1698:
764:
853:
1021:
1517:
629:, or Dhammayut sect. A strong theme in Mongkut's movement was that, "âĶtrue Buddhism was supposed to refrain from worldly matters and confine itself to spiritual and moral affairs". Mongkut eventually came to power in 1851, as did his colleagues who had the same progressive mission. From that point on, Siam more quickly embraced modernization. Vajirayan initiated two major revolutionary changes. Firstly, he embraced modern geography, among other sciences considered "Western". Secondly, he sought reform in Buddhism and, as a result, a new sect was created in Siamese Theravada Buddhism. Both revolutions challenged the purity and validity of the Buddhist order as it was practiced in Siam at the time.
325:
1683:
1365:
4801:
5599:
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5215:
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1505:
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741:
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1665:
1197:
5566:
5497:
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5338:
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909:
893:
2222:
704:
1037:
1584:
82:
989:
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1600:
957:
1210:
521:
1086:, which was a geo-astrological map created before the arrival of Westerners, described "âĶa path between two mountain ranges through which the stars, planets, moon and sun pass." Religious scholars usually concluded that Buddhist scriptures "âĶwere meant to be taken literally only when it came to matters of spiritual truth; details of natural science are revealed figuratively and allegorically." Mongkut claimed to have abandoned the
925:
1117:
508:
941:
973:
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2236:
1632:"they were used to stamp out the rebellion." However, in his reply dated 3 February 1862, Lincoln did not mention anything about the Civil War. The President merely politely declined to accept King Mongkut's proposal, explaining to the King that the American climate might not be suitable for elephants and that American steam engines could also be used as beasts of burden and means of transportation.
1697:
1322:. Import taxation was reduced to 3% and could only be collected once. This was a blow to national revenue. However, this led to dramatic growth of commercial sectors as common people gained access to foreign trade. People rushed to acquire vast, previously empty fields to grow rice and the competition eventually resulted in the lands ending up in the hands of nobility.
2250:
1300:'s times held the monopoly on foreign trade. The Royal Storage had been the source of Ayutthaya's prosperity as it collected immense taxation on foreign traders, including the taxation according to the width of the galleon and the tithe. Western products had to go through a series of tax barriers to reach Siamese people.
844:
again. Mongkut sent
Siamese troops northwards but the armies were turned aside by the mountainous highlands. In 1855 the Siamese marched again and reached Kengtungâthough with even greater difficulty. They laid siege on Kengtung for 21 days. However, the resources of the Siamese army ran out and the army had to retreat.
2501:"āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļĢāļēāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĄāđāļēāđāļāļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļĨāļāļĩāđ āđ,āļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāļāļĢāļļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāđ,āļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāđāļāļĒ, Historical Thailand, Thailand2000-2009, Thailand 2000â2003, sunthai group 2003, thailand2003, lions club thailnd2003, we serve, YE_MD310,āđāļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļĒāļēāļ§āļāļāļŠāđāļĄāļŠāļĢāđāļĨāļāļāļāļŠāđāļ āļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄ 310 āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ, Chinese Zodiac Prediction Science Thailand"
1560:
North 11 degrees 39'." King
Mongkut's calculations proved accurate. When he made calculations on the Wakor solar eclipse that was to occur, he used the Thai system of measuring time ("mong" and "baht"), but he implemented the Western method of longitude and latitude when he determined where on Earth
843:
kingdom in response to weakened
Burmese influence. However, the two states then fought each other and Chiang Hung sought Siamese support. Nangklao saw this as an opportunity to gain control over Shan states but he died in 1851 before this plan was realized. In 1852, Chiang Hung submitted the request
1643:
on 29 June 1960. He said, "my great-grandfather offered to send the
President and Congress elephants to be turned loose in the uncultivated land of America for breeding purposes. That offer was made with no other objective than to provide a friend with what he lacks, in the same spirit in which the
783:
However, Mongkut's own astrological calculations pointed out that his brother, Prince Isaret, was as well-favored as himself to be the monarch. So, Mongkut then crowned his brother as King
Pinklao, the second king. As a prince, Pinklao was known for his abilities in foreign languages and relations.
665:
in the wat. Vajirayan admired
Christian morals and achievements as presented by the vicar, but could make nothing of Christian doctrine. It was then that he made the comment later attributed to him as king: "What you teach people to do is admirable, but what you teach them to believe is foolish."
1631:
had even started, took some time to arrive in
Washington DC, and by the time it reached its destination, President Buchanan was no longer in office. Lincoln, who succeeded Buchanan, is said to have been asked what the elephants could be used for, and in reply he said that he did not know, unless
334:
1336:
More treaties were then made with other powers, further undermining national revenue and legal rights. The
Bowring treaty proved to be the economic and social revolution of Siam. Mongkut's reign saw immense commercial activities in Siam for the first time, which led to the introduction of
1099:
During his reign, Mongkut urged his royal relatives to have "a
European-style education." The missionaries, as teachers, taught modern geography and astronomy, among other subjects. Six years after Mongkut's death, the first Thai-language geography book was published in 1874, called
1482:
for individuals to be rid of social and financial obligations. One could be punished for torturing slaves in Siam, and some slaves could buy their freedom. Some western scholars and observers have expressed the opinion that
Siamese slaves were treated better than English servants.
1561:
the eclipse would best be viewed. Upon returning from his journey to Wakor, he condemned the court astrologers "for their...stupid statements because of their negligence of his detailed prediction and their inattention to measurement and calculation by modern instruments."
1156:
In 1852, he ordered the nobles of the court to wear upper garments. Previously, Siamese nobles were forbidden to wear any shirts to prevent them from hiding any weapons in it and met the king bare-chested. The practice was criticized by Westerners and so Mongkut ended it.
779:
His awareness of possibility of an outbreak of war with the European powers led him to institute many innovative activities. He ordered the nobility to wear shirts while attending his court; this was to show that Siam was a "modern" nation from the Western point of view.
3058:, University of New Mexico Press, United States. Thomson was a photographer and this book contains his pictures some of which provided the basis for the engravings (sometimes misidentified) in Anna Leonowens' books. There is reference to Mongkut in the introductory text.
1524:
During his monkhood, Mongkut studied both indigenous astrology and English texts on Western astronomy and mathematics, hence developing his skills in astronomical measurement. One way that he honed his mastery of astronomy, aside from the accurate prediction of the
603:), following a Siamese tradition that men aged 20 should become monks for a time. The same year, his father died. By tradition, Mongkut should have been crowned the next king, but the nobility instead chose the older, more influential and experienced Prince
736:
Bunnag, with the supporting promise of British agents, sent his men to the leaving-from-monk-status ceremony for Prince Mongkut even before Nangklao's death. With the support of powerful nobility and Britain, Mongkut's ascension to the throne was ensured.
3419:
375:
The reign of Mongkut was marked by significant modernization initiatives and diplomatic engagements, which played pivotal roles in shaping Thailand's trajectory towards progress and international relations. Siam first felt the pressure of
760:. Inside the palace there was a large number of womenâreports say three thousand or more. They were mostly servants, guards, officials, maids and so on, but Mongkut acquired 32 wives, and by the time he died, aged 64, he had 82 children.
711:
Accounts vary about Nangklao's intentions regarding the succession. It is recorded that Nangklao verbally dismissed the royal princes from succession for various reasons; Prince Mongkut was dismissed for encouraging monks to dress in the
1081:
Accompanying the influx of Western visitors to Siam was the notion of a round earth. By many Siamese, this was difficult to accept, particularly by religious standards, because Buddhist scripture described the earth as being flat. The
1090:
before 1836. He claimed that he already knew of the round state of earth 15 years before the arrival of American missionaries, but the debate about Earth's shape remained an issue for Siamese intellectuals throughout the 1800s.
2357:
380:
during Mongkut's reign. Mongkut embraced Western innovations and initiated the modernization of his country, both in technology and cultureâearning him the nickname "The Father of Science and Technology" in Siam.
4539:
1433:, which, because of their fictionalized historical references and perceived disrespectful treatment of King Mongkut, were initially banned in Thailand as the Thai government and people considered them to be
1386:, the court hired an English woman named Anna Leonowens, whose influence was later the subject of great Thai controversy. It is still debated how much this affected the worldview of one of his sons, Prince
756:, a British delegate, even praised him as "our own king", and showed his support of him as a new king of Siam. Having been celibate for 27 years, he now set about building the biggest royal family of the
1575:' claim that Siam was uncivilized and had to be colonized was unreasonable." This suggests that the Western form of these sciences may have saved Siam from actually being colonized by Western powers.
2926:
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1307:
for a long time but no serious measures had been taken. For Siamese people, trading with foreigners subjected them to severe punishment by the government. The taxation was partially reduced in the
1188:
court, as the mission symbolised Siam's subjection to the Qing emperors and because the Qing dynasty was then not so powerful as it had once been, as it was itself threatened by Western powers.
3385:
3373:
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1292:, came to Siam to negotiate a treaty. For the first time Siam had to deal seriously with international laws. Prayurawongse negotiated on the behalf of the Siamese. The result was the
610:
Vajirayan became one of the few members of the royal family who devoted his life to religion. He travelled around the country as a monk and saw the relaxation of the rules of the
3313:
3275:
1722:
King Mongkut is one of the people with the most children in Thai history; he had 32 wives and concubines during his lifetime who produced at least 82 children, one of whom was
1571:
It has been argued that the assimilation of Western geography and astronomy into 19th-century Siam "proved that Siam equalled the West in terms of knowledge, and therefore the
1104:
by J.W. Van Dyke. However, geography was only taught in select schools, mainly those that were run by American missionaries with English programs for upper secondary students.
1143:
into Siam as Mongkut hired them to teach the English language to the princes. He also hired Western mercenaries to train Siamese troops in Western style. In Bangkok, American
1200:
The Thai language version of the 'Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between the Kingdom of Siam and the British Empire' dated 18 April 1855. Also known as the Bowring Treaty
2886:
4650:
607:(Nangklao), son of a royal concubine rather than a queen. Perceiving the throne was irredeemable and to avoid political intrigues, Mongkut retained his monastic status.
4469:
4464:
2887:"Council of American Ambassadors > Publications > the Ambassadors Review > Setting the Stage for the Next 175 Years: United States and Thai Relations Renewed"
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to find their own husbands, in contrast to how his story has been dramatized. He banned forced marriages of all kinds and the selling of one's wife to pay off a debt.
729:, or Armed Force Department's president, and the most powerful noble during the reign of Rama III. He also had the support of British merchants who feared the growing
4569:
1345:
and sugar production. Infrastructure was improved; there was a great deal of paving of roads and canal diggingâfor transport and water reservoirs for plantations.
4519:
752:, although foreigners continued to call him King Mongkut. The king was well known among the foreigners, particularly some British officers, as pro-British. Sir
1529:(Wakor solar eclipse), was changing the official Buddhist calendar, "which was seriously miscalculated and the times for auspicious moments were incorrect."
2934:
1682:
1166:(āļĄāļēāļāļāļđāļāļē) festival in the full moon of the third lunar month, to celebrate Buddha's announcement of his main principles. He instigated the recompilation of
1160:
However, Mongkut did not abandon the traditional culture of Siam. For Buddhism, Mongkut pioneered the rehabilitation of various temples. He also began the
798:
Borom Maha Pichaiyat, as his regent in Bangkok. As a result, the administrative power of Siam rested largely in the hands of the two Bunnags, Dit and Tat.
794:
was the highest rank of nobility on a par with royalty) and made him his regent kingdom-wide. Mongkut also appointed Dit Bunnag's brother, Tat Bunnag, as
3083:
4509:
3308:
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3063:
Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India
2532:
Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India
3368:
3210:
461:) in 1808. In 1809, Prince Itsarasunthon was crowned as Phutthaloetla Naphalai (later styled King Rama II.) The royal family then moved to the
3544:
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3380:
748:
After his twenty-seven years of monastic life, King Mongkut voluntarily defrocked and ascended the throne in 1851, aged 47. He took the name
5696:
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3361:
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1333:; British subjects in Siam were therefore subject only to British law, while the Siamese in Britain enjoyed no reciprocal privilege.
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methods of torture in judicial proceedings, the British requested not to be tried under the Siamese system, securing a grant of
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763:
2602:"Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands : Asian Collections: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress â Asian Division)"
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Orchiston, Wayne (2019). "The Role of Eclipses and European Observers in the Development of 'Modern Astronomy' in Thailand".
2273:
1627:, to use as beasts of burden and means of transportation. The royal letter of 14 February 1861, which was written before the
680:, granted the Thammayut sect royal recognition in 1902 through the Ecclesiastical Polity Act; it became one of the two major
658:
2397:
2305:(1956) are not only historically inaccurate, but considered by Thais to be offensive to the memory of the reformist monarch.
5661:
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Phra Poramenthra Ramathibodhi Srisindra Maha Mongkut Phra Chomklao Chao Yu Hua Phra Sayam Thewa Maha Makut Witthaya Maharat
182:
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of the previous monarch and saw the 'prince monk' Mongkut as the 'champion' of European influence among the royal elite.
2856:
1464:
Anna claimed that her conversations with Prince Chulalongkorn about human freedom, and her relating to him the story of
1296:
between the two nations. The main principle of the treaty was to abolish the Royal Storage (āļāļĢāļ°āļāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļīāļāļāđāļē), which since
3203:
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King Mongkut would later be noted for his excellent command of English, although it is said that his younger brother,
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3051:, University of Queensland Press, Australia 1983. This contains some anecdotes not included in the other references.
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2331:
1552:, was among those who were invited. King Mongkut predicted the solar eclipse, at (in his own words) "East Greenwich
1239:
550:
4330:
1409:
1398:
took this work, and interviews with Leonowens' descendants, to fill out and create the more fictionalized account,
1120:
1526:
622:. Vajirayan admired Buddhawangso for his obedience to the vinaya, and was inspired to pursue religious reforms.
3715:
3236:
1368:
King Mongkut of Siam (far right), with Queen Debsirindra and some of his children. King Mongkut had 82 children
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117:
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maintained by Doug Cooper of Center for Research in Computational Linguistics, Bangkok; accessed 2008-07-11.
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17:
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2358:"In Remembrance of His Majesty King Mongkut (King Rama IV), 1 October â Assumption University of Thailand"
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772:
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87:
1147:
had already reformed the printing system and then resumed the publishing of Siam's first newspaper, the
1108:
argues that Mongkut's efforts to popularize Western geography helped bring reform to education in Siam.
455:
in 1804, where the first son had died shortly after birth in 1801. He was followed by Prince Chutamani (
5706:
5547:
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4559:
4047:
1430:
1184:
In contrast to the previous king, Nangklao, Mongkut didn't see the importance of sending envoys to the
1124:
1061:
790:
412:
1540:, where the solar eclipse that was to occur on 18 August could be best viewed as a total eclipse. Sir
372:(āļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļĢāđāļĄāļāļāļĢāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĩāļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļĄāļāļāļļāļ āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļĄāđāļāļĨāđāļēāđāļāđāļēāļāļĒāļđāđāļŦāļąāļ§ āļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāđāļāļ§āļĄāļŦāļēāļĄāļāļļāļāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļĄāļŦāļēāļĢāļēāļ).
5542:
5241:
1532:
In 1868, he invited high-ranking European and Siamese officials to accompany him to Wakor village in
873:
324:
1568:. The king died six weeks later in the capital, and was succeeded by his son, who survived malaria.
1500:
King Mongkut and party viewing a solar eclipse, the king seated center in the middle of the pavilion
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1153:. However, the missionaries were not as successful when it came to making religious conversions.
654:
646:). During this time, he pursued a Western education, studying Latin, English, and astronomy with
535:
477:
392:. Mongkut told the country that Pinklao should be respected with equal honor to himself (as King
1656:
is named in honour of the King and his contributions to astronomy and the modernization of Siam.
1639:
of Thailand, who was Mongkut's great-grandson, referred to this event in his address before the
661:
lived nearby; the two became close friends, and Vajirayan invited Pallegoix to preach Christian
618:, he met a monk named Buddhawangso, who strictly followed the monastic rules of discipline, the
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State and Society in the Reign of King Mongkut, 1851â1868: Thailand on the Eve of Modernization
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traditions. He also formally established the Thammayut sect as a rightful branch of Theravada.
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1390:, who succeeded to the throne. Around 1870, Leonowens wrote a memoir of her time as teacher, â
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The Growth and Development of Astronomy and Astrophysics in India and the Asia-Pacific Region
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The abolition of such trade barriers replaced the previous system of Siamese commerce with
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2664:"Slavery in Nineteenth Century Northern Thailand: Archival Anecdotes and Village Voices"
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Accordingly, the Hollywood depiction of the bare-chested Kralahome (prime minister) in
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809:. However, Queen Somanass died in the same year. He then married his half-grandniece,
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In 1835, he began a reform movement reinforcing the vinaya law that evolved into the
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1449:. The Pramoj brothers sent their manuscript to the American politician and diplomat
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Mongkut also improved women's rights in Siam. He released a large number of royal
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During the expedition, King Mongkut and Prince Chulalongkorn were infected with
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Mongkut was also known for appointing his younger brother, Prince Chutamani, as
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among the Siamese monks he met, which he considered inappropriate. In 1829, at
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1623:. He did, however, offer to send some domesticated elephants to US president
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Mongkut is known in the West primarily through the lens of the 1951 musical "
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397:
338:
149:
35:
2221:
1036:
5589:
5197:
5109:
4186:
4139:
3993:
3486:
3438:
2703:. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Vol. 54. p. 193.
2667:
2382:
https://www.bic.moe.go.th/images/stories/pdf/His_Majesty_King_Mongkut.pdf
1640:
1572:
1438:
1178:
994:
840:
814:
615:
507:
385:
377:
214:
2994:
5209:
5154:
5003:
4870:
4352:
4212:
4207:
4179:
4133:
3988:
3881:
3611:
3573:
3392:
3188:
1583:
1319:
1312:
1162:
1140:
988:
978:
832:
725:
713:
647:
611:
589:
81:
42:
2832:
The ivory king : A popular history of the elephant and its allies
2332:"The real 'King and I' â the story of new Thai king's famous ancestor"
404:
reached its zenith: It became the most powerful noble family of Siam.
5452:
5104:
3886:
3866:
3710:
3247:
2798:"Nontraditional Animals For Use by the American Military â Elephants"
2642:(2nd print. ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 631.
1899:
1599:
1549:
1541:
1383:
1353:
1342:
1325:
The Bowring Treaty also had a legal impact. Due to the horror of the
1171:
1167:
956:
219:
1209:
924:
520:
5434:
4961:
4932:
4917:
4842:
4554:
4389:
4115:
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3942:
3891:
3809:
3794:
3621:
3156:
3131:
1338:
1304:
1116:
940:
930:
836:
806:
604:
582:
393:
333:
130:
3072:. Various pages from Chapter 2. University of Hawaii Press (1997).
1437:. To clarify the historical record, well-known Thai intellectuals
972:
640:, but was then the city proper, and became the wat's first abbot (
465:. Thenceforth, until their own accessions as kings, the brothers (
356:; 18 October 1804 – 1 October 1868) was the fourth
5470:
5416:
4946:
4836:
4809:
4700:
4384:
4174:
4159:
4109:
3968:
3876:
3481:
3303:
3287:
3282:
2624:(Southeast Asian Collection, Asian Division, Library of Congress)
1840:
1607:
Contrary to popular belief, King Mongkut did not offer a herd of
1565:
1537:
1471:
914:
768:
673:
585:
434:
389:
292:
277:
178:
154:
1407:
Her story would become the inspiration for the Hollywood movies
337:
Portrait of King Mongkut at Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall, The
5512:
5139:
4685:
4635:
4103:
3963:
3924:
3679:
3471:
3448:
1785:
1360:
was born in 1831, she worked for King Mongkut from 1862 to 1867
898:
662:
619:
438:
3850:
3755:
3568:
1457:. Moffat donated the Pramoj manuscript to the United States
676:, could speak it even better. Mongkut's first son and heir,
4675:
The generations are numbered from the establishment of the
3065:. Singapore: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. (1999). p. 25
2974:
2534:. Singapore: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. (1999). Web. p. 25
597:
1315:, government control over trade was swiftly disappearing.
511:
From 1824 to 1851 Prince Mongkut spent his life as a monk
368:. He ruled from 1851 to 1868. His full title in Thai was
2746:
2744:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2549:
1635:
A century later, during his state visit to the US, King
2429:
2427:
1520:
Royal cremation, possibly that of King Mongkut, c. 1870
1603:
Photograph of a 19th century Siamese embassy to France
1404:, in 1944, which was adapted for films and a musical.
687:
Chulalongkorn also persuaded his father's 47th child,
2741:
2560:
2546:
2466:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch
30:
This article is about the king. For Thai crowns, see
3044:, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell 1970, University Microfilms.
2818:
Both original letters still exist today in archives.
2424:
2203:
1841:
King Phutthaloetla Naphalai, Rama II of Rattanakosin
1453:(1901â1996), who drew on it for his 1961 biography,
867:
691:, to enter the order and he rose to become the 10th
4062:
3537:
2995:Christopher John Baker; Pasuk Phongpaichit (2009).
2301:(1946) and Yul Brynner's shirtless King Mongkut in
502:
400:in 1583). During Mongkut's reign, the power of the
3070:Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation
2635:
2459:"King Mongkut of Siam and His Treaty with Britain"
1786:King Phutthayotfa Chulalok, Rama I of Rattanakosin
3599:
2386:
5623:
2100:14. (= 8.) Thongdi Chakri, Phra Akson Sunthonsat
1341:in 1860. The first industries in Siam were rice
784:Mongkut also raised his supporter Dit Bunnag to
719:Prince Mongkut was supported by the pro-British
3917:
1303:The Europeans had been attempting to undo this
2692:
2468:. The University of Hong Kong Libraries Vol. 9
1470:, became the inspiration for his abolition of
1311:. However, in the world of nineteenth-century
4651:
4510:SiameseâAmerican Treaty of Amity and Commerce
4048:
3954:
3204:
1491:
1062:
45:(reigning title Phra Mongkut Klao Chaoyuhua).
4540:Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857)
2804:. HistoryBuff.com. June 2011. Archived from
2638:The historical encyclopedia of world slavery
2526:
2524:
2522:
1672:The main hospital of Phetchaburi province,
1644:American aid program is likewise offered."
1238:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1139:1852 saw an influx of English and American
549:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4658:
4644:
4055:
4041:
3211:
3197:
3001:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
1392:The English Governess at the Siamese Court
1127:for all of his reign, and later served as
1069:
1055:
641:
494:
484:
471:
466:
456:
424:
80:
60:
2698:
2633:
1761:8. (= 14.) Thongdi, Phra Akson Sunthonsat
1258:Learn how and when to remove this message
569:Learn how and when to remove this message
4925:
3218:
2988:
2519:
1726:, who married four of his half sisters.
1663:
1598:
1582:
1515:
1503:
1495:
1363:
1352:
1195:
1115:
851:
805:, Mongkut married his first wife, Queen
762:
739:
702:
506:
332:
4343:Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon
3088:Thai Historical Data â Mongkut's Edicts
2488:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
2452:
2450:
2448:
2398:"The Accession of King Mongkut (Notes)"
2392:
1378:In 1862, following a recommendation by
14:
5624:
3887:Maha Thammarachathirat III (Uthumphon)
3882:Maha Thammarachathirat II (Borommakot)
3049:A History of Modern Thailand 1767â1942
2955:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2081:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1930:11. Princess Rupsirisobhak Mahanagnari
1856:
1752:
1748:
1659:
707:King Mongkut wearing the royal regalia
441:, the first Chakri king of Siam (King
4639:
4461:Burmese Invasions of Chiangmai (1797)
4036:
3741:Borommarachathirat IV (Athittayawong)
3731:Borommarachathirat III (Borommaracha)
3192:
2456:
2419:...alluding ... to the two Chau Fa's.
2409:. JSS Vol. 57.1f. Siam Heritage Trust
2274:List of people with the most children
2151:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2123:7. Princess Kaew, Princess Si Sudarak
2122:
2112:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2069:
2063:
2053:
2041:
2031:
2027:
2015:
2012:
2002:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1952:
1942:
1929:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1897:
1887:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1815:
1805:
1801:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1760:
1756:
856:King Mongkut in western dress at the
831:In 1849, there were upheavals in the
659:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok
3056:John Thomson: A Window to the Orient
2666:. Kyoto Review. 2006. Archived from
2445:
1236:adding citations to reliable sources
1203:
1094:
547:adding citations to reliable sources
514:
5697:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
5520:
3642:Maha Thammaracha III (Sai Lue Thai)
2759:
1486:
847:
24:
5478:
4525:SiameseâVietnamese War (1841â1845)
4505:SiameseâVietnamese War (1831â1834)
3790:Sanphet I (Maha Thammarachathirat)
3721:Borommarachathirat II (Sam Phraya)
2762:"NASA â Solar Eclipses of History"
25:
5718:
3872:Sanphet VIII (Suriyenthrathibodi)
3726:Borommatrailokkanat (Ramesuan II)
3077:
1647:
1578:
1348:
1191:
1111:
868:Introduction of Western geography
820:
5597:
5564:
5495:
5489:
5348:
5336:
5213:
5201:
5164:
5158:
4970:
4846:
4828:
4799:
4792:
4704:
4665:
4545:Siamese Mission to France (1861)
4331:Supreme Council of State of Siam
3969:Rama II (Phutthaloetla Naphalai)
3647:Maha Thammaracha IV (Borommapan)
2248:
2234:
2220:
2206:
1696:
1681:
1208:
1035:
1019:
1003:
987:
971:
955:
939:
923:
907:
891:
813:Rampoei Siriwongse, later Queen
698:
519:
503:Monastic life and Dhammayut sect
323:
4626:History of Thailand (1932â1973)
4480:Cambodian rebellion (1811â1812)
4064:Rattanakosin Period (1782â1932)
3815:Borommaracha II (Chetthathirat)
3706:Borommarachathirat I (Pha Ngua)
2963:
2919:
2905:
2879:
2849:
2823:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2753:
2683:
2674:
2656:
2627:
2594:
2583:
2574:
2537:
2493:
2066:Princess Bunrot of Rattanakosin
1527:solar eclipse of 18 August 1868
1508:The King with his heir, Prince
827:BurmeseâSiamese War (1849â1855)
433:) was the second son of Prince
3964:Rama I (Phutthayotfa Chulalok)
3846:Sanphet VII (Si Suthammaracha)
3736:Ramathibodi II (Chetthathirat)
3637:Maha Thammaracha II (Lue Thai)
3143:2 April 1851 â 1 October 1868
2480:
2436:
2375:
2350:
2324:
2291:
1668:Royal Monogram of King Mongkut
1544:, the British governor of the
632:In 1836, Vajirayan arrived at
269:, Prince Mahisara Rajaharudaya
263:, Prince Svastivatana Visistha
27:King of Siam from 1851 to 1868
13:
1:
5672:19th-century monarchs in Asia
4600:1924 Palace Law of Succession
3769:Maha Chakkraphat (Thianracha)
2634:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997).
2312:
1955:King Mongkut, Rama IV of Siam
693:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
418:
112:2 April 1851 â 1 October 1868
91:
5538:Vacharaesorn Vivacharawongse
5533:Juthavachara Vivacharawongse
4622:Thonburi Kingdom (1767â1782)
4595:Siamese Expeditionary Forces
4580:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
4515:Kedah Insurgency (1838â1839)
4500:Kedah Insurgency (1831â1832)
3716:Intharachathirat (Nakhon In)
3632:Maha Thammaracha I (Li Thai)
3237:Lan Na monarchs' family tree
2717:10.1007/978-981-13-3645-4_14
2317:
1703:Monument of King Rama IV at
1688:Monument of King Rama IV at
1534:Prachuap Khiri Khan Province
7:
5662:19th-century Chakri dynasty
4475:Burmese Invasion of Thalang
4004:Rama IX (Bhumibol Aduyadej)
3892:Borommaracha III (Ekkathat)
2490:vol. 1 part 1, 1999. p. 44.
2406:Journal of the Siam Society
2199:
1729:
1718:List of children of Mongkut
1676:, is named after the King.
1587:Siamese embassy to Emperor
767:Arrival of King Mongkut at
472:
257:, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab
10:
5723:
5702:Founders of Buddhist sects
5667:19th-century Thai monarchs
5642:Thai people of Mon descent
5548:Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse
4790:
4605:Siamese revolution of 1932
4560:1893 Franco-Siamese crisis
3999:Rama VIII (Ananda Mahidol)
3800:Sanphet III (Ekathotsarot)
3232:Thai monarchs' family tree
3040:Constance Marilyn Wilson,
3035:Mongkhut, the King of Siam
3026:
2075:
1970:
1850:
1750:
1715:
1492:The solar eclipse at Wakor
1478:was sometimes a voluntary
1431:subsequent film adaptation
1371:
1269:
871:
824:
788:Borom Maha Prayurawongse (
638:Bangkok's central district
581:In 1824, Mongkut became a
451:. Mongkut was born in the
396:had done with his brother
388:, crowned in 1851 as King
40:
29:
5612:was degraded from royalty
5560:
5543:Chakriwat Vivacharawongse
5511:
5469:
5451:
5433:
5415:
5395:
5315:
5242:Isaravongs Vorarajakumara
5147:
5138:
5118:
5062:
4954:
4945:
4916:
4896:
4880:
4863:
4817:
4808:
4766:
4749:
4733:
4693:
4684:
4673:
4618:
4495:Lao rebellion (1826â1828)
4070:
4021:
3937:
3904:
3859:
3828:
3810:Borommaracha I (Songtham)
3805:Sanphet IV (Si Saowaphak)
3782:
3698:
3672:
3659:
3586:
3524:
3462:
3296:
3263:
3246:
3226:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3145:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3096:
2971:"IAU Minor Planet Center"
2299:Anna and the King of Siam
2139:
2131:
2106:
2087:
2083:
2047:
2029:
2021:
1996:
1978:
1974:
1936:
1917:
1909:
1881:
1862:
1858:
1822:
1803:
1795:
1767:
1754:
1711:
1410:Anna and the King of Siam
1401:Anna and the King of Siam
1123:served as King Mongkut's
1050:
1034:
1018:
1002:
986:
970:
954:
938:
922:
906:
890:
880:
874:Mandala (political model)
642:
495:
485:
467:
457:
425:
353:
319:
309:
299:
288:
276:
231:
202:
188:
165:
161:
148:
137:
126:
116:
108:
101:
79:
72:
61:
52:
5682:Thai Theravada Buddhists
5590:Appointed Deputy Viceroy
4984:Bhanurangsi Savangwongse
4485:Crawfurd Mission to Siam
4415:Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns
4251:Bhanurangsi Savangwongse
3925:Borommaracha IV (Taksin)
3836:Sanphet V (Prasat Thong)
3761:Worawongsathirat (Bunsi)
3507:Intavaroros Suriyavongse
2913:"Press Release nr99-122"
2284:
1512:, both in naval uniforms
1455:Mongkut the King of Siam
413:its 1956 film adaptation
41:Not to be confused with
5357:Chumbhotbongs Paribatra
5095:Nandiyavat Svastivatana
4570:Shan Rebellion of Phrae
4400:Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix
4009:Rama X (Vajiralongkorn)
3851:Ramathibodi III (Narai)
3068:Winichakul, Thongchai.
1593:Palace of Fontainebleau
1474:almost 40 years later.
1447:The King of Siam Speaks
1421:Rodgers and Hammerstein
5605:Appointed Crown Prince
5267:Vudhijaya Chalermlabha
5257:Kitiyakara Voralaksana
5232:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
5222:Sommatiwongse Varodaya
5178:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
5029:Unakan Ananta Norajaya
4741:Pavares Variyalongkorn
4451:Tha Din Daeng campaign
4291:Kitiyakara Voralaksana
4286:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
4281:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
4256:Devawongse Varoprakarn
4225:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
4110:Phutthaloetla Naphalai
3994:Rama VII (Prajadhipok)
3984:Rama V (Chulalongkorn)
3860:Ban Phlu Luang dynasty
3680:Ramathibodi I (Uthong)
3181:Pavares Variyalongkorn
2787:Winichakul 1997, p. 57
2778:Winichakul 1997, p. 45
2750:Winichakul 1997, p. 46
2689:Winichakul 1997, p. 43
2580:Winichakul 1997, p. 48
2571:Winichakul 1997, p. 47
2557:Winichakul 1997, p. 38
2543:Winichakul 1997, p. 37
2457:Bruce, Robert (1969).
2442:Winichakul 1997, p. 40
2433:Winichakul 1997, p. 39
1669:
1604:
1596:
1521:
1513:
1501:
1369:
1361:
1201:
1136:
915:Phutthaloetla Naphalai
864:
776:
745:
744:King Mongkut colorized
731:anti-Western sentiment
708:
682:Buddhist denominations
512:
342:
5292:Khajera Chirapradidha
5272:Abhakara Kiartivongse
5173:Tribejrutama Dhamrong
4897:Great-great-grandsons
4585:Palace Revolt of 1912
4520:Kelantanese Civil War
4470:Capture of Chiangsaen
4436:Foundation of Bangkok
4301:Abhakara Kiartivongse
4104:Phutthayotfa Chulalok
4024:List of Thai monarchs
3867:Phetracha (Mahaburut)
3795:Sanphet II (Naresuan)
3171:Wat Bowonniwet Vihara
2998:A History of Thailand
2861:www.thelincolnlog.org
2766:eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov
2680:Winichakul 1997, p.42
1875:10. Thong na Bangxang
1674:Phrachomklao Hospital
1667:
1602:
1586:
1519:
1507:
1499:
1367:
1356:
1199:
1170:in Siam according to
1119:
899:Phutthayotfa Chulalok
860:, as photographed by
855:
766:
743:
706:
510:
453:Old (Thonburi) Palace
439:Phutthayotfa Chulalok
336:
293:Phutthaloetlanaphalai
5647:Rattanakosin Kingdom
5637:Monarchs of Thailand
5528:Dipangkorn Rasmijoti
5282:Rangsit Prayurasakdi
5262:Chirapravati Voradej
5198:Prajadhipok Sakdidej
5193:Chudadhuj Dharadilok
5183:Siriraj Kakudhabhand
4575:Holy Man's Rebellion
4530:Kengtung expeditions
4321:Rangsit Prayurasakdi
4296:Chirapravati Voradej
4266:Narisara Nuwattiwong
3989:Rama VI (Vajiravudh)
3877:Sanphet IX (Thai Sa)
3829:Prasat Thong dynasty
3699:Suphannaphum dynasty
3538:Singhanavati dynasty
3526:Singhanavati Kingdom
3497:Kawilorot Suriyawong
3220:Monarchs of Thailand
2394:Bradley, William Lee
2264:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
1738:Ancestors of Mongkut
1690:Khon Kaen University
1619:for use against the
1611:to the US president
1232:improve this section
1106:Thongchai Winichakul
684:in modern Thailand.
627:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
543:improve this section
378:Western expansionism
34:. For the road, see
5677:Deaths from malaria
5403:Chatrichalerm Yukol
5372:Anusorn Mongkolkarn
5307:Urubongs Rajsombhoj
5302:Anusara Siriprasadh
5277:Purachatra Jayakara
5126:Sithiporn Kridakara
5090:Vodhyakara Varavarn
5080:Devawongse Varodaya
5070:Birabongse Bhanudej
5024:Srisiddhi Thongjaya
4550:Front Palace Crisis
4306:Purachatra Jayakara
4155:Maha Sura Singhanat
3974:Rama III (Nangklao)
3037:, Cornell U.P. 1961
2709:2019ASSP...54..173O
2607:Library of Congress
2507:on 28 February 2009
2486:Tarling, Nicholas.
2269:Rattanakosin period
1660:Tributes and legacy
1556:99 degrees 42' and
1546:Straits Settlements
1476:Slavery in Thailand
1459:Library of Congress
1331:extraterritoriality
695:from 1910 to 1921.
429:, literal meaning:
5367:Bhanubandhu Yugala
5345:Bhumibol Adulyadej
5323:Chula Chakrabongse
5247:Raphi Phatthanasak
5019:Kashemsri Subhayok
4316:Wongsa Dhiraj Snid
4271:Kashemsri Subhayok
4261:Damrong Rajanubhab
4246:Vajirananavarorasa
3600:Phra Ruang dynasty
3033:Abbot Low Moffat,
2614:on 23 October 2012
1670:
1637:Bhumibol Adulyadej
1617:American Civil War
1605:
1597:
1522:
1514:
1502:
1370:
1362:
1202:
1137:
1088:Traiphum cosmology
1027:Bhumibol Adulyadej
865:
796:Somdet Chao Phraya
791:Somdet Chao Phraya
786:Somdet Chao Phraya
777:
771:, photographed by
746:
709:
513:
343:
314:Theravada Buddhism
5707:Thai male Chao Fa
5619:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5593:
5584:
5581:Appointed Viceroy
5575:
5556:
5555:
5507:
5506:
5411:
5410:
5377:Nakkhatra Mangala
5287:Samaya Vudhirodom
5237:Yugala Dighambara
5227:Mahidol Adulyadej
5134:
5133:
5034:Devan Udayavongse
4999:Manusyanaga Manob
4941:
4940:
4912:
4911:
4888:Rajani Chamcharas
4788:
4787:
4633:
4632:
4613:
4612:
4395:Dan Beach Bradley
4326:Mahidol Adulyadej
4311:Yugala Dighambara
4219:Hereditary Prince
4030:
4029:
4017:
4016:
3979:Rama IV (Mongkut)
3933:
3932:
3900:
3899:
3841:Sanphet VI (Chai)
3783:Sukhothai dynasty
3661:Ayutthaya Kingdom
3655:
3654:
3588:Sukhothai Kingdom
3582:
3581:
3520:
3519:
3187:
3186:
3178:Succeeded by
3146:Succeeded by
3098:Mongkut (Rama IV)
3008:978-0-521-76768-2
2915:. 15 August 2016.
2893:on 31 August 2009
2857:"The Lincoln Log"
2726:978-981-13-3644-7
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
1467:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1416:Anna and the King
1268:
1267:
1260:
1145:Dan Beach Bradley
1095:Education reforms
1079:
1078:
579:
578:
571:
331:
330:
224:and 32 concubines
215:Ramphoei Siriwong
32:Chada and mongkut
16:(Redirected from
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5518:
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5328:Varananda Dhavaj
5252:Benbadhanabongse
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5014:Gagananga Yukala
5009:Nares Varariddhi
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4456:Tavoy expedition
4446:Nine Armies' War
4441:TÃĒy SÆĄnâSiam War
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3918:Thonburi dynasty
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3906:Thonburi Kingdom
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3464:Chet Ton dynasty
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3129:Preceded by
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3061:SuÃĄrez, Thomas.
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2986:
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2960:
2954:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2933:. Archived from
2931:www.ohmpps.go.th
2923:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2889:. Archived from
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2876:
2874:
2872:
2863:. Archived from
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2678:
2672:
2671:
2670:on 26 June 2007.
2660:
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2653:
2641:
2631:
2625:
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2619:
2610:. Archived from
2598:
2592:
2590:Abbot Low Moffat
2587:
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2555:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2530:SuÃĄrez, Thomas.
2528:
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2503:. Archived from
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2013:6. Ngeon Sae-tan
1744:
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1487:Death and legacy
1451:Abbot Low Moffat
1396:Margaret Langdon
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1150:Bangkok Recorder
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5387:Prem Purachatra
5362:Sukhumabhinanda
5311:
5188:Asdang Dejavudh
5130:
5119:Great-grandsons
5114:
5085:Wan Waithayakon
5058:
5054:Jayanta Mongkol
4994:Kasemsan Sophak
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4904:Bhisadej Rajani
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3157:Buddhist titles
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3111:18 October 1804
3107:
3106:
3103:House of Chakri
3099:
3084:The King's Thai
3080:
3075:
3054:Stephen White,
3047:B. J. Terwiel,
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2927:"Archived copy"
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2867:on 16 July 2011
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1900:Nak na Bangxang
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1705:Saranrom Palace
1701:
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1613:Abraham Lincoln
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1419:as well as the
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1288:in the name of
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636:in what is now
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447:) and Princess
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267:Jayanta Mongkol
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4165:Maha Senanurak
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3956:Chakri dynasty
3949:
3947:(1782âpresent)
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3124:Regnal titles
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3118:1 October 1868
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3078:External links
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2303:The King and I
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1816:9. (= 15.) Yok
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1716:Main article:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1661:
1658:
1654:151834 Mongkut
1649:
1648:151834 Mongkut
1646:
1625:James Buchanan
1595:, 27 June 1861
1580:
1579:Elephant story
1577:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1445:in 1948 wrote
1426:The King and I
1374:Anna Leonowens
1372:Main article:
1358:Anna Leonowens
1350:
1349:Anna Leonowens
1347:
1294:Bowring Treaty
1290:Queen Victoria
1272:Bowring Treaty
1270:Main article:
1266:
1265:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1193:
1192:Bowring Treaty
1190:
1125:chief minister
1113:
1112:Social changes
1110:
1096:
1093:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:Vajiralongkorn
1040:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1011:Ananda Mahidol
1008:
1000:
999:
992:
984:
983:
976:
968:
967:
960:
952:
951:
944:
936:
935:
928:
920:
919:
912:
904:
903:
896:
888:
887:
885:Chakri dynasty
869:
866:
849:
846:
825:Main article:
822:
821:Shan campaigns
819:
758:Chakri dynasty
750:Phra Chom Klao
726:Samuha Kalahom
700:
697:
634:Wat Bowonniwet
577:
576:
527:
525:
518:
504:
501:
489:) and Chao Fa
476:) were called
458:āđāļāđāļēāļāđāļēāļāļļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĩ
420:
417:
409:The King and I
362:Chakri dynasty
329:
328:
321:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
304:Sri Suriyendra
301:
297:
296:
290:
286:
285:
283:Chakri dynasty
280:
274:
273:
271:
270:
264:
261:Svasti Sobhana
258:
255:Tisavarakumarn
252:
245:
243:
229:
228:
226:
225:
222:
217:
212:
206:
204:
200:
199:
196:(aged 63)
192:1 October 1868
190:
186:
185:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
152:
146:
145:
139:
135:
134:
128:
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113:
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106:
105:
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98:
85:
77:
76:
70:
69:
67:
66:
57:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5719:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:1860s in Siam
5690:
5688:
5687:1850s in Siam
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
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5643:
5640:
5638:
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5629:
5627:
5613:
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5592:
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5559:
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5477:
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5468:
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5404:
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5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
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5363:
5360:
5358:
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5351:
5346:
5343:
5339:
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5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
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5288:
5285:
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5280:
5278:
5275:
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5268:
5265:
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5260:
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5181:
5179:
5176:
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5171:
5167:
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5152:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Vivadhanajaya
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
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5061:
5055:
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5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
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5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Chaturonrasmi
4977:
4973:
4968:
4967:Chulalongkorn
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
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4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Burney Treaty
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:Auguste Pavie
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Surasakmontri
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Prayurawongse
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4195:
4194:Anurak Devesh
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Itsarasunthon
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4128:Chulalongkorn
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3820:Athittayawong
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Ratsadathirat
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Ngua Nam Thum
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Ram Khamhaeng
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Si Inthrathit
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3454:Wisutthithewi
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Chaiyachettha
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3415:Mueangketklao
3413:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:Chulalongkorn
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2937:on 3 May 2009
2936:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2844:
2842:9780836991413
2838:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2808:on 4 May 2012
2807:
2803:
2799:
2793:
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2775:
2767:
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2756:
2747:
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2710:
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2702:
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2651:
2649:9780874368857
2645:
2640:
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2597:
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2577:
2568:
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2554:
2552:
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2523:
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2408:
2407:
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2363:
2359:
2353:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2279:Chum Krairoek
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2243:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2204:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1724:Chulalongkorn
1719:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1652:The asteroid
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:war elephants
1601:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1511:
1510:Chulalongkorn
1506:
1498:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:Kukrit Pramoj
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Chulalongkorn
1385:
1381:
1380:Tan Kim Ching
1375:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:Burney Treaty
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1217:This section
1215:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1133:Chulalongkorn
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Chuang Bunnag
1118:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1001:
996:
993:
990:
985:
980:
977:
974:
969:
964:
963:Chulalongkorn
961:
958:
953:
948:
945:
942:
937:
932:
929:
926:
921:
916:
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828:
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751:
742:
738:
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732:
728:
727:
722:
717:
715:
705:
699:Reign as king
696:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
678:Chulalongkorn
675:
672:
667:
664:
660:
656:
653:
650:and sailors.
649:
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
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613:
608:
606:
605:Chetsadabodin
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
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570:
562:
552:
548:
544:
538:
537:
533:
528:This section
526:
522:
517:
516:
509:
500:
492:
482:
479:
474:
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454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
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435:Itsarasunthon
432:
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281:
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259:
256:
253:
250:
249:Chulalongkorn
247:
246:
244:
241:
240:
234:
230:
223:
221:
220:Chae Siriwong
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
205:
201:
198:Bangkok, Siam
191:
187:
184:
180:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
151:
147:
143:
142:Chulalongkorn
140:
136:
132:
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111:
107:
104:
100:
89:
83:
78:
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44:
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5611:
5603:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5460:
5442:
5424:
5297:Isariyabhorn
5044:Worawannakon
4989:Chit Charoen
4824:
4667:Thai princes
4429:
4428:
4410:John Bowring
4378:
4377:
4348:Sunthorn Phu
4336:
4335:
4239:
4238:
4218:
4217:
4201:Crown Prince
4199:
4198:
4185:
4184:
4146:
4145:
4121:
4095:
4089:
4088:
3978:
3939:Rattanakosin
3512:Kaew Nawarat
3477:Thammalangka
3398:Yotchiangrai
3369:Saenmueangma
3168:
3163:
3139:King of Siam
3137:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3087:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3012:. Retrieved
2997:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2965:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2930:
2921:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:the original
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:the original
2860:
2851:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2760:Espenak, F.
2755:
2700:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2668:the original
2658:
2637:
2629:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:the original
2605:
2596:
2585:
2576:
2539:
2531:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2495:
2487:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2465:
2438:
2418:
2411:. Retrieved
2404:
2388:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2338:. 3 May 2019
2335:
2326:
2302:
2298:
2293:
1954:
1721:
1671:
1651:
1634:
1606:
1589:Napoleon III
1573:imperialists
1570:
1563:
1531:
1523:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1446:
1435:lÃĻse majestÃĐ
1424:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1377:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1302:
1278:John Bowring
1275:
1254:
1245:
1230:Please help
1218:
1186:Qing dynasty
1183:
1176:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1141:missionaries
1138:
1131:for his son
1101:
1098:
1083:
1080:
946:
881:Monarchs of
862:John Thomson
858:Grand Palace
830:
810:
800:
795:
789:
785:
782:
778:
773:John Thomson
754:James Brooke
749:
747:
735:
724:
723:who was the
718:
710:
686:
668:
648:missionaries
631:
624:
609:
600:
593:
580:
565:
556:
541:Please help
529:
463:Grand Palace
442:
430:
422:
406:
398:Ekathotsarot
383:
374:
369:
365:
358:king of Siam
345:
344:
339:Grand Palace
237:
194:(1868-10-01)
103:King of Siam
88:John Thomson
86:Portrait by
74:King Rama IV
73:
47:
36:Rama IV Road
18:King Mongkut
5657:1868 deaths
5652:1804 births
5572:Became king
5461:No Children
5443:No Children
5110:Dhani Nivat
4590:World War I
4140:Prajadhipok
4079:Individuals
3910:(1767â1782)
3665:(1350â1767)
3592:(1238â1438)
3560: [
3548: [
3545:Phangkharat
3487:Phutthawong
3439:Chiraprapha
3430: [
3418: [
3406: [
3384: [
3381:Samfangkaen
3372: [
3360: [
3348: [
3336: [
3324: [
3312: [
3274: [
3264:Lao dynasty
3086:: Entry to
2980:19 February
2367:12 November
2342:12 November
1641:US Congress
1621:Confederacy
1615:during the
1536:, south of
1480:alternative
1327:Nakorn Bala
1248:August 2022
1102:Phumanithet
1014:(Rama VIII)
995:Prajadhipok
841:Chiang Hung
815:Debsirindra
616:Phetchaburi
496:āđāļāđāļēāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļĒ
486:āđāļāđāļēāļāđāļēāđāļŦāļāđ
386:Second King
157:(1851â1866)
127:Predecessor
122:15 May 1851
95: 1865
5626:Categories
5210:Vajirunhis
5155:Vajiravudh
5004:Daksinavat
4871:Yodyingyot
4430:Key events
4390:Nguyáŧ
n Ãnh
4379:Foreigners
4353:Bodindecha
4213:Vajiravudh
4208:Vajirunhis
4180:Wichaichan
4142:(Rama VII)
4134:Vajiravudh
4118:(Rama III)
4082:Key events
3764:(disputed)
3612:Ban Mueang
3574:Chaiyasiri
3530:(757â1188)
3403:Mueangkaeo
3393:Tilokkarat
3256:(638â1775)
3175:1836â1851
2941:15 January
2871:15 January
2802:Newsletter
2362:www.au.edu
2313:References
1394:.â Author
1320:free trade
1313:liberalism
1179:concubines
1163:Magha Puja
998:(Rama VII)
979:Vajiravudh
934:(Rama III)
872:See also:
833:Shan State
803:coronation
721:Dit Bunnag
689:VajiraÃąana
612:Pali Canon
601:VajiraÃąÄáđo
590:ordination
559:April 2013
419:Early life
172:1804-10-18
133:(Rama III)
118:Coronation
43:Vajiravudh
5453:Rama VIII
5316:Grandsons
5105:Boworadet
5063:Grandsons
4926:Grandsons
4864:Grandsons
4837:Chutamani
4734:Grandsons
4719:Arunothai
4679:from 1782
4136:(Rama VI)
4124:(Rama IV)
4112:(Rama II)
3711:Thong Lan
3557:Thukkhita
3248:Ngoenyang
3169:Abbot of
2735:198775030
2618:24 August
2413:11 August
2318:Citations
1629:Civil War
1554:longitude
1550:Singapore
1542:Harry Ord
1461:in 1961.
1384:Singapore
1298:Ayutthaya
1286:Hong Kong
1276:In 1854,
1219:does not
1172:Theravada
1168:Tripitaka
1030:(Rama IX)
982:(Rama VI)
950:(Rama IV)
918:(Rama II)
801:Upon his
655:Pallegoix
643:āđāļāđāļēāļāļēāļ§āļēāļŠ
594:Vajirayan
530:does not
437:, son of
423:Mongkut (
364:, titled
360:from the
320:Signature
295:(Rama II)
138:Successor
5435:Rama VII
4962:Somanass
4933:Prisdang
4918:Rama III
4774:Thong-In
4750:Brothers
4555:Haw wars
4148:Viceroys
4130:(Rama V)
4116:Nangklao
4106:(Rama I)
4076:Monarchs
3943:Thailand
3685:Ramesuan
3622:Loe Thai
3132:Nangklao
3014:9 August
2951:cite web
2897:6 August
2835:. 1902.
2396:(1969).
2200:See also
1730:Ancestry
1558:latitude
1429:and its
1423:musical
1305:monopoly
1282:governor
1084:Traiphum
1046:(Rama X)
966:(Rama V)
931:Nangklao
902:(Rama I)
837:Kengtung
811:Mom Chao
807:Somanass
583:Buddhist
394:Naresuan
310:Religion
251:(Rama V)
210:Somanass
144:(Rama V)
131:Nangklao
5632:Mongkut
5471:Rama IX
5417:Rama VI
4947:Rama IV
4825:Mongkut
4810:Rama II
4767:Nephews
4725:Wasukri
4385:Ang Eng
4337:Siamese
4240:Royalty
4175:Pinklao
4122:Mongkut
3482:Khamfan
3427:Saikham
3321:Saenphu
3304:Mangrai
3288:Mangrai
3283:Chueang
3027:Sources
2705:Bibcode
2472:27 June
2336:Reuters
1591:at the
1566:malaria
1538:Hua Hin
1472:slavery
1343:milling
1339:coinage
1240:removed
1225:sources
947:Mongkut
769:Wat Pho
716:style.
674:Pinklao
671:Viceroy
663:sermons
657:of the
551:removed
536:sources
478:Chao Fa
468:āđāļāđāļēāļāđāļē
390:Pinklao
366:Rama IV
346:Mongkut
239:more...
179:Bangkok
155:Pinklao
150:Viceroy
56:Mongkut
5513:Rama X
5425:No Son
5140:Rama V
4686:Rama I
4465:(1802)
3472:Kawila
3449:Mekuti
3357:Kue Na
3333:Khamfu
3252:Lan Na
3114:
3005:
2839:
2812:29 May
2733:
2723:
2646:
2511:16 May
1712:Family
1280:, the
1129:regent
775:, 1865
620:vinaya
473:chaofa
449:Bunrot
444:Rama I
411:" and
300:Mother
289:Father
203:Spouse
4757:Bunma
4097:Kings
3756:Yotfa
3569:Phrom
3564:]
3552:]
3434:]
3422:]
3410:]
3388:]
3376:]
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3352:]
3345:Phayu
3340:]
3328:]
3316:]
3278:]
3164:First
3116:Died:
3109:Born:
2731:S2CID
2462:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2285:Notes
1548:from
652:Vicar
592:name
431:crown
426:āļĄāļāļāļļāļ
354:āļĄāļāļāļļāļ
278:House
233:Issue
109:Reign
62:āļĄāļāļāļļāļ
5587:***
5521:Sons
5494:)^ (
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5148:Sons
4955:Sons
4855:Nuam
4843:Thap
4818:Sons
4713:Chui
4703:** (
4701:Chim
4694:Sons
3016:2016
3003:ISBN
2982:2015
2975:NASA
2957:link
2943:2022
2899:2009
2873:2022
2837:ISBN
2814:2012
2721:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2620:2013
2513:2009
2474:2011
2415:2013
2369:2023
2344:2023
1441:and
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1413:and
1223:any
1221:cite
883:the
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586:monk
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350:Thai
189:Died
183:Siam
166:Born
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