Vol. 144 (1984), pp. 128–152; and Cribb, Joe,
4974:
Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes
4628:
4207:Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in
3418:
1851:The first recorded post-Tibetan King of Khotan was
1019:(the last three, together with Khotan, made up the
6203:
6016:
5747:
5697:
5674:
5651:
5527:Histoire et cultes de l'Asie centrale préislamique
5339:
5311:Ma Yong; Sun Yutang (1999). Janos Harmatta (ed.).
5121:
4866:
4603:
4282:
4155:
4023:
3906:"Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs"
3738:"Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs"
3718:
3641:"Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs"
1027:). To the west were the Central Asian kingdoms of
977:(Qurum). To the east there were few oases beyond
6318:
6316:
5935:
5933:
5310:
4964:
4513:
4427:
4089:. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016.
3449:
3447:
2758:who passed through Khotan in the fourth century:
1621:Chinese legend: "Twenty-four grain copper coin".
1534:show that the king of Khotan was given the title
8419:
6634:Comprehensive history of Bihar, Volume 1, Deel 2
6468:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 863.
6164:Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1968).
4950:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 94.
4099:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2807:According to the 11th-century Persian historian
2578:Between 1271 and 1275: Marco Polo visits Khotan.
2271:the war with the Buddhists. Khotan briefly took
1463:, originally from the area between Tängri Tagh (
1163:however may be a legacy of the influence of the
1099:, NE of Khotan. Now held in the British Library.
446:and other similar-sounding names such as Yudun (
6651:. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: 1973.
6163:
6081:, West Conshokoken: Infinity Publishing, p. 61.
4943:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4190:. Durham: The Durham Academic Press, pp 80-81,
3903:
3735:
3697:
3638:
3634:
3632:
2869:, depicting the legend of the princess who hid
2712:Head of Buddha found in Khotan, 3rd-4th century
1530:dating to the 3rd century AD from neighbouring
1423:The Saka people were known as the Sai (塞, sāi,
1234:, is said to have founded the royal dynasty of
1191:that may suggest influences from as far as the
535:- was still unchanged, as is frequent in early
6547:. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.
6415:
6313:
6221:
6186:(in the Tarim Basin) were zealous Buddhist....
5999:
5930:
5317:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 237–238.
5280:
4897:
4864:
4655:
4601:
4113:
3444:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3360:
8443:States and territories established in the 50s
8218:
6772:
6623:
6576:
6245:
5565:Guang-Dah, Z. (1996). B. A. Litvinsky (ed.).
5484:
5384:"Khotan", in Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
4937:
4926:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (1980).
4919:
4860:
4858:
4577:
4154:Mallory, J. P. & Mair, Victor H. (2000).
3837:
3414:, London: Thames & Hudson, pp. 77–81
3319:reasserted Chinese influence over the region.
3161:
2750:The kingdom is primarily associated with the
1406:
483:
469:
459:
453:
447:
441:
427:
28:
6656:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith.
5374:
5242:, 2 vols., p. 183. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
5227:, 2 vols., p. 180. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
5040:
4891:
4688:
4638:Kashgar: Oasis City on China's Old Silk Road
4502:
4301:
3629:
2541:is completed and later added to the Tibetan
1949:Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang
1400:
1307:(including the son and ministers of Emperor
6786:
6416:Emmerick, Ronald E.; Macuch, Maria (2008).
6170:. Cambridge University Press. p. 614.
6148:Khotanese language and literature" entry: "
6111:Lucas Christopoulos writes the following: "
6024:Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century
5851:Vladimir Belyaev (Chinese Coinage Web Site)
5596:
5271:Cambridge University Press, 1983, page 963.
5157:. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
4991:
4697:. Cambridge University Press. p. 271.
4520:. Columbia University Press. pp. 55–.
4461:. Princeton University Press. p. 130.
4134:
3971:
3788:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
3693:
3691:
3606:
3577:
3453:
3402:
3381:
3364:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
2954:According to Xuanzang, the introduction of
2856:
1933:Human head ceramic with cow, Tang Dynasty.
1391:with Tocharian. It is not certain when the
973:, and to its south the largely uninhabited
8225:
8211:
6779:
6765:
6642:Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology
6636:, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute
5768:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5728:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5611:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5592:
5590:
5579:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5360:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5306:
5304:
5128:. University of California Press. p.
5067:
5053:. Indiana University Press. pp. 72–.
4977:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 295–.
4855:
4517:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
4488:. Princeton University Press. p. 34.
4482:Beckwith, Christopher I. (28 March 1993).
4455:Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009).
4266:
3952:
3811:
1834:after it was weakened considerably by the
1128:. In punishment they were banished by the
342:Islamization and Turkicization of Xinjiang
8090:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
6530:, Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge,
6436:
6233:
6184:the Sakas who founded a kingdom in Khotan
6129:
5695:
5564:
5100:
4364:. Oxford University Press, London, p. 47.
4080:"Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin"
4077:
3781:
2405:, a Chinese General, subdues the kingdom.
1943:Turco-Islamic conquest of Buddhist Khotan
1823:were established, one of them at Khotan.
1608:, king of Khotan. Khotan, 1st century AD.
1116:, who traced their ancestry to the deity
600:
578:
6711:Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan : vol.1
6567:
6136:. Oxford University Press. p. 863.
6022:Strachan, Edward and Roy Bolton (2008),
5672:
5649:
5516:
5267:Ehsan Yar-Shater, William Bayne Fisher,
5167:
5161:
4540:
4481:
4454:
4434:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 5.
4053:C. Debaine-Francfort; A. Idriss (2001).
3886:
3688:
3565:
3424:
2978:
2876:
2860:
2707:
2408:
2230:
1792:
1751:King Guangde of Khotan submitted to the
1713:
1679:
1599:
1350:
1322:
1086:
301:that ran along the southern edge of the
49:Map of the kingdom of Khotan circa 1000.
8306:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
7937:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
6827:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
6510:The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe
6465:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
6457:
6197:
6133:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
5587:
5435:Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online
5301:
4997:
4932:. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
4668:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 457–.
4552:
4373:
4162:. Thames & Hudson. London. p.
3226:and Greco-Bactrian Kingdom had a mixed
2657:Vijaya Vāhana the Great (Fudu Da) - 736
1890:or his father Viśa Baysūna, 7th century
16:Iranian Saka Buddhist kingdom (56-1006)
8420:
8192:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
5107:The travels of Marco Polo the Venetian
5073:
4330:
3997:Baumer, Christoph (30 November 2012).
3996:
3978:سامپۇل (Variant Non-Roman Script - VS)
3893:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 641.
3768:On Ancient Central-Asian Tracks: vol.1
3202:, as well as an Eastern-Mediterranean
2372:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2120:
2109:
2042:
1817:Tang campaign against the oasis states
1318:
945:General location of Khotan within the
856:
790:
8206:
6760:
6631:
6550:
6520:Draft annotated English translation.
6209:
5625:
5455:
5152:
5146:
5047:Scott Cameron Levi; Ron Sela (2010).
3843:
3667:
3343:
2654:Vijaya Sambhava II (Fu Shizhan) - 725
2645:Vijaya Sangrāma IV (Fudu Xiong) - 665
2627:Sangrāma the Third (Sanjuluomo) - 477
2280:Taẕkirah of the Four Sacrificed Imams
2202:
2142:
2089:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2031:
2022:
2011:
1967:
1675:
898:
887:
878:
867:
834:
821:
812:
803:
777:
766:
757:
744:
731:
718:
705:
692:
679:
668:
657:
646:
637:
606:
297:kingdom located on the branch of the
6597:
6561:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
6525:
5782:
5745:
5462:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
5337:
5119:
5004:From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi
4873:. Oxford University Press. pp.
4795:
4756:
4717:
4610:. Oxford University Press. pp.
4589:
4402:
3844:Lucas, Christopoulos (August 2012).
3674:. Atlantic Publishers. p. 193.
3425:Theobald, Ulrich (16 October 2011).
3146:Maharajasa Yidirajasa Gurgamoasa(?)
2967:, and from there eventually reached
2779:. Many foreign languages, including
2651:Vijaya Dharma III (Viśa' Tiao) - 724
2180:
2131:
2100:
2078:
1989:
1978:
1082:
922:
845:
626:
615:
8428:Former countries in Chinese history
8264:Protectorate of the Western Regions
8147:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
6543:Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886.
6460:"Khotanese language and literature"
6130:Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018).
5428:
5287:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 53.
5192:Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886.
5170:A guide to the literature of Khotan
5077:Cultural Change & Continuity In
4947:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
4689:E. Yarshater, ed. (14 April 1983).
3072:
2893:described Khotan as having limited
2754:. According to the Chinese pilgrim
2191:
2000:
1640:people) to conquer the key town of
1401:
957:), and contemporary Asian polities
909:
13:
8142:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
7143:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
6752:Smallest ancient temple discovered
6720:, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
6707:, London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.
6670:
6632:Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1974),
6563:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
6405:. Oxford University Press, London.
6026:, London: Sphinx Fine Art, p. 87,
5927:Vol. 145 (1985), pp. 136–149.
5828:"Les Saces", Iaroslav Lebedynsky,
5628:The City-States of the Tarim Basin
5567:The City-States of the Tarim Basin
5153:Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1974).
4269:"The Earliest Tocharians in China"
4024:Ronald E. Emmerick (13 May 2013).
3331:
3274:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3149:
3124:
3099:
2823:has been accepted as authentic by
2636:Vijayavardhana (Bei Shilian) - 590
2429:in his conquest of Saket in India.
2382:according to its founding legends.
2340:We came down on them like a flood,
1515:and Khotan, or a bit earlier from
14:
8474:
7553:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
6735:
6658:London. The British Library 2004.
6649:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India
6410:Guide to the Literature of Khotan
6254:
4641:. Frances Lincoln. pp. 13–.
4428:Rafe de Crespigny (14 May 2014).
3904:Emmerick, R. E. (14 April 1983).
3887:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1990).
3764:
3736:Emmerick, R. E. (14 April 1983).
3639:Emmerick, R. E. (14 April 1983).
3550:
3427:"City-states Along the Silk Road"
3121:Maharajasa Yidirajasa Gurgamoasa
3035:
2582:
2239:, a 10th-century king of Khotan,
1291:According to the oldest detailed
8406:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
6553:"Khotan v. Khotanese Literature"
6440:Studies on Iran and The Caucasus
6157:
6150:...the Saka kingdom of Khotan...
6123:
6105:
6090:Magill, Frank N. et al. (1998),
6084:
6071:
6050:
6037:
5973:
5902:
5865:
5839:
5822:
5776:
5666:
5643:
5634:
5619:
5281:Baij Nath Puri (December 1987).
3791:. British Library. p. 170.
3050:coinage and coins without holes
2951:and Khotan (Yutian in Chinese).
2921:to more rural "wools and furs".
1961:
1955:
1926:
1914:
1895:
1872:
1666:According to Chapter 96A of the
1584:, have been found in Khotan and
1375:that was closely related to the
599:
591:
585:
519:some time later. From this came
432:, its ancient pronunciation was
366:The inhabitants of Khotan spoke
254:
229:
43:
8453:Central Asian Buddhist kingdoms
8248:(5th century BC–5th century AD)
8233:Historical polities in Xinjiang
8152:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
7422:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
6403:Tibetan Texts Concerning Khotan
5558:
5510:
5478:
5449:
5443:10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_4206
5422:
5400:
5368:
5331:
5274:
5261:
5247:
5232:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5186:
5177:
5113:
5094:
5022:
4944:Johan Elverskog (6 June 2011).
4865:Valerie Hansen (17 July 2012).
4828:
4789:
4750:
4711:
4682:
4602:Valerie Hansen (17 July 2012).
4595:
4546:
4475:
4448:
4421:
4408:
4367:
4362:Tibetan Texts Concerning Khotan
4350:
4324:
4292:, Tokyo: Kyu-Shoin, pp. 396–97.
4260:
4239:
4222:
4201:
4180:
4147:
4107:
4071:
4046:
4017:
3990:
3939:
3926:
3897:
3880:
3875:The Greeks in Bactria and India
3867:
3812:Suzanne G., Valenstein (2007).
3805:
3775:
3758:
3661:
3600:
3571:
3544:
3526:
3454:H.W. Bailey (31 October 1979).
3309:
3069:Approximate years of production
2881:Khotanese Buddhist women donors
2802:
2767:It differed in this respect to
2666:Viśvavāhana (Viśa' Vāhaṃ) - 764
2612:Vijaya Krīti (Fang Qian) - 110
2342:We went out among their cities,
1788:
1661:The Prophecy of the Li Country.
1595:
951:
106:Yulin: Jianwu period (25–56 AD)
8438:1006 disestablishments in Asia
8187:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
8132:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
6577:Nicolini-Zani, Matteo (2022).
6462:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
6287:
6271:. The Linguist. Archived from
6261:
5599:Records of the Western Regions
5498:. Vol. V. pp. 330–34
5155:Comprehensive history of Bihar
4358:The Prophecy of the Li Country
4340:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
3818:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
3504:
3474:
3367:. Facts on File. p. 143.
3354:
3337:
3110:Zhong Er Shi Si Zhu Tong Qian
2905:and producing an abundance of
2675:Viśvānanda (Viśa' Nanta) - 844
2346:We shat on the Buddha's head!
2344:We tore down the idol-temples,
1773:, covering 6 to 189 AD, says:
1636:of South Asia (founded by the
1479:of Gansu by the forces of the
1407:
484:
470:
460:
454:
448:
442:
428:
29:
1:
8458:Tributaries of Imperial China
7138:Silk Road transmission of art
6725:at dsr.nii.ac.jp</ref>
6647:Watters, Thomas (1904–1905).
6624:Russell-Smith, Lilla (2005),
6600:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang
6568:Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1964),
6167:The Cambridge History of Iran
4695:The Cambridge History of Iran
3932:Rhie, Marylin Martin (2007),
3326:
2221:
1739:(the Lop Nor region, capital
1343:, listing the animals of the
958:
539:. The local people also used
527:in their latest texts, where
474:), derived from Indo-Iranian
8137:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
6665:(Rome) XXIII (1973), 109–54.
4904:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
4869:The Silk Road: A New History
4802:The Journal of Asian Studies
4796:Thum, Rian (6 August 2012).
4763:The Journal of Asian Studies
4757:Thum, Rian (6 August 2012).
4724:The Journal of Asian Studies
4718:Thum, Rian (6 August 2012).
4606:The Silk Road: A New History
4306:. In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.).
4028:. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.).
3908:. In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.).
3740:. In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.).
3643:. In Ehsan Yarshater (ed.).
3607:Jeong Su-il (17 July 2016).
2897:but apparently particularly
2699:Viśa' Sagemayi - 999 to 1006
2648:Viśvajita (Viśa' Jing) - 691
2262:(Buddhist) or by the Turkic
1250:tradition, begins where the
1120:, were said to have blinded
464:). Sometimes they also used
172:invades and conquers Khotan
7:
6730:Ancient Khotan : vol.2
6727:Ancient Khotan : vol.1
6705:Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan
6626:Uygur Patronage in Dunhuang
6583:. Oxford University Press.
6443:. Brill. pp. 193–205.
6011:Articles on Ancient History
5942:Progress in Natural Science
5080:. Routledge. pp. 71–.
4304:"Khotanese Saka Literature"
4003:. I.B.Tauris. p. 219.
3482:"藏文文献中"李域"(li-yul,于阗)的不同称谓"
3237:
2703:
2480:644: Chinese pilgrim monk,
325:it was known in Chinese as
10:
8479:
6687:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
6412:. Reiyukai Library, Tokyo.
6350:
6222:Emmerick & Macuch 2008
5535:10.3917/cnrs.berna.1992.01
5074:Akiner (28 October 2013).
4514:James A. Millward (2007).
4245:Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002).
4032:. Routledge. p. 377.
4026:"Khotanese and Tumshuqese"
3671:The Early History of India
3668:Smith, Vincent A. (1999).
3613:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
3350:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3295:
3162:Mitochondrial DNA analysis
3039:
2715:
2539:Prophecy of the Li Country
2525:btsan bzang btsan la brtan
1946:
1054:
182:• Khotan held by the
138:• Khotan established
8448:Sites along the Silk Road
8386:
8333:
8238:
8052:
8020:
7817:
7724:
7666:
7638:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
7503:
7435:
7322:
7304:
7201:
7163:
7156:
7120:
6794:
6747:ZENO coins page on Khotan
6422:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6374:Dictionary of Khotan Saka
5954:10.1080/10002007088537493
5696:Whitfield, Susan (1999).
4929:Harvard Ukrainian studies
4814:10.1017/S0021911812000629
4775:10.1017/S0021911812000629
4736:10.1017/S0021911812000629
4057:. Electricite de France.
3589:(185): 40. Archived from
2834:. A Chinese-manufactured
2432:127: The Chinese general
1311:) founded the Kingdom of
563:) under the influence of
511:in Kharoṣṭhī script, and
270:
208:
204:
194:
180:
166:
156:
146:
136:
132:
124:
120:
110:
100:
96:
88:
78:
64:
54:
42:
37:
23:
8394:Xinjiang under Qing rule
8085:Mogao Christian painting
7658:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
7372:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
7362:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
6324:"The Buddhism of Khotan"
5788:Journal of World History
5700:Life Along the Silk Road
5517:Emmerick, R. E. (1992).
5284:Buddhism in Central Asia
4360:. Emmerick, R. E. 1967.
4331:Hansen, Valerie (2005).
4267:Yu Taishan (June 2010).
4186:Torday, Laszlo. (1997).
3936:, Leiden: Brill. p. 254.
3344:Stein, M. Aurel (1907).
3289:
2857:Social and economic life
2519:c. 740: King Yuchi Gui (
2268:Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan
1646:Middle kingdoms of India
1373:Eastern Iranian language
598:
565:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
417:
372:Eastern Iranian language
8182:Saksanokhur gold buckle
8070:Hephthalite silver bowl
7947:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
6987:Second Turkic Khaganate
6788:History of Central Asia
6598:Rong, Xinjiang (2013),
6500:, Vol. 31, No. 3. See:
6248:, p. 26 (note 94).
6056:Holt, Frank L. (1989),
5486:Sims-Williams, Nicholas
4898:Takao Moriyasu (2004).
4374:Hulsewé, A F P (1979).
4120:. UNESCO. p. 283.
4114:Zhang Guang-da (1999).
3361:Charles Higham (2004).
2974:
2924:
1801:) visiting the Chinese
1731:) northwest, as far as
1341:Indo-European languages
1279:and to have overthrown
8162:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
7922:Alexandria Prophthasia
6947:First Turkic Khaganate
6882:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
6526:Hill, John E. (2009),
6482:Grousset, Rene. 1970.
6458:Dickens, Mark (2018).
6408:Emmerick, R. E. 1979.
6401:Emmerick, R. E. 1967.
6372:Bailey, H. W. (1979).
6365:Bailey, H. W. (1961).
5746:Wood, Frances (2002).
5456:Lopez, Donald (2014).
5410:. Silkroads foundation
5338:Wood, Frances (2002).
5238:Stein, Aurel M. 1907.
5223:Stein, Aurel M. 1907.
5168:Emmerick, R E (1979).
5120:Wood, Frances (2002).
3947:The Spread of Buddhism
3701:The Spread of Buddhism
3180:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3154:
3129:
3104:
2996:
2882:
2874:
2765:
2739:who spent time in the
2713:
2418:
2349:
2331:
2251:
1821:Four Garrisons of Anxi
1812:
1783:
1749:
1719:
1685:
1664:
1625:
1578:
1509:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1364:
1348:
1337:Eastern Iranian branch
1289:
1205:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1100:
579:Location and geography
196:• Disestablished
7972:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
7347:Karsakpay inscription
6802:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
6608:10.1163/9789004252332
6551:Maggi, Mauro (2021).
6077:Ahmed, S. Z. (2004),
5800:10.1353/jwh.2001.0034
4841:. Brill. p. 96.
4302:Bailey, H.W. (1996).
3959:Sampul (Approved - N)
3153:
3128:
3103:
2982:
2880:
2864:
2844:Ronald Erich Emmerick
2813:East Syriac Christian
2760:
2716:Further information:
2711:
2681:Viśa' Piqiluomo - 888
2624:Polo the Second - 471
2436:attacked and subdued
2412:
2337:
2335:English translation:
2319:
2234:
1935:Hotan Cultural Museum
1797:Man from Khotan (于闐國
1796:
1775:
1770:Book of the Later Han
1721:
1717:
1683:
1650:
1603:
1558:
1526:Documents written in
1399:of Sampul (Shanpulu;
1354:
1326:
1230:"Kustana, the son of
1228:
1151:documents written in
1090:
1047:, and for a time the
65:Common languages
7779:Kutlug Timur Minaret
7314:Noin-Ula burial site
7112:Chinese Central Asia
6508:Hill, John E. 2004.
6498:Indo-Iranian Journal
6394:Beal, Samuel. 1911.
6387:Beal, Samuel. 1884.
6301:on 27 September 2007
6269:"The Sakan Language"
6118:Sino-Platonic Papers
6045:Sino-Platonic Papers
5994:Sino-Platonic Papers
5981:Sino-Platonic Papers
5968:Sino-Platonic Papers
5925:Numismatic Chronicle
5917:Numismatic Chronicle
5681:. Odyssey. pp.
5673:Boulnois, L (2004).
5658:. Odyssey. pp.
5650:Boulnois, L (2004).
5495:Encyclopædia Iranica
5431:"Buddhism in Khotan"
5380:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
5214:Hill (1988), p. 185.
5205:Hill (1988), p. 184.
4416:Sino-Platonic Papers
4276:Sino-Platonic Papers
4142:Sino-Platonic Papers
3853:Sino-Platonic Papers
3832:Sino-Platonic Papers
3587:Sino-Platonic Papers
3578:Jan Romgard (2008).
3538:depts.washington.edu
2696:Viśa' Sangrāma - 986
2328:burxan üzä sïčtïmïz
2326:furxan ävin yïqtïmïz
2324:kändlär üzä čïqtïmïz
2296:Dunhuang manuscripts
2217:class=notpageimage|
1459:, the Indo-European
1215:kings is preserved.
1169:Hellenistic artworks
941:class=notpageimage|
404:Indo-European people
394:and speakers of the
340:in 1006, during the
317:at Yotkan. From the
8433:History of Xinjiang
8312:Kara-Khanid Khanate
8172:Siberian Ice Maiden
7962:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
7377:Petrovka settlement
7107:Soviet Central Asia
7032:Great Seljuq Empire
5754:. London. pp.
5750:The Silk Road Folio
5704:. London. pp.
5183:Hill (2009), p. 17.
5172:. Reiyukai Library.
5034:19 May 2020 at the
3982:GEOnet Names Server
3963:GEOnet Names Server
3615:. Seoul Selection.
3596:on 6 February 2012.
3522:on 6 February 2008.
3492:on 29 December 2013
3234:ethnic background.
3208:Alexander the Great
3060:Traditional Chinese
2901:, able to support "
2373:Historical timeline
2264:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1886:. Khotanese artist
1865:caiga rāṃdānä rrādi
1836:An Lushan Rebellion
1582:Buddhist literature
1385:Tocharian languages
1319:Arrival of the Saka
1299:texts (including a
1193:Hellenistic kingdom
384:Indo-Aryan language
338:Kara-Khanid Khanate
321:until at least the
250:Kara-Khanid Khanate
148:• Established
116:Nanzongchang (last)
8122:Buddhas of Bamiyan
8075:Chilek silver bowl
7942:Buddhas of Bamiyan
7618:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
7407:Talapty Settlement
7193:Filippovka kurgans
7082:Khanate of Bukhara
7042:Khwarazmian Empire
6967:Ikhshids of Sogdia
6812:Afanasievo culture
6654:Whitfield, Susan.
6246:Nicolini-Zani 2022
5847:"Khotan lead coin"
5376:Buswell, Robert Jr
5346:. London. p.
5101:J.M. Dent (1908),
4578:Russell-Smith 2005
3249:Khotanese language
3194:lineage linked to
3155:
3130:
3105:
2997:
2883:
2875:
2718:Buddhism in Khotan
2714:
2693:Viśa' Dharma - 978
2419:
2417:, found in Khotan.
2322:kälginläyü aqtïmïz
2300:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2252:
1813:
1720:
1686:
1676:Eastern Han period
1626:
1521:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1443:. In the Chinese
1435:valleys of modern
1365:
1349:
1209:Tibetan literature
1101:
440:) also written as
186:, Yūsuf Qadr Khān
8415:
8414:
8300:Kingdom of Khotan
8239:Pre-Mongol Empire
8200:
8199:
8177:Ai-Khanoum plaque
8048:
8047:
7852:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
7128:Central Asian art
7102:Russian Turkestan
7097:Chinese Turkestan
6997:Abbasid Caliphate
6961:Anxi Protectorate
6907:Kushano-Sasanians
6872:Macedonian Empire
6867:Achaemenid Empire
6837:Andronovo culture
6817:Sintashta culture
6572:, Asia Pub. House
6537:978-1-4392-2134-1
6475:978-0-19-866277-8
6450:978-90-04-30206-8
6429:978-0-85772-356-7
6382:978-0-521-14250-2
6177:978-0-521-20092-9
6143:978-0-19-256246-3
6032:978-1-907200-02-1
5886:Wikimedia Commons
5853:. 3 December 1999
5715:978-0-520-22472-8
5544:978-2-222-04598-4
5471:978-0-691-15786-3
5393:978-0-691-15786-3
5324:978-81-208-1408-0
5294:978-81-208-0372-5
5139:978-0-520-24340-8
5087:978-1-136-15034-0
5060:978-0-253-35385-6
5014:978-975-428-366-2
4984:978-0-7546-6956-2
4957:978-0-8122-0531-2
4911:978-3-447-05068-5
4884:978-0-19-993921-3
4848:978-90-04-16064-4
4704:978-0-521-20092-9
4675:978-1-884964-04-6
4648:978-0-7112-2913-6
4621:978-0-19-993921-3
4580:, p. 23, 65.
4527:978-0-231-13924-3
4495:978-0-691-02469-1
4468:978-1-4008-2994-1
4441:978-90-474-1184-0
4385:978-90-04-05884-2
4378:. Leiden: Brill.
4317:978-0-521-24693-4
4255:978-0-521-77064-4
4234:978-0-472-11534-1
4217:978-0-521-24327-8
4196:978-1-900838-03-0
4173:978-0-500-05101-6
4127:978-81-208-1540-7
4064:978-2-86805-094-6
4039:978-1-135-79704-1
4030:Iranian Languages
4010:978-1-78076-060-5
3919:978-0-521-20092-9
3798:978-1-932476-13-2
3751:978-0-521-20092-9
3711:978-90-04-15830-6
3681:978-81-7156-618-1
3654:978-0-521-20092-9
3622:978-1-62412-076-3
3467:978-0-521-04080-8
3431:ChinaKnowledge.de
3374:978-0-8160-4640-9
3190:, specifically a
3184:Mitochondrial DNA
3159:
3158:
2811:, there were two
2793:Classical Tibetan
2672:Viśa' Chiye - 829
2669:Viśa' Kīrti - 791
2663:Viśa' Sheng - 745
2633:Viśa' Yuchi - 530
2503:692: China under
2353:
2352:
1211:, a long list of
1083:Foundation legend
971:Taklamakan Desert
956:
396:Gāndhārī language
374:belonging to the
303:Taklamakan Desert
288:Kingdom of Khotan
284:
283:
266:
265:
262:
261:
242:
241:
25:Kingdom of Khotan
8470:
8341:Chagatai Khanate
8227:
8220:
8213:
8204:
8203:
8167:Seal of Khingila
8095:Penjikent murals
7716:Kalai Kafirnigan
7603:Koi Krylgan Kala
7412:Turkistan (city)
7397:Steppe Geoglyphs
7161:
7160:
7092:Khanate of Khiva
7052:Chagatai Khanate
7007:Saffarid dynasty
6992:Uyghur Khaganate
6781:
6774:
6767:
6758:
6757:
6637:
6628:
6620:
6594:
6573:
6564:
6557:Yarshater, Ehsan
6540:
6479:
6454:
6433:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6330:. Archived from
6320:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6265:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6127:
6121:
6109:
6103:
6088:
6082:
6075:
6069:
6054:
6048:
6041:
6035:
6020:
6014:
6003:
5997:
5990:
5984:
5977:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5937:
5928:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5882:Stein Márk Aurél
5877:
5873:"Ancient Khotan"
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5843:
5837:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5767:
5759:
5753:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5727:
5719:
5703:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5680:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5657:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5570:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5278:
5272:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5236:
5230:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5127:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5109:, pp. 96–97
5098:
5092:
5091:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5044:
5038:
5026:
5020:
5018:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4872:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4609:
4599:
4593:
4592:, p. 327-8.
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4553:Xin Wen (2023).
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4511:
4500:
4499:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4425:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4405:, p. 17-19.
4400:
4391:
4389:
4371:
4365:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4299:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4264:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4226:
4220:
4205:
4199:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4161:
4151:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3994:
3988:
3975:
3969:
3956:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3783:Whitfield, Susan
3779:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3733:
3716:
3715:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3584:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3518:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3488:. Archived from
3478:
3472:
3471:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3400:
3379:
3378:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3320:
3313:
3299:
3210:, who married a
3053:
3052:
2852:
2833:
2690:Viśa' Śūra - 967
2678:Viśa' Wana - 859
2639:Viśa' Wumi - 620
2307:
2306:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1930:
1918:
1899:
1876:
1690:Gandhari Prakrit
1662:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1377:Sogdian language
1327:A document from
1183:found at nearby
975:Kunlun Mountains
963:
960:
955:
954:
950:
935:
933:
920:
918:
907:
905:
896:
894:
885:
883:
876:
874:
865:
863:
854:
852:
843:
841:
832:
830:
819:
817:
810:
808:
801:
799:
788:
786:
775:
773:
764:
762:
755:
753:
742:
740:
729:
727:
716:
714:
703:
701:
690:
688:
677:
675:
666:
664:
655:
653:
644:
642:
635:
633:
624:
622:
613:
611:
603:
602:
595:
589:
487:
486:
473:
472:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
431:
430:
410:branch from the
380:Gandhari Prakrit
331:largely Buddhist
258:
257:
246:
245:
233:
232:
226:
225:
210:
209:
47:
32:
31:
21:
20:
8478:
8477:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8463:Former kingdoms
8418:
8417:
8416:
8411:
8382:
8371:Dzungar Khanate
8365:Yarkent Khanate
8329:
8296:(?–9th century)
8254:(200 BC-709 AD)
8234:
8231:
8201:
8196:
8157:Afrasiab murals
8100:Sampul tapestry
8044:
8040:Shahr-e Sukhteh
8030:Bandian complex
8016:
7992:Musalla Complex
7872:Tapa-i Kafariha
7813:
7734:Cave of Dzhebel
7720:
7662:
7499:
7431:
7427:Araltobe kurgan
7318:
7300:
7226:Kizilgaha caves
7197:
7183:Pazyryk burials
7165:Southern Russia
7152:
7116:
7002:Tahirid dynasty
6972:Tokhara Yabghus
6877:Seleucid Empire
6852:Pazyryk culture
6807:Yamnaya culture
6790:
6785:
6738:
6673:
6671:Further reading
6668:
6663:East & West
6618:
6591:
6538:
6476:
6451:
6430:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6322:
6321:
6314:
6304:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6275:on 1 March 2012
6267:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6196:
6192:
6178:
6162:
6158:
6144:
6128:
6124:
6110:
6106:
6089:
6085:
6076:
6072:
6055:
6051:
6042:
6038:
6021:
6017:
6004:
6000:
5991:
5987:
5978:
5974:
5965:
5961:
5938:
5931:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5827:
5823:
5781:
5777:
5761:
5760:
5744:
5737:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5694:
5690:
5671:
5667:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5624:
5620:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5588:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5454:
5450:
5429:Ruixuan, Chen.
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5382:, eds. (2013).
5373:
5369:
5353:
5352:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5279:
5275:
5266:
5262:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5237:
5233:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5166:
5162:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5118:
5114:
5099:
5095:
5088:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5045:
5041:
5036:Wayback Machine
5027:
5023:
5015:
4999:Dankoff, Robert
4996:
4992:
4985:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4942:
4938:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4833:
4829:
4794:
4790:
4755:
4751:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4633:
4629:
4622:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4512:
4503:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4426:
4422:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4372:
4368:
4355:
4351:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4244:
4240:
4227:
4223:
4206:
4202:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4152:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4112:
4108:
4092:
4091:
4082:
4078:J. P. mallory.
4076:
4072:
4065:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3976:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3940:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3902:
3898:
3885:
3881:
3872:
3868:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3785:(August 2004).
3780:
3776:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3734:
3719:
3712:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3549:
3545:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3512:"神秘消失的古国(十):于阗"
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3457:Khotanese Texts
3452:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3423:
3419:
3408:Mair, Victor H.
3401:
3382:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:Book references
3329:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3240:
3224:Seleucid Empire
3176:Sampul tapestry
3172:Hellenistic art
3164:
3044:
3038:
3017:Zheng Zhenxiang
2977:
2927:
2859:
2846:
2827:
2805:
2741:Western Regions
2720:
2706:
2660:Viśa' Gui - 740
2630:She Duluo - 500
2597:Jun De - 57 BCE
2594:Yu Lin - 23 BCE
2585:
2413:Bronze coin of
2375:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2294:containing the
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1919:
1910:
1900:
1891:
1877:
1832:Western Regions
1791:
1745:Pamir Mountains
1678:
1663:
1660:
1617:
1609:
1598:
1397:Sampul tapestry
1321:
1264:and retired to
1197:Ptolemaic Egypt
1179:and the winged
1173:Sampul tapestry
1130:Mauryan emperor
1085:
1057:
967:
966:
965:
964:
961:
952:
943:
937:
936:
929:
925:
923:
921:
912:
910:
908:
901:
899:
897:
892:
890:
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886:
881:
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868:
866:
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859:
857:
855:
850:
848:
846:
844:
837:
835:
833:
824:
822:
820:
815:
813:
811:
806:
804:
802:
796:
793:
791:
789:
783:
780:
778:
776:
769:
767:
765:
760:
758:
756:
750:
747:
745:
743:
734:
732:
730:
721:
719:
717:
708:
706:
704:
695:
693:
691:
682:
680:
678:
671:
669:
667:
660:
658:
656:
649:
647:
645:
640:
638:
636:
631:
629:
627:
625:
620:
618:
616:
614:
609:
607:
605:
604:
596:
581:
420:
412:Eurasian Steppe
290:was an ancient
277:
255:
230:
197:
187:
173:
159:
149:
139:
113:
103:
71:
50:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8476:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8403:
8400:Xinjiang (ROC)
8397:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8374:
8368:
8362:
8359:Turpan Khanate
8356:
8350:
8344:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8297:
8291:
8285:
8279:
8273:
8267:
8261:
8258:Loulan Kingdom
8255:
8249:
8242:
8240:
8236:
8235:
8230:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8117:Bimaran Casket
8114:
8109:
8106:Sogdian Daēnās
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8080:Gardez Ganesha
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8026:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7902:Takht-e Rostam
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7837:Dilberjin Tepe
7834:
7829:
7823:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7730:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7711:Takht-i Sangin
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7563:Guldursun-Kala
7560:
7555:
7550:
7548:Dalverzin Tepe
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7518:Akchakhan-Kala
7515:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7441:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7276:Dunhuang Caves
7273:
7271:Bezeklik Caves
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7236:Subashi Temple
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7207:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7167:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7087:Durrani Empire
7084:
7079:
7077:Timurid Empire
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6822:Vakhsh culture
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6737:
6736:External links
6734:
6733:
6732:
6713:
6700:
6683:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6629:
6621:
6616:
6595:
6590:978-0197609644
6589:
6574:
6565:
6548:
6541:
6536:
6523:
6506:
6494:
6480:
6474:
6455:
6449:
6434:
6428:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6370:
6363:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6312:
6286:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:Web-references
6253:
6251:
6250:
6238:
6236:, p. 199.
6234:Compareti 2015
6226:
6224:, p. 330.
6214:
6202:
6200:, p. 363.
6190:
6182:One branch of
6176:
6156:
6142:
6122:
6104:
6083:
6070:
6049:
6036:
6015:
5998:
5985:
5972:
5959:
5948:(8): 927–933.
5929:
5901:
5864:
5838:
5821:
5794:(2): 261–292.
5775:
5735:
5714:
5688:
5665:
5642:
5633:
5630:. p. 285.
5626:Guang-dah, Z.
5618:
5586:
5557:
5543:
5509:
5477:
5470:
5448:
5421:
5399:
5392:
5367:
5330:
5323:
5300:
5293:
5273:
5260:
5246:
5231:
5216:
5207:
5198:
5185:
5176:
5160:
5145:
5138:
5112:
5093:
5086:
5066:
5059:
5039:
5021:
5013:
5007:. Isis Press.
4990:
4983:
4963:
4956:
4936:
4918:
4910:
4890:
4883:
4854:
4847:
4827:
4788:
4749:
4710:
4703:
4681:
4674:
4654:
4647:
4627:
4620:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4563:
4545:
4543:, p. 171.
4533:
4526:
4501:
4494:
4474:
4467:
4447:
4440:
4420:
4407:
4392:
4384:
4366:
4349:
4323:
4316:
4294:
4281:
4259:
4238:
4221:
4200:
4179:
4172:
4146:
4133:
4126:
4106:
4070:
4063:
4045:
4038:
4016:
4009:
3989:
3970:
3951:
3938:
3925:
3918:
3896:
3879:
3866:
3836:
3823:
3804:
3797:
3774:
3765:Stein, Aurel.
3757:
3750:
3717:
3710:
3687:
3680:
3660:
3653:
3628:
3621:
3599:
3570:
3558:
3551:Stein, Aurel.
3543:
3525:
3503:
3473:
3466:
3443:
3417:
3404:Mallory, J. P.
3380:
3373:
3353:
3347:Ancient Khotan
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3037:
3036:Khotan coinage
3034:
3011:from the late
2993:Five Dynasties
2976:
2973:
2926:
2923:
2858:
2855:
2825:Bertold Spuler
2804:
2801:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:Viśa' Saṃbhava
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:Fudu Xin - 642
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2584:
2583:List of rulers
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2556:Viśa' Saṃbhava
2552:
2549:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:Tibetan Empire
2485:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2449:
2430:
2424:Kushan Emperor
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2332:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2249:Gansu province
2237:Viśa' Saṃbhava
2215:
2214:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:Main article:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1878:
1871:
1853:Viśa' Saṃbhava
1790:
1787:
1677:
1674:
1658:
1623:British Museum
1597:
1594:
1389:areal features
1345:Chinese zodiac
1335:, part of the
1333:Khotanese Saka
1320:
1317:
1143:In the 1900s,
1114:ancient Taxila
1091:Manuscript in
1084:
1081:
1073:Zhou dynasties
1056:
1053:
1021:four Garrisons
944:
939:
938:
597:
590:
584:
583:
582:
580:
577:
458:), and Qudan (
419:
416:
282:
281:
272:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
252:
243:
240:
239:
234:
222:
221:
216:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
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188:
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178:
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174:
167:
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163:
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157:
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150:
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143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
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118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
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101:
98:
97:
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93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
38:c. 300 BC–1006
35:
34:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8475:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8377:Kumul Khanate
8375:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8295:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8270:Jushi Kingdom
8268:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8252:Shule Kingdom
8250:
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8237:
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8216:
8214:
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8112:Oxus Treasure
8110:
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8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
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8065:Orlat plaques
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7789:Monjukli Depe
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7774:Konye-Urgench
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7706:Takht-i Kuwad
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7465:Koshoy Korgon
7463:
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7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7231:Kumtura Caves
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7203:Western China
7200:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7188:Salbyk kurgan
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7178:Arzhan kurgan
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7148:Serindian art
7146:
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7119:
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7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7047:Mongol Empire
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7037:Ghurid Empire
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
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7008:
7005:
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6990:
6988:
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6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
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6968:
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6958:
6955:
6953:
6952:Western Turks
6950:
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6933:
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6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
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6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:Kushan Empire
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6887:Guiyi Circuit
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Median Empire
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:Tagar culture
6840:
6838:
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6708:
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6699:
6696:
6692:
6689:24: 121–194.
6688:
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6657:
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6617:9789004250420
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6499:
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6492:0-8135-1304-9
6489:
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6364:
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6359:
6356:
6355:
6334:on 8 May 2008
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6100:0-89356-313-7
6097:
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6066:90-04-08612-9
6063:
6059:
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6019:
6012:
6008:
6005:Livius.org. "
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5576:
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5546:
5540:
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5528:
5524:
5523:'Christian'?"
5522:
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4591:
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4564:9780691237831
4560:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4541:Beckwith 1993
4537:
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4291:
4285:
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4204:
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4096:
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4060:
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4012:
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3993:
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3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3855:(230): 9–20.
3854:
3847:
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3833:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3771:. p. 91.
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3624:
3618:
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3610:
3603:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3566:Mukerjee 1964
3562:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3483:
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3405:
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3391:
3389:
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3376:
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3349:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Tarim mummies
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
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3241:
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3217:
3213:
3209:
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3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
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3169:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:100 - 200 CE
3117:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
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3076:
3074:
3071:
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3054:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:Shang dynasty
3010:
3009:tomb of Fuhao
3006:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2986:
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2972:
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2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
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2896:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2840:Mongol period
2837:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
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2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:Qiu Ren - 446
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:Guang De - 60
2608:
2606:Xiu Moba - 60
2605:
2603:- 30 to 60 CE
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:Guiyi Circuit
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
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2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
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2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:Maurya Empire
2377:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2347:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:Qocho Kingdom
2257:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2218:
2210:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2139:
2128:
2117:
2106:
2097:
2086:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2026:KHITAN EMPIRE
2019:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1950:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:Persian deity
1898:
1893:
1889:
1888:Viśa Īrasangä
1885:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Guiyi Circuit
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Kushan Empire
1631:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:(Shache) and
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Hexi Corridor
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1402:سامپۇل بازىرى
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Saka language
1362:
1358:
1355:Ruins of the
1353:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:, as well as
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:Kushan Empire
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Kushan Empire
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
948:
942:
934:
932:
931:
919:
917:
916:
906:
904:
895:
884:
875:
864:
853:
842:
840:
831:
829:
828:
818:
809:
800:
798:
787:
785:
774:
772:
763:
754:
752:
741:
739:
738:
728:
726:
725:
715:
713:
712:
702:
700:
699:
689:
687:
686:
676:
674:
665:
663:
654:
652:
643:
634:
623:
612:
594:
588:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Brahmi script
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
481:
477:
467:
439:
435:
425:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Saka language
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
280:
276:
273:
271:Today part of
269:
253:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
235:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
189:
185:
179:
175:
171:
165:
161:
155:
151:
145:
141:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
105:
102:• c. 56
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
8361:(1487-1660?)
8349:(1347–1680s)
8299:
8104:
8035:Mount Khajeh
8002:Qala-i-Jangi
7982:Khair Khaneh
7887:Khair Khaneh
7794:Namazga-Tepe
7749:Anau culture
7726:Turkmenistan
7643:Tavka Kurgan
7538:Balalyk Tepe
7455:Burana Tower
7445:Aigyr-Zhal 2
7337:Issyk kurgan
7285:
7072:Kart dynasty
7067:Sufi dynasty
7057:Golden Horde
6982:Oghuz Yabgus
6957:Tang dynasty
6922:Hephthalites
6847:Uyuk culture
6717:
6704:
6686:
6677:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6599:
6579:
6569:
6560:
6544:
6527:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6497:
6483:
6463:
6439:
6418:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6373:
6366:
6357:
6336:. Retrieved
6332:the original
6327:
6303:. Retrieved
6299:the original
6289:
6277:. Retrieved
6273:the original
6263:
6241:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6198:Dickens 2018
6193:
6183:
6181:
6166:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6132:
6125:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6091:
6086:
6078:
6073:
6057:
6052:
6044:
6039:
6023:
6018:
6010:
6001:
5993:
5988:
5980:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5945:
5941:
5924:
5916:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5879:
5867:
5855:. Retrieved
5850:
5841:
5824:
5791:
5787:
5778:
5749:
5699:
5691:
5676:
5668:
5653:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5621:
5598:
5566:
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5526:
5520:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5493:
5480:
5461:
5458:"Śikṣānanda"
5451:
5434:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5402:
5383:
5370:
5341:
5333:
5313:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5263:
5249:
5239:
5234:
5224:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5193:
5188:
5179:
5169:
5163:
5154:
5148:
5123:
5115:
5106:
5096:
5076:
5069:
5049:
5042:
5024:
5003:
4993:
4973:
4966:
4946:
4939:
4928:
4921:
4900:
4893:
4868:
4837:
4830:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4694:
4684:
4664:
4657:
4637:
4630:
4605:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4554:
4548:
4536:
4516:
4484:
4477:
4457:
4450:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4375:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4343:
4339:
4326:
4307:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4275:
4262:
4246:
4241:
4224:
4208:
4203:
4187:
4182:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4136:
4116:
4109:
4086:
4073:
4054:
4048:
4029:
4019:
3999:
3992:
3973:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3909:
3899:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3869:
3852:
3839:
3831:
3826:
3817:
3807:
3787:
3777:
3767:
3760:
3741:
3700:
3670:
3663:
3644:
3612:
3602:
3591:the original
3586:
3573:
3561:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3520:the original
3515:
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3490:the original
3485:
3476:
3456:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:
3420:
3411:
3363:
3356:
3346:
3339:
3311:
3297:
3264:Dandan Oilik
3174:such as the
3165:
3091:129 - 130 CE
3065:Hanyu Pinyin
3045:
3031:
3020:
3002:
2998:
2953:
2939:
2928:
2919:
2884:
2867:Dandan Oilik
2820:
2816:
2806:
2803:Christianity
2783:, Sanskrit,
2766:
2761:
2749:
2721:
2618:An Guo - 152
2588:
2586:
2538:
2524:
2361:By the time
2360:
2356:
2339:
2334:
2321:
2316:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2253:
2235:Portrait of
2071:
2035:
2015:
2004:
1982:
1880:Indian deity
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1825:
1814:
1811:circa 650 CE
1806:
1803:Tang dynasty
1798:
1789:Tang dynasty
1784:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1725:Emperor Ming
1722:
1698:
1687:
1667:
1665:
1651:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1596:Early period
1579:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1525:
1454:
1444:
1424:
1422:
1366:
1290:
1274:
1256:
1244:
1229:
1142:
1135:
1102:
1097:Dandan Oilik
1058:
1025:Tang dynasty
990:
983:
968:
927:
926:
914:
913:
902:
838:
826:
825:
794:
781:
770:
748:
736:
735:
723:
722:
710:
709:
697:
696:
684:
683:
672:
661:
650:
568:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
508:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
475:
465:
437:
433:
423:
421:
365:
346:
326:
323:Tang dynasty
309:(modern-day
287:
285:
219:Succeeded by
218:
213:
18:
8402:(1912-1992)
8396:(1757-1912)
8379:(1696–1930)
8373:(1634–1758)
8367:(1514–1705)
8355:(1389–1513)
8347:Moghulistan
8343:(1225–1370)
8326:(1124–1218)
8324:Qara Khitai
8278:(77 BC–630)
8266:(60 BC–107)
8127:Kabul hoard
8060:Sokh snakes
8012:Surkh Kotal
7977:Haji Piyada
7952:Darra-e Kur
7917:Yemshi Tepe
7912:Tillya Tepe
7907:Tepe Fullol
7897:Tepe Narenj
7892:Tapa Sardar
7882:Fondukistan
7847:Tapa Shotor
7827:Tepe Fullol
7819:Afghanistan
7648:Toprak-Kala
7633:Shahrukhiya
7583:Kampir Tepe
7573:Itchan Kala
7528:Ancient Pap
7485:Shakh Fazil
7357:Krasnyi Yar
7261:Mogao Caves
7221:Kizil Caves
7157:Archaeology
7022:Farighunids
6977:Turk Shahis
6917:Alchon Huns
5894:2 September
5884:(hosted on
5857:2 September
5519:"Khotanese
4087:Penn Museum
3496:29 December
3436:2 September
3259:Rawak Stupa
3214:woman from
3143:0 - 200 CE
3056:Inscription
2956:sericulture
2895:arable land
2887:Tarim Basin
2847: [
2828: [
2789:Apabhraṃśas
2773:Śrāvakayāna
2745:Eastern Han
2440:; and then
2317:In Turkic:
2292:Mogao Caves
2256:Tarim Basin
2241:Mogao Caves
2225: 1000
1753:Han dynasty
1669:Book of Han
1485:Modu Chanyu
1446:Book of Han
1393:Saka people
1359:outside of
1357:Rawak Stupa
1331:written in
1147:discovered
1145:Aurel Stein
1138:Han dynasty
1124:, a son of
1023:during the
986:Tarim Basin
962: -200
537:New Persian
452:), Huodan (
434:gi̯wo-d'ien
398:versus the
386:related to
319:Han dynasty
307:Tarim Basin
214:Preceded by
112:• 969
8422:Categories
8320:(843–1209)
8314:(840–1212)
8007:Rag-i-Bibi
7832:Ai-Khanoum
7764:Gonur Depe
7759:Dev-Kesken
7696:Kafir-kala
7686:Ajina tepe
7668:Tajikistan
7628:Sarmishsay
7613:Kyzyl-Kala
7593:Khalchayan
7578:Kafir-kala
7558:Fayaz Tepe
7543:Burchmulla
7505:Uzbekistan
7495:Tash Rabat
7470:Manas Ordo
7437:Kyrgyzstan
7324:Kazakhstan
7027:Ghaznavids
6932:Ustrushana
6927:Tocharians
6857:Massagetae
6678:Hou Hanshu
6514:by Yu Huan
6210:Maggi 2021
5909:Cribb, Joe
5784:Liu, Xinru
3327:References
3284:Kamsabhoga
3168:Lop County
3048:cash-style
3040:See also:
3005:Xinglongwa
2989:Mogao Cave
2797:Śīladharma
2735:. His son
2615:Jian - 132
2363:Marco Polo
1971:KARAKHANID
1805:court, in
1441:Kazakhstan
1437:Kyrgyzstan
1224:Indologist
1217:Sten Konow
1201:Indo-Greek
1118:Vaiśravaṇa
1071:(Yin) and
1061:Tocharians
529:Hvam kṣīra
438:ji̯u-d'ien
392:Indo-Aryan
279:Tajikistan
89:Government
8308:(640-790)
8284:(460-640)
8260:(?–77 BC)
8053:Artifacts
7927:Aq Kupruk
7877:Mes Aynak
7809:Ulug Depe
7744:Altyndepe
7691:Cyropolis
7681:Penjikent
7653:Varakhsha
7588:Kara Tepe
7533:Ayaz-Kala
7523:Akhsikath
7513:Afrasiyab
7460:Issyk-Kul
7450:Balasagun
7296:Beshbalik
7173:Sintashta
7133:Silk Road
7062:Ilkhanate
7017:Ma'munids
6912:Kidarites
6695:1017-7132
6644:3 (2008).
6602:, Brill,
6328:idp.bl.uk
5816:162211306
5764:cite book
5724:cite book
5607:cite book
5601:. Peking.
5575:cite book
5521:kīrästānä
5356:cite book
4822:162917965
4783:162917965
4744:162917965
4590:Rong 2013
4403:Hill 2009
3861:2157-9687
3704:. BRILL.
3196:Ossetians
3095:Fang Qian
2733:Shamanism
2601:Gurgamoya
2537:746: The
2505:Wu Zetian
2462:returned.
2284:Altishahr
2195:BYZANTINE
2186:CALIPHATE
2115:CHALUKYAS
2082:GHAZNAVID
2046:SRIVIJAYA
2005:Pechenegs
1857:rajasimha
1808:Wanghuitu
1709:Silk Road
1694:Kharosthi
1614:Kharosthi
1606:Gurgamoya
1499:(Yanqi),
1489:Syr Darya
1465:Tian Shan
1451:Sima Qian
1433:Chu River
1221:Norwegian
1153:Kharoṣṭhī
1093:Khotanese
1013:Karashahr
915:Scythians
651:Korgantas
621:BACTRIANS
466:Jusadanna
368:Khotanese
359:jade and
299:Silk Road
152:c. 300 BC
142:c. 300 BC
79:Religion
69:Khotanese
8353:Kara Del
8302:(?–1006)
8282:Gaochang
8276:Shanshan
7987:Mundigak
7967:Firozkoh
7857:Shotorak
7676:Bunjikat
7568:Hazorasp
7392:Shilikty
7382:Boralday
7306:Mongolia
7241:Dunhuang
7012:Samanids
6942:Farghana
6795:Polities
6279:2 August
5836:, p. 59.
5808:20078910
5488:(1991).
5414:2 August
5174:, p.4-5.
5032:Archived
5001:(2008).
4934:, p. 160
4390:, p. 97.
4346:: 37–46.
4278:: 21–22.
4095:cite web
3516:华夏地理互动社区
3486:qkzz.net
3410:(2000),
3317:Ban Yong
3238:See also
3204:paternal
3200:Iranians
3192:maternal
3188:Caucasus
3170:, where
3135:Liu Zhu
3077:Coinage
2985:Dunhuang
2960:mulberry
2945:Xuanzang
2935:silkworm
2891:Xuanzang
2871:silkworm
2785:Prakrits
2752:Mahayana
2737:Ban Yong
2729:Mazdeism
2725:Ban Chao
2704:Buddhism
2564:Dunhuang
2529:Gandhara
2482:Xuanzang
2438:Karasahr
2434:Ban Yong
2427:Kanishka
2415:Kanishka
2403:Ban Chao
2396:Shanshan
2245:Dunhuang
1761:Ban Chao
1741:Charklik
1737:Shanshan
1659:—
1630:Kanishka
1604:Coin of
1590:Dunhuang
1545:senapati
1540:Sanskrit
1532:Shanshan
1497:Karasahr
1469:Dunhuang
1381:Sogdiana
1262:Buddhist
1258:Buddhism
1189:ceramics
1133:Khotan.
1106:Xuanzang
1029:Sogdiana
1001:Shanshan
849:SELEUCID
711:Chandman
573:Dunhuang
557:Godaniya
545:Gosthana
541:Gaustana
502:Yvu-then
388:Sanskrit
357:nephrite
311:Xinjiang
292:Buddhist
92:Monarchy
83:Buddhism
73:Gāndhārī
8408:(1949-)
8290:(?–789)
8272:(?-460)
7932:Asqalan
7867:Bimaran
7862:Paitava
7804:Togolok
7739:Abiward
7623:Poykent
7608:Koktepe
7475:Navekat
7352:Kerderi
7342:Jankent
7291:Kashgar
7266:Tumshuq
7211:Bulayïq
7121:Culture
6937:Khuttal
6897:Xiongnu
6559:(ed.).
6351:Sources
6305:21 July
5550:4 April
5502:4 April
5019:, p. 35
4916:, p 207
3244:Khatana
3228:Persian
3216:Bactria
3212:Sogdian
3113:重廿四銖銅錢
3088:yú fāng
3082:Yu Fang
2949:Kashgar
2903:cereals
2899:fertile
2836:Melkite
2821:Taḏkera
2817:Taḏkera
2809:Gardizi
2781:Chinese
2777:viharas
2587:Note:-
2543:Tengyur
2446:Kashgar
2367:Mohamet
2273:Kashgar
2184:FATIMID
2148:DYNASTY
2113:WESTERN
2036:Kyrgyzs
1973:KHANATE
1937:, China
1861:huangdi
1779:Luoyang
1757:Xiongnu
1733:Kashgar
1705:Kashgar
1701:Yarkand
1692:in the
1644:in the
1632:of the
1586:Tumshuq
1574:Tumshuq
1570:Sogdian
1566:hvatana
1562:hvatana
1554:Iranian
1536:hinajha
1528:Prakrit
1519:in the
1513:Yarkand
1501:Yarkand
1493:Bactria
1481:Xiongnu
1339:of the
1305:Indians
1301:Tibetan
1297:Tibetan
1293:Chinese
1285:Kushāṇa
1266:Kashgar
1248:Tibetan
1240:Chinese
1181:pegasus
1161:Prakrit
1149:Prakrit
1055:History
1049:Xiongnu
1033:Bactria
1009:Kashgar
993:Yarkand
953:
949:realm (
882:XIONGNU
873:DYNASTY
827:Subeshi
797:culture
784:culture
771:SABEANS
673:Pazyryk
569:Yūttina
561:Kustana
549:Gostana
515:in the
513:Hvatäna
509:Khotana
498:Hu-then
480:Gostana
408:Iranian
361:pottery
353:carpets
329:. This
305:in the
168:•
125:History
55:Capital
8387:Modern
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