280:
52:
670:, Mansaba Janke Waali Sanneh (also called Mansaba Dianke Walli) ordered the city's gunpowder stores to be set afire. The resulting explosion killed the Mandinka defenders and many of the attackers. With Kansala obliterated, Mandinka hegemony in the region came to an end. The remains of the Kaabu Empire were under Fula control until the Portuguese suppression of the kingdom around the turn of the 20th century.
860:
genie accepted, but only under the condition that Mady release his sister into his custody. After being informed, the sister agreed to the sacrifice, the genie complied, and hence, the birth of the legendary Kora. Aside from oral testimony, historians propose that the Kora appeared with the apogee of war chiefs from Kaabu, allowing the tradition to spread throughout the
850:. A kora is built from a large calabash cut in half and covered with cow skin to make a resonator, and has a notched bridge like a lute or guitar. The sound of a Kora resembles that of a harp, yet with its gourd resonator it has been classified by ethnomusicologists such as Roderick Knight as a harp-lute. The Kora was traditionally used by the
646:
against non-Muslim states in the region, particularly Kaabu. Some non-Muslim Fula, pushed out of the Futa
Djallon by the Torodbe, settled in Kaabu and often herded the cattle of the ruling Nyancho aristocracy. Over the course of the conflict with the Imamate, however, these immigrants were seen as a
859:
and linked with Jali Mady
Fouling Diabate, son of Bamba Diabate. According to the griots, Mady visited a local lake in which he was informed that a genie who granted wishes had resided. Upon meeting him, Mady requested that the genie make him a brand new instrument that no griot had ever owned. The
647:
potential 'fifth column', and were oppressed and extorted, creating civil conflict in the empire. The decline of the slave trade, a pillar of the economy for centuries, also pushed
Mandinka elites to squeeze the peasants for taxes to replace their lost trade revenues. Therefore the war against the
478:
The savannah areas were mostly conquered and ruled by
Mandinka vassals to the Mali Empire. Meanwhile the swampy areas near the coast were still dominated by the natives. As in many places that saw Mandinka migrations, much of the native population was dominated or assimilated, with slaves either
737:
The Mansa of Kaabu was selected from among the leaders of the provinces of Jimara, Sama, and
Pachana. In contrast to prevailing patrilineal traditions among the Mande, royal inheritance passed through the mother's line, respecting pre-conquest Bainuk inheritance customs. Three other provinces -
763:. They claimed patrilineal descent from Tiramakhan Traore, founder of Kaabu, and matrilineal descent from a powerful pre-Mandinka indigenous sorceress. Thus the Nyancho claimed legitimacy through conquest, traditional Mandinka patrilineal inheritance, and local matrilineal traditions.
479:
eventually being integrated into
Mandinka society or sold via the trans-Sahara trade routes to Arab buyers. Although the rulers of Kaabu were Mandinka, many of their subjects were from ethnic groups who had resided in the region before the Mandinka invasion. Mandinka became a
774:. Slaves worked large-scale cotton plantations to produce this form of currency. The nyancho warrior aristocracy used increasing tax revenue to fund more wars, thereby capturing more slaves, who produced more cloth, which financed still more wars.
697:, until the arrival of the British and French colonialist at the turn of 20th Century. To date, the influence of the Korings and Nyanchos are embedded within the sociocultural fabrics of post-independence Senegal, Gambia and Guinea Bissau.
854:
as a tool for preserving history, ancient tradition, to memorize the genealogies of patron families and sing their praises, to act as conflict intermediaries between families, and to entertain. Its origins can be traced to the time of the
759:(or Nyantio). The Korings were from the Sanyang and Sonko clans, whilst the Nyanchos were Manneh and Sanneh. The Korings ruled the non-royal provinces, while only those descended from Nyancho bloodlines on both sides could be elected
1498:
450:
Bainuk legends describe a cruel king named Gana Sira Bana or
Masopti Biaye, whose tyranny caused a general rebellion, and the kingdom split apart. These decentralized societies were ultimately unable to resist Mande expansion.
447:. The earliest dynasty was called the Jenung, but almost nothing is known of this period. There were Mande traders and immigrants in the area, but they were politically and demographically dominated by their local hosts.
1108:
WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS by George E. Brooks, Indiana
University African Studies Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, August,
1353:
CanĂłs-Donnay, Sirio (2022). "Fluid fortresses in changing states: TĂ ta in southern
Senegal (13th–19th centuries AD)". In Ibsen, Timo; Ilves, Kristin; Maixner, Birgit; Messal, Sebastian; Schneeweiß, Jens (eds.).
654:
Up until the 1860s Kaabu had successfully repulsed on numerous occasions various Fula armies at the fort of
Berekolong. In 1865, however, the Kaabu capital at Kansala came under siege from an army led by
1503:
475:, or provinces. He, or perhaps his sons by his Bainuk wife, defeated Kikikor, the king of the Bainuks and captured Mampatim. His son or grandson Sama Coli became the first mansa of Kaabu.
358:. However, Kaabu's successor states across Senegambia continued to thrive even after the fall of Kansala; this lasted until total incorporation of the remaining kingdoms into the
517:
in the north, and succession disputes. Even historically secure possessions in what is now Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau were cut off by the expanding power of
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to replace the old capital of Mampatim. It was more centrally located, and the location of the sacred wood where the new mansaba was crowned. In the mid-15th century,
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were fundamental to Kaabunke governance. The ruling elite claimed descent from women born in Guedi Nyanthio Be, the sacred cave in Mampatim. A candidate to become
532:, 'great king of Kaabu'. The number of provinces grew from three to seven, and these encompassed dozens of royal trading towns. These included among others,
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877:
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The ruling class was composed of warrior-elites made rich by slaves captured in war. These ruling nobles were from two distinctive sets of clans
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1433:
Mane, Daouda (2021). "La Question des Origines et de l'Emergence de l'Etat de Kaabu". In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.).
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Scholars disagree on whether Kaabu was a kingdom, an empire, a federation, or some mix of these. Although there was an emperor, known as the
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According to Mandinka tradition, Kaabu remained unconquered for eight hundred and seven years. There were 47 Mansas in successions.
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s permission was required before building a tata. Oral histories record that there were 37 of these, but the number shifted as the
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900:, and Kansala; they were often consulted for major decisions, or meetings of the state council were held in their presence. Each
533:
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619:
Kaabu's many wars of expansion produced up to half of the African people sold into slavery during the 17th and 18th centuries.
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was tied to a particular place, and new political centers could not be founded without installing a piece of an existing
709:, power was decentralized and people generally were more responsive to local leaders than the distant, almost mythical,
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1820:
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681:, Faraba, and Berefet, mainly in Gambia and parts of southern Senegal. Other Nyancho-controlled areas were Sayjo (
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Mandinka oral tradition holds that Kaabu was the actual birthplace of the Mande musical instrument, known as the
346:. After the decline of the Mali Empire, Kaabu became independent. Kansala, the imperial capital, was captured by
85:
51:
524:
As Mali's authority collapsed, the Mandinka states of the region formed an independent federation, with the
1825:
1462:
630:
The power of Kaabu began to wane during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In 1776, militant Islamic
1293:
1835:
1830:
1555:
1385:
Belonging beyond boundaries : constructing a transnational community in a West African borderland
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Fortifications in their Natural and Cultural Landscape: From Organising Space to the Creation of Power
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Some of Kaabu's constituent kingdoms, however, continued to thrive. Among these were Nyambai,
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Beginning in the middle of the 14th century, Mali saw a steep decline due to raids by the
8:
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Institut Fondamental de l'Afrique Noire. Musée Historique de Gorée Exhibit (August 2024).
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s economic importance within the empire, previously limited to salt and fish production.
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kingdom did exist, founded in the 7th century CE, that ruled from the Gambia to the
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General History of Africa V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
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area until it was made popular by Koryang Moussa Diabate in the 19th century.
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traders began arriving on the coast of Kaabu. European trade supplemented the
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721:, the fortress of the king, which often gave the larger polity its name. The
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Scholars and oral historians have proposed various etymologies for the name
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1169:. Vol. III (Illustrated, revised ed.). Facts On File. p. 92.
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The social hierarchy of Kaabu was similar to that of the Mali empire, with
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428:
1089:. Vol. II (Illustrated, revised ed.). Facts On File. p. 79.
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expanded, contracted, merged, split, appeared and disappeared over time.
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581:
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838:. Mandinka, however, was the language of the ruling class and of trade.
1644:
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324:
316:
1411:
Historical dictionary of the Republics of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
642:. With some support from Soninke and Mandinka chiefs, they launched a
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arrived in the region around the year 1230CE. One of the generals of
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The region that would become Kaabu, stretching from the banks of the
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328:
1547:
942:
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Kaabu was a multicultural state hosting several languages, namely:
613:
494:
876:, or fetish, was the snake Tamba Dibi, set in a sacred forest of
755:
739:
694:
682:
631:
561:
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1446:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 512 Pages.
1754:
1724:
1674:
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1504:
Spatio-Temporal Boundaries of African Civilization Reconsidered
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It rose to prominence as an imperial military province of the
1769:
1719:
1654:
1609:
1338:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 388 Pages.
1311:
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whose fruit could supposedly protect warriors from harm. The
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Kaabu was explicitly a non-Islamic state. The most important
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elites of Kaabu had ethnic, religious, and class components.
643:
593:
1604:
601:
197:
1367:. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 370 Pages.
1185:
27:
State in the Senegambia region of West Africa (1537-1867)
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and Mana - were direct vassals of the three core areas.
1464:
Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou
1119:
1117:
1363:
Clark, Andrew F. & Lucie Colvin Phillips (1994).
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dynasty), although these became independent by 1600.
1025:
1437:(in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. pp. 237–283.
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1435:Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle
1407:
1165:Page, Willie F. (2005). Davis, R. Hunt (ed.).
1085:Page, Willie F. (2005). Davis, R. Hunt (ed.).
386:. These include it being derived from Kaba or
1563:
459:According to Senegambian oral histories, the
1352:
1317:
1191:
1167:Encyclopedia of African History and Culture
1087:Encyclopedia of African History and Culture
319:region centered within modern northeastern
1806:States and territories established in 1537
1570:
1556:
1414:. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. pp.
406:, meaning 'the circumcised people' in the
50:
1467:. KARTHALA Editions. pp. 221 Pages.
766:The principal tax, collected in cloth or
489:(governor) Sala Sane founded the city of
402:, meaning 'let's keep fighting'; or from
1160:
1158:
1156:
1080:
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608:were established at this time, ruled by
439:, was thinly inhabited. Nevertheless, a
1381:
1336:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
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1132:
976:
974:
972:
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14:
1798:
1358:. Bonn: Habelt-Verlag. pp. 69–82.
790:(caste workers/artisans), and slaves.
717:, of the empire was centered around a
513:to their south, the growth of the new
1577:
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1241:"Kaabu Oral History Project Proposal"
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435:massif and the coast of present-day
1489:Batellings Crowns Sibi Karang Mansa
56:Kaabu Empire circa 1625 (in purple)
24:
1388:(PhD). Michigan State University.
1233:
1093:
666:. At the climax of the eleven-day
25:
1852:
1482:
1365:Historical Dictionary of Senegal
888:first had to be accepted by the
370:spheres of influence during the
299:(1537–1867), also written
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264:
250:
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1811:Countries in precolonial Africa
1327:
1286:
1248:African Union Common Repository
612:kings and Mandinka queens (the
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410:, the name of the pre-existing
1494:Standard Newspaper, The Gambia
1461:Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1989).
732:
13:
1:
1841:1537 establishments in Africa
1509:Encyclopedia of World History
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713:. Each component kingdom, or
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165:• Independence from the
155:• Kaabu Tinkuru Founded
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86:Traditional African Religion
7:
1536:African Epics Resource Page
911:
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521:in the early 16th century.
431:south and east towards the
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1442:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1999).
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1821:History of Guinea-Bissau
1408:Lobban, Richard (1979).
1334:Barry, Boubacar (1998).
938:History of Guinea-Bissau
841:
693:) and others in today's
354:during the 19th century
1514:Guinea-Bissau Fact File
1382:Glovsky, David (2020).
928:Imamate of Futa Jallon
634:clerics established a
311:, was a federation of
246:Imamate of Futa Jallon
600:etc. The kingdoms of
390:, the capital of the
327:, and extending into
72:Common languages
985:. UK: Penguin Books.
981:Green, Toby (2020).
528:taking the title of
113:• 13th century
1826:Kingdoms of Senegal
983:A Fistful of Shells
770:, was known as the
372:Scramble for Africa
1695:Mahdiyya caliphate
1541:2008-03-23 at the
1526:Worldstatesmen.org
1519:2006-09-23 at the
1394:10.25335/4hjk-3y48
1836:Sahelian kingdoms
1831:History of Guinea
1793:
1792:
1579:Sahelian kingdoms
1320:, pp. 79–80.
1318:CanĂłs-Donnay 2022
1206:, pp. 68–70.
1192:CanĂłs-Donnay 2022
1034:, pp. 267–9.
933:Portuguese Guinea
923:Battle of Kansala
668:Battle of Kansala
469:Tiramakhan Traore
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1301:. Retrieved
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1216:Glovsky 2020
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296:
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215:Succeeded by
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126:• 1867
37:
34:Kaabu Empire
1816:Mali Empire
1685:Kanem–Bornu
1635:Futa Jallon
1499:Ethiopiques
1254:24 November
918:Mali Empire
857:Mali empire
733:The Nyancho
687:Koumpentoum
660: [
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394:; from the
392:Mali Empire
356:Fula jihads
352:Futa Jallon
344:Mali Empire
333:Koumpentoum
233:Mali Empire
210:Preceded by
200:bars, cloth
167:Mali Empire
131:Janke Waali
1800:Categories
1760:Toucouleur
1660:Great Fulo
1281:Niane 1989
1228:Barry 1998
1148:Barry 1998
1056:Niane 1989
1044:Niane 1989
949:References
878:tabo trees
804:Jola-Fonyi
701:Government
550:Patim Kibo
364:Portuguese
335:, and the
317:Senegambia
92:Government
1780:Wassoulou
1640:Futa Toro
1416:193 Pages
1303:10 August
1269:Mane 2021
1124:Mane 2021
1068:Mane 2021
1032:Mane 2021
1020:Mane 2021
1008:Mane 2021
996:Mane 2021
962:Mane 2021
898:Kankelefa
894:Payoungou
832:Sarakhule
788:nyamakala
691:Koussanar
586:Koussanar
495:Portugese
423:Kambutchi
414:kingdom.
404:Kambutchi
378:Etymology
337:Casamance
329:Koussanar
118:Sama Koli
82:Religion
45:1537–1867
1539:Archived
1517:Archived
943:Guelowar
912:See also
868:Religion
816:Mankanya
808:Mandinka
794:Language
614:Guelowar
499:tinkuru'
461:Mandinka
396:Mandinka
313:Mandinka
194:Currency
95:Monarchy
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1595:Bagirmi
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626:Decline
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473:tinkuru
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418:History
398:phrase
360:British
178:•
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120:(first)
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62:Capital
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1469:ISBN
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