165:) and Kantora. But in return Musa conceded half of his tax revenur, some control over his actions, and the presence of a French resident in Hamdallaye, one of his capitals. As the 20th century dawned, colonial encroachment had diminished his independence in his own domains, particularly on the French side of the hardening borders. Musa's power was impossible to square with British and French plans, who had divided Fuladu into spheres of influence in 1900, with the British annexing their section into the
188:, but returned 4 years later. From the Gambia, Musa Balde could not control Fuladu by strength of arms, and so relied on marriage alliances with local notables, Fula and Mandinka alike. He spent nearly 30 years fighting and negotiating with the British, dying at Keserekunda in 1931. His son served as district chief from 1924 to 1952, and his grandson from 1964 to 1997.
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Colonial powers in the region were, from the earliest part of his reign, interested in economic access to Musa's kingdom. The
British first contacted him in 1880, and the French 3 years later signed a treaty with him. These two powers, as well as the Portuguese, drew lines on maps nominally subdiving
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Musa's harsh and arbitrary rule caused large-scale emigration by Fula and as well as minority ethnicities, often seeking the protection of
European trading posts. Musa would then increase the tax burden on those who remained to compensate for the losses, pushing them to leave as well. He arrested
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for centuries. Fuladu was diverse, containing the Fulbe as well as their former overlords the
Mandinka and other ethnicities. There existed tensions between the different groups and the Firdu Fulbe, Alpha Molo's core base of support, who settled mostly in Tumana and Jimara, two of Kaabu's former
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Fuladu into spheres of influence, but in practice Musa used them to bolster his own unquestioned power. By signing various treaties with the three powers, often with no intention of following the unenforceable provisions, Musa buttressed his own political and economic strength.
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While still serving as the power behind his uncle's throne, Musa brutally repressed rebellions in the south of Fuladu, killing his rivals and enslaving their families. He consolidated his rule by eliminating potential challengers within his family with support from the
101:. Following Fuladu's founding, he had significant influence in his father's government. He became a great military leader as well as a political representative for Fuladu during meetings with the British.
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In May 1903 the French attempted to bring Musa to heel; rather that submit, he led a group of around 3000 people (some of whom had been forced to come) to the
British side of Fuladu.
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He built a much more centralized governmental apparatus than his father, although weak transportation and communication networks hampered effective control. He twice invaded
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region. A ruthless and powerful ruler, he played different colonial powers off of each other for decades before being defeated by the French in 1903 and exiled to
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Increasingly, however, Musa's control of the entire area was due to assistance from the French, who considered him a powerful ally in their expansion into the
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298:"Beyond Ritualised Friendship: A Historical Ethnography of Power, Trust and Interpersonal Affection in Fuladu, The Gambia (ca. 1880–1918)"
108:, as was the custom of the time, but maintained both political and military control over a large area of what is now Senegalese region of
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those unable to pay taxes, enslaved people where he could, and cut off the limbs of those who angered him, particularly the
Mandinka.
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and dramatically expanded Fuladu's borders, becoming increasingly autocratic and imposing onerous taxes to support the wars.
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with an annual stipend of 500 pounds sterling. After a local revolt in 1919, however, he was exiled again to
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Belonging beyond boundaries : constructing a transnational community in a West
African borderland
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Once in The Gambia, the
British integrated Musa Molo into their system of indirect rule as a chief in
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458:"Sovereignty along a west african frontier: The creation of the guinea- senegal border, 1850–1920"
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Musa Molo Balde's family was descended from slaves and hailed originally from
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Upon his father’s death in 1881, Mussa accepted the rule of his uncle
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Lobban, Richard Andrew Jr.; Mendy, Peter Karibe (2013).
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89:constituent kingdoms in the Gambia river valley.
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149:. They supported him in campaigns north to the
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112:. He came to power in his own right in 1893.
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80:that had dominated the region between the
22:(mid to late 1800s-1931), also written as
524:(4th ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
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219:"A Nineteenth Century Fulbe State"
53:was founded by Musa Molo's father
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137:Interactions with the Europeans
16:Last king of the Fuladu kingdom
223:The Journal of African History
167:Gambia Colony and Protectorate
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64:in the aftermath of the 1867
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302:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
235:10.1017/S0021853700010860
93:Early life and leadership
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456:Carpenter, N.R. (2012).
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157:in 1901, and conquering
501:Glovsky, David (2020).
341:Lobban & Mendy 2013
296:Bellegamba, A. (2006).
205:Lobban & Mendy 2013
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68:. Alpha Molo had led a
488:Cite journal requires
72:rebellion against the
30:was the last king of
559:19th-century births
554:Senegambian royalty
161:(at the expense of
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217:Quinn, C. (1971).
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186:Sierra Leone
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58: [
28:Moussa Molo
20:Mussa Moloh
543:Categories
471:24 October
466:1234670452
319:24 October
256:24 October
192:References
76:rulers of
55:Alpha Molo
40:The Gambia
36:Senegambia
251:155045828
169:in 1902.
155:Fode Kaba
147:Casamance
462:ProQuest
314:25843054
74:Mandinka
511:28 July
450:Sources
127:Kantora
34:in the
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243:181042
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123:French
51:Fuladu
46:Fuladu
32:Fuladu
507:(PhD)
310:JSTOR
247:S2CID
239:JSTOR
173:Exile
159:Niani
110:Kolda
99:Bundu
78:Kaabu
62:]
526:ISBN
513:2023
494:help
473:2020
321:2020
258:2020
116:Rule
70:Fula
24:Musa
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231:doi
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