36:
489:) and Kantora. But in return Musa conceded half of his tax revenur, some control over his actions, and the presence of a French resident in Hamdallaye, one of his capitals. As the 20th century dawned, colonial encroachment had diminished his independence in his own domains, particularly on the French side of the hardening borders. Musa's power was impossible to square with British and French plans, who had divided Fuladu into spheres of influence in 1900, with the British annexing their section into the
331:
to settle in the "fulakunda" established for them and to adopt agriculture in order to supply the
Mandinka with tax revenue. The Fula were victims of harassment and humiliation and had to assimilate to the culture and language of the Mandinka. Many Fula fought to safeguard their language, traditions, and nomadic way of life. They revolted several times, but were defeated each time. The Mandinka justified the exactions that they practiced against the Fula as responses to these revolts.
608:
327:
to a permanent presence in the region. Initially, the Fula and the dominant
Mandinka people had a good relationship. The Fula settled near the Mandinka in order to sell them dairy products produced by their cattle, in exchange for the agricultural products of the Mandinka. The Mandinka entrusted their own herds to the Fula, who circulated freely in Kaabu. Intermarriage between the two communities took place.
594:
496:
In May 1903 the French attempted to bring Musa to heel; rather that submit, he led a group of around 3000 people (some of whom had been forced to come) to the
British side of Fuladu. At this point Fuladu ceased to exist as an independent power, although Musa Molo continued to try to exert control by
436:
Although he had overthrown
Mandinka supremacy in Fuladu, Alpha Molo Balde based the structure of the new state on the decentralized Kaabu model. Many of the provinces of Fuladu were in fact the constituent kingdoms of Kaabu reorganized with Fulbe leaders. This transition was smoother in Alpha Molo's
330:
Later, however, the relationship between the Fula and the
Mandinka deteriorated. The once mutually beneficial relationship (in which the Mandinka provided pasturage and protection in exchange for taxes, services, and gifts from the Fula) became more exploitative. Numerous Fula families were required
326:
Nomadic pastoralists, the Fula peoples arrived in the region in a significant way in the fourteenth century, attracted by the pastureland. Other Fula people had migrated through the region before the arrival of the second wave of Fulbe, but they did not remain long; it was this second wave that lead
565:
and Fulbe culture, but were unable to impose it entirely. Culture and ethnicity were flexible and mixed in multi-ethnic Fuladu. Musa even appointed
Mandinka chiefs as well as Fulbe. Still, the Mandinka population of the territory dropped precipitously as Alpha and Musa promoted Fula interests and
441:
and settled Fulas in formerly
Mandinka communities. He also consolidated the forty-eight small territories into five major provinces, still with a decentralized power structure, each ruled by a loyal chief and Firdu under his direct administration. In 1874 he established his capital in
577:
is cultivated and animal husbandry is practiced. Agriculture is very profitable in the region compared to other parts of
Senegal, because it is one of the best watered parts of the country. The vegetation is very rich and a wide range of fruits and legumes are cultivated, as well as
437:
home region of Firdu (in modern day
Senegal) than in the southern area known as Forria (now in Guinea-Bissau). Alpha consolidated control over several provinces that had once been part of Kaabu before Kansala. He promoted the
630:
520:
As its name suggests, the Fula form a majority of the population of Fuladu (about 55%). Most of the Fula in Fuladu are engaged in agriculture. They belong to the Fulbe Firdu group.
228:
214:
200:
175:
821:
Bellagamba, Alice. “A Matter of Trust. Political
Identities and Interpersonal Relationships along the River Gambia.” Paideuma, vol. 46, 2000, pp. 37–61. JSTOR,
925:
Le commerce du lait chez les Peuls du Fouladou (Sud Sénégal). Organisation spatiale, dynamique organisationnelle et construction d’une identité régionale
956:
566:
sometimes hunted the Mandinka from territories they had formerly ruled. Upon Musa's exile, many people who had fled his harsh rule returned.
637:
396:
of Fouta Djallon were opposed to traditional religion, whether Fula, Mandinka, or other. In the course of the nineteenth century, numerous
340:
478:
35:
941:
443:
49:
454:
351:
871:
961:
971:
837:
490:
951:
896:
Colonisation et domination économique en Casamance : l'exemple de la fiscalité au Fouladou, 1895-1920
946:
846:
Belonging beyond boundaries : constructing a transnational community in a West African borderland
501:
384:
Before Alpha Molo, the Fula had followed the traditional religion, although there were some Fula
457:(now in Guinea-Bissau). He was succeeded first by his brother Bakari Demba and later by his son
366:
473:, though he would not prove to be a good puppet. They supported him in campaigns north to the
966:
923:
8:
118:
830:
Le dialecte peul du Fouladou (Casamance-Sénégal) : étude phonétique et phonologique
369:. Leading an army of 35 000 men, Alpha Molo captured the Mandinka capital in the 11-day
298:. It was the last independent pre-colonial state in the area, ceasing to exist in 1903.
392:
in large numbers in order to win the support of Fouta Djalon for the revolt, since the
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833:
425:
421:
370:
221:
409:
524:
562:
535:
527:
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417:
374:
312:
256:
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Structures sociales et pouvoir politique traditionnel en milieu peul du Fouladou
613:
599:
555:
551:
531:
486:
482:
413:
935:
882:
Le royaume peul du Fuladu de 1867 à 1936 (l’esclave, le colon et le marabout)
547:
401:
378:
362:
345:
295:
248:
60:
928:(Slideshow of Djiby Dia, ISRA - Institut sénégalais de recherches agricoles)
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relying on marriage alliances with local notables, Fula and Mandinka alike.
539:
509:
505:
474:
287:
284:
913:
844:
543:
458:
397:
320:
272:
104:
469:
In order to win the succession dispute, Musa leaned on support from the
381:. In modern oral tradition, he is referred to as "Alpha the Liberator".
822:
373:
in 1867. This marked the creation of Fuladu, stretching from the upper
291:
207:
891:, Université de Dakar, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, 1982
816:
L'implantation des Peuls du Fouta Djalon dans le Fouladou (1867-1958)
405:
276:
385:
356:
280:
193:
574:
470:
393:
365:. He unified the Fula of Kaabu and sought the help of the Fula
818:, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, 2000 (Master's thesis)
16:
Historic region and kingdom in the Upper Casamance, in Senegal
898:, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2000, 127 p. (Master's thesis)
447:
389:
316:
180:
70:
908:
716:
714:
579:
315:
controlled the region. They had established the kingdom of
711:
675:
654:
862:
Lobban, Richard Andrew Jr.; Mendy, Peter Karibe (2013).
864:
Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau
792:
759:
780:
738:
726:
699:
687:
589:
933:
920:, 15 July-15 December 1912, volume XXVI, n° 1–6)
477:, defeating and killing the Mandinka warlord
464:
884:, Université de Dakar, 1998, 280 p. (Thesis)
523:Minority ethnicities in Fuladu included the
334:
861:
720:
681:
660:
40:"Fouladougou" (upper centre) on a 1906 map
34:
866:(4th ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
842:
798:
786:
765:
744:
732:
705:
693:
957:19th-century establishments in Senegal
934:
909:Koldanews, the portal of Fuladu online
832:, Munich, LINCOM Europa, 2001, 554 p.
561:Alpha and Musa Molo both promoted the
628:
361:led another revolt against the Kaabu
823:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40341782
13:
631:"A Nineteenth Century Fulbe State"
271:) is a historic region and former
14:
983:
942:Regions of West Africa by country
902:
453:Alpha Molo Balde died in 1881 at
431:
606:
592:
226:
212:
198:
173:
808:
771:
750:
666:
622:
491:Gambia Colony and Protectorate
400:were established in this way:
339:In the mid-19th century chief
311:Before Fuladu's founding, the
1:
585:
515:
306:
916:(article by René Legrand in
7:
962:Former monarchies of Africa
252:
10:
988:
972:Former countries in Africa
569:
465:Musa Molo and Colonization
323:in the fifteenth century.
301:
914:« Le Fouladou »
894:Mouhamadou Mustapha Sow,
629:Quinn, Charlotte (1971).
335:Alpha Molo Balde's Revolt
152:
148:
138:
128:
124:
114:
110:
98:
88:
84:
76:
66:
56:
45:
33:
28:
21:
481:in 1901, and conquering
843:Glovsky, David (2020).
825:. Accessed 4 June 2023.
721:Lobban & Mendy 2013
682:Lobban & Mendy 2013
661:Lobban & Mendy 2013
502:Districts of The Gambia
367:Imamate of Futa Jallon
260:
140:• Disestablished
880:Abdarahmane N’Gaïdé,
275:kingdom in the Upper
57:Common languages
388:. They converted to
952:Kingdoms of Senegal
538:groups, as well as
485:(at the expense of
319:as a vassal of the
130:• Established
119:Early Modern Period
947:Regions of Senegal
398:Fula Muslim states
279:, in the south of
873:978-0-8108-5310-2
814:Moustapha Barry,
777:Bellagamba, 42-3.
756:Bellagamba, 42-3.
426:El Hadj Umar Tall
422:Toucouleur Empire
371:Battle of Kansala
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
222:Portuguese Guinea
186:
185:
105:Moussa Molo Balde
100:• 1881-1903
90:• 1865-1881
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636:. Archived from
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611:
610:
609:
602:
597:
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500:Two present-day
410:Sokoto Caliphate
377:to northeastern
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283:, and including
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202:
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94:Alpha Molo Balde
38:
19:
18:
987:
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978:
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852:
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811:
806:
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801:, pp. 112.
797:
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747:, pp. 105.
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735:, pp. 102.
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723:, pp. 277.
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704:
700:
692:
688:
684:, pp. 244.
680:
676:
672:Bellagamba, 42.
671:
667:
663:, pp. 276.
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607:
605:
598:
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591:
588:
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563:Pulaar language
536:Jakhanke people
518:
467:
459:Musa Molo Balde
439:Pulaar language
434:
418:Adamawa Emirate
375:Casamance River
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309:
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903:External links
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619:
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614:Senegal portal
603:
600:history portal
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487:Mahmadu Lamine
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432:State building
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414:Massina Empire
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379:Guinea-Bissau
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851:. Retrieved
845:
829:
828:Gloria Lex,
815:
809:Bibliography
799:Glovsky 2020
794:
787:Glovsky 2020
782:
773:
766:Glovsky 2020
761:
752:
745:Glovsky 2020
740:
733:Glovsky 2020
728:
706:Glovsky 2020
701:
694:Glovsky 2020
689:
677:
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656:
645:. Retrieved
638:the original
624:
573:
560:
522:
519:
510:Fulladu East
506:Fulladu West
499:
495:
475:Gambia river
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452:
435:
383:
338:
329:
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310:
268:
264:
244:
243:
163:Succeeded by
162:
157:
52:, Hamdallaye
887:Cl. Niang,
446:, north of
355: [
344: [
321:Mali Empire
269:Fouladougou
158:Preceded by
936:Categories
838:3895861758
647:2017-11-15
586:References
516:Population
504:are named
420:, and the
341:Alpha Molo
307:Background
292:The Gambia
208:The Gambia
77:Government
493:in 1902.
479:Fode Kaba
406:Futa Toro
386:marabouts
277:Casamance
267:(French:
67:Religion
29:1867–1903
556:Manjacks
528:Mandinka
313:Mandinka
265:Fuladugu
261:Fouladou
80:Monarchy
853:28 July
570:Economy
552:Balanta
532:Yalunka
302:History
285:certain
281:Senegal
253:Fulaadu
194:Senegal
46:Capital
23:Fulaadu
870:
836:
575:Cotton
554:, and
548:Bainuk
540:Wolofs
471:French
444:Ndorna
412:, the
408:, the
394:Almami
257:French
245:Fuladu
50:Ndorna
849:(PhD)
641:(PDF)
634:(PDF)
525:Mande
483:Niani
455:Dandu
448:Kolda
402:Bundu
390:Islam
363:Mansa
359:]
352:Firdu
348:]
317:Kaabu
288:areas
263:) or
181:Kaabu
71:Islam
868:ISBN
855:2023
834:ISBN
580:rice
544:Jola
534:and
508:and
294:and
273:Fula
249:Fula
144:1903
134:1867
61:Fula
558:.
450:.
424:of
350:of
290:in
938::
713:^
582:.
550:,
546:,
542:,
530:,
512:.
461:.
428:.
404:,
357:fr
346:fr
259::
255:;
251::
876:.
857:.
650:.
247:(
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