Philip II of Spain

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studies in management science and organizational psychology, Parker argues that a successful manager of a large organization must keep attention on the big picture, must have a good strategy for dealing with copious information, must know how to delegate, and must be flexible. Philip failed on all counts. He was a micromanager who got bogged down in details, refusing to delegate and trying to read every dispatch that came to his desk. He obsessed and dithered, so that by the time his decisions were made and his orders reached the men meant to carry them out, the situation on the ground had changed. Philip was also inflexible, unwilling to abandon ineffective policies. Most pernicious of all was Philip's tendency toward messianic thinking, a belief that he was doing God's work and that heaven would support him with miracles.

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taken the field with an excellent army and has penetrated so far into the Pope's territory that his cavalry is raiding up to ten miles from Rome, where there is such panic that the population would have run away had not the gates been closed. The Pope has fallen ill with rage, and was struggling with a fever on the 16th of this month. The two Carafa brothers, the Cardinal and Count Montorio, do not agree, and they and Piero Strozzi are not on as good terms as they were in the past. They would like to discuss peace. The best thing would be for the Pope to die, for he is the poison at the root of all this trouble and more which may occur. His Majesty's intention is only to wrest the knife from this madman's hand and make him return to a sense of his dignity, acting like the protector of the

3795: 3737: 2249: 3809: 2681:; it was by no means a slaughter (only one Spanish ship was sunk), but the Spanish were forced into a retreat, and the overwhelming majority of the Armada was destroyed by the harsh weather. Whilst the English Royal Navy may not have destroyed the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines, they had prevented it from linking up with the army it was supposed to convey across the channel. Thus whilst the English Royal Navy may have only won a slight tactical victory over the Spanish, it had delivered a major strategic one—preventing the invasion of England. Through a week of fighting the Spanish had expended 100,000 cannonballs, but no English ship was seriously damaged. However, over 7,000 English sailors died from disease during the time the Armada was in English waters. 3730: 3660: 3653: 3667: 3596: 3589: 3536: 3802: 3907: 3681: 2019:. The latter was established north of the strait with 300 settlers. The new colonies suffered from high death rates, likely as a consequence of executions, brawls, violent encounters with indigenous peoples and diseases which were rife. A contributing cause for failure of the settlement may have been poor morale, an issue that plagued the venture almost from the beginning. This can in part be explained by a series of difficulties the expedition had to go through between the departure from Spain and the arrival to the strait. Philip II's inaction despite repeated pleas by Sarmiento to aid the ailing colony has been attributed to the strain on Spain's resources that resulted from wars with England and Dutch rebels. 3674: 3543: 3529: 3718: 3515: 42: 3958: 2963: 2951: 3522: 17083: 3457: 16852: 11792: 1184: 4164: 4149: 3464: 1122: 2761:, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism, but his devotion to Catholicism would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century antipathy for religious heterodoxy; he said, "Before suffering the slightest damage to religion in the service of God, I would lose all of my estates and a hundred lives, if I had them, because I do not wish nor do I desire to be the ruler of heretics." 11327: 10904: 11544: 1769: 1314: 14846: 1976: 14286: 518: 3940: 2749: 2845: 1222:. The lack of a viable supreme assembly led to power defaulting into Philip II's hands, especially as manager and final arbiter of the constant conflict between different authorities. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying out crown instructions. Philip II felt it necessary to be involved in the detail, and he presided over specialised councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the 1055: 1792: 3922: 710: 2608: 2507: 14544: 1704:

against Henry across the country, but all relied on the support of the Spanish Crown. In January 1595, therefore, Henry officially declared war on the Spanish Crown, to show Catholics that Philip was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state, and Protestants that he had not become a puppet of the Spanish Crown through his conversion, while hoping to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces.

2414: 1754:, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France, and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith—matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king. 1199:). Lenders had no power over the King and could not force him to repay his loans. These defaults were just the beginning of Spain's economic troubles as its kings would default six more times in the next 65 years. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened the Spanish kingdoms and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline, as maintained by some historians. 887: 2503:

be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions". In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife. As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.

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extremely difficult, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the King's inflexible Catholicism. English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster, minimising his military victories (

1628: 857:. His political training had begun a year previously under his father, who had found his son studious, grave, and prudent beyond his years, and having decided to train and initiate him in the government of the Spanish kingdoms. The king-emperor's interactions with his son during his stay in Castile convinced him of Philip's precocity in statesmanship, so he determined to leave in his hands the 2436: 2448: 2876:, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Pérez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged. That way, the popular image of the King that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the 8742:"One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Instead the King was able to use the brief respite to rebuild his naval forces and by the end of 1589 Spain once again had an Atlantic fleet strong enough to escort the American treasure ships home." 1414:, his Majesty has publicly proclaimed that he has seized all he is occupying. The Pope is now sending again to the potentates of Italy for help. I hope he will gain as little thereby as he has done in the past, and that the French will calm down. May God give us peace in the end, as their Majesties desire and deserve! 2860:

Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict, evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject. Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of

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Although he was deeply dedicated to rooting out heretical titles, he collected forbidden books for his own royal library at the El Escorial. His library contained 40,000 volumes (1,800 of which were Arabic titles) and several thousand manuscripts. The banned books were protected in a room on an upper

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with a force of 250 galleys and a siege that lasted 40 days. Thousands of Spanish and Italian soldiers became prisoners. Nevertheless, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of Ottoman control. In 1585 a peace treaty was signed

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In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. By the end of 1594 certain League members were still working

1160:, for example, which was much more heavily populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, and the collection was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the 9167:

Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, según Amancio Landín, uno de sus más reputados biógrafos, nació en Pontevedra, hacia 1532. Julio Guillén—el marino-académico—, por su parte, dice que es posible fuera Colegial Mayor en la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, ciudad que fue—asegura—cuna

3374:". Upon his inheritance of Spain in 1556, they became "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol". 2940:

One might have expected that Philip—being a dedicated, persistent, and hard-working man, and being the head of Western Europe's wealthiest and largest empire—would have succeeded in his aims. He didn't. His endeavors were doomed by his own character, or at least that's how Parker sees it. Drawing on

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Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality, that task has proved

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was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should

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and the general, the Duke of Alba. Philip was also left with extensive written instructions that emphasised "piety, patience, modesty, and distrust". These principles of Charles were gradually assimilated by his son, who would grow up to become grave, self-possessed and cautious. Personally, Philip

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The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the Armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use

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In his will, Charles stated his doubts over Navarre and recommended that his son give the kingdom back. Both King Charles and his son Philip II failed to abide by the elective (contractual) nature of the Crown of Navarre and took the kingdom for granted. This sparked mounting tension not only with

2869:, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died. Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious 1405:

I have reported to your Highness what has been happening here, and how far the Pope is going in his fury and vain imaginings. His Majesty could not do otherwise than have a care for his reputation and dominions. I am sure your Highness will have had more recent news from the Duke of Alva, who has

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For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships

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was to be relinquished to Philip. However, the treaty was broken shortly afterwards. France and the Spanish kingdoms waged war in northern France and Italy over the following years. Spanish victories at St. Quentin and Gravelines led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, in which France recognised

2909:) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would necessitate a re-analysis of the reign of his greatest opponents, namely England's Queen 1108:

taking exile in France. In Navarre, the major strongholds of the kingdom were garrisoned by troops alien to the kingdom (Castilians) in a conspicuous violation of the local laws, and the Parliament had long been refusing to pledge loyalty to Philip II's son and heir apparent without a proper

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would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead. Some of the fighting was done on land in Ireland, France, and the Netherlands, with the English sending expeditionary forces to France and the Netherlands to fight Spain, and Spain

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He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and

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and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. At the point of attack, a storm struck the

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and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the

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Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the

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of Toledo was jailed by the Inquisition for 17 years, for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree with Protestantism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful, and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions.

784:. The feeling was mutual. Philip felt himself to be culturally Spanish; he had been born in Castile and raised in the Castilian court, his native language was Spanish, and he preferred to live in the Spanish kingdoms. This ultimately impeded his succession to the imperial throne. 2917:, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favourable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments. 4112:

in their fight against the Ottoman Turks. By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and one daughter. Anna died of heart failure 8 months after giving birth to Maria in 1580.

2166:. Alba boasted that he had burned or executed 18,600 persons in the Netherlands, in addition to the far greater number he massacred during the war, many of them women and children; 8,000 persons were burned or hanged in one year, and the total number of Alba's 2768:, students were barred from studying elsewhere, and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. In addition to the banning of books, Philip II authorized the burning of at least 70,000 volumes. Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop 1113:

at the head of an unspecified military force, and with one only point on his agenda—attendance to the session was kept blank on the minutes: unlawful appointments of trusted Castilian officials and imposition of his son as the future king of Navarre at the

2079:, who was greatly disliked in the Netherlands, after he insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over two weeks' ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands and the incessant 1473:. Both Genoa and Savoy were allies of Spain and, although Savoy subsequently declared its neutrality between France and Spain, Genoa remained a crucial financial ally for Philip during his entire reign. The treaty also confirmed Philip's control over 1277:

would in the next century, nor was such a rule necessarily possible at his time. The inefficiencies of the Spanish state and the restrictively regulated industry under his rule were common to many contemporary countries. Further, the dispersal of the

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the following year failed disastrously with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost. Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and their improved intelligence networks (although

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was recognised by the Spanish Crown as independent. The eight decades of war came at a massive human cost, with an estimated 600,000 to 700,000 victims, of which 350,000 to 400,000 were civilians killed by disease and what would later be considered

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in the early years of his reign, Philip II decided to return to Castile. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority, influenced by the growing strength of the bureaucracy. The

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whereas his father Charles V had been forced to an itinerant rule as a medieval king. He mainly directed state affairs, even when not at Court. Indeed, when his health began failing, he worked from his quarters at the Palace-Monastery-Pantheon of

1004: 2893:(1937) is not entirely unsympathetic; he is shown as a very hardworking, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country, but who had no understanding of the English, despite his former co-monarchy there. 3006:

King of Castile, of León, of Granada, of Toledo, of Galicia, of Seville, of Cordoba, of Murcia, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Indias, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea; Lord of

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The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England and return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the

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Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and

1218:, which preserved traditional rights and laws from the time when they were separate kingdoms. This made the Spanish kingdoms and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France, which while divided into regional states, had a single 2405:

to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving prominent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government. This followed on the well-established pattern of

1333:. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at 1834:

and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against

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for supremacy in Italy. It marked also the beginning of a period of peace between the Pope and Philip, as their European interests converged, although political differences remained and diplomatic contrasts eventually re-emerged.

4108:. Pope Pius V initially refused to grant Philip the dispensation needed to marry Anna, citing biblical prohibitions and the danger of birth defects. The pope reluctantly gave his permission when Philip threatened to abandon the 1310:. This series of conflicts lasted for the rest of his life. Philip's constant involvement and focus in European wars took a significant toll on the treasury and caused economic difficulties for the Crown and even bankruptcies. 2292:, who received modest help from the Queen of England in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. The war came to an 1525:

that would last for several decades. The states of Italy were reduced to second-rate powers, with Spain dominating the peninsula. Mary Tudor's death in 1558 enabled Philip to seal the treaty by marrying Henry II's daughter,

2288:, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a "pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son 8659:

This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work ("Philip II of Spain", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of

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and England. Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together. The

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The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the

2631:. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics, who disputed the validity of both the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon and of his subsequent marriage to Boleyn, and hence claimed that 8930:: "You can assure his Holiness that rather than suffer the least injury to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and a hundred lives if I had them, for I do not intend to rule over heretics." 1620:. The Spanish navy defeated the combined Anglo-French fleet that had sailed to preserve control of the Azores under António. The French naval contingent was the largest French force sent overseas before the age of 4068:

upon her arrival in Spain. During their marriage (1559–1568) they conceived five daughters, though only two of the girls survived. Elisabeth died a few hours after the loss of her last child. Their children were:

768:. Philip displayed reasonable aptitude in arts and letters alike. Later he would study with more illustrious tutors, including the humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella. Though Philip had good command over 2361:

in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to the Spanish kingdoms and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry.

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Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as many as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the

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The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was finally reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the

1893:. As a response, Suleiman sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and 1901:. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria was barely able to escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. 1302:, defending the Catholic faith and limiting freedom of worship within his territories. These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the 756:, which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel (the first Marqués de Távara). The culture and courtly life of Castile were an important influence in his early life. He was entrusted to the royal governess 9865:

In the introduction to this work, Felipe is mentioned as the most powerful European monarch by resources and army, depicting Europe at the time as a world full of unsolved issues and religious conflicts

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against Spain's merchant shipping and started threatening the Spanish treasure ships coming from the New World. In one instance, English ships attacked a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the

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piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, responsible for inhuman cruelties and barbarism. This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called

1692:, in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella Clara Eugenia was "the legitimate sovereign" of France. Philip's interventions in the fighting—sending the Duke of Parma to end Henry IV's 2619:. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a 1290:

Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic objectives. He considered himself the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the

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Philip II played groups against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs inefficiently, even to the extent of damaging state business, as in the

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signed by Elizabeth in 1585—promising troops and supplies to the anti-Spanish rebels in the Netherlands. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's

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from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. Henry then negotiated a peace with the Spanish Crown. The war was only drawn to an official close, however, with the

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between the Portuguese loyal to the claimant António, supported by French and English troops, and the Spanish-Portuguese forces loyal to Philip commanded by the admiral Don

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King of Portugal and the Algarves of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.

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in 1568, Philip waged a campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It also dragged in the English and the French at times and expanded into the German Rhineland with the

1118:. A ceremony was held before the bishop of Pamplona (22 November), but its customary procedure and terms were altered. Protests erupted in Pamplona, but they were quelled. 2802:

and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1580–1585), where

2345:, succeeded him as king, but Henry had no descendants either, having taken holy orders. When Henry died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of 9933:. Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1951, 2 vols. Judiciously argued review on the harm Perez did to the king, analyzing the king's responsibility on the assassination of Escobedo. 1750:

The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the

1241:, an act that could have curbed centralisation and bureaucracy domestically as well as relaxed rule in the Empire as a whole. Instead, with the traditional Royal and 14958:, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms. 2677:, already known for its harsh currents and choppy waters, which devastated large numbers of the Spanish fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English 9321:"La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares" 17243: 17213: 17183: 15519:

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

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of Castile. From that time until the death of his mother Isabella in 1539, he was raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and one of her

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floor of the library. He was passionate about rare books he personally collected from far and wide and researched and recorded information about previous owners.

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In 1587, English corsairs renamed Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe, Puerto del Hambre, or "Port Famine". Most of the settlers had died from cold or starvation. When Sir

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and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. This debt caused Philip II to default on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 (including debt to Poland, known as

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as ratified by Ferdinand. Tensions in Navarre came to a head in 1592 after several years of disagreements over the agenda of the intended parliamentary session.

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that he had built in 1584, a palace built as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. But Philip did not enjoy the supremacy that King

10020:, ed. RAH, 1877, criticizes how Felipe's victories are minimised by English historians, and points out the small consequences of defeats such as the Armada. 4148: 3906: 2127:

a bronze statue of himself trampling the rebellious Dutch under his horse's hooves, cast from the melted-down cannon looted by the Spanish troops after the

12862: 9994:(Salamanca, 1979), points out how White Legend supporters flourished during the 1940s and 1950s, and how they omitted the darkest issues of Philip's reign. 9920:. He discusses the lack of correspondence of the king because he ordered it burned, thus avoiding any chance of getting further into Philip's private life. 2373:

imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure. Philip II of Spain assumed the Portuguese throne and was crowned

17278: 1843:, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people. 17298: 16257: 15819: 10306: 1153:

in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs. Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.

106: 15997: 4032:, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children, although there was a 2026:

landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement. The Spanish failure at colonizing the Strait of Magellan caused

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in Ireland were named after Philip as King of Ireland in 1556. The couple's joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was:

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The administration of overseas conquests was reformed. Extensive questionnaires were distributed to every major town and region in New Spain called

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as Governor of the Netherlands, when he left the low countries for the Spanish kingdoms in 1559, but forced her to adjust policy to the advice of

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from Granada—motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion—had serious negative effects on the economy, particularly in that region.

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and massacred the small Spanish garrison, provoking anger among the Spanish ranks. The Spanish launched a concerted offensive that year, taking

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was set up by Philip in order to co-ordinate his rule over the states of Milan, Naples and Sicily. Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60-year

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into a royal palace; the works, which lasted from 1561 until 1598, were done by tradesmen who came from the Netherlands, Italy, and France.

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With the incorporation of Portugal to the Monarchy the title changed to East and West Indies, the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean sea.

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on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor

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in Tuscany gave Philip the possibility to monitor maritime traffic to southern Italy, whilst the grant of the Duchy of Siena to the new

16344: 16242: 16012: 15208: 3616: 3449: 2369:. The Portuguese suffered 4,000 killed, wounded, or captured, while the Spanish sustained only 500 casualties. The troops commanded by 2048: 1711:

in Burgundy, 5 June 1595, marked an end to the Catholic League in France. The French also made some progress during an invasion of the

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Despite its immense dominions, the Spanish kingdoms had a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to

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was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign. During their joint reign, they waged war against France, which resulted in the

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in a large scale attempt to dislodge the major Spanish positions in Northern Africa, but the attempt met failure. Philip's navy then

10547: 10475: 10045:

Not usually included in lists of monarchs, although legally recognized as co-monarch, as his reign ended de facto with Mary's death.

1000:. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies and his word less effective than that of local lords. 17158: 17153: 17128: 17123: 16174: 15855: 4538: 3200:. Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechelen, the cities, towns and lands of Utrecht, Overyssel, Groningen 1329:

continued for the next sixteen years, in a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the

745: 598: 9168:

del gran marino español. Este, no ha dejado aclarada la duda sobre su origen geográfico, pues afirmó ser natural de ambos lugares.

17178: 17138: 16267: 15941: 15727: 15111: 15022: 9278: 7855: 3988: 951: 17: 15198: 12635: 11326: 1517:

was fatally wounded in a joust held during the celebrations of the peace. His death led to the accession of his 15-year-old son

17173: 17133: 15860: 15757: 15752: 14882: 8559: 7983: 7968: 4512: 2494:, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including 2205:

in 1576, where soldiers ran amok through the streets, burning more than 1,000 homes and killing 6,000 citizens. Philip sent in

1925: 923: 621:, were completed during his reign. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the 1171:", creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. One of the notable artists from Philip II's court was 17148: 16949: 16798: 16718: 16638: 16622: 16290: 16149: 16139: 16113: 15891: 15773: 15732: 15706: 15696: 15326: 15249: 15048: 15027: 9838: 9625: 9261: 8886: 8861: 8142: 7870: 7635: 7605: 2350: 2248: 1382:

is uncertain, but Philip was invested with this kingdom on 18 November 1554 by Julius. In 1556, Philip decided to invade the

1150: 800: 9528:

The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars

3724: 17143: 16806: 16782: 16164: 16154: 16022: 15881: 14870: 14160: 14014: 8988: 3228: 2921:

consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the

2096: 1051:

opposed the arrangement and successfully ended the prospects of marriage between the heirs of Habsburg and Albret in 1541.

796: 930: 873:

spoke softly and had an icy self-mastery; in the words of one of his ministers, "he had a smile that was cut by a sword".

17283: 16941: 16726: 16272: 16159: 16134: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16073: 15936: 15778: 15747: 15676: 15203: 15053: 12088: 7953: 7515: 3980: 3921: 3912: 3794: 3736: 3632: 3319: 2571: 2484: 1024: 1008: 904: 610: 15392: 1913: 845:

in 1542 but did not see action as the Spanish army under Alba decisively defeated the besieging French forces under the

16450: 16194: 16169: 16144: 16027: 16007: 15982: 15977: 15798: 15290: 12545: 12078: 10205: 10178: 9479: 9029: 8258: 6731: 4701: 4601: 3995:

on 12 November 1543. The marriage produced one son in 1545, after which Maria died four days later due to haemorrhage:

3808: 2705:

was destroyed in a storm off northern Spain; it had lost as many as 72 of its 126 ships and suffered 3,000 deaths. The

1870:

and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of

1521:, who in turn soon died. The French monarchy was thrown into turmoil, which increased further with the outbreak of the 15239: 12035: 11808: 10789: 1924:, which laid siege to several forts on the island and took some of them, but the Spanish sent a relief force under D. 1374:

to Philip on 25 July 1554, and the young king was invested with the kingdom (officially a Papal fief) on 2 October by

1145:

population in the Spanish kingdoms, who had been forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the

1039:. The marriage would provide a dynastic solution to instability in Navarre, making him king of all Navarre (Upper and 17037: 16646: 16558: 16523: 16179: 16108: 16078: 16068: 15992: 15972: 15911: 15886: 15742: 15620: 15615: 15531: 15387: 15336: 15295: 15172: 14864: 14350: 12068: 10899: 10648: 10601: 10436: 10269: 10089: 9917: 9883: 9862: 9535: 8911: 8714: 7938: 7164: 7133: 6241: 4089: 3892:

Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. He also had two long-term relationships with

3729: 3680: 3659: 3652: 2710: 2694:

by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet). The Habsburgs also struck back with the

2602: 2338: 2265: 1617: 1326: 970: 690: 11776: 10579:

With the Heart of a King: Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain & the Fight for a Nation's Soul & Crown

10427: 10034:

The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History: Essays in Honor of Geoffrey Parker

3666: 937: 17288: 16329: 15962: 15901: 15788: 15691: 15557: 15494: 15418: 15377: 15285: 15254: 15167: 15147: 14587: 14484: 14435: 13984: 13882: 11996: 11730: 11472: 8992: 8774: 8228: 7590: 6405: 4210: 3595: 3588: 3535: 2826:, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the 2206: 1669: 1589: 787:

In April 1528, when Philip was eleven months old, he received the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown from the

149: 11771: 17238: 16878: 16574: 16129: 16063: 16002: 15681: 15625: 15594: 15157: 14929: 14894: 14641: 14216: 14153: 14134: 13842: 13823: 13807: 11258: 11049: 10833:'In the Confident Hope of a Miracle': The Spanish Armada and Religious Mentalities in the Late Sixteenth Century" 8927: 7530: 7187: 6915: 4105: 4080: 3963: 3801: 2398: 2163: 1668:

during the French Wars of Religion. He directly intervened in the final phases of the wars (1589–1598), ordering

823: 808: 795:

ladies, Doña Leonor de Mascarenhas, to whom he was devotedly attached. Philip was also close to his two sisters,

388: 10636: 1708: 41: 15967: 15876: 15850: 15824: 15701: 15686: 15541: 15536: 15372: 15341: 15300: 14888: 14834: 14773: 14765: 14726: 14427: 14272: 14256: 14176: 14124: 13795: 12113: 12103: 12040: 11686: 11518: 11211: 10706: 10659: 10300: 10152: 10065: 8482: 7620: 7545: 6271: 6256: 2950: 2238: 2080: 1109:

ceremony. On 20 November 1592 a ghostly Parliament session was called, pushed by Philip II, who had arrived in

919: 908: 10819:"Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July-August 1554" 10767: 9969:, London, 1897. Martin tried to resurrect the prejudiced views concerning the king, as did Carl Bratli in his 9158:

Relación y derrotero del viaje y descubrimiento del Estrecho de la Madre de Dios – antes llamado de Magallanes

2962: 2578: 2012: 17168: 17005: 16981: 16686: 16662: 16582: 16237: 15840: 15793: 15661: 15646: 15589: 15346: 14991: 14955: 14828: 14757: 14618: 14411: 14403: 14304: 14248: 14089: 13765: 13632: 12538: 12431: 12030: 11932: 11661: 11343: 11287: 11194: 10864: 8243: 7470: 6836: 6077: 4694: 4294: 4120: 3673: 2582: 1780: 486: 451: 84: 11781: 3542: 3528: 3385:" (Latin: "Philip, by the grace of God King of Spain et cetera"), followed by the local title of the mint (" 2366: 2084: 1454: 517: 17268: 17258: 17223: 17188: 16906: 16838: 16516: 16184: 15814: 15671: 15229: 14822: 14395: 14372: 14264: 13979: 13529: 13492: 12569: 10366:

Portugal - Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico

9135: 8467: 7500: 5804: 4837: 4633: 4574: 4389: 4330: 3717: 3514: 2902: 2034:

and Chiloé acted as sentries, being hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia.

1446: 1121: 838: 12063: 10484:'Great Faith is Necessary to Drink from this Chalice': Philip II in the Court of Mary Tudor, 1554–58." in 10226: 9655:

The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557)

9578: 8961: 2873: 1397:

In a letter to the Princess Dowager of Portugal, Regent of the Spanish kingdoms, dated 22 September 1556,

1230: 1105: 812: 17253: 17198: 17108: 16189: 15487: 15331: 13875: 13254: 12561: 11989: 11723: 11465: 10532: 9523: 8689: 7575: 6039: 5840: 5773: 3083: 2929: 2480: 1450: 1398: 13243: 2880:. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative. 2417:

Spanish Empire of Philip II, III and IV including all charted and claimed territories, maritime claims (

2334: 1028: 17233: 17218: 16989: 16871: 16678: 16418: 16376: 15926: 15921: 15666: 15641: 15310: 15177: 14986: 14922: 14232: 13974: 13858: 13648: 13539: 13217: 13185: 12512: 12012: 11746: 11488: 11251: 11022: 9990:(Madrid, 1943), W. T. Walsh depicts Felipe's reign as prosperous and successful. Fernández Álvarez, in 9811: 7485: 7440: 6003: 5745: 5421: 5406: 5187: 4480: 3999: 3205: 3070: 3064: 3054: 3039: 3017: 2996: 2567: 2218: 2183: 1728: 1643: 436: 265: 10895: 10870: 2590: 2354: 1593: 1356:. These surveys helped the Spanish monarchy to govern Philip's overseas possessions more effectively. 1258: 618: 144: 17293: 17273: 17263: 16973: 16694: 16334: 16252: 16103: 16053: 16032: 15916: 15651: 15264: 15244: 14996: 14799: 14530: 14327: 13534: 13329: 13274: 12882: 9717: 7560: 4236: 4129: 4085: 3059: 2812:

De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia

2535: 2214: 2005: 1819:. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. 1763: 1303: 1090: 842: 554: 456: 446: 293: 10733:

Medicine, Government and Public Health in Philip II's Spain: Shared Interests, Competing Authorities

9772:

Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Volume III, Chapter III. Madrid. p. 51

8516: 3521: 2463:, Charles' maternal first cousin. His father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the 1353: 17061: 17045: 16630: 16455: 16413: 15906: 15413: 15382: 15162: 14854: 14552: 14519: 14492: 14361: 14224: 13625: 13335: 13324: 13030: 12886: 12878: 12805: 12658: 12520: 12256: 11833: 11283: 11180: 8564: 6374: 6018: 5760: 4454: 4357: 4025: 3117: 3098: 2898: 2657: 2566:

However, the couple had no children. Mary died in 1558 before the union could revitalise the Roman

2108: 2092: 1957: 1949: 1816: 1665: 1601: 1334: 1219: 1066:

King Henry II and Queen Jeanne III of Navarre but also with the Parliament of the Spanish Navarre (

661: 506: 15234: 10641:

Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650.

9226: 4170: 2967: 2146:, invaded the Netherlands with a Protestant army, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, 1183: 761: 17193: 15737: 15351: 15032: 14240: 14029: 14004: 13959: 13304: 13299: 13284: 13259: 12693: 12688: 12618: 12516: 11848: 11818: 11139: 10295: 8569: 6054: 4053: 3949: 3579: 3456: 3150: 3033: 2788:, highly honoured at Rome by several popes and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his 2520: 2342: 1700:

in 1592—contributed in saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant monarchy.

1543: 1522: 1502: 1257:, Madrid has remained the capital of Spain. It was around this time that Philip II converted the 1130: 1097:) of Aragón revolted against another breach of the realm-specific laws, so the Attorney General ( 897: 858: 140: 14508: 12966: 2785: 944: 850: 757: 17053: 17021: 16766: 16058: 15957: 15510: 15193: 14812: 14634: 14079: 14049: 13989: 13753: 13738: 13670: 13483: 13368: 13314: 13289: 13264: 13249: 13121: 12956: 12598: 12407: 12227: 12146: 12083: 11905: 11638: 11307: 11045: 10818: 10122: 9642:

The History of England – From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603)

9162: 4076: 4065: 3410: 3127: 2616: 2524: 2190: 2174:

reached a peak strength of 86,000 in 1574 and retained its battlefield superiority, destroying

1740: 1732: 1677: 1650: 1531: 1494: 1295: 1164:

proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy.

1020: 869: 653: 567: 441: 13426: 12398: 12242: 11868: 11766: 11615: 10790:"Possessing the Sacred: Monarchy and Identity in Philip II's Relic Collection at the Escorial" 10669:, ed. by Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010), pp. 159–172. 10259: 10195: 10166: 10140: 9944: 9019: 1565:, justifying his intervention in French Wars of Religion and his continuing efforts to depose 16750: 16614: 15131: 15126: 15116: 14317: 14064: 14039: 13969: 13817: 13728: 13686: 13473: 13383: 13363: 13294: 13232: 13222: 13212: 13091: 13086: 13059: 13020: 13015: 12825: 12774: 12748: 12683: 12608: 12593: 12588: 12263: 12222: 12217: 12141: 12123: 12093: 12073: 11901: 11853: 11828: 11813: 11791: 11623: 11580: 11303: 10887: 9783: 9249: 5451: 2701:

Eventually, the Spanish attempted two further Armadas, in October 1596 and October 1597. The

2515: 2499: 2330: 2323: 2179: 1921: 1871: 1697: 1445:. A Spanish advance into France from the Low Countries led to their important victory at the 1036: 1023:

mainly with Castilian troops (1512), and annexed to Castile with an ambiguous status (1513).

865:

in 1540, began governing the most extensive empire in the world at the young age of sixteen.

13178: 12930: 12815: 9886:. Yet again, the several points of view towards his reign are mentioned in the Introduction. 3897: 2027: 1897:(who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) won an overwhelming victory at the 1513:

had been established as the premier power of Europe, to the detriment of France. In France,

1044: 804: 17118: 17113: 16598: 16550: 16360: 16214: 15121: 14693: 14129: 14044: 13994: 13954: 13801: 13733: 13665: 13451: 13398: 13388: 13378: 13351: 13269: 13192: 13126: 13081: 13071: 13065: 13054: 13048: 12998: 12820: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12763: 12753: 12678: 12673: 12663: 12623: 12583: 12578: 12485: 12292: 12232: 12194: 12118: 12058: 11886: 11843: 11838: 11590: 11560: 11533: 11401: 6210: 4016: 3984: 3967: 3347: 3130:: 11 October 1540 (secret donation) / 25 July 1554 (public investiture) – 13 September 1598 2862: 2636: 2632: 2542:, after he was excommunicated, and so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, 2472: 2464: 2346: 2277: 2068: 2064: 2043: 1905:, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. 1836: 1693: 1530:, later giving him a claim to the throne of France on behalf of his daughter by Elisabeth, 1518: 1411: 1172: 765: 587: 496: 47: 16295: 10106: 3463: 1839:

in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely the Spanish Crown and

1613: 8: 17069: 16965: 16933: 16758: 16734: 16702: 16590: 16423: 15783: 15656: 15573: 15152: 15058: 15001: 14657: 14610: 14474: 14385: 14340: 14294: 14206: 14193: 14109: 14099: 14069: 14019: 13964: 13949: 13789: 13777: 13743: 13722: 13712: 13704: 13691: 13478: 13431: 13373: 13309: 13106: 13096: 13076: 13042: 12847: 12810: 12779: 12768: 12743: 12719: 12668: 12613: 12490: 12451: 12441: 12388: 12329: 12310: 12174: 12108: 11952: 11942: 11914: 11896: 11876: 11681: 11671: 11628: 11575: 11528: 11523: 11406: 11363: 11353: 11316: 11230: 11163: 11114: 10858:

Letters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592–1597, online edition at Brigham Young University

10524: 10514: 8618: 8610: 8157: 7455: 6530: 5370: 5153: 4968: 4135: 4061: 4045: 3945: 3870: 3846: 3746: 3398: 3318:, the couple was styled "Philip and Mary, by the grace of God King and Queen of England, 2877: 2781: 2765: 2758: 2731: 2653: 2440: 2407: 2402: 2293: 2210: 2128: 2112: 2060: 2001: 1863: 1712: 1681: 1573: 1527: 1478: 1274: 1254: 1223: 1126: 1048: 1035:—the legitimate monarch of Navarre—by marrying his son Philip to the heiress of Navarre, 1032: 984: 811:, the son of his governor. These men would serve Philip throughout their lives, as would 777: 753: 721: 657: 606: 583: 461: 359: 237: 161: 94: 10857: 10810:

Miller, Stephanie R. "A Tale of Two Portraits: Titian's Seated Portraits of Philip II".

2795: 2691: 2443:

of Philip as prince (1551), aged about 24, dressed in a lavishly decorated set of armour

2285: 1731:; at Doullens, they massacred 4,000 of its citizens. On 24 April 1596, the Spanish also 1390:'s anti-Spanish outlook. According to Philip II, he was doing it for the benefit of the 625:, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly 16957: 16917: 16710: 16566: 16539: 16408: 15722: 15213: 15017: 14649: 14461: 14104: 14054: 14034: 14024: 14009: 13944: 13925: 13898: 13783: 13675: 13659: 13515: 13101: 13025: 12758: 12724: 12705: 12653: 12446: 12358: 12353: 12334: 12269: 12199: 12189: 12151: 12133: 12016: 11947: 11891: 11823: 11750: 11676: 11595: 11585: 11565: 11552: 11508: 11358: 11201: 11058: 11031: 10903: 9805: 9127: 9110: 8647: 8635: 7840: 6818: 6738: 5436: 5385: 4109: 4049: 3781: 3777: 3505: 3498: 3331: 3327: 3209: 3173: 3075: 3047: 2988: 2914: 2834: 2769: 2706: 2702: 2531: 2390: 2281: 2257: 2139: 2083:

of Protestants. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the

2076: 1994: 1993:—a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic, the 1937: 1928:

and a rescued Álvaro de Sande, which finally drove the Ottoman army out of the island.

1909: 1840: 1689: 1673: 1609: 1577: 1566: 1557:, and both sides received assistance from foreign sources. Philip claimed descent from 1514: 1338: 1168: 1115: 1012: 846: 686: 682: 622: 12209: 12050: 11758: 11500: 10337: 2709:

was frustrated by adverse weather as it approached the English coast undetected. This

2570:. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne (including the ancient 2135:

riding down Muslims and caused such outrage that Philip had it removed and destroyed.

1902: 1768: 1596:

fled to France following his defeats and, as Philip's armies had not yet occupied the

1422:

called for a French military intervention. After minor fights in Lazio and near Rome,

17029: 17013: 16654: 16508: 16403: 16324: 14747: 14716: 14680: 14600: 14119: 14114: 14084: 14074: 13935: 13915: 13759: 13699: 13681: 13148: 12961: 12784: 12734: 12603: 12470: 12422: 12412: 12250: 12179: 12156: 11970: 11924: 11910: 11881: 11704: 11653: 11643: 11633: 11570: 11492: 11426: 11391: 11381: 11312: 11274: 11078: 11035: 10994: 10726: 10644: 10597: 10265: 10201: 10174: 10148: 10085: 10061: 9913: 9879: 9858: 9834: 9621: 9531: 9475: 9381:

Treason in the Northern Quarter: War, Terror, and the Rule of Law in the Dutch Revolt

9368:

Treason in the Northern Quarter: War, Terror, and the Rule of Law in the Dutch Revolt

9257: 9181: 9025: 8907: 8882: 8857: 8710: 6814: 4779: 4716: 4012: 3927: 3643: 3639: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3323: 3308: 3304: 3292: 3181: 3169: 2889: 2803: 2649: 2495: 2460: 2447: 2394: 2378: 2289: 2273: 2253: 2151: 2147: 2072: 2053: 2016: 1933: 1851: 1776: 1720: 1486: 1470: 1379: 1371: 1157: 1079: 1054: 1047:, as well as lord of part of southwestern France. However, the French nobility under 997: 792: 781: 733: 729: 634: 630: 594: 476: 420: 326: 14845: 13009: 12098: 11513: 10881: 10863: 10361: 9458:

The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588

9339: 9297: 2365:

In 1580, Philip II marched into Portugal and defeated Prior António's troops in the

1975: 1576:

with Henry II of France in 1556. Based on the terms of the treaty, the territory of

1313: 16894: 16863: 16742: 15106: 14670: 14578: 14570: 14500: 14059: 13906: 13832: 13466: 13456: 13346: 13319: 13171: 13003: 12923: 12916: 12475: 12461: 12344: 12184: 11962: 11858: 11696: 11605: 11600: 11411: 11386: 11220: 11146: 11127: 11074: 11069: 11027: 11018: 11009: 11005: 10751:

Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II

9679: 9334: 9292: 9100: 8853:

Lending to the Borrower from Hell: Debt, Taxes, and Default in the Age of Philip II

8639: 8598: 5671: 4268: 3864: 3842: 3820: 3771: 3359: 3258: 3215: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3161: 3157: 2982: 2853: 2849: 2792:(Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice. 2669: 2476: 2358: 2269: 2171: 2155: 2143: 2023: 1898: 1827: 1744: 1635: 1550: 1498: 1490: 1242: 1207: 1203: 788: 737: 546: 534: 245: 101: 14285: 13717: 10458: 1953: 1438:

and the Pope declared a neutral position between France and the Spanish kingdoms.

14562: 14419: 13920: 13461: 13206: 13036: 12988: 12978: 12972: 12287: 11543: 11001: 10965: 10961: 10771: 10718: 10299: 10225: 10113: 10056: 9363: 8943: 8851: 8643: 5699: 4064:

prior to Elisabeth's departure from France. The actual ceremony was conducted in

4033: 4029: 3860: 3838: 3824: 3371: 3043: 2838: 2674: 2620: 2506: 2242: 2202: 2197:

prevented Philip from paying his soldiers consistently, leading to the so-called

2175: 2132: 2107:, further alienating the local aristocracy. There were massacres of civilians in 1941: 1811:

In the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the

1795: 1751: 1482: 1391: 1375: 1342: 1215: 1196: 1187:

Portrait of Philip II on 1/5 Philipsdaalder, struck 1566, Guelders, Low Countries

741: 648:

Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the

563: 173: 169: 10739: 10385:

The Courtier and the King: Ruy Gómez De Silva, Philip II, and the Court of Spain

9668:

Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation

9472:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792

8996: 4002:(8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried at the age of 23 and without issue. 2514:

Acts making it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed by the

1997:

was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships.

996:

of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the

13559: 13446: 13403: 13357: 13142: 12166: 11335: 11295: 11104: 11100: 11091: 10918: 10510: 5466: 3625: 3351: 3339: 3335: 3112: 3010: 2906: 2807: 2799: 2748: 2686: 2665: 2386: 2297: 2167: 1890: 1859: 1812: 1554: 1510: 1474: 1462: 1322: 1291: 1146: 1101:) of the kingdom, Juan de Lanuza, was executed on Philip II's orders, with his 993: 989: 681:

into Spain. Two more Spanish armadas unsuccessfully tried to invade England in

678: 669: 649: 638: 602: 550: 10643:

Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. (Oxford University Press, 1991).

10626: 10167:"6 Incest, Blind Faith, and Conquest: The Spanish Hapsburgs and Their Enemies" 9495: 9411: 9021:

Clio and the Crown: The Politics of History in Medieval and Early Modern Spain

2844: 1325:, thwarting his planned invasion of the country to reinstate Catholicism. But 529:(21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as 17102: 15408: 14734: 13837: 12644: 12495: 12279: 11441: 11416: 11170: 11123: 10332: 10231: 10029: 9279:"Expediciones a las costas de la Patagonia Occidental en el periodo colonial" 9105: 8950:, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 935–936 and notes. 6735: 3893: 2933: 2764:

As he strove to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the

2574:) and ceased to be king of England, Ireland and (as claimed by them) France. 2551: 2314: 1984: 1658: 1558: 1346: 1330: 1246: 1040: 1016: 862: 698: 633:

in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the

626: 579: 542: 56: 9617:

Habsburg England: Politics and Religion in the Reign of Philip I (1554–1558)

2883:

However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the

2030:

to assume the role of protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions.

2000:

To end navigation by rival powers in the Strait of Magellan Spanish viceroy

1264:

King Philip II ruled at a critical turning point in European history toward

1249:

now essentially obsolete, he moved his Court to the Castilian stronghold of

849:. On his way back to Castile, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the 13584: 13341: 12480: 11436: 11396: 10665:

Samson, Alexander. "Power Sharing: The Co-monarchy of Philip and Mary", in

8726: 2922: 2884: 2866: 2543: 2452: 2280:(what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. In 1584, 2276:

in 1581 declaring that they no longer recognised Philip as their king. The

2198: 1989: 1952:

from the Ottomans in 1573. The Turks soon rebuilt their fleet, and in 1574

1875: 1855: 1823: 1716: 1639: 1442: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1387: 1383: 1365: 1059: 709: 12936: 10568:"The Place of Tudor England in the Messianic Vision of Philip II of Spain" 1885:, which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between 1791: 16790: 16774: 15280: 14145: 13589: 13574: 13159: 12500: 12383: 11431: 11421: 10984: 10971: 10705:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 2017), a scholarly biography; 10450: 9547: 8756: 4155: 4021: 3931: 3763: 2910: 2815: 2723: 2628: 2104: 1894: 1562: 1481:. Therefore, all of southern Italy was under Spanish rule as part of the 1431: 1307: 1270: 828: 673: 642: 614: 559: 261: 213: 179: 10829: 10765:"Comparative European Institutions and the Little Divergence, 1385–1800" 10684: 10416: 9615: 8775:"BIEN DE INTERÉS CULTURAL: PALACIO CONDES RIVADAVIA PALACIO DE PIMENTEL" 2887:. In a more recent example of popular culture, Philip II's portrayal in 2607: 2319: 14180: 13564: 13554: 13544: 13131: 12993: 12530: 12363: 11373: 10567: 10499: 10315: 10173:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 232. 10032:

and William Reger, eds., "Geoffrey Parker and Early Modern History" in

9325: 9283: 9183:

Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro De Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan

9114: 4036:, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reign in England and Ireland. 2695: 2678: 2624: 2586: 2547: 2539: 2226: 2011:

In 1584, Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait:

1234: 1191:

Charles V had left his son Philip with a debt of about 36 million

911: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 749: 717: 241: 11981: 11715: 10800: 10778: 10398: 2814:(1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the 16830: 15479: 15434: 14543: 13867: 13748: 13617: 13579: 13549: 13136: 13111: 12378: 12368: 11800: 11457: 11446: 10723:

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II

8948:

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II

3992: 2819: 2644: 2589:

claim to the British throne passed to the descendants of their child

2302: 2194: 1739:

in March 1597, the French Crown laid siege to it until it managed to

1685: 1621: 1265: 1175:, who gained fame for her talent and unusual role as a woman artist. 1161: 772:, Spanish, and Portuguese, he never managed to equal his father as a 672:

to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing

665: 14914: 13237: 11243: 10756:

Goodman, David. "Philip II's Patronage of Science and Engineering".

10488:

ed. by Joan-Lluis Palos and Magdalena S. Sanchez (2017) pp: 115–138.

2413: 886: 868:

Charles left Philip with experienced advisors—notably the secretary

854: 13999: 13569: 13510: 13116: 12941: 12373: 10171:

Great Strategic Rivalries: From the Classical World to the Cold War

4169:

Philip and his niece Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by

3363: 3280: 2823: 2555: 2550:

recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

2100: 2031: 1784: 1605: 1581: 1458: 1407: 1110: 773: 10561:

The World is Not Enough: The Imperial Vision of Philip II of Spain

10493:

Spain Under the Habsburgs: vol I: Empire and Absolutism: 1516–1598

9945:"Ten Great Events in History – Chapter VII. The Invincible Armada" 9770:

Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón.

2905:, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the 2170:

victims can not have fallen short of 50,000. Under Requesens, the

2131:

in 1568; it was modelled on medieval images of the Spanish patron

1341:, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, 14945: 13487: 13393: 11082: 10656:

Mary and Philip: The Marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain

3378: 3268: 2230: 2222: 2124: 2120: 2116: 1886: 1867: 1831: 1724: 1466: 1279: 1211: 1167:

Spanish culture flourished during Philip's reign, beginning the "

1142: 471: 10880: 10678:

World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire

2932:

offers a management-psychological explanation, as summarized by

13279: 13227: 12951: 12946: 12320: 12302: 10947: 10764: 9756:

Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

9602:

The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation

8881:(4th ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 488. 8555:

Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

2830: 2727: 2483:

petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, preferring

2234: 2087:; in response to growing Protestant influence, the army of the 1882: 1801: 1772: 1736: 1632: 1627: 1597: 1345:. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of 1299: 1250: 1238: 1202:

The Spanish kingdoms were subject to different assemblies: the

575: 203: 10526:

The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New

4011:

Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen

833:

of Castile. The practical lessons in warfare were overseen by

664:

over the following decade in its civil war against the French

13199: 10336: 10003:

Those kinds of adjectives can be read in M. Van Durme's 1953

9186:. Translated by Clements R. Markham. London: Hakluyt Society. 8800:

Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopaedia of the Early Modern World

8606: 3856:

Coat of arms with supporters (a lion and a griffin) and crest

2698:, who took an increasing toll on Dutch and English shipping. 2382: 2138:

In 1572, a prominent exiled member of the Dutch aristocracy,

1850:

between the Spanish kingdoms and the Republic of Venice, the

1386:

and temporarily held territory there, perhaps in response to

1192: 769: 130: 10457:(Yale University Press, 1999), a major scholarly biography. 10410:

The Fatal Inheritance: Philip II and the Spanish Netherlands

8906:(Repr. ed.). London : Penguin Books. pp. 285–291. 2435: 1612:

took place on 26 July 1582, in the sea near the Azores, off

1441:

Philip led the Spanish kingdoms into the final phase of the

12983: 10685:"Strategic Terror: Philip II and Sixteenth-Century Warfare" 10347:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10200:(unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. p. 164. 9690:

Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library;

3291:). In diplomatic texts, he continued the use of the title " 2833:

doctrine on these matters, and is still advocated today by

2459:

Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year-old Queen

2008:

to explore the strait and found settlements on its shores.

609:

in 1580 following a dynastic crisis. The Spanish conquests

14798: 12877: 11235: 10529:(4 vols, 1918). Vol. 4 has in-depth coverage of Philip II. 10240:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9579:"An Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain" 9197: 9195: 9193: 4126:

Charles Laurence (12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, aged one)

2397:. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew 1676:, and perhaps dreaming of placing his favourite daughter, 1616:, as part of the War of the Portuguese Succession and the 822:

Philip's martial training was undertaken by his governor,

10874:. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. pp. 743–746. 10465:

Philip of Spain, King of England: The Forgotten Sovereign

9977:, Munich, 1938, assessed Philip's personality negatively. 1881:

On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of

10740:"The Theory of Sovereign Debt and Spain under Philip II" 10314:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via 1600:, he sailed there with a large Anglo-French fleet under 10301:"Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" 9577:

Adams, George Burton; Stephens, H. Morse, eds. (1901).

9474:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 9207: 9190: 2790:

Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium

2377:

of Portugal on 17 July 1580 (recognized as king by the

1948:. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, 1489:

held by Philip. Attached to the Kingdom of Naples, the

701:(modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands). 693:

carried on until 1604, six years after Philip's death.

16538: 15469:

consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante

9585:. MacMillan. p. 284 – via Internet Archive. 9431:

The Spanish People: Their Origin, Growth and Influence

8550:

Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial

4088:(10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597, aged 30), married 3417:" ("Philip II, King of Spain and the New World") and " 3067:

and of Corsica, Margrave of Oristano, Count of Goceano

2798:, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after 2213:

from 1578 to 1592. Farnese defeated the rebels at the

1971:

Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan

1141:

Philip II also grappled with the problem of the large

992:

was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a

10486:

Early Modern Dynastic Marriages and Cultural Transfer

4141:

Maria (14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, aged three).

4079:(12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633, aged 67), married 2623:

alliance. Elizabeth I was the Protestant daughter of

2611:

Philip's European and North African dominions in 1581

2492:

Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain

2425: 16893: 10801:"Portraits of Philip II of Spain as King of England" 10147:, 6th Series, Vol. 12. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. 10082:

Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England

9973:(Koebenhaven, 1909). By contrast, Ludwig Pfandl, in 9554:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. 8746:, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research, 1990 4056:. The original ceremony was conducted by proxy (the 4015:. The marriage, which took place on 25 July 1554 at 3316:

Act of Parliament sanctioning his marriage with Mary

1908:

In 1563, capitalizing on the political climate, the

1649:

The Spanish victory at Terceira was followed by the

1434:

as a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the

10633:

online edition, May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.

9179: 2954:Cannon with arms of Philip II as King of Spain and 2182:on 14 April 1574, killing both him and his brother 1657:. Victory in Azores completed the incorporation of 1031:). Charles V proposed to end hostilities with King 1015:. The newest constituent kingdom in the empire was 641:in 1581. Philip finished building the royal palace 14460: 14192: 10307:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 9583:Select Documents of English Constitutional History 9128:"Navegantes europeos en el estrecho de Magallanes" 9091:Lytle Schurz, William (1922), "The Spanish Lake", 4154:Cenotaph of Philip and three of his four wives at 3413:"). A medal struck in 1583 bore the inscriptions " 2714:attempting to assist Irish rebellions in Ireland. 2401:his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a 861:in 1543. Philip, who had previously been made the 27:King of Spain (1556–1598) and Portugal (1580–1598) 10674:World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II 10667:Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth 10356: 10354: 10219: 10217: 9412:"Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count" 8850:Drelichman, Mauricio; Voth, Hans-Joachim (2014). 4019:, was political. By this marriage, Philip became 3983:. She was a daughter of Philip's maternal uncle, 3979:Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, 2660:, Philip considered it an act of war by England. 2527:, England's last remaining possession in France. 2393:began. This gave Philip control of the extensive 2217:, and he captured many rebel towns in the south: 17100: 10844:Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain 10712: 10437:"King Philip II of Spain as a symbol of 'Tyranny 10368:(in Portuguese). Vol. IV. pp. 823–824. 10312:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 9017: 8986: 3744:Coat of arms at his investiture as Knight of the 2357:; and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed 1940:under the command of Philip's half brother, Don 1237:in 1561, he resisted calls to move his Court to 803:, and to his two pages, the Portuguese nobleman 17214:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece 17184:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial 15861:Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 10253: 10251: 10249: 10247: 9741:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History 4132:(15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, aged seven) 4095:Joan (3 October 1568) died shortly after birth. 2455:with Philip's and Mary's initials and portraits 557:from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also 442:Isabella Clara Eugenia, Lady of the Netherlands 10351: 10327: 10325: 10290: 10288: 10214: 9715: 9359: 9357: 9053:Nascimiento Rodrigues/Tessaleno Devezas p. 122 8849: 8827:(1977, rev. ed. 1985). London: Penguin, p. 41. 8638:, and besides being the second Philip to rule 4104:Philip's fourth and final wife was his niece, 3235:Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece 2498:, were to be dated with both their names, and 2430: 2268:of the northern provinces, united in the 1579 1497:, ensured it would remain a Spanish ally. The 16879: 16524: 15495: 14930: 14161: 13883: 13633: 12863: 12546: 11997: 11731: 11473: 11259: 10763:Henriques, Antonio, and Nuno Pedro G. Palma. 10749:Drelichman, Mauricio, and Hans-Joachim Voth. 10696:The Unquenchable Flame: The Life of Philip II 9781: 9576: 4702: 4123:(4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, aged six) 3834:Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto 3816:Coat of arms with supporters, crest and motto 2966:Portrait of Philip II as King of Portugal by 2945: 1799: 578:in 1554 until her death in 1558. He was also 10572:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10504:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10244: 10145:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9931:Antonio Pérez: el hombre, el drama, la época 9692:British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800 9090: 8959: 2371:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 2252:Reward letter of Philip II to the family of 2037: 1779:in 1571, Philip offers his short-lived heir 1424:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 835:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 17244:People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 13430:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 10322: 10285: 9975:Felipe II. Bosquejo de una vida y un tiempo 9596: 9594: 9592: 9530:, London: Cambridge University Press, 1972 9354: 9120: 2730:. He was succeeded by his 20-year-old son, 2538:had been created in 1542 by Mary's father, 1983:During Philip's reign Spain considered the 1298:. He never relented from his fight against 720:, Castile. Historical ceiling preserved in 16886: 16872: 16531: 16517: 15502: 15488: 14937: 14923: 14175: 14168: 14154: 13890: 13876: 13640: 13626: 13607:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 12870: 12856: 12553: 12539: 12004: 11990: 11738: 11724: 11480: 11466: 11266: 11252: 10902: 10878: 10758:British Journal for the History of Science 10622:, London, Boston, Philadelphia. 1855–1902. 9567:, London: C. Hurst & Co., 2018, p. 89. 9400:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 179–180. 9391: 9389: 9370:(Princeton University Press, 2009), 69–70. 9312: 9270: 4709: 4695: 3133:Imperial vicar of Siena: since 30 May 1554 3124:Imperial and Habsburg patrimonial titles: 1608:exile in the service of France. The naval 748:. He was born in the Castilian capital of 40: 17299:Children of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 15306:Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime 15209:Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal 10591: 10423:, vol. 22, no. 85 (1933), pp. 48–64. 10264:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 139, 279. 10223: 10076: 10074: 9992:España y los españoles en la Edad Moderna 9613: 9338: 9318: 9296: 9276: 9104: 8980: 8931: 2806:attended the first lecture that he gave. 2744:Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain 2162:, Alba resigned his command, replaced by 2091:went on the offensive. In 1568, Alba had 2052:Philip II berating William of Orange, by 1485:. In the north, Milan was a duchy of the 1378:. The date of Charles' abdication of the 971:Learn how and when to remove this message 826:, a Castilian nobleman who served as the 582:from 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the 15250:Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain 12560: 10779:"Philip II and the Art of the Cityscape" 10631:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 10509: 10331: 10294: 10257: 9694:; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978 9589: 9398:Spain: The Centre of the World 1519–1682 9383:(Princeton University Press, 2009), 177. 9213: 9201: 8989:"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church" 4683: 4138:(14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621, aged 42) 3760:Coat of arms as Spanish monarch and king 3755:(with the Eagle of St John as supporter) 3267:Philip continued his father's style of " 3090:: 12 September 1580 – 13 September 1598 2961: 2949: 2843: 2747: 2726:, near Madrid, on 13 September 1598, of 2606: 2505: 2446: 2434: 2412: 2318: 2247: 2154:. Because of the Spanish repulse in the 2047: 1974: 1920:the following year. The Ottomans sent a 1830:, especially inflicting great damage on 1790: 1767: 1626: 1585:Spanish sovereignty over Franche-Comté. 1449:. The French were defeated again at the 1312: 1214:, and one each for the four kingdoms of 1182: 1120: 1053: 708: 704: 346: 309: 17279:Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War 17204:English pretenders to the French throne 12011: 11745: 10537:Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II 10387:(University of California Press, 1995). 10197:Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II 10084:. St. Martin's Press (New York), 2006. 9824: 9822: 9820: 9706:, American Numismatic Association, 1971 9660: 9634: 9395: 9386: 9093:The Hispanic American Historical Review 9075: 8901: 8761:Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict 8575:Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli 4073:Miscarried twin daughters (August 1564) 3139:Princely Count of Habsburg and of Tyrol 2596: 1874:, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral 1321:In 1588, the English defeated Philip's 1009:heir to the Spanish kingdoms and empire 408: 14: 17101: 15509: 15327:Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 15260:Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal 14954:The generations indicate descent from 13897: 13647: 11487: 11236:Articles related to Philip II of Spain 10639:"The Court of Philip II of Spain". In 10193: 10164: 10071: 9828: 9753: 9508: 9428: 9247: 8560:The empire on which the sun never sets 4554: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4310: 4200: 4196: 3247:Grand Master of the Order of Alcantara 3241:Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava 3153:: 25 October 1555 – 13 September 1598 3024:: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 3003:: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 2635:, the Catholic great-granddaughter of 2615:Upon Mary's death, the throne went to 2071:in 1568. He appointed his half-sister 1337:in 1571, with the allied fleet of the 375: 17249:People of the French Wars of Religion 17209:Grand masters of the Order of Montesa 16867: 16512: 15774:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias 15483: 14944: 14918: 14797: 14459: 14191: 14149: 13871: 13621: 12851: 12534: 11985: 11719: 11461: 11273: 11247: 11234: 10896:Portraits of Philip II, King of Spain 10680:(Random House, 2015) popular history. 10519:(in Spanish). Santiago: Andrés Bello. 10417:"A Catholic King: Philip II of Spain" 9738: 9684: 9647: 9565:Queen of the Sea: A History of Lisbon 9469: 9460:(Oxford University Press, 2008), 141. 9084: 8755: 8731:Tudor Cornwall: Portrait of a Society 8613:and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as 8509: 8481: 8479: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8370: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8257: 8255: 8242: 8240: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8156: 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7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7033: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6636: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6270: 6268: 6255: 6253: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6053: 6051: 6038: 6036: 6017: 6015: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5932: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5839: 5837: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5772: 5770: 5759: 5757: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5572: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5465: 5463: 5450: 5448: 5435: 5433: 5420: 5418: 5405: 5403: 5384: 5382: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5070: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4631: 4621: 4617: 4605: 4599: 4589: 4572: 4562: 4558: 4542: 4536: 4526: 4510: 4500: 4496: 4484: 4478: 4468: 4452: 4442: 4438: 4414: 4404: 4387: 4377: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4345: 4328: 4318: 4314: 4298: 4292: 4282: 4266: 4256: 4252: 4240: 4234: 4224: 4208: 4204: 3261:: 8 December 1587 – 13 September 1598 3255:: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 3253:Grand Master of the Order of Santiago 3249:: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 3243:: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 3237:: 23 October 1555 – 13 September 1598 2685:her newfound advantage at sea with a 2351:Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza 2158:(1573) led by his equally brutal son 1964: 1918:conquered Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 1058:Philip, in the prime of his life, by 15882:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 15230:Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier 12836:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 10891:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 10783:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10658:(Manchester University Press, 2020) 10539:(2014), a major scholarly biography. 10123:Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 10048: 9942: 9817: 9782:Koenigsberger, Helmut Georg (2012), 3397:" for Lord of Overissel, etc.). The 3259:Grand Master of the Order of Montesa 2097:Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn 2067:faced many difficulties, leading to 909:adding citations to reliable sources 880: 780:, he was seen as a foreigner in the 342: 313: 16074:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 15779:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias 15235:Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin 15054:Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias 15049:Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias 10753:(Princeton University Press, 2016). 10620:A History of the Reign of Philip II 10516:Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes 10472:The Habsburgs and Europe, 1516–1660 9831:The library: an illustrated history 9807:The Myth of the Spanish Inquisition 9697: 9614:Berenguer, Gonzalo Velasco (2023). 9604:, University of Chicago Press, 2006 9447:(Yale University Press, 1997), 160. 9254:A Brief History of Circumnavigators 9227:"History of the Strait of Magellan" 9180:Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro (1895). 8876: 3981:Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal 3111:King of England, France (titular); 2572:English claims to the French throne 2530:Philip's wife had succeeded to the 2308: 1866:. The joint fleet was assembled at 1807:of the Spanish army under Philip II 1735:. Following the Spanish capture of 1672:into France in an effort to unseat 24: 17229:Garter Knights appointed by Mary I 16850: 16540:Princes and Princesses of Asturias 15942:Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary 10746:106.3 (1998): 483–513, statistical 10588:(1963), short scholarly biography. 10421:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 10376: 10227:"Charles V. (Roman Emperor)" 10057:Bruegel; or The Workshop of Dreams 9513:. Vol. 1 & 2. p. 19. 8968:. Institute of Historical Research 8792: 4099: 4006: 3108:: 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 3036:, of Jerusalem (from 25 July 1554) 2510:Philip and Mary I of England, 1558 2426:Relations with England and Ireland 2337:without descendants, triggering a 2189:Rampant inflation and the loss of 1253:. Except for a brief period under 1043:) and a prince of the independent 876: 447:Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy 25: 17310: 15973:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 15388:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria 15337:Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera 15296:Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera 15286:Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti 10900:National Portrait Gallery, London 10879:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 10851: 10556:(1995), short scholarly biography 9878:(6th ed.). Espasa Calpe, Madrid. 4090:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 4039: 3974: 3415:PHILIPP II HISP ET NOVI ORBIS REX 3401:would then bear a motto such as " 1688:remained in effect. However, the 1426:, Viceroy of Naples met Cardinal 1410:, in whose name, and that of the 1285: 17164:16th-century Portuguese monarchs 17081: 16895:Princes and Princesses of Girona 15419:Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria 15393:Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera 15378:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona 15342:Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans 15255:Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville 15148:Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria 14844: 14542: 14284: 12634: 11790: 11542: 11325: 10979:25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 10691:, vol. 4, no. 3 (1997): 339–347. 10563:(Baylor University Press, 2001). 10362:"Maria (D.). Rainha de Portugal" 10060:. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991. 9912:. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. 9857:. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th ed. 9788:, Encyclopædia Britannica Online 9768:Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). 9319:Urbina C., María Ximena (2017). 8993:Florida International University 4211:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 4162: 4147: 3956: 3938: 3920: 3905: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3594: 3587: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3405:" ("For Peace and Justice") or " 2207:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 2178:'s German mercenary army at the 1914:sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir 1757: 1670:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 1659:Portugal into the Spanish Empire 1590:War of the Portuguese Succession 1509:By the end of the wars in 1559, 885: 601:, Philip inherited his father's 516: 404: 17159:16th-century Navarrese monarchs 17154:16th-century monarchs of Naples 17129:16th-century Castilian monarchs 17124:16th-century Aragonese monarchs 15240:Infante Juan, Count of Montizón 15199:Infante Carlos, Count of Molina 15132:Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón 12907:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 11087:16 January 1556 – 26 July 1581 11063:21 September 1558 – 6 May 1598 10594:Europe in the Sixteenth Century 10546:(Yale University Press, 1998). 10544:The Grand Strategy of Philip II 10187: 10158: 10129: 10095: 10039: 10023: 10010: 9997: 9980: 9959: 9936: 9923: 9902: 9889: 9868: 9847: 9799: 9775: 9762: 9747: 9732: 9716:Francois Velde (25 July 2003). 9709: 9673: 9607: 9570: 9557: 9541: 9517: 9502: 9488: 9463: 9450: 9437: 9422: 9404: 9373: 9340:10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011 9298:10.4067/S0718-22442013000200002 9241: 9219: 9173: 9149: 9069: 9056: 9047: 9038: 9011: 8966:Calendar of State Papers, Spain 8953: 8937: 8920: 8895: 8870: 8843: 8830: 8817: 8812:Encyclopedia of World Biography 8805: 8694:The Grand Strategy of Philip II 8663: 8653: 4186:Ancestors of Philip II of Spain 4081:Albert VII, Archduke of Austria 3859:(with symbols of the Crowns of 3837:(with symbols of the Crowns of 3819:(with symbols of the Crowns of 3432:Heraldry of Philip II of Spain 3421:" ("The world is not enough"). 3377:His coinage typically bore the 2985:: 21 May 1527 – 16 January 1556 1846:In 1560, Philip II organised a 896:needs additional citations for 859:regency of the Spanish kingdoms 400: 371: 338: 305: 17179:British monarchs buried abroad 17139:16th-century House of Habsburg 15373:Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia 15301:Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid 15158:Fernando I of the Two Sicilies 12904:Monarchs of England until 1603 10846:(Yale University Press, 1993). 10596:. Oxford, England: Blackwell. 10258:Stephens, Henry Morse (1903). 9833:. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. 9496:"Victimario Histórico Militar" 8856:. Princeton University Press. 8767: 8749: 8736: 8720: 8699: 8683: 8628: 8587: 3770:(with symbols of the Crown of 2341:. His granduncle, the elderly 1294:and against the forces of the 1029:Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai 374: 1559; died 13: 1: 17174:16th-century Spanish monarchs 17134:16th-century English monarchs 15647:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 15464:title granted by Royal Decree 15347:Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid 11040:16 January 1556 – 6 May 1598 10842:Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. 10713:Economic and cultural history 9277:Urbina C., M. Ximena (2013). 8676: 6027: 5475: 5394: 4977: 4846: 4295:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4121:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 3784:imperially crowned in the top 2971: 2711:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 2603:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 2583:Princess Henrietta of England 2209:, as Governor-General of the 1618:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 1418:In response to the invasion, 1134: 656:. In 1584, Philip signed the 605:in 1556 and succeeded to the 487:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 452:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 17149:16th-century kings of Sicily 15332:Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria 14992:Fernando, Prince of Asturias 10744:Journal of Political Economy 10618:Prescott, William Hickling. 10467:(London, I.B. Tauris, 2011). 10036:(Routledge, 2016), p. xxiii. 9670:, Taylor & Francis, 1977 9256:. Little, Brown Book Group. 9161:(in Spanish). Archived from 9136:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 9078:The Course of French History 4634:Isabella I, Queen of Castile 4575:Ferdinand II, King of Aragon 4390:Isabella I, Queen of Castile 4331:Ferdinand II, King of Aragon 3806: 3799: 3792: 3734: 3722: 3715: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3593: 3586: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3279:) in preference to that of " 3078:, of Roussillon, of Cerdanya 2784:flourished under his reign. 2639:, was the rightful monarch. 2546:rectified this by issuing a 2133:Saint James "the Moorslayer" 1709:Battle of Fontaine-Française 1447:Battle of St. Quentin (1557) 1317:Personal guidon of Philip II 1080:realm specific laws (fueros) 841:. Philip was present at the 7: 17144:16th-century Irish monarchs 17038:Infante Michael of Portugal 16480:also an infante of Portugal 15642:Charles, Prince of Asturias 15368:Alfonso, Prince of Asturias 13514:British monarchs after the 10865:"Philip II. of Spain" 9908:Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. 9874:Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. 9853:Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. 9657:, Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005 9509:Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). 9429:Sharp Hume, Martín Andrew. 8926:As Philip wrote in 1566 to 8642:, he was the first to rule 8543: 4177: 4060:standing in for Philip) at 3424: 3229:Knight of the Golden Fleece 2848:Statue of Philip II at the 2579:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 2431:King of England and Ireland 2123:. In 1571, Alba erected at 1451:Battle of Gravelines (1558) 776:. While Philip was also an 635:declaration of independence 426: 10: 17315: 17284:Spanish Renaissance people 16114:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 15927:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 15707:Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw 15204:Infante Francisco de Paula 14987:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 14748:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 11023:Count Palatine of Burgundy 10837:Catholic Historical Review 10592:Pettegree, Andrew (2002). 10500:"Philip II and the Papacy" 10224:Armstrong, Edward (1911). 10141:The Place of Tudor England 9511:500 Great Military Leaders 9250:"3. The Triumph of Desire" 9024:. JHU Press. p. 135. 8960:Royall Tyler, ed. (1954). 4548: 4481:Manuel I, King of Portugal 4432: 4304: 4198: 4000:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 3231:: 1531 – 13 September 1598 3206:Count Palatine of Burgundy 2958:King of England and France 2946:Titles, honours and styles 2752:Philip's dominions in 1598 2741: 2600: 2568:Catholic Church in England 2312: 2184:Henry of Nassau-Dillenburg 2164:Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga 2063:known collectively as the 2041: 1968: 1761: 1644:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1541: 1455:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 1363: 1178: 1149:broke out in the southern 1027:continued until the 1528 ( 824:Juan de Zúñiga y Requesens 809:Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga 437:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 266:San Lorenzo de El Escorial 17079: 16950:Infante Balthasar Charles 16901: 16848: 16546: 16468: 16443: 16436: 16396: 16389: 16369: 16353: 16315: 16308: 16281: 16228: 16210: 16203: 16122: 16046: 16033:Francis V, Duke of Modena 15950: 15869: 15833: 15807: 15766: 15715: 15652:Diego, Prince of Asturias 15634: 15603: 15582: 15566: 15550: 15524: 15517: 15459: 15443: 15427: 15401: 15360: 15319: 15311:Carlos III, Duke of Parma 15273: 15222: 15186: 15178:Fernando I, Duke of Parma 15140: 15099: 15083: 15067: 15041: 15010: 14997:Diego, Prince of Asturias 14979: 14963: 14952: 14853: 14842: 14811: 14807: 14800:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 14793: 14746: 14715: 14692: 14669: 14599: 14551: 14540: 14473: 14469: 14455: 14384: 14339: 14316: 14293: 14282: 14207:Elder House of Luxembourg 14205: 14201: 14187: 13934: 13905: 13855: 13655: 13602: 13525: 13509: 13505: 13442: 13425: 13421: 12898: 12894: 12834: 12733: 12704: 12643: 12632: 12568: 12509: 12460: 12421: 12397: 12343: 12319: 12301: 12278: 12241: 12208: 12165: 12132: 12049: 12023: 11961: 11923: 11867: 11799: 11788: 11757: 11695: 11652: 11614: 11551: 11540: 11499: 11372: 11334: 11323: 11294: 11281: 11241: 11218: 11208: 11199: 11186: 11179: 11168: 11155: 11144: 11136: 11121: 11111: 11098: 11067: 11056: 11042: 10999: 10991: 10981: 10959: 10944: 10939: 10912: 10823:Sixteenth Century Journal 10694:Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer. 10392:Imperial Spain: 1469–1716 10194:Parker, Geoffrey (2014). 10165:Parker, Geoffrey (2016). 9080:. Routledge. p. 103. 9018:Richard L. Kagan (2009). 8987:Salvador Miranda (2010). 8879:War in Human Civilization 8763:. Routledge. p. 150. 8646:, and the fourth to rule 8380: 8378: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8099: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8013: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7327: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7217: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6955: 6953: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6634: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6473: 6471: 6341: 6339: 6315: 6313: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6167: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6121: 6119: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5884: 5882: 5728: 5726: 5718: 5716: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5648: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5040: 4911: 4909: 4619: 4611: 4583: 4560: 4556: 4520: 4498: 4490: 4462: 4440: 4436: 4398: 4375: 4367: 4339: 4316: 4312: 4276: 4269:Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 4254: 4246: 4237:Philip I, King of Castile 4218: 4202: 4048:, the eldest daughter of 3913:Maria Manuela of Portugal 3887: 3708: 3623: 3614: 3577: 3570: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3440: 3393:" for Count of Holland, " 3220:Dominator in Asia, Africa 3030:King of the Two Sicilies 2822:that came to be known as 2737: 2668:, to rendezvous with the 2658:Catholic League of France 2577:Philip's great-grandson, 2215:Battle of Gembloux (1578) 2038:Revolt in the Netherlands 2017:Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe 2006:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa 1922:large expedition to Malta 1822:In 1558, Turkish admiral 1638:of Philip II of Spain by 1537: 1430:and signed the Treaty of 1304:Revolt of the Netherlands 512: 502: 492: 482: 470: 457:Diego, Prince of Asturias 419: 294:Maria Manuela of Portugal 282: 272: 251: 231: 227: 219: 209: 199: 188: 168: 157: 136: 125: 114: 100: 90: 80: 69: 55: 39: 34: 16498:also a prince of Belgium 16486:also a prince of Tuscany 16474:also an infante of Spain 15352:Roberto I, Duke of Parma 15265:Carlos II, Duke of Parma 15173:Infante Francisco Javier 14855:House of Nassau-Weilburg 14553:House of Valois-Burgundy 10637:Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. 10577:Patterson, Benton Rain. 10480:López, Anna Santamaría. 10296:Wurzbach, Constantin von 9929:Vid. Marañón, Gregorio. 9814:(at 21:27 – 21:40). BBC. 9758:. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. 9754:Tucker, Spencer (2011). 9396:Goodwin, Robert (2015). 9106:10.1215/00182168-5.2.181 9076:Goubert, Pierre (2002). 8904:Imperial Spain 1469–1716 8779:Junta de Castilla y León 8580: 8565:List of Spanish monarchs 4455:Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu 4358:Joanna, Queen of Castile 4044:Philip's third wife was 3389:" for Duke of Brabant, " 2717: 2385:) and a near sixty-year 2335:Battle of Alcácer Quibir 2093:Lamoral, Count of Egmont 1817:Suleiman the Magnificent 1680:, on the French throne. 1370:Charles V abdicated the 1359: 732:, Philip was the son of 714:The Baptism of Philip II 617:, named in his honor by 17289:Spanish Roman Catholics 16942:Infante Philip Prospero 16492:also a prince of Modena 15789:Ferdinand IV of Hungary 15168:Infante Antonio Pascual 15127:Felipe I, Duke of Parma 10871:Encyclopædia Britannica 10807:142.1162 (2000): 13–19. 10344:Encyclopædia Britannica 10237:Encyclopædia Britannica 10169:. In Lacey, Jim (ed.). 10112:3 February 2012 at the 10054:Rocquet, Claude-Henri. 10018:Felipe II rey de España 9829:Murray, Stuart (2009). 9666:Robert Dudley Edwards, 9600:Louis Adrian Montrose, 8962:"Spain: September 1556" 8902:Elliott, J. H. (2002). 8570:Royal Armoury of Madrid 8521:Habsburg family website 3991:. They were married at 3950:Juan Pantoja de la Cruz 3580:Free County of Burgundy 3491:Spanish realms versions 3151:Lord of the Netherlands 2903:Battle of Saint Quentin 2521:coat of arms of England 2490:Under the terms of the 2355:António, Prior of Crato 1544:French Wars of Religion 1523:French Wars of Religion 1259:Royal Alcázar of Madrid 1131:Jooris van der Straeten 736:, who was also king of 619:Ruy López de Villalobos 18:King Philip II of Spain 17239:People from Valladolid 16855: 16059:Maximilian I of Mexico 16054:Emperor Franz Joseph I 14813:House of Orange-Nassau 14635:Isabella Clara Eugenia 11046:Isabella Clara Eugenia 10447:15.28 (2018): 137–154. 10399:"The decline of Spain" 9470:Black, Jeremy (1996). 9248:Wilson, Derek (2013). 9165:on 22 September 2008. 8622: 8602: 8517:"Habsburg family tree" 4077:Isabella Clara Eugenia 3757:1558–1580 / 1580–1598 3336:Defenders of the Faith 3309:Ferdinand and Isabella 3212:from 21 September 1558 3158:of Lothier, of Brabant 2975: 2959: 2943: 2857: 2753: 2612: 2585:in 1661; in 1807, the 2511: 2456: 2444: 2422: 2389:under the rule of the 2326: 2261: 2056: 1980: 1808: 1800: 1788: 1707:French victory at the 1678:Isabella Clara Eugenia 1646: 1532:Isabella Clara Eugenia 1495:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1477:, Naples, Sicily, and 1416: 1354:relaciones geográficas 1318: 1296:Protestant Reformation 1233:. Following a fire in 1188: 1138: 1125:Philip II wearing the 1062: 1021:Ferdinand II of Aragon 870:Francisco de los Cobos 725: 668:. In 1588, he sent an 654:Protestant Reformation 538: 16854: 16038:Ferdinand Karl Viktor 15932:Ferdinand Karl Joseph 15291:Infante Luis Fernando 14318:House of Hohenstaufen 13818:Parthenopean Republic 11288:Monarchs' family tree 10888:Catholic Encyclopedia 10839:89.4 (2003): 643–670. 10814:28.1 (2012): 103–116. 10794:Renaissance Quarterly 10785:17.1 (1986): 115–135. 10727:vol. 1 free to borrow 10476:Online free to borrow 10470:Koenigsberger, H. G. 10459:Online free to borrow 10261:The story of Portugal 9910:Felipe II y su tiempo 9876:Felipe II y su tiempo 9855:Felipe II y su tiempo 9739:Grant, R. G. (2017). 8733:. C. Scribner, p. 400 4684:Male-line family tree 4171:Alonso Sánchez Coello 4116:Their children were: 3987:, and paternal aunt, 3411:The Lord is my helper 3113:Defender of the Faith 2965: 2953: 2938: 2847: 2751: 2610: 2601:Further information: 2516:Parliament of Ireland 2509: 2450: 2438: 2416: 2331:Sebastian of Portugal 2324:Anthony I of Portugal 2322: 2251: 2180:Battle of Mookerheyde 2059:Philip's rule in the 2051: 1978: 1969:Further information: 1872:Giovanni Andrea Doria 1794: 1771: 1764:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 1762:Further information: 1630: 1403: 1316: 1186: 1124: 1116:Santa Maria Cathedral 1057: 1037:Jeanne III of Navarre 1019:, a realm invaded by 762:Juan Martínez Siliceo 712: 705:Early life: 1527–1544 627:debt-leveraged regime 17169:16th-century regents 15112:Infante Felipe Pedro 14694:House of Wittelsbach 13484:William III & II 13049:Henry the Young King 12999:Edward the Confessor 12967:Æthelred the Unready 12562:Monarchs of Portugal 10770:19 July 2020 at the 10676:(Penguin UK, 2014); 10627:"Philip (1527–1598)" 10016:Cabrera de Córdoba, 10005:El Cardenal Granvela 8744:The Mariner's Mirror 4539:Isabella of Portugal 4513:Beatrice of Portugal 4054:Catherine de' Medici 4017:Winchester Cathedral 3989:Catherine of Austria 3985:John III of Portugal 3968:Sofonisba Anguissola 3474:(as Spanish monarch) 3407:DOMINVS·MIHI·ADIVTOR 3303:) first bestowed by 2863:Spanish Black Legend 2786:Martín de Azpilcueta 2633:Mary, Queen of Scots 2597:After Mary I's death 2591:Anne Marie d'Orléans 2473:Winchester Cathedral 2465:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2421:) and other features 2349:claimed the throne: 2284:was assassinated by 2278:southern Netherlands 1837:Hayreddin Barbarossa 1664:Philip financed the 1651:Battle of the Azores 1503:Franco-Habsburg wars 1412:College of Cardinals 1173:Sofonisba Anguissola 1084:pactum subjection is 983:After living in the 920:"Philip II of Spain" 905:improve this article 766:archbishop of Toledo 758:Leonor de Mascareñas 746:Isabella of Portugal 599:Isabella of Portugal 497:Isabella of Portugal 407:; died 345:; died 312:; died 118:12 September 1580 – 48:Sofonisba Anguissola 17269:Spanish art patrons 17259:Princes of Asturias 17224:Knights of Santiago 17189:Counter-Reformation 16268:Franz Karl Salvator 16130:Crown Prince Rudolf 15988:Frederick Ferdinand 15958:Emperor Ferdinand I 15784:Charles II of Spain 15657:Philip III of Spain 15574:Philip I of Castile 14194:County of Luxemburg 13432:Union of the Crowns 12521:King/Queen of Spain 12399:House of Trastámara 12243:House of Trastámara 11869:House of Trastámara 11616:House of Trastámara 11164:Francesco II Sforza 10914:Philip II of Spain 10817:Samson, Alexander. 10805:Burlington Magazine 10796:60.1 (2007): 58–93. 10774:. (2019), economics 10760:16.1 (1983): 49–66. 10731:Clouse, Michele L. 10701:Williams, Patrick. 10683:Waxman, Matthew C. 10654:Samson, Alexander. 10542:Parker, Geoffrey. 9718:"Text of 1555 Bull" 7988:Archduke of Austria 7973:Archduke of Austria 7625:Archduke of Austria 7550:Archduke of Austria 7535:Archduke of Austria 7520:Archduke of Austria 7192:Archduke of Austria 7169:Archduke of Austria 6276:Archduke of Austria 6261:Archduke of Austria 4136:Philip III of Spain 4046:Elisabeth of Valois 3946:Elisabeth of Valois 3871:Kingdom of Portugal 3847:Kingdom of Portugal 3747:Order of the Garter 3710:Ornamented versions 3633:Kingdom of Sardinia 3572:Burgundian variants 3297:Rex Catholicissimus 3208:from 10 June 1556; 3136:Archduke of Austria 3099:King of England de 2878:Counter-Reformation 2782:School of Salamanca 2759:Counter-Reformation 2654:Treaty of Joinville 2534:, but the title of 2403:Council of Portugal 2367:Battle of Alcântara 2329:In 1578 young King 2211:Spanish Netherlands 2129:Battle of Jemmingen 2061:Seventeen Provinces 2002:Francisco de Toledo 1979:Armour of Philip II 1961:with the Ottomans. 1713:Spanish Netherlands 1682:Elisabeth of Valois 1574:Treaty of Vaucelles 1528:Elisabeth of Valois 1399:Francisco de Vargas 1275:Louis XIV of France 1255:Philip III of Spain 1127:order of the garter 1033:Henry II of Navarre 778:archduke of Austria 754:Palacio de Pimentel 722:Palacio de Pimentel 660:funding the French 658:Treaty of Joinville 584:Seventeen Provinces 462:Philip III of Spain 360:Elisabeth of Valois 238:Palacio de Pimentel 162:Philip III of Spain 17254:Philippine dynasty 17199:Dukes of Montblanc 17109:Philip II of Spain 16856: 16799:Emanuele Filiberto 16451:Ferdinand Zvonimir 15723:Philip IV of Spain 15611:Philip II of Spain 15511:Austrian archdukes 14462:Duchy of Luxemburg 13899:Monarchs of Sicily 13649:Monarchs of Naples 13516:Acts of Union 1707 13479:James II & VII 13172:Kenneth I MacAlpin 12957:Edgar the Peaceful 12134:House of Champagne 12089:García Sánchez III 11553:House of Barcelona 11202:Prince of Asturias 11191:Title last held by 11160:Title last held by 11059:Count of Charolais 10828:Scully, Robert E. 10777:Kagan, Richard L. 10613:Philip II of Spain 10586:Philip II of Spain 10566:Parker, Geoffrey. 10559:Parker, Geoffrey. 10552:Parker, Geoffrey. 10435:Israel, Jonathan. 10429:Philip II of Spain 10408:Grierson, Edward. 10403:Past & Present 9967:Philip II of Spain 9644:, Read Books, 2007 8877:Gat, Azar (2006). 8823:Parker, Geoffrey, 8705:Garret Mattingly. 8636:composite monarchy 8233:King of the Romans 8147:Prince of Asturias 7580:Margrave of Burgau 7565:Margrave of Burgau 7445:Prince of Asturias 4417:Philip II of Spain 4086:Catherine Michaela 4050:Henry II of France 3898:Eufrasia de Guzmán 3780:with the crest of 3778:cap of maintenance 3506:Kingdom of Galicia 3499:Kingdom of Navarre 3419:NON SUFFICIT ORBIS 3383:PHS·D:G·HISP·Z·REX 3210:Count of Charolais 3147:Burgundian titles 3076:Count of Barcelona 2989:Prince of Asturias 2976: 2960: 2936:and William Reger: 2915:William the Silent 2858: 2835:William Lane Craig 2818:of God with human 2770:Bartolome Carranza 2754: 2722:Philip II died in 2643:began a policy of 2613: 2532:Kingdom of Ireland 2512: 2496:Acts of Parliament 2457: 2445: 2423: 2391:Philippine Dynasty 2327: 2282:William the Silent 2262: 2258:William the Silent 2140:William the Silent 2077:Cardinal Granvelle 2057: 2028:Chiloé Archipelago 1995:Strait of Magellan 1981: 1965:Strait of Magellan 1910:Regency of Algiers 1809: 1789: 1690:Parlement of Paris 1647: 1610:Battle of Terceira 1572:Philip signed the 1567:Henry IV of France 1319: 1210:, the assembly in 1189: 1169:Spanish Golden Age 1151:Kingdom of Granada 1139: 1093:, the Parliament ( 1082:—violation of the 1078:for breach of the 1063: 1025:War across Navarre 1013:Prince of Asturias 843:Siege of Perpignan 805:Rui Gomes da Silva 752:on 21 May 1527 at 726: 623:Spanish Golden Age 611:of the Inca Empire 539:Felipe el Prudente 531:Philip the Prudent 268:, Crown of Castile 73:16 January 1556 – 17234:Mary I of England 17219:Jure uxoris kings 17096: 17095: 17090: 17089: 17054:Infante Ferdinand 16982:Infante Ferdinand 16861: 16860: 16719:Balthasar Charles 16506: 16505: 16464: 16463: 16432: 16431: 16385: 16384: 16325:Crown Prince Otto 16304: 16303: 16215:Emperor Charles I 16150:Leopold Ferdinand 15892:Alexander Leopold 15877:Emperor Francis I 15758:Sigismund Francis 15753:Ferdinand Charles 15697:Maximilian Ernest 15477: 15476: 15214:Luis I of Etruria 14946:Infantes of Spain 14912: 14911: 14908: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14789: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14778: 14770: 14762: 14739: 14731: 14717:House of Habsburg 14708: 14685: 14662: 14654: 14646: 14639: 14631: 14623: 14615: 14601:House of Habsburg 14592: 14583: 14575: 14567: 14535: 14527: 14516: 14505: 14497: 14489: 14451: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14440: 14432: 14424: 14416: 14408: 14400: 14377: 14369: 14358: 14332: 14309: 14277: 14269: 14261: 14253: 14245: 14237: 14229: 14221: 14143: 14142: 13936:Kingdom of Sicily 13865: 13864: 13859:Monarch of Sicily 13848: 13829: 13813: 13709: 13696: 13680: 13615: 13614: 13598: 13597: 13501: 13500: 13417: 13416: 13412: 13411: 12962:Edward the Martyr 12845: 12844: 12735:House of Braganza 12706:House of Habsburg 12570:House of Burgundy 12528: 12527: 12423:House of Habsburg 12079:García Sánchez II 11979: 11978: 11925:House of Habsburg 11801:House of Burgundy 11713: 11712: 11654:House of Habsburg 11455: 11454: 11275:Monarchs of Spain 11229: 11228: 11209:Succeeded by 11112:Succeeded by 11043:Succeeded by 10995:Emperor Charles V 10982:Succeeded by 10957: 10934:13 September 1598 10919:House of Habsburg 10882:"Philip II" 10584:Petrie, Charles. 10506:11 (1961): 23–42. 10405:20 (1961): 52–75. 10397:Elliott, John H. 10383:Boyden, James M. 10135:Cremades, Checa. 10080:Waller, Maureen. 9943:Johonnot, James. 9840:978-1-60239-706-4 9627:978-90-04-53621-0 9379:Henk van Nierop, 9263:978-1-4721-1329-0 9064:French Civil Wars 8928:Luis de Requesens 8888:978-0-19-923663-3 8863:978-1-4008-4843-0 8593:He was titled as 8541: 8540: 8523:. 28 October 2023 8498: 8497: 8144:Balthasar Charles 7985:Sigismund Francis 7970:Ferdinand Charles 7607:Maximilian Ernest 4842:Count of Habsburg 4717:House of Habsburg 4680: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4013:Mary I of England 3928:Mary I of England 3885: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3850: 3828: 3785: 3704: 3703: 3610: 3609: 3566: 3565: 3485: 3484: 3475: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3305:Pope Alexander VI 2899:Battle of Lepanto 2890:Fire Over England 2804:Pope Gregory XIII 2650:Treaty of Nonsuch 2461:Mary I of England 2399:Albert of Austria 2395:Portuguese Empire 2379:Portuguese Cortes 2339:succession crisis 2290:Maurice of Nassau 2274:Act of Abjuration 2254:Balthasar Gerards 2073:Margaret of Parma 2054:Cornelis Kruseman 2044:Eighty Years' War 1950:reconquered Tunis 1934:Battle of Lepanto 1852:Republic of Genoa 1783:to Glory in this 1777:Battle of Lepanto 1614:São Miguel Island 1487:Holy Roman Empire 1471:Republic of Genoa 998:House of Habsburg 981: 980: 973: 955: 847:Dauphin of France 782:Holy Roman Empire 760:, and tutored by 734:Emperor Charles V 730:House of Habsburg 691:Anglo-Spanish War 637:that created the 607:Portuguese throne 595:Emperor Charles V 524: 523: 507:Roman Catholicism 327:Mary I of England 255:13 September 1598 120:13 September 1598 75:13 September 1598 16:(Redirected from 17306: 17294:Sons of emperors 17274:Spanish infantes 17264:Regents of Spain 17085: 17084: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16865: 16864: 16853: 16533: 16526: 16519: 16510: 16509: 16441: 16440: 16394: 16393: 16313: 16312: 16208: 16207: 16165:Leopold Salvator 16023:Rainer Ferdinand 15504: 15497: 15490: 15481: 15480: 15470: 15465: 15245:Infante Fernando 15028:Infante Fernando 14939: 14932: 14925: 14916: 14915: 14848: 14809: 14808: 14795: 14794: 14776: 14768: 14760: 14737: 14729: 14706: 14683: 14671:House of Bourbon 14660: 14652: 14644: 14637: 14629: 14621: 14613: 14590: 14581: 14573: 14565: 14546: 14533: 14522: 14511: 14503: 14495: 14487: 14475:House of Limburg 14471: 14470: 14457: 14456: 14438: 14430: 14422: 14414: 14406: 14398: 14386:House of Limburg 14375: 14364: 14353: 14330: 14307: 14288: 14275: 14267: 14259: 14251: 14243: 14235: 14227: 14219: 14203: 14202: 14189: 14188: 14170: 14163: 14156: 14147: 14146: 13907:County of Sicily 13892: 13885: 13878: 13869: 13868: 13846: 13827: 13811: 13707: 13694: 13678: 13642: 13635: 13628: 13619: 13618: 13507: 13506: 13467:Richard Cromwell 13457:The Protectorate 13447:James I & VI 13423: 13422: 13004:Harold Godwinson 12924:Edward the Elder 12917:Alfred the Great 12901: 12900: 12896: 12895: 12872: 12865: 12858: 12849: 12848: 12804: 12773: 12638: 12555: 12548: 12541: 12532: 12531: 12462:House of Bourbon 12345:House of Bourbon 12069:García Sánchez I 12051:House of Jiménez 12024:House of Íñiguez 12006: 11999: 11992: 11983: 11982: 11963:House of Bourbon 11794: 11759:House of Jiménez 11740: 11733: 11726: 11717: 11716: 11697:House of Bourbon 11546: 11501:House of Jiménez 11482: 11475: 11468: 11459: 11458: 11329: 11284:List of monarchs 11268: 11261: 11254: 11245: 11244: 11232: 11231: 11221:Prince of Girona 11147:King of Portugal 11137:Preceded by 11075:Count of Zutphen 11070:Duke of Guelders 11019:Marquis of Namur 10992:Preceded by 10951: 10945:Preceded by 10935: 10928: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10892: 10884: 10875: 10867: 10832: 10825:(2005): 761–784. 10812:Visual Resources 10799:Matthews, P. G. 10738:Conklin, James. 10735:(Ashgate, 2013). 10725:(2 vols., 1976) 10719:Braudel, Fernand 10698:. P. Owen, 1956. 10625:Redworth, Glyn. 10611:Pierson, Peter. 10607: 10574:(2002): 167–221. 10533:Parker, Geoffrey 10523:Merriman, R. B. 10520: 10483: 10440: 10370: 10369: 10358: 10349: 10348: 10340: 10329: 10320: 10319: 10303: 10292: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10255: 10242: 10241: 10229: 10221: 10212: 10211: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10162: 10156: 10133: 10127: 10119: 10099: 10093: 10078: 10069: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10037: 10027: 10021: 10014: 10008: 10001: 9995: 9984: 9978: 9971:Filip of Spanien 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9940: 9934: 9927: 9921: 9906: 9900: 9897:Felipe de España 9893: 9887: 9872: 9866: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9826: 9815: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9779: 9773: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9688: 9682: 9680:Treason Act 1554 9677: 9671: 9664: 9658: 9651: 9645: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9611: 9605: 9598: 9587: 9586: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9555: 9552:The Duke of Alba 9545: 9539: 9524:Parker, Geoffrey 9521: 9515: 9514: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9467: 9461: 9454: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9416:necrometrics.com 9408: 9402: 9401: 9393: 9384: 9377: 9371: 9361: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9342: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9300: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9188: 9187: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9108: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9073: 9067: 9060: 9054: 9051: 9045: 9044:Jan Glete p. 156 9042: 9036: 9035: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8995:. Archived from 8984: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8973: 8957: 8951: 8941: 8935: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8847: 8841: 8838:The Dutch Revolt 8834: 8828: 8825:The Dutch Revolt 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8753: 8747: 8740: 8734: 8724: 8718: 8703: 8697: 8687: 8670: 8667: 8661: 8657: 8651: 8632: 8626: 8591: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8513: 8492: 8477: 8268: 8253: 8238: 8167: 8152: 7993: 7978: 7963: 7948: 7933: 7880: 7865: 7850: 7645: 7630: 7615: 7600: 7585: 7570: 7555: 7540: 7525: 7510: 7495: 7480: 7465: 7450: 7197: 7174: 7143: 7104: 6925: 6846: 6821: 6812: 6741: 6729: 6540: 6415: 6384: 6281: 6266: 6251: 6220: 6087: 6064: 6049: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6013: 5850: 5835: 5814: 5783: 5768: 5755: 5702: 5697: 5674: 5672:Albertinian line 5669: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5461: 5446: 5431: 5416: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5380: 5197: 5182: 5163: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4782: 4777: 4724: 4723: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4182: 4166: 4151: 3966:(1549–1580), by 3960: 3948:(1545–1568), by 3942: 3930:(1516–1558), by 3924: 3909: 3865:Castile and León 3858: 3843:Castile and León 3836: 3821:Castile and León 3818: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3772:Castile and León 3769: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3706: 3705: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3617:Italian Variants 3612: 3611: 3598: 3591: 3568: 3567: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3487: 3486: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3442:Common versions 3438: 3437: 3429: 3428: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3403:PACE·ET·IVSTITIA 3402: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3216:Duke of Burgundy 3142:Prince of Swabia 3084:King of Portugal 3065:King of Sardinia 3055:King of Valencia 2983:Prince of Gerona 2973: 2850:Sabatini Gardens 2841:, among others. 2796:Francisco Suárez 2692:Cádiz was sacked 2670:Army of Flanders 2485:Edward Courtenay 2481:House of Commons 2477:Stephen Gardiner 2467:, to him. Their 2408:rule by councils 2359:King of Portugal 2309:King of Portugal 2286:Balthasar Gérard 2270:Union of Utrecht 2172:Army of Flanders 2156:Siege of Alkmaar 2144:Prince of Orange 2024:Thomas Cavendish 1936:in 1571, by the 1926:García de Toledo 1899:Battle of Djerba 1864:Knights of Malta 1828:Balearic Islands 1806: 1745:Peace of Vervins 1741:reconquer Amiens 1733:conquered Calais 1715:. They captured 1696:in 1590 and the 1592:, the pretender 1551:House of Bourbon 1499:Council of Italy 1491:State of Presidi 1457:in 1559 secured 1453:. The resulting 1380:throne of Sicily 1372:throne of Naples 1327:war with England 1136: 1072:The Three States 976: 969: 965: 962: 956: 954: 913: 889: 881: 851:Aragonese Cortes 728:A member of the 547:King of Portugal 520: 430: 412: 410: 406: 402: 379: 377: 373: 350: 348: 344: 340: 317: 315: 311: 307: 258: 246:Crown of Castile 195: 194:17 November 1558 121: 102:King of Portugal 76: 44: 32: 31: 21: 17314: 17313: 17309: 17308: 17307: 17305: 17304: 17303: 17099: 17098: 17097: 17092: 17091: 17086: 17082: 17077: 17070:Infante Alfonso 17062:Infante Charles 17006:Infante Charles 16990:Infante Charles 16934:Infante Charles 16926:Infante Alfonso 16897: 16892: 16862: 16857: 16851: 16846: 16727:Philip Prospero 16542: 16537: 16507: 16502: 16460: 16437:19th generation 16428: 16390:18th generation 16381: 16365: 16349: 16317: 16309:17th generation 16300: 16283: 16277: 16273:Hubert Salvator 16230: 16224: 16204:16th generation 16199: 16160:Peter Ferdinand 16155:Josef Ferdinand 16135:Franz Ferdinand 16123:15th generation 16118: 16099:Charles Stephen 16084:Ludwig Salvator 16047:14th generation 16042: 15951:13th generation 15946: 15922:Cardinal Rudolf 15870:12th generation 15865: 15834:11th generation 15829: 15803: 15762: 15748:Leopold Wilhelm 15711: 15630: 15599: 15578: 15562: 15546: 15520: 15513: 15508: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15455: 15444:16th generation 15439: 15428:15th generation 15423: 15414:Infante Alfonso 15402:14th generation 15397: 15383:Infante Gonzalo 15361:13th generation 15356: 15320:12th generation 15315: 15274:11th generation 15269: 15223:10th generation 15218: 15182: 15163:Infante Gabriel 15136: 15095: 15079: 15063: 15037: 15006: 14975: 14959: 14948: 14943: 14913: 14900: 14857: 14849: 14840: 14815: 14803: 14781: 14750: 14742: 14719: 14711: 14696: 14688: 14673: 14665: 14603: 14595: 14555: 14547: 14538: 14477: 14465: 14443: 14388: 14380: 14343: 14335: 14320: 14312: 14297: 14289: 14280: 14209: 14197: 14183: 14174: 14144: 14139: 13930: 13901: 13896: 13866: 13861: 13851: 13651: 13646: 13616: 13611: 13594: 13521: 13497: 13462:Oliver Cromwell 13438: 13413: 13408: 13255:Constantine III 13164: 12989:Harold Harefoot 12979:Edmund Ironside 12890: 12885: and 12876: 12846: 12841: 12830: 12802: 12771: 12729: 12700: 12639: 12630: 12564: 12559: 12529: 12524: 12505: 12464:- Upper Navarre 12456: 12425:- Upper Navarre 12417: 12401:- Upper Navarre 12393: 12347:- Lower Navarre 12339: 12323:- Lower Navarre 12321:House of Albret 12315: 12303:House of Albret 12297: 12288:Francis Phoebus 12274: 12237: 12210:House of Évreux 12204: 12161: 12128: 12045: 12019: 12010: 11980: 11975: 11957: 11919: 11863: 11795: 11786: 11753: 11744: 11714: 11709: 11691: 11648: 11610: 11547: 11538: 11495: 11486: 11456: 11451: 11368: 11330: 11321: 11290: 11277: 11272: 11237: 11224: 11214: 11205: 11192: 11181:Spanish royalty 11174: 11161: 11150: 11142: 11131: 11117: 11108: 11086: 11073: 11062: 11052: 11048: 11039: 11028:Count of Artois 11026: 11017: 11002:Duke of Brabant 10997: 10987: 10978: 10962:King of England 10954:as sole monarch 10950: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10915: 10862: 10854: 10849: 10830: 10772:Wayback Machine 10715: 10604: 10511:Martinic, Mateo 10481: 10463:Kelsey, Harry. 10455:Philip of Spain 10438: 10426:Hume, M. A. S. 10415:Gwynn, Aubrey. 10390:Elliott, J. H. 10379: 10377:Further reading 10374: 10373: 10360: 10359: 10352: 10330: 10323: 10293: 10286: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10256: 10245: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10163: 10159: 10139:. Op. cit. in " 10134: 10130: 10117: 10114:Wayback Machine 10100: 10096: 10079: 10072: 10053: 10049: 10044: 10040: 10028: 10024: 10015: 10011: 10002: 9998: 9985: 9981: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9947:. Authorama.com 9941: 9937: 9928: 9924: 9907: 9903: 9894: 9890: 9873: 9869: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9827: 9818: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9791: 9789: 9780: 9776: 9767: 9763: 9752: 9748: 9737: 9733: 9723: 9721: 9720:. Heraldica.org 9714: 9710: 9704:The Numismatist 9702: 9698: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9674: 9665: 9661: 9652: 9648: 9640:A. F. Pollard, 9639: 9635: 9628: 9612: 9608: 9599: 9590: 9575: 9571: 9563:Hatton, Barry, 9562: 9558: 9546: 9542: 9522: 9518: 9507: 9503: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9468: 9464: 9455: 9451: 9445:Philip of Spain 9442: 9438: 9427: 9423: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9394: 9387: 9378: 9374: 9364:Henk van Nierop 9362: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9317: 9313: 9303: 9301: 9275: 9271: 9264: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9191: 9178: 9174: 9155: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9132:Memoria Chilena 9126: 9125: 9121: 9089: 9085: 9074: 9070: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8999:on 3 March 2016 8985: 8981: 8971: 8969: 8958: 8954: 8944:Fernand Braudel 8942: 8938: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8848: 8844: 8835: 8831: 8822: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8754: 8750: 8741: 8737: 8725: 8721: 8704: 8700: 8690:Geoffrey Parker 8688: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8633: 8629: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8546: 8537: 8536: 8526: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8150: 8149: 8146: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7955:Leopold Wilhelm 7946: 7945: 7942: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7102: 7101: 7098: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6813: 6810: 6730: 6727: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6085: 6084: 6082:Duke of Austria 6081: 6062: 6061: 6059:Duke of Austria 6058: 6047: 6046: 6044:Duke of Austria 6043: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6023:Duke of Austria 6022: 6011: 6010: 6008:Duke of Austria 6007: 5848: 5847: 5845:Duke of Austria 5844: 5833: 5832: 5831:Duke of Austria 5830: 5812: 5811: 5809:Duke of Austria 5808: 5781: 5780: 5778:Duke of Austria 5777: 5766: 5765: 5753: 5752: 5750:Duke of Austria 5749: 5700:Leopoldian line 5698: 5695: 5670: 5667: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5459: 5458: 5456:Duke of Austria 5455: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5429: 5428: 5426:Duke of Austria 5425: 5414: 5413: 5411:Duke of Austria 5410: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5195: 5194: 5192:Duke of Austria 5191: 5180: 5179: 5161: 5160: 5157: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4778: 4775: 4715: 4686: 4681: 4602:Maria of Aragon 4180: 4173: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4106:Anna of Austria 4102: 4100:Fourth marriage 4092:, and had issue 4042: 4034:false pregnancy 4026:King of England 4009: 4007:Second marriage 3977: 3970: 3964:Anna of Austria 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3890: 3876: 3868: 3857: 3852: 3835: 3830: 3817: 3787: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3472: 3427: 3346:, Archdukes of 3118:King of Ireland 3071:King of Navarre 3060:King of Majorca 2997:King of Castile 2948: 2930:Geoffrey Parker 2839:Alvin Plantinga 2746: 2740: 2720: 2675:English Channel 2605: 2599: 2536:King of Ireland 2433: 2428: 2317: 2311: 2191:treasure fleets 2176:Louis of Nassau 2085:Iconoclast Fury 2046: 2040: 2013:Nombre de Jesús 1973: 1967: 1958:recapture Tunis 1946:Álvaro de Bazán 1942:John of Austria 1903:Álvaro de Sande 1766: 1760: 1752:Edict of Nantes 1666:Catholic League 1655:Álvaro de Bazán 1602:Filippo Strozzi 1546: 1540: 1483:Crown of Aragon 1376:Pope Julius III 1368: 1362: 1343:John of Austria 1288: 1220:Estates General 1197:Neapolitan sums 1181: 1003:Philip carried 977: 966: 960: 957: 914: 912: 902: 890: 879: 877:Domestic policy 707: 662:Catholic League 564:King of England 549:from 1580, and 466: 424: 423: 415: 414: 398: 394: 391: 389:Anna of Austria 381: 369: 365: 362: 352: 336: 332: 329: 319: 303: 299: 296: 278: 260: 256: 236: 193: 192:25 July 1554 – 184: 170:King of England 129:16 April 1581, 119: 110: 74: 65: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17312: 17302: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17194:Dukes of Milan 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17094: 17093: 17088: 17087: 17080: 17078: 17076: 17075: 17067: 17059: 17051: 17043: 17035: 17030:Infanta Joanna 17027: 17019: 17014:Infanta Joanna 17011: 17003: 16995: 16987: 16979: 16971: 16966:Infante Philip 16963: 16955: 16947: 16939: 16931: 16923: 16918:Infante Felipe 16914: 16913: 16911:(2014-present) 16907:Infanta Leonor 16902: 16899: 16898: 16891: 16890: 16883: 16876: 16868: 16859: 16858: 16849: 16847: 16845: 16844: 16836: 16828: 16820: 16812: 16804: 16796: 16788: 16780: 16772: 16764: 16756: 16748: 16740: 16732: 16724: 16716: 16708: 16700: 16692: 16684: 16676: 16668: 16660: 16652: 16644: 16636: 16628: 16620: 16612: 16604: 16596: 16588: 16580: 16572: 16564: 16556: 16547: 16544: 16543: 16536: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16513: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16494: 16488: 16482: 16476: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16459: 16458: 16453: 16447: 16445: 16438: 16434: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16427: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16400: 16398: 16391: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16379: 16373: 16371: 16367: 16366: 16364: 16363: 16357: 16355: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16321: 16319: 16310: 16306: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16299: 16298: 16293: 16287: 16285: 16279: 16278: 16276: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16234: 16232: 16226: 16225: 16223: 16222: 16217: 16211: 16205: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16197: 16195:Joseph Francis 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16175:Albrecht Franz 16172: 16170:Franz Salvator 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16145:Ferdinand Karl 16142: 16137: 16132: 16126: 16124: 16120: 16119: 16117: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16050: 16048: 16044: 16043: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16028:Heinrich Anton 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16008:Leopold Ludwig 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15983:Karl Ferdinand 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15954: 15952: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15846:Charles Joseph 15843: 15837: 15835: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15822: 15820:Leopold Joseph 15817: 15811: 15809: 15808:9th generation 15805: 15804: 15802: 15801: 15799:Charles Joseph 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15770: 15768: 15767:8th generation 15764: 15763: 15761: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15719: 15717: 15716:7th generation 15713: 15712: 15710: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15677:Maximilian III 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15638: 15636: 15635:6th generation 15632: 15631: 15629: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15607: 15605: 15604:5th generation 15601: 15600: 15598: 15597: 15592: 15586: 15584: 15583:4th generation 15580: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15570: 15568: 15567:3rd generation 15564: 15563: 15561: 15560: 15554: 15552: 15551:2nd generation 15548: 15547: 15545: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15528: 15526: 15525:1st generation 15522: 15521: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15507: 15506: 15499: 15492: 15484: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15471: 15466: 15460: 15457: 15456: 15454: 15453: 15447: 15445: 15441: 15440: 15438: 15437: 15431: 15429: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15405: 15403: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15323: 15321: 15317: 15316: 15314: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15277: 15275: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15226: 15224: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15190: 15188: 15187:9th generation 15184: 15183: 15181: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15144: 15142: 15141:8th generation 15138: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15103: 15101: 15100:7th generation 15097: 15096: 15094: 15093: 15087: 15085: 15084:6th generation 15081: 15080: 15078: 15077: 15071: 15069: 15068:5th generation 15065: 15064: 15062: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15045: 15043: 15042:4th generation 15039: 15038: 15036: 15035: 15033:Infante Alonso 15030: 15025: 15023:Infante Carlos 15020: 15014: 15012: 15011:3rd generation 15008: 15007: 15005: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14981: 14980:2nd generation 14977: 14976: 14974: 14973: 14967: 14965: 14964:1st generation 14961: 14960: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14942: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14919: 14910: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14898: 14892: 14886: 14880: 14877:Marie-Adélaïde 14874: 14868: 14861: 14859: 14858:(1890–present) 14851: 14850: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14838: 14832: 14826: 14819: 14817: 14805: 14804: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14786: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14771: 14763: 14754: 14752: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14732: 14723: 14721: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14709: 14700: 14698: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14686: 14677: 14675: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14655: 14647: 14632: 14624: 14616: 14607: 14605: 14597: 14596: 14594: 14593: 14585: 14576: 14568: 14559: 14557: 14549: 14548: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14528: 14517: 14506: 14498: 14490: 14481: 14479: 14467: 14466: 14453: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14441: 14433: 14425: 14417: 14409: 14401: 14392: 14390: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14370: 14359: 14347: 14345: 14341:House of Namur 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14324: 14322: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14301: 14299: 14295:House of Namur 14291: 14290: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14278: 14270: 14262: 14254: 14246: 14238: 14230: 14222: 14213: 14211: 14199: 14198: 14185: 14184: 14173: 14172: 14165: 14158: 14150: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14120:Victor Amadeus 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13941: 13939: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13912: 13910: 13903: 13902: 13895: 13894: 13887: 13880: 13872: 13863: 13862: 13856: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13849: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13821: 13814: 13805: 13799: 13793: 13787: 13781: 13775: 13769: 13763: 13757: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13702: 13697: 13689: 13684: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13656: 13653: 13652: 13645: 13644: 13637: 13630: 13622: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13609: 13603: 13600: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13520: 13519: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13495: 13490: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13454: 13449: 13443: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13419: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13358:Edward Balliol 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13218:Constantine II 13215: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13167: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13146: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13010:Edgar Ætheling 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12912: 12909: 12908: 12905: 12899: 12892: 12891: 12875: 12874: 12867: 12860: 12852: 12843: 12842: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12740: 12738: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12711: 12709: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12650: 12648: 12641: 12640: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12575: 12573: 12566: 12565: 12558: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12535: 12526: 12525: 12517:King of France 12513:King of Aragon 12510: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12467: 12465: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12428: 12426: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12404: 12402: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12350: 12348: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12337: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12307: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12284: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12247: 12245: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12214: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12167:House of Capet 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12138: 12136: 12130: 12129: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12114:García Ramírez 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12055: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12036:García Íñiguez 12033: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12020: 12009: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11986: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11967: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11929: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11917: 11908: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11873: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11805: 11803: 11797: 11796: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11763: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11743: 11742: 11735: 11728: 11720: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11701: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11658: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11620: 11618: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11557: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11505: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11485: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11462: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11378: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11340: 11338: 11336:Personal union 11332: 11331: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11319: 11310: 11300: 11298: 11296:Dynastic union 11292: 11291: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11271: 11270: 11263: 11256: 11248: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11227: 11226: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11207: 11198: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11167: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11143: 11138: 11134: 11133: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11110: 11101:King of Naples 11096: 11095: 11092:Dutch Republic 11088: 11065: 11064: 11054: 11053: 11044: 11041: 10998: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10980: 10958: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10940:Regnal titles 10937: 10936: 10916: 10913: 10908: 10907: 10893: 10876: 10860: 10853: 10852:External links 10850: 10848: 10847: 10840: 10826: 10815: 10808: 10797: 10786: 10775: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10736: 10729: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10699: 10692: 10689:War in History 10681: 10672:Thomas, Hugh. 10670: 10663: 10652: 10634: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10589: 10582: 10575: 10564: 10557: 10550: 10540: 10530: 10521: 10507: 10496: 10489: 10478: 10468: 10461: 10448: 10433: 10424: 10413: 10406: 10395: 10388: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10350: 10338:"Joanna" 10335:, ed. (1911). 10333:Chisholm, Hugh 10321: 10298:, ed. (1861). 10284: 10270: 10243: 10232:Chisholm, Hugh 10213: 10207:978-0300196535 10206: 10186: 10180:978-0190620462 10179: 10157: 10128: 10094: 10070: 10047: 10038: 10022: 10009: 9996: 9979: 9965:Hume, Martin. 9958: 9935: 9922: 9901: 9895:Kamen, Henry. 9888: 9867: 9846: 9839: 9816: 9798: 9774: 9761: 9746: 9743:. p. 296. 9731: 9708: 9696: 9683: 9672: 9659: 9653:Wim de Groot, 9646: 9633: 9626: 9606: 9588: 9569: 9556: 9540: 9516: 9501: 9487: 9481:978-0521470339 9480: 9462: 9449: 9436: 9433:. p. 372. 9421: 9403: 9385: 9372: 9353: 9311: 9287:(in Spanish). 9269: 9262: 9240: 9229:. 7 April 2017 9218: 9216:, p. 121. 9206: 9204:, p. 119. 9189: 9172: 9148: 9134:(in Spanish). 9119: 9099:(2): 181–194, 9083: 9068: 9055: 9046: 9037: 9031:978-1421401652 9030: 9010: 8979: 8952: 8936: 8934:, p. 214. 8932:Pettegree 2002 8919: 8912: 8894: 8887: 8869: 8862: 8842: 8829: 8816: 8804: 8798:James Boyden. 8791: 8766: 8748: 8735: 8719: 8698: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8662: 8652: 8627: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8507: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8480: 8478: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8260:Charles Joseph 8256: 8254: 8241: 8239: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8155: 8153: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7981: 7979: 7966: 7964: 7951: 7949: 7936: 7934: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7868: 7866: 7853: 7851: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7633: 7631: 7618: 7616: 7603: 7601: 7588: 7586: 7573: 7571: 7558: 7556: 7543: 7541: 7528: 7526: 7517:Maximilian III 7513: 7511: 7498: 7496: 7483: 7481: 7468: 7466: 7453: 7451: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6379:the Posthumous 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6269: 6267: 6254: 6252: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6052: 6050: 6037: 6035: 6016: 6014: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5838: 5836: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5771: 5769: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5464: 5462: 5449: 5447: 5434: 5432: 5419: 5417: 5404: 5402: 5383: 5381: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4083: 4074: 4041: 4040:Third marriage 4038: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3976: 3975:First marriage 3973: 3972: 3971: 3962: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3854: 3832: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3758: 3751: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3629: 3626:Duchy of Milan 3621: 3620: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3314:Following the 3265: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3044:Duke of Athens 3040:King of Sicily 3037: 3034:King of Naples 3028: 3027:King of Aragón 3018:King of Aragon 3015: 3014: 3013: 3011:Lord of Biscay 3008: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2968:Sánchez Coello 2947: 2944: 2913:and the Dutch 2810:published his 2808:Luis de Molina 2800:Thomas Aquinas 2742:Main article: 2739: 2736: 2719: 2716: 2687:counter-armada 2666:Spanish Armada 2598: 2595: 2525:loss of Calais 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2387:personal union 2343:Cardinal Henry 2313:Main article: 2310: 2307: 2298:Dutch Republic 2266:States General 2256:, assassin of 2105:central square 2042:Main article: 2039: 2036: 1966: 1963: 1860:Duchy of Savoy 1813:Ottoman Empire 1759: 1756: 1698:siege of Rouen 1694:siege of Paris 1555:House of Guise 1542:Main article: 1539: 1536: 1511:Habsburg Spain 1463:Duchy of Savoy 1364:Main article: 1361: 1358: 1323:Spanish Armada 1292:Ottoman Empire 1287: 1286:Foreign policy 1284: 1180: 1177: 1147:Morisco Revolt 1005:several titles 994:personal union 990:Spanish Empire 979: 978: 893: 891: 884: 878: 875: 706: 703: 679:English Armada 650:Ottoman Empire 639:Dutch Republic 631:state defaults 603:Spanish Empire 551:King of Naples 522: 521: 514: 510: 509: 504: 500: 499: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 479: 474: 468: 467: 465: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 433: 431: 417: 416: 396: 392: 387: 386: 385: 384: 367: 363: 358: 357: 356: 355: 334: 330: 325: 324: 323: 322: 301: 297: 292: 291: 290: 289: 286: 284: 280: 279: 276: 274: 270: 269: 259:(aged 71) 253: 249: 248: 233: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 190: 186: 185: 176: 166: 165: 164:(as Philip II) 159: 155: 154: 138: 134: 133: 127: 123: 122: 116: 112: 111: 104: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 71: 67: 66: 59: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17311: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17074: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16974:Infante Diego 16972: 16970: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16916: 16915: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16904: 16903: 16900: 16896: 16889: 16884: 16882: 16877: 16875: 16870: 16869: 16866: 16843: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16541: 16534: 16529: 16527: 16522: 16520: 16515: 16514: 16511: 16499: 16495: 16493: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16481: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16470: 16467: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16442: 16439: 16435: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16395: 16392: 16388: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16368: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16314: 16311: 16307: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16280: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16248:Leopold Maria 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16227: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16212: 16209: 16206: 16202: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16180:Karl Albrecht 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16121: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16109:Joseph August 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16089:John Salvator 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16079:Karl Salvator 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16069:Ludwig Viktor 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16051: 16049: 16045: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15993:Wilhelm Franz 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15953: 15949: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15912:Rainer Joseph 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15832: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15812: 15810: 15806: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15769: 15765: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15714: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15692:Ferdinand III 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15633: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15616:Maximilian II 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15602: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15581: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15565: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15549: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15523: 15516: 15512: 15505: 15500: 15498: 15493: 15491: 15486: 15485: 15482: 15467: 15462: 15461: 15458: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15426: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15409:Juan Carlos I 15407: 15406: 15404: 15400: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15365: 15363: 15359: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15322: 15318: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15278: 15276: 15272: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15221: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15185: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15145: 15143: 15139: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15098: 15092: 15089: 15088: 15086: 15082: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15066: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15040: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14962: 14957: 14951: 14947: 14940: 14935: 14933: 14928: 14926: 14921: 14920: 14917: 14896: 14893: 14890: 14887: 14884: 14881: 14878: 14875: 14872: 14869: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14847: 14836: 14833: 14830: 14827: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14792: 14775: 14772: 14767: 14764: 14759: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14749: 14745: 14736: 14733: 14728: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14705: 14704:Maximilian II 14702: 14701: 14699: 14695: 14691: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14659: 14656: 14651: 14648: 14643: 14636: 14633: 14628: 14625: 14620: 14617: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14589: 14586: 14580: 14577: 14572: 14569: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14545: 14532: 14529: 14526: 14523:(1411–1415), 14521: 14518: 14515: 14510: 14507: 14502: 14499: 14494: 14493:Wenceslaus II 14491: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14454: 14437: 14434: 14429: 14426: 14421: 14418: 14413: 14410: 14405: 14402: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14374: 14371: 14368: 14365:(1197–1214), 14363: 14360: 14357: 14354:(1197–1247), 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14306: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14287: 14274: 14271: 14266: 14263: 14258: 14255: 14250: 14247: 14242: 14239: 14234: 14231: 14226: 14223: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14171: 14166: 14164: 14159: 14157: 14152: 14151: 14148: 14136: 14135:Ferdinand III 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14045:Frederick III 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13933: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13893: 13888: 13886: 13881: 13879: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13860: 13854: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13815: 13809: 13806: 13803: 13800: 13797: 13794: 13791: 13788: 13785: 13782: 13779: 13776: 13773: 13770: 13767: 13764: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13754:Ferdinand III 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13654: 13650: 13643: 13638: 13636: 13631: 13629: 13624: 13623: 13620: 13608: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13441: 13435: 13433: 13428: 13427: 13424: 13420: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13333: 13331: 13330:Alexander III 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13208: 13204: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13190: 13188: 13187: 13186:Constantine I 13183: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13011: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12974: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12932: 12928: 12926: 12925: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12893: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12873: 12868: 12866: 12861: 12859: 12854: 12853: 12850: 12839: 12833: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12732: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12645:House of Aviz 12642: 12637: 12627: 12626: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12556: 12551: 12549: 12544: 12542: 12537: 12536: 12533: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12508: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12496:Ferdinand III 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12459: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12396: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12280:House of Foix 12277: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12240: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12135: 12131: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12064:Jimeno Garcés 12062: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12041:Fortún Garcés 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12007: 12002: 12000: 11995: 11993: 11988: 11987: 11984: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11866: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11834:Ferdinand III 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11741: 11736: 11734: 11729: 11727: 11722: 11721: 11718: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11613: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11545: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11478: 11476: 11471: 11469: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11442:Juan Carlos I 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11417:Ferdinand VII 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11280: 11276: 11269: 11264: 11262: 11257: 11255: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11240: 11233: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11213: 11204: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11172: 11171:Duke of Milan 11166: 11165: 11158: 11154: 11149: 11148: 11141: 11135: 11130: 11129: 11125: 11124:King of Spain 11120: 11116: 11107: 11106: 11102: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10996: 10990: 10986: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10956: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10926: 10921: 10920: 10911: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10873: 10872: 10866: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10834: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10791: 10788:Lazure, Guy. 10787: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10649:0-19-920502-7 10646: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10605: 10603:0-631-20704-X 10599: 10595: 10590: 10587: 10583: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10549: 10548:online review 10545: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10501: 10498:Lynch, John. 10497: 10494: 10491:Lynch, John. 10490: 10487: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10442: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10367: 10363: 10357: 10355: 10346: 10345: 10339: 10334: 10328: 10326: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10302: 10297: 10291: 10289: 10273: 10271:9780722224731 10267: 10263: 10262: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10220: 10218: 10209: 10203: 10199: 10198: 10190: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10125: 10124: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10091: 10090:0-312-33801-5 10087: 10083: 10077: 10075: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10042: 10035: 10031: 10030:Tonio Andrade 10026: 10019: 10013: 10006: 10000: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9926: 9919: 9918:84-239-9736-7 9915: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9885: 9884:84-239-9736-7 9881: 9877: 9871: 9864: 9863:84-239-9736-7 9860: 9856: 9850: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9787: 9786: 9778: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9750: 9742: 9735: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9700: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9676: 9669: 9663: 9656: 9650: 9643: 9637: 9629: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9610: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9584: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9560: 9553: 9549: 9544: 9537: 9536:0-521-08462-8 9533: 9529: 9525: 9520: 9512: 9505: 9497: 9491: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9456:James Tracy, 9453: 9446: 9443:Henry Kamen, 9440: 9432: 9425: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9399: 9392: 9390: 9382: 9376: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9358: 9341: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9315: 9299: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9273: 9265: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9228: 9222: 9215: 9214:Martinic 1977 9210: 9203: 9202:Martinic 1977 9198: 9196: 9194: 9185: 9184: 9176: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9152: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9059: 9050: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8915: 8913:0-14-100703-6 8909: 8905: 8898: 8890: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8854: 8846: 8839: 8833: 8826: 8820: 8813: 8808: 8801: 8795: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8745: 8739: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8715:0-395-08366-4 8712: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8682: 8666: 8656: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8495: 8488: 8485: 8473: 8470: 8385: 8382: 8374: 8373: 8366: 8358: 8273: 8271: 8264: 8261: 8249: 8246: 8234: 8231: 8163: 8160: 8148: 8145: 8140: 8137: 8129: 8127: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8097: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8077: 8011: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7989: 7986: 7974: 7971: 7959: 7956: 7944: 7941: 7940:Ferdinand III 7927: 7876: 7873: 7861: 7858: 7846: 7843: 7830: 7827: 7819: 7817: 7809: 7807: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7787: 7785: 7777: 7776: 7769: 7761: 7749: 7741: 7739: 7731: 7729: 7679: 7663: 7650: 7648: 7641: 7638: 7626: 7623: 7611: 7608: 7596: 7593: 7581: 7578: 7566: 7563: 7551: 7548: 7536: 7533: 7521: 7518: 7506: 7503: 7491: 7488: 7476: 7473: 7461: 7458: 7446: 7443: 7438: 7435: 7427: 7425: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7405: 7397: 7395: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7365: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7301: 7289: 7281: 7269: 7253: 7251: 7227: 7225: 7215: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7193: 7190: 7170: 7167: 7139: 7136: 7135:Maximilian II 7100: 7097: 7084: 7081: 7065: 7063: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7029: 6989: 6987: 6942: 6940: 6921: 6918: 6842: 6839: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6717: 6714: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6600: 6598: 6558: 6556: 6545: 6543: 6536: 6533: 6480: 6478: 6420: 6418: 6411: 6408: 6380: 6377: 6348: 6346: 6286: 6284: 6277: 6274: 6262: 6259: 6247: 6244: 6243:Frederick III 6216: 6213: 6184: 6181: 6173: 6172: 6155: 6147: 6092: 6090: 6083: 6080: 6060: 6057: 6045: 6042: 6024: 6021: 6009: 6006: 5977: 5974: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5946: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5912: 5910: 5894: 5892: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5843: 5829: 5810: 5807: 5779: 5776: 5764: 5763: 5762:Frederick III 5751: 5748: 5735: 5733: 5701: 5673: 5637: 5634: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5598: 5596: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5558: 5540: 5500: 5498: 5487: 5485: 5472: 5469: 5457: 5454: 5442: 5439: 5427: 5424: 5412: 5409: 5391: 5388: 5376: 5373: 5344: 5341: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5321: 5313: 5311: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5273: 5257: 5255: 5231: 5229: 5202: 5200: 5193: 5190: 5178: 5159: 5156: 5103: 5100: 5092: 5090: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5042: 4989: 4987: 4974: 4971: 4918: 4916: 4858: 4856: 4843: 4840: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4780:Original line 4725: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894:Isabel Osorio 3872: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3477: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3412: 3400: 3381:inscription " 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338:, Princes of 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293:Most Catholic 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3128:Duke of Milan 3126: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2934:Tonio Andrade 2931: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874:Antonio Pérez 2872: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2750: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2552:King's County 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2315:Iberian Union 2306: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1985:Pacific Ocean 1977: 1972: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954:Uluç Ali Reis 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912:launched the 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1826:captured the 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1758:Mediterranean 1755: 1753: 1748: 1747:in May 1598. 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578:Franche-Comté 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559:Constantine I 1556: 1552: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408:Apostolic See 1402: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Low Countries 1328: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1106:Antonio Pérez 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091:November 1592 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Upper Navarre 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 986: 975: 972: 964: 953: 950: 946: 943: 939: 936: 932: 929: 925: 922: – 921: 917: 916:Find sources: 910: 906: 900: 899: 894:This section 892: 888: 883: 882: 874: 871: 866: 864: 863:Duke of Milan 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 830: 825: 820: 818: 814: 813:Antonio Pérez 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 764:, the future 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 723: 719: 715: 711: 702: 700: 699:Low Countries 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 580:Duke of Milan 577: 573: 569: 565: 562: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:King of Spain 540: 536: 532: 528: 519: 515: 511: 508: 505: 501: 498: 495: 491: 488: 485: 481: 478: 475: 473: 469: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 432: 429: 428: 422: 418: 390: 383: 382: 361: 354: 353: 328: 321: 320: 295: 288: 287: 285: 281: 275: 271: 267: 263: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 191: 187: 182: 181: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 117: 113: 108: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 72: 68: 63: 58: 57:King of Spain 54: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 17072: 17064: 17056: 17048: 17046:Infante John 17040: 17032: 17024: 17022:Infante John 17016: 17008: 17000: 16997: 16992: 16984: 16976: 16968: 16960: 16952: 16944: 16936: 16928: 16920: 16910: 16905: 16841: 16833: 16825: 16817: 16809: 16801: 16793: 16785: 16777: 16769: 16761: 16753: 16745: 16737: 16729: 16721: 16713: 16705: 16697: 16689: 16681: 16673: 16670: 16665: 16657: 16649: 16641: 16633: 16625: 16617: 16609: 16601: 16593: 16585: 16577: 16569: 16561: 16553: 16497: 16491: 16485: 16479: 16473: 16419:Karl Philipp 16291:Joseph Árpád 16258:Franz Joseph 15963:Joseph Franz 15902:Anton Victor 15743:Ferdinand IV 15621:Ferdinand II 15610: 15558:Maximilian I 15450: 15194:Fernando VII 15090: 15074: 14970: 14897:(since 2000) 14802:(since 1815) 14626: 14588:Maximilian I 14524: 14513: 14512:(1411–1443) 14485:Wenceslaus I 14436:Wenceslaus I 14366: 14355: 14094: 14080:Ferdinand II 14030:Frederick II 14015:Constance II 13843:Ferdinand IV 13824:Ferdinand IV 13816: 13808:Ferdinand IV 13771: 13739:Ferdinand II 13606: 13585:Elizabeth II 13513: 13429: 13356: 13334: 13325:Alexander II 13242: 13205: 13198: 13191: 13184: 13177: 13170: 13153: 13152: 13141: 13064: 13047: 13035: 13008: 12971: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12837: 12806:Ferdinand II 12714: 12694: 12624: 12481:Ferdinand II 12436: 12262: 12255: 12031:Íñigo Arista 11937: 11849:Ferdinand IV 11819:Alfonso VIII 11666: 11639:Ferdinand II 11437:Alfonso XIII 11397:Ferdinand VI 11348: 11219: 11200: 11193: 11187: 11169: 11162: 11156: 11145: 11122: 11099: 11090: 11068: 11057: 11000: 10976: 10969: 10960: 10953: 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Retrieved 8520: 8511: 8503: 8483: 8468: 8259: 8244: 8230:Ferdinand IV 8229: 8158: 8143: 7984: 7969: 7954: 7939: 7926:John-Charles 7925: 7871: 7856: 7841: 7636: 7621: 7606: 7592:Ferdinand II 7591: 7576: 7561: 7546: 7531: 7516: 7501: 7486: 7471: 7456: 7441: 7188: 7166:Ferdinand II 7165: 7134: 7095: 7094: 6916: 6837: 6531: 6407:Maximilian I 6406: 6375: 6272: 6257: 6242: 6211: 6079:Frederick IV 6078: 6055: 6040: 6019: 6004: 5841: 5828:Frederick II 5827: 5805: 5774: 5761: 5746: 5467: 5452: 5441:the Friendly 5437: 5422: 5407: 5386: 5371: 5188: 5176: 5154: 4969: 4838: 4416: 4115: 4103: 4058:Duke of Alba 4043: 4020: 4010: 3978: 3891: 3762: 3753:Coat of arms 3709: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3615: 3578: 3571: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3441: 3376: 3362:, Counts of 3313: 3301:Rey Católico 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3166:of Luxemburg 3105: 3100: 3087: 3021: 3000: 2979:Heir titles 2955: 2939: 2927: 2923:Ottoman Navy 2919: 2895: 2888: 2885:Black Legend 2882: 2867:White Legend 2859: 2827: 2811: 2794: 2789: 2779: 2775: 2763: 2755: 2721: 2700: 2683: 2662: 2645:privateering 2641: 2614: 2576: 2565: 2559: 2544:Pope Paul IV 2529: 2513: 2489: 2458: 2419:mare clausum 2418: 2374: 2364: 2333:died at the 2328: 2272:, passed an 2263: 2241:(1584), and 2199:Spanish Fury 2188: 2137: 2099:executed in 2089:Duke of Alba 2069:open warfare 2058: 2021: 2010: 1999: 1990:mare clausum 1988: 1982: 1930: 1907: 1880: 1876:Andrea Doria 1856:Papal States 1847: 1845: 1824:Piyale Pasha 1821: 1810: 1775:; after the 1749: 1706: 1702: 1663: 1648: 1640:Pompeo Leoni 1587: 1571: 1547: 1508: 1443:Italian Wars 1440: 1436:Papal States 1428:Carlo Carafa 1420:Pope Paul IV 1417: 1404: 1396: 1388:Pope Paul IV 1384:Papal States 1369: 1366:Italian Wars 1351: 1320: 1289: 1263: 1231:Perez affair 1228: 1201: 1190: 1166: 1155: 1140: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060:Anthonis Mor 1011:, including 1002: 982: 967: 961:January 2020 958: 948: 941: 934: 927: 915: 903:Please help 898:verification 895: 867: 839:Italian Wars 827: 821: 786: 727: 724:(Valladolid) 713: 695: 647: 592: 572:his marriage 558: 530: 526: 525: 425: 257:(1598-09-13) 178: 148: 46:Portrait by 29: 17119:1598 deaths 17114:1527 births 17065:(1458-1461) 17057:(1461-1479) 17049:(1479-1497) 17041:(1498-1500) 17033:(1502-1509) 17017:(1509-1516) 17009:(1504-1516) 17001:(1527-1556) 16993:(1556-1568) 16985:(1571–1578) 16977:(1578-1582) 16969:(1582-1598) 16961:(1605-1621) 16953:(1629–1646) 16945:(1657-1661) 16937:(1661-1665) 16929:(1907–1931) 16921:(1977-2014) 16834:(1977–2014) 16818:(1881–1904) 16770:(1788–1808) 16738:(1661–1665) 16730:(1657–1661) 16722:(1629–1646) 16650:(1498–1500) 16340:Carl Ludwig 16064:Karl Ludwig 16003:Joseph Karl 15851:Leopold VII 15825:Charles III 15595:Ferdinand I 15532:Frederick V 15281:Alfonso XII 15117:Fernando VI 14891:(1964–2000) 14885:(1919–1964) 14879:(1912–1919) 14873:(1905–1912) 14867:(1890–1905) 14837:(1849–1890) 14835:William III 14831:(1840–1849) 14825:(1815–1840) 14816:(1815–1890) 14777:(1792–1794) 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13909:(1071–1130) 13847:(3rd reign) 13828:(2nd reign) 13812:(1st reign) 13802:Charles VII 13729:Ferdinand I 13708:(2nd reign) 13695:(1st reign) 13687:Charles III 13590:Charles III 13575:Edward VIII 13305:Alexander I 13285:Malcolm III 13260:Kenneth III 13160:Elizabeth I 13122:Richard III 12737:(1640–1910) 12708:(1581–1640) 12684:Sebastian I 12647:(1385–1580) 12619:Ferdinand I 12572:(1139–1383) 12491:Charles VII 12408:Ferdinand I 12228:Charles III 12147:Theobald II 11906:Ferdinand V 11809:Alfonso VII 11767:Ferdinand I 11687:Charles III 11624:Ferdinand I 11581:Alfonso III 11432:Alfonso XII 11422:Isabella II 11402:Charles III 11308:Ferdinand V 10985:Elizabeth I 10972:jure uxoris 10927:21 May 1527 10445:Co-herencia 9346:27 December 8609:, while in 6917:Ferdinand I 6031: 1370 5806:Leopold III 5479: 1290 5398: 1289 4981: 1218 4850: 1188 4156:El Escorial 4130:Diego Félix 4110:Holy League 4066:Guadalajara 4022:jure uxoris 3932:Antonis Mor 3915:(1527–1545) 3845:and of the 3764:jure uxoris 3350:, Dukes of 3275:; Spanish: 3174:of Flanders 3170:of Guelders 3101:jure uxoris 2956:jure uxoris 2911:Elizabeth I 2852:in Madrid ( 2816:omniscience 2766:Inquisition 2724:El Escorial 2707:1597 Armada 2703:1596 Armada 2629:Anne Boleyn 2617:Elizabeth I 2556:Philipstown 2296:, when the 2294:end in 1648 2081:persecution 2065:Netherlands 1956:managed to 1938:Holy League 1895:Turgut Reis 1848:Holy League 1588:During the 1563:Charlemagne 1339:Holy League 1308:Cologne War 1271:El Escorial 1224:Inquisition 985:Netherlands 837:during the 829:commendador 819:from 1541. 674:Elizabeth I 643:El Escorial 615:Philippines 613:and of the 593:The son of 588:Netherlands 560:jure uxoris 545:from 1556, 277:El Escorial 262:El Escorial 235:21 May 1527 214:Elizabeth I 200:Predecessor 180:jure uxoris 137:Predecessor 126:Acclamation 81:Predecessor 17103:Categories 16316:Descent of 16284:of Hungary 16220:Maximilian 15968:Franz Karl 15937:Maximilian 15794:Leopold VI 15687:Wenceslaus 15682:Albert VII 15626:Charles II 15122:Carlos III 15002:Felipe III 14871:William IV 14829:William II 14658:Charles IV 14627:Philip III 14571:Charles II 14228:(998–1026) 14210:(963–1136) 14196:(963–1354) 14181:Luxembourg 14125:Charles IV 14105:Philip III 14090:Charles II 13955:William II 13796:Charles VI 13784:Philip III 13766:Charles IV 13760:Joanna III 13734:Alfonso II 13666:Charles II 13565:Edward VII 13555:William IV 13545:George III 13474:Charles II 13369:Robert III 13315:Malcolm IV 13290:Donald III 13265:Malcolm II 13250:Kenneth II 13132:Henry VIII 13092:Richard II 13087:Edward III 13021:William II 12994:Harthacnut 12725:Philip III 12625:Beatrice I 12599:Afonso III 12501:Isabella I 12486:Charles VI 12471:Philip VII 12432:Charles IV 12264:Blanche II 12257:Charles IV 12223:Charles II 12218:Philip III 12142:Theobald I 12124:Sancho VII 12084:Sancho III 11953:Charles II 11943:Philip III 11902:Isabella I 11854:Alfonso XI 11829:Berengaria 11814:Sancho III 11777:Alfonso VI 11682:Charles II 11677:Philip III 11591:Alfonso IV 11561:Alfonso II 11534:Petronilla 11407:Charles IV 11374:Real union 11364:Charles II 11354:Philip III 11304:Isabella I 11225:1527–1556 11206:1528–1556 11175:1540–1598 11151:1581–1598 11132:1556–1598 11115:Philip III 11109:1554–1598 10316:Wikisource 10277:23 October 10153:0521815614 10103:inter alia 10066:0226723429 9792:31 January 9326:Magallania 9304:27 January 9284:Magallania 9233:25 October 8784:12 January 8707:The Armada 8677:References 8619:Portuguese 8527:28 October 8484:Charles VI 8263:of Austria 8159:Charles II 7958:of Austria 7929:of Austria 7875:of Austria 7860:of Austria 7640:of Austria 7610:of Austria 7547:Wenceslaus 7532:Albert VII 7490:of Austria 7457:Philip III 7189:Charles II 6535:of Castile 6215:of Germany 6041:Leopold IV 5842:Leopold II 5775:Albert III 5481:–1312/1313 5375:of Bohemia 5158:of Germany 4973:of Germany 4062:Notre Dame 3877:1580–1598 3873:in the top 3853:1580–1598 3849:in the top 3831:1558–1580 3827:in the top 3788:1556–1558 3767:of England 3750:(in 1554) 3700:1554–1598 3697:1580–1598 3694:1580–1598 3691:1558–1580 3688:1554–1558 3606:1580–1598 3603:1556–1580 3562:1580–1598 3559:1558–1580 3556:1580–1598 3553:1580–1598 3550:1558–1580 3481:1580–1598 3478:1558–1580 3395:D·TRS·ISSV 3271:" (Latin: 3198:of Zutphen 3190:of Zeeland 3186:of Holland 3182:of Hainaut 3162:of Limburg 2928:Historian 2732:Philip III 2696:Dunkirkers 2679:Royal Navy 2625:Henry VIII 2581:, married 2548:papal bull 2540:Henry VIII 2500:Parliament 2303:war crimes 2227:Oudenaarde 2219:Maastricht 1944:, and Don 1729:Le Catelet 1606:Florentine 1519:Francis II 1235:Valladolid 1076:Diputación 1074:) and the 931:newspapers 793:Portuguese 750:Valladolid 718:Valladolid 242:Valladolid 220:Co-monarch 95:Philip III 16998:Philip II 16958:Philip IV 16826:(1907–38) 16810:(1875–80) 16802:(1871–73) 16794:(1857–68) 16786:(1851–57) 16778:(1830–33) 16767:Ferdinand 16762:(1759–88) 16754:(1724–46) 16751:Ferdinand 16746:(1709–24) 16714:(1605–21) 16706:(1582–98) 16698:(1578–82) 16690:(1571–78) 16687:Ferdinand 16682:(1556–68) 16674:(1527–56) 16666:(1504–16) 16658:(1502–04) 16642:(1497–98) 16634:(1478–97) 16626:(1470–78) 16618:(1468–70) 16610:(1464–68) 16602:(1462–64) 16594:(1425–54) 16586:(1424–25) 16578:(1423–24) 16575:Catherine 16570:(1405–06) 16562:(1402–05) 16554:(1388–90) 16370:Palatines 16318:Charles I 16282:Palatines 16263:Karl Pius 16238:Gottfried 16094:Friedrich 16018:Sigismund 15856:Ferdinand 15841:Joseph II 15733:Ferdinand 15702:Leopold V 15590:Charles I 15542:Sigismund 15537:Albert VI 15435:Felipe VI 15153:Carlos IV 15059:Carlos II 15018:Felipe IV 14971:Felipe II 14883:Charlotte 14823:William I 14727:Charles V 14650:Philip IV 14611:Philip II 14509:Elisabeth 14428:Charles I 14412:Henry VII 14351:Ermesinde 14273:Conrad II 14265:William I 14257:Henry III 14241:Giselbert 14220:(963–998) 14217:Siegfried 14130:Charles V 14115:Philip IV 14100:Philip II 14070:Alfonso I 14060:Martin II 14010:Charles I 14000:Conrad II 13965:Roger III 13950:William I 13838:Joachim I 13790:Charles V 13778:Philip II 13749:Louis III 13744:Frederick 13723:Alfonso I 13713:Joanna II 13705:Ladislaus 13692:Ladislaus 13660:Charles I 13580:George VI 13550:George IV 13540:George II 13452:Charles I 13434:from 1603 13384:James III 13364:Robert II 13320:William I 13295:Duncan II 13223:Malcolm I 13213:Donald II 13137:Edward VI 13127:Henry VII 13112:Edward IV 13082:Edward II 13072:Henry III 13055:Richard I 13016:William I 12937:Æthelstan 12826:Manuel II 12775:Peter III 12749:Afonso VI 12720:Philip II 12695:Anthony I 12609:Afonso IV 12594:Sancho II 12589:Afonso II 12452:Charles V 12447:Philip VI 12437:Philip IV 12389:Charles V 12369:Louis III 12359:Henry III 12293:Catherine 12233:Blanche I 12195:Charles I 12190:Philip II 12119:Sancho VI 12109:Alfonso I 12094:Sancho IV 12074:Sancho II 11948:Philip IV 11938:Philip II 11933:Charles I 11887:Henry III 11844:Sancho IV 11839:Alfonso X 11772:Sancho II 11705:Philip IV 11672:Philip II 11662:Charles I 11629:Alfonso V 11576:Peter III 11529:Ramiro II 11524:Alfonso I 11447:Felipe VI 11359:Philip IV 11349:Philip II 11344:Charles I 11195:Charles I 11014:Luxemburg 10703:Philip II 10554:Philip II 10137:Felipe II 9988:Felipe II 9951:22 August 9785:Philip II 9724:22 August 9620:. Brill. 8603:Felipe II 8595:Philip II 8491:1685–1740 8476:1678–1711 8267:1649–1664 8252:1640–1705 8245:Leopold I 8237:1633–1654 8166:1661–1700 8151:1629–1646 7992:1630–1665 7977:1628–1662 7962:1614–1662 7947:1608–1657 7932:1605–1619 7879:1609–1641 7872:Ferdinand 7864:1607–1632 7849:1605–1665 7842:Philip IV 7644:1590–1624 7629:1586–1632 7622:Leopold V 7614:1583–1616 7599:1578–1637 7584:1560–1618 7569:1558–1600 7554:1561–1578 7539:1559–1621 7524:1558–1618 7509:1557–1619 7494:1553–1595 7479:1552–1612 7472:Rudolf II 7464:1578–1621 7449:1545–1568 7196:1540–1590 7173:1529–1595 7142:1527–1576 7103:1527–1598 7096:Philip II 6924:1503–1564 6845:1500–1558 6838:Charles V 6539:1478–1506 6414:1459–1519 6383:1440–1457 6376:Ladislaus 6280:1427–1496 6273:Sigismund 6265:1418–1463 6258:Albert VI 6250:1415–1493 6219:1397–1439 6212:Albert II 6086:1382–1439 6063:1377–1424 6048:1371–1411 6012:1377–1404 6005:Albert IV 5849:1328–1344 5834:1327–1344 5813:1351–1386 5782:1349–1395 5767:1347–1362 5754:1339–1365 5747:Rudolf IV 5471:Parricida 5460:1301–1339 5445:1299–1327 5430:1298–1358 5423:Albert II 5415:1290–1326 5408:Leopold I 5387:Frederick 5379:1281–1307 5196:1270–1290 5189:Rudolf II 5181:1263–1281 5162:1255–1308 3993:Salamanca 3471:1556–1558 3328:Jerusalem 3311:in 1496. 3285:Celsitudo 3178:of Artois 3048:Neopatria 3001:Philip II 2991:1528–1556 2871:secretary 2854:F. Castro 2820:free will 2656:with the 2637:Henry VII 2439:Titian's 2195:New World 2193:from the 1686:Salic law 1622:Louis XIV 1266:modernity 1162:New World 1103:secretary 1049:Francis I 817:secretary 666:Huguenots 645:in 1584. 629:, seeing 574:to Queen 527:Philip II 513:Signature 210:Successor 158:Successor 91:Successor 85:Charles I 35:Philip II 16842:(2014– ) 16815:Mercedes 16807:Isabella 16783:Isabella 16775:Isabella 16639:Isabella 16623:Isabella 16615:Isabella 16229:Habsburg 16185:Leo Karl 15978:Albrecht 15815:Joseph I 15672:Matthias 15662:Rudolf V 14956:Carlos I 14681:Philip V 14563:Philip I 14525:and then 14404:Henry VI 14367:and then 14362:Theobald 14305:Henry IV 14249:Conrad I 14233:Henry II 14177:Monarchs 14095:Philip I 14055:Martin I 14035:Peter II 13995:Conrad I 13990:Henry II 13945:Roger II 13926:Roger II 13833:Joseph I 13772:Philip I 13700:Louis II 13676:Joanna I 13570:George V 13560:Victoria 13535:George I 13404:James VI 13389:James IV 13379:James II 13352:David II 13347:Robert I 13336:Margaret 13270:Duncan I 13179:Donald I 13117:Edward V 13107:Henry VI 13097:Henry IV 13077:Edward I 13043:Henry II 12942:Edmund I 12931:Ælfweard 12889:monarchs 12883:Scottish 12821:Carlos I 12800:Maria II 12795:Miguel I 12790:Maria II 12785:Peter IV 12764:Joseph I 12754:Peter II 12715:Philip I 12679:John III 12674:Manuel I 12664:Afonso V 12659:Edward I 12584:Sancho I 12579:Afonso I 12476:Louis II 12442:Philip V 12413:Joan III 12384:Louis VI 12374:Louis IV 12364:Louis II 12335:Joan III 12330:Henry II 12311:John III 12175:Philip I 12099:Sancho V 12059:Sancho I 12013:Monarchs 11971:Philip V 11915:Philip I 11897:Henry IV 11877:Henry II 11747:Monarchs 11667:Philip I 11596:Peter IV 11586:James II 11566:Peter II 11509:Ramiro I 11489:Monarchs 11392:Philip V 11382:Philip V 11317:Philip I 11128:Sardinia 11032:Flanders 10768:Archived 10513:(1977). 10474:(1971). 10110:Archived 9538:, p. 35. 9062:Knecht, 9003:21 April 8972:19 April 8840:, p. 42. 8836:Parker, 8759:(2014). 8729:(1969). 8623:Filipe I 8615:Philip I 8611:Portugal 8544:See also 8469:Joseph I 8162:of Spain 7845:of Spain 7502:Matthias 7460:of Spain 7099:of Spain 6819:HRE line 6815:Austrian 6532:Philip I 5390:the Fair 5372:Rudolf I 5177:Hartmann 5155:Albert I 4970:Rudolf I 4178:Ancestry 3425:Heraldry 3368:Flanders 3364:Habsburg 3356:Burgundy 3281:Highness 3277:Majestad 3273:Maiestas 3225:Honours 3194:of Namur 3172:. Count 3106:Philip I 3088:Philip I 3022:Philip I 2828:de facto 2824:Molinism 2587:Jacobite 2479:and the 2469:marriage 2441:portrait 2375:Philip I 2347:Manuel I 2245:(1585). 2237:(1584), 2233:(1583), 2229:(1582), 2225:(1581), 2221:(1579), 2160:Fadrique 2109:Mechelen 2101:Brussels 2032:Valdivia 2004:ordered 1862:and the 1796:Standard 1785:allegory 1781:Fernando 1721:Doullens 1674:Henry IV 1582:Burgundy 1515:Henry II 1479:Sardinia 1459:Piedmont 1347:Portugal 1280:Moriscos 1245:seat of 1111:Pamplona 1099:Justicia 774:polyglot 652:and the 503:Religion 477:Habsburg 150:disputed 16823:Alfonso 16791:Alfonso 16759:Charles 16735:Charles 16679:Charles 16663:Charles 16647:Michael 16607:Alfonso 16583:Eleanor 16444:Charles 16397:Charles 16361:Dominic 16354:Tuscany 16231:Tuscany 16190:Wilhelm 15998:Stephen 15887:Charles 15728:Charles 14865:Adolphe 14774:Francis 14766:Leopold 14735:Mary II 14531:John II 14520:Anthony 14396:Henry V 14373:Waleran 14225:Henry I 14025:James I 14020:Peter I 14005:Manfred 13980:Henry I 13960:Tancred 13916:Roger I 13682:Louis I 13488:Mary II 13394:James V 13374:James I 13310:David I 13275:Macbeth 13207:Eochaid 13102:Henry V 13037:Matilda 13031:Stephen 13026:Henry I 12887:British 12881:, 12879:English 12838:italics 12811:Peter V 12780:John VI 12769:Maria I 12744:John IV 12689:Henry I 12669:John II 12614:Peter I 12604:Denis I 12519:. Also 12515:. Also 12379:Louis V 12354:Antoine 12270:Eleanor 12251:John II 12200:Joan II 12180:Louis I 12152:Henry I 12104:Peter I 12017:Navarre 11892:John II 11824:Henry I 11751:Castile 11634:John II 11571:James I 11519:Peter I 11387:Louis I 11083:Zeeland 11079:Holland 11036:Hainaut 11010:Lothier 11006:Limburg 10966:Ireland 10898:at the 10707:excerpt 10660:excerpt 10615:(1975). 10581:(2007). 10432:(1903). 10412:(1969). 10394:(1966). 10234:(ed.). 10107:Amberes 9812:YouTube 9115:2506024 8814:(2004). 8648:Navarre 8640:Castile 8599:Spanish 7857:Charles 7637:Charles 7577:Charles 6736:Iberian 6732:Spanish 6020:William 4030:Ireland 3782:England 3399:reverse 3387:DVX·BRA 3379:obverse 3360:Brabant 3348:Austria 3332:Ireland 3269:Majesty 2856:, 1753) 2243:Antwerp 2231:Dunkirk 2223:Tournai 2203:Antwerp 2168:Flemish 2152:Zeeland 2148:Holland 2125:Antwerp 2121:Haarlem 2117:Zutphen 2113:Naarden 1891:Tripoli 1887:Algiers 1868:Messina 1832:Menorca 1804:morados 1802:tercios 1798:of the 1725:Cambrai 1594:António 1469:to the 1467:Corsica 1461:to the 1401:wrote: 1335:Lepanto 1243:Primacy 1212:Navarre 1208:Castile 1179:Economy 1143:Morisco 945:scholar 738:Castile 586:of the 568:Ireland 541:), was 535:Spanish 427:more... 413: 397: 393: 380: 368: 364: 351: 335: 331: 318: 302: 298: 283:Spouses 174:Ireland 145:Anthony 107:more... 62:more... 17073:(1416) 17025:(1509) 16839:Leonor 16831:Felipe 16711:Philip 16703:Philip 16671:Philip 16655:Joanna 16599:Joanna 16456:Amedeo 16424:Simeon 16414:Lorenz 16377:Eduard 16345:Rudolf 16330:Robert 16243:Rainer 16013:Ernest 15897:Joseph 15738:Alonso 15667:Ernest 15107:Luis I 14758:Joseph 14642:Albert 14579:Mary I 14420:John I 14085:Joanna 13857:*Also 13718:René I 13671:Robert 13399:Mary I 13280:Lulach 13244:Amlaíb 13238:Cuilén 13228:Indulf 13154:Philip 13149:Mary I 12952:Eadwig 12947:Eadred 12816:Luís I 12759:John V 12654:John I 12185:John I 12157:Joan I 11913:& 11911:Joanna 11904:& 11882:John I 11782:Urraca 11644:Joanna 11606:Martin 11601:John I 11514:Sancho 11493:Aragon 11427:Amadeo 11412:Joseph 11315:& 11313:Joanna 11306:& 11212:Carlos 11188:Vacant 11157:Vacant 11105:Sicily 11050:Albert 10948:Mary I 10930: 10647: 10600: 10495:(1965) 10268: 10204: 10177: 10151: 10088: 10064: 9916: 9882: 9861: 9837: 9624: 9534: 9478: 9260: 9113: 9066:p. 272 9028: 8910: 8885: 8860: 8713: 8696:(2000) 8644:Aragon 8504:Notes: 7562:Andrew 7487:Ernest 7442:Carlos 6811: 6728: 6056:Ernest 5696: 5668: 4839:Albert 4776: 4636:(= 11) 4577:(= 10) 4392:(= 15) 4333:(= 14) 3888:Family 3867:and of 3861:Aragon 3839:Aragon 3825:Aragon 3644:Sicily 3640:Naples 3344:Sicily 3330:, and 3324:Naples 3320:France 3289:Alteza 3007:Molina 2907:Armada 2831:Jesuit 2738:Legacy 2728:cancer 2621:Valois 2451:Irish 2260:, 1590 2235:Bruges 2015:, and 1883:Djerba 1858:, the 1854:, the 1841:Venice 1815:under 1773:Titian 1737:Amiens 1727:, and 1633:marble 1598:Azores 1538:France 1465:, and 1392:Church 1300:heresy 1251:Madrid 1247:Toledo 1239:Lisbon 1216:Aragon 1204:Cortes 1193:ducats 1158:France 1095:Cortes 1068:Cortes 947: 940: 933: 926: 918: 855:Monzón 815:, his 789:Cortes 744:, and 742:Aragon 689:. 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Philip II of Spain

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