James VI and I - Knowledge

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diverse peoples. Yet he also created new ones, particularly by supporting colonisation that polarised the crown's interest groups in Ireland, obtaining insufficient political benefit with his open-handed patronage, an unfortunate lack of attention to the image of monarchy (particularly after the image-obsessed regime of Elizabeth), pursuing a pro-Spanish foreign policy that fired religious prejudice and opened the door for Arminians within the English church, and enforcing unpalatable religious changes on the Scottish Kirk. Many of these criticisms are framed within a longer view of James' reigns, including the legacy—now understood to be more troubled—which he left Charles I.

1916: 1907: 2412: 2430: 2421: 10030: 8232: 415: 2025: 1046: 1452: 1728: 6658:, p. 136: "Rumours of foul play involving Rochester and his wife with Overbury had, however, been circulating since his death. Indeed, almost two years later, in September 1615, and as James was in the process of replacing Rochester with a new favourite, George Villiers, the Governor of the Tower of London sent a letter to the king informing him that one of the warders in the days before Overbury had been found dead had been bringing the prisoner poisoned food and medicine"; 2119: 5924:, pp. 63–64: "The aging monarch was no match for the two men closest to him. By the end of the year, the prince and the royal favourite spoke openly against the Spanish marriage and pressured James to call a parliament to consider their now repugnant treaties ... with hindsight ... the prince's return from Madrid marked the end of the king's reign. The prince and the favourite encouraged popular anti-Spanish sentiments to commandeer control of foreign and domestic policy". 2135:, "so did he die in peace, and I pray God our king may follow him". The Earl prayed in vain: once in power, King Charles I and the Duke of Buckingham sanctioned a series of reckless military expeditions that ended in humiliating failure. James had often neglected the business of government for leisure pastimes, such as the hunt; his later dependence on favourites at a scandal-ridden court undermined the respected image of monarchy so carefully constructed by Elizabeth I. 1141: 930: 11242: 1694:, whereby Parliament, in return for ten royal concessions, would grant a lump sum of £600,000 to pay off the king's debts plus an annual grant of £200,000. The ensuing prickly negotiations became so protracted that James eventually lost patience and dismissed Parliament on 31 December 1610. "Your greatest error", he told Salisbury, "hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall". The same pattern was repeated with the so-called " 42: 11649: 795: 2228:, Willson's book was an "astonishing spectacle of a work whose every page proclaimed its author's increasing hatred for his subject". Since Willson, however, the stability of James's government in Scotland and in the early part of his English reign, as well as his relatively enlightened views on religion and war, have earned him a re-evaluation from many historians, who have rescued his reputation from this tradition of criticism. 1197:. James personally supervised the torture of women accused of being witches. After 1599, his views became more sceptical. In a later letter written in England to his son Henry, James congratulates the prince on "the discovery of yon little counterfeit wench. I pray God ye may be my heir in such discoveries ... most miracles now-a-days prove but illusions, and ye may see by this how wary judges should be in trusting accusations". 8265: 2016:

in the meantime by Villiers. James pardoned the Countess and commuted the Earl's sentence of death, eventually pardoning him in 1624. The implication of the king in such a scandal provoked much public and literary conjecture and irreparably tarnished James's court with an image of corruption and depravity. The subsequent downfall of the Howards left Villiers unchallenged as the supreme figure in the government by 1619.

6870:"Great Britains Salomon A sermon preached at the magnificent funerall, of the most high and mighty king, Iames, the late King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. At the Collegiat Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, the seuenth of May 1625. By the Right Honorable, and Right Reuerend Father in God, Iohn, Lord Bishop of Lincolne, Lord Keeper of the Great Seale of England, &c" 1666:

also, but of the whole body of the State in general". The sensational discovery of the "Gunpowder Plot", as it quickly became known, aroused a mood of national relief at the delivery of the king and his sons. The Earl of Salisbury exploited this to extract higher subsidies from the ensuing Parliament than any but one granted to Elizabeth. Fawkes and others implicated in the unsuccessful conspiracy were executed.

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anti-Catholic legislation by Parliament. Though a treaty was signed, Charles and Buckingham returned to England in October without the infanta and immediately renounced the treaty, much to the delight of the British people. Disillusioned by the visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham now turned James's Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the

1372:, James maintains that the king owns his realm as a feudal lord owns his fief, because kings arose "before any estates or ranks of men, before any parliaments were holden, or laws made, and by them was the land distributed, which at first was wholly theirs. And so it follows of necessity that kings were the authors and makers of the laws, and not the laws of the kings." 2258:" in London on 24 March 1603. On 20 October 1604, James issued a proclamation at Westminster changing his style to "King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c." The style was not used on English statutes, but was used on proclamations, coinage, letters, treaties, and in Scotland. James styled himself "King of France", 1643:. James celebrated the treaty by hosting a great banquet. Freedom of worship for Catholics in England, however, continued to be a major objective of Spanish policy, causing constant dilemmas for James, distrusted abroad for repression of Catholics while at home being encouraged by the Privy Council to show even less tolerance towards them. 1989:

entered a period of decline and disrepute. Salisbury's passing gave James the notion of governing in person as his own chief Minister of State, with his young Scottish favourite Robert Carr carrying out many of Salisbury's former duties, but James's inability to attend closely to official business exposed the government to factionalism.

1316: 1259: 1806:, when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost. The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare or fund a war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to finance a war against Spain, a stance that was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign. 1724:, as it was called, was also attractive to James as a way to maintain peace with Spain and avoid the additional costs of a war. Peace could be maintained as effectively by keeping the negotiations alive as by consummating the match—which may explain why James protracted the negotiations for almost a decade. 2051:. He also lost his teeth and drank heavily. The king was often seriously ill during the last year of his life, leaving him an increasingly peripheral figure, rarely able to visit London, while Buckingham consolidated his control of Charles to ensure his own future. One theory is that James suffered from 3964:

It is very likely that Overbury was the victim of a 'set-up' contrived by the earls of Northampton and Suffolk, with Carr's complicity, to keep him out of the way during the annulment proceedings. Overbury knew too much of Carr's dealings with Frances and he opposed the match with a fervour that made

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On 5 April, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return every three years (a promise that he did not keep), and progressed slowly southwards. Local lords received him with lavish hospitality along the route and James was amazed by the wealth of his new land and subjects, claiming that he was

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Elizabeth I wrote to Mary: "My ears have been so astounded, my mind so disturbed and my heart so appalled at hearing the horrible report of the abominable murder of your late husband and my slaughtered cousin, that I can scarcely as yet summon the spirit to write about it ... I will not conceal from

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Croft's overall assessment of James is appropriately mixed. She recognises his good intentions in matters like Anglo-Scottish union, his openness to different points of view, and his agenda of a peaceful foreign policy within his kingdoms' financial means. His actions moderated frictions between his

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In summer 1615, however, it emerged that Overbury had been poisoned. He had died on 15 September 1613 in the Tower of London, where he had been placed at the king's request. Among those convicted of the murder were the Earl and Countess of Somerset; the Earl had been replaced as the king's favourite

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of the second session of James's first English Parliament. Fawkes was guarding a pile of wood not far from 36 barrels of gunpowder with which he intended to blow up Parliament House the following day and cause the destruction, as James put it, "not only ... of my person, nor of my wife and posterity

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When the Earl of Salisbury died in 1612, he was little mourned by those who jostled to fill the power vacuum. Until Salisbury's death, the Elizabethan administrative system over which he had presided continued to function with relative efficiency; from this time forward, however, James's government

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In early 1623, Prince Charles, now 22, and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Spain incognito, to win Infanta Maria Anna directly, but the mission proved an ineffectual mistake. Maria Anna detested Charles, and the Spanish confronted them with terms that included the repeal of

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Some historians (for example Willson) consider James, who was 58 in 1624, to have lapsed into premature senility; but he suffered from an agonising species of arthritis which constantly left him indisposed, as well as other ailments; and Pauline Croft suggests that James regained some control over

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observed that "it is well known that the king of England / fucks the Duke of Buckingham". Buckingham himself provides evidence that he slept in the same bed as the king, writing to James many years later that he had pondered "whether you loved me now ... better than at the time which I shall never

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empire. To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed upon James to call another Parliament, which met in February 1624. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in court, where control of policy was shifting from James to Charles and Buckingham, who pressured

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The co-operation between monarch and Parliament following the Gunpowder Plot was atypical. Instead, it was the previous session of 1604 that shaped the attitudes of both sides for the rest of the reign, though the initial difficulties owed more to mutual incomprehension than conscious enmity. On 7

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The introduction of Henry Howard (soon Earl of Northampton) and of Thomas Howard (soon Earl of Suffolk) marked the beginning of the rise of the Howard family to power in England, which culminated in their dominance of James's government after the death of Cecil in 1612. Henry Howard, son of poet

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Spanish. Raleigh's expedition was a disastrous failure, and his son Walter was killed fighting the Spanish. On Raleigh's return to England, James had him executed to the indignation of the public, who opposed the appeasement of Spain. James's policy was further jeopardised by the outbreak of the

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after failing to win its support either for full union or financial subsidies. "I will not thank where I feel no thanks due", he had remarked in his closing speech. "... I am not of such a stock as to praise fools ... You see how many things you did not well ... I wish you would make use of your

1623:, "compassed with one sea and of itself by nature indivisible?" In April 1604, however, the Commons refused his request to be titled "King of Great Britain" on legal grounds. In October 1604, he assumed the title "King of Great Britain" instead of "King of England" and "King of Scotland", though 3809:

nonetheless concludes: "Not a single piece of uncontaminated evidence has ever been found to show that Mary had foreknowledge of Darnley's murder". In historian David Harris Willson's view, however: "That Bothwell was the murderer no one can doubt; and that Mary was his accomplice seems equally

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home territory. Matters came to a head when James finally called a Parliament in 1621 to fund a military expedition in support of his son-in-law. The Commons on the one hand granted subsidies inadequate to finance serious military operations in aid of Frederick, and on the other—remembering the

1490:"swapping a stony couch for a deep feather bed". James arrived in the capital on 7 May, nine days after Elizabeth's funeral. His new subjects flocked to see him, relieved that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion. On arrival at London, he was mobbed by a crowd of spectators. 1363:

was written as a book of instruction for the four-year-old Prince Henry and provides a more practical guide to kingship. The work is considered to be well written and perhaps the best example of James's prose. James's advice concerning parliaments, which he understood as merely the king's "head

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to accompany him. There followed a period of peace, but the clans were soon at loggerheads with one another again. During James VI's reign, the citizens of the Hebrides were portrayed as lawless barbarians rather than being the cradle of Scottish Christianity and nationhood. Official documents

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and other Catholic-leaning ministers and diplomats—together known as the Spanish Party—but deeply distrusted in Protestant England. When Walter Raleigh was released from imprisonment in 1616, he embarked on a hunt for gold in South America with strict instructions from James not to engage the

6634:, p. 105: "Packets were sent, sometimes opened by my lord, sometimes unbroken unto Overbury, who perused them, registered them, made table-talk of them, as they thought good. So I will undertake the time was, when Overbury knew more of the secrets of state, than the council-table did." 6602:, p. 333: "Finances fell into chaos, foreign affairs became more difficult. James exalted a worthless favourite and increased the power of the Howards. As government relaxed and honour cheapened, we enter a period of decline and weakness, of intrigue, scandal, confusion and treachery." 870:

or tutors. As the young king's senior tutor, Buchanan subjected James to regular beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning. Buchanan sought to turn James into a God-fearing, Protestant king who accepted the limitations of monarchy, as outlined in his

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their written language, and followed the king to London after 1603. James's role as active literary participant and patron made him a defining figure in many respects for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which reached a pinnacle of achievement in his reign, but his patronage of the

616:", an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch. He was strongly committed to a peace policy, and tried to avoid involvement in 2366:

The arms used in Scotland were: Quarterly, I and IV Scotland, II England and France, III Ireland, with Scotland taking precedence over England. The supporters were: dexter a unicorn of Scotland imperially crowned, supporting a tilting lance flying a banner Azure a saltire Argent

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forget at Farnham, where the bed's head could not be found between the master and his dog". Buckingham's words may be interpreted as non-sexual, in the context of 17th-century court life, and remain ambiguous despite their fondness. It is also possible that James was bisexual.

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to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. With the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne in March 1603. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March, and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day.

1105:, James and Anne returned to Scotland on 1 May 1590. By all accounts, James was at first infatuated with Anne and, in the early years of their marriage, seems always to have shown her patience and affection. The royal couple produced three children who survived to adulthood: 1060:

Throughout his youth, James was praised for his chastity, since he showed little interest in women. After the loss of Lennox, he continued to prefer male company. A suitable marriage, however, was necessary to reinforce his rule, and the choice fell on fourteen-year-old

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brought some control over the ruinous state of James's finances in 1596, but it drew opposition from vested interests. It was disbanded within a year after a riot in Edinburgh, which was stoked by anti-Catholicism and led the court to withdraw to Linlithgow temporarily.

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told him that he could not use the style in "any legal proceeding, instrument or assurance" and the title was not used on English statutes. James forced the Scottish Parliament to use it, and it was used on proclamations, coinage, letters, and treaties in both realms.

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on 19 October 1579. Morton was executed on 2 June 1581, belatedly charged with complicity in Darnley's murder. On 8 August, James made Lennox the only duke in Scotland. The king, then fifteen years old, remained under the influence of Lennox for about one more year.

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James's captors forced from him a proclamation, dated 30 August, declaring that he was not being held prisoner "forced or constrained, for fear or terror, or against his will", and that no one should come to his aid as a result of "seditious or contrary reports".

775: 6177:, p. 208: "... his sexuality has long been a matter of debate. He clearly preferred the company of handsome young men. The evidence of his correspondence and contemporary accounts have led some historians to conclude that the king was homosexual or 4056:; and, of course, speeches to parliament ... He was the patron of Shakespeare, Jonson, Donne, and the translators of the "Authorized version" of the Bible, surely the greatest concentration of literary talent ever to enjoy royal sponsorship in England." 3869:

by David Lindley. Henry Howard is a traditionally reviled figure (Willson called him "A man of dark counsels and creeping schemes, learned but bombastic, and a most fulsome flatterer") whose reputation was upgraded by Linda Levy Peck's 1982 biography

1009:, and the Earl of Gowrie was killed in the ensuing fracas; there were few surviving witnesses. Given James's history with the Ruthvens and the fact that he owed them a great deal of money, his account of the circumstances was not universally believed. 4279:, p. 27: "Suffer nor admit no noblemen of our realm or any others, of what condition soever they be of, to enter or come within our said Castle or to the presence of our said dearest son, with any more persons but two or three at the most." 1832:

even at court. Henry Howard, for example, was a crypto-Catholic, received back into the Catholic Church in his final months. On ascending the English throne, James suspected that he might need the support of Catholics in England, so he assured

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As James's reign progressed, his government faced growing financial pressures, partly due to creeping inflation but also to the profligacy and financial incompetence of James's court. In February 1610, Salisbury proposed a scheme, known as the

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with England. That and his mother's execution in 1587, which he denounced as a "preposterous and strange procedure", helped clear the way for his succession south of the border. Queen Elizabeth was unmarried and childless, and James was her

5852:, p. 423: "We cannot with patience endure our subjects to use such anti-monarchical words to us concerning their liberties, except they had subjoined that they were granted unto them by the grace and favour of our predecessors." 1353:, explaining that kings are higher beings than other men for Biblical reasons, though "the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon". The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by 1612:. As a consequence, James was free to concentrate on bigger issues, such as a scheme for a closer union between England and Scotland and matters of foreign policy, as well as to enjoy his leisure pursuits, particularly hunting. 2130:

James was widely mourned. For all his flaws, he had largely retained the affection of his people, who had enjoyed uninterrupted peace and comparatively low taxation during the Jacobean era. "As he lived in peace", remarked the

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was known as the king's mistress. After his accession in England, his peaceful and scholarly attitude contrasted strikingly with the bellicose and flirtatious behaviour of Elizabeth, as indicated by the contemporary epigram

893:, who was carried fatally wounded into Stirling Castle a year later after a raid by Mary's supporters. His successor, the Earl of Mar, "took a vehement sickness" and died on 28 October 1572 at Stirling. Mar's illness, wrote 3969:

reported that the king "hath long had a desire to remove him from about the lord of Rochester, as thinking it a dishonour to him that the world should have an opinion that Rochester ruled him and Overbury ruled Rochester".

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observed that he "never yet saw any fond husband make so much or so great dalliance over his beautiful spouse as I have seen King James over his favourites, especially the Duke of Buckingham" whom the king would, recalled

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become optional. James was strict in enforcing conformity at first, inducing a sense of persecution amongst many Puritans; but ejections and suspensions from livings became rarer as the reign continued. As a result of the

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were enacted in 1609, which required clan chiefs to provide support for Protestant ministers to Highland parishes; to outlaw bards; to report regularly to Edinburgh to answer for their actions; and to send their heirs to

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among crimes "ye are bound in conscience never to forgive", and James's wife Anne gave birth to seven live children, as well as suffering two stillbirths and at least three other miscarriages. Contemporary Huguenot poet

3861:, had been a diligent correspondent with James in advance of the succession (James referred to him as "long approved and trusted Howard"). His connection with James may have owed something to the attempt by his brother 1288:, to be educated in English-speaking Protestant schools. So began a process "specifically aimed at the extirpation of the Gaelic language, the destruction of its traditional culture and the suppression of its bearers." 3805:

you that people for the most part are saying that you will look through your fingers at this deed instead of avenging it and that you don't care to take action against those who have done you this pleasure." Historian

2359:. The English crest and motto was retained. The compartment often contained a branch of the Tudor rose, with shamrock and thistle engrafted on the same stem. The arms were frequently shown with James's personal motto, 2004:) soon took control of much of the government and its patronage. Even the powerful Carr fell into the Howard camp, hardly experienced for the responsibilities thrust upon him and often dependent on his intimate friend 3709: 980:

to assert royal authority over the Kirk, and denounced the writings of his former tutor Buchanan. Between 1584 and 1603, he established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by

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began well, but the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod. The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result, although a third attempt in 1607 was more successful. The

1781:, they framed a petition asking not only for war with Spain but also for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant, and for enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws. James flatly told them not to interfere in matters of 6710:, p. 20: "Probably no single event, prior to the attempt to arrest the five members in 1642, did more to lessen the general reverence with which royalty was regarded in England than this unsavoury episode." 1698:" of 1614, which James dissolved after a mere nine weeks when the Commons hesitated to grant him the money he required. James then ruled without parliament until 1621, employing officials such as the merchant 1299:, resisted the Statutes of Iona and was consequently imprisoned. His natural son Robert led an unsuccessful rebellion against James, and the Earl and his son were hanged. Their estates were forfeited, and the 2351:, this was the first time that Ireland was included in the royal arms). The supporters became: dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned and sinister the Scottish unicorn. The unicorn replaced the 1868:, though many remained displeased. The conference also commissioned a new translation and compilation of approved books of the Bible to resolve discrepancies among different translations then being used. The 3980:

his affairs in summer 1624, afforded relief by the warm weather. She sees his continuing refusal to sanction war against Spain as a deliberate stand against the aggressive policies of Charles and Buckingham.

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as being the "dark red colour of Alicante wine". The theory is dismissed by some experts, particularly in James's case, because he had kidney stones which can lead to blood in the urine, colouring it red.

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of Scotland and England to establish a single country under one monarch, one parliament, and one law, a plan that met opposition in both realms. "Hath He not made us all in one island," James told the

6983:, pp. 3–4: "Often witty and perceptive but also prejudiced and abusive, their status as eye-witness accounts and their compulsive readability led too many historians to take them at face value"; 624:

that devastated much of Central Europe. He tried but failed to prevent the rise of hawkish elements in the English Parliament who wanted war with Spain. He was succeeded by his second son, Charles I.

2154:, in 1610. During the next 150 years, England would fight with Spain, the Netherlands, and France for control of the continent, while religious division in Ireland between Protestants and Catholics 4483:, p. 63: "So ended this nobleman, one of the chief instruments of the reformation; a defender of the same, and of the King in his minority, for the which he is now unthankfully dealt with." 8246: 3675: 3965:

him dangerous, motivated by a deep political hostility to the Howards. It cannot have been difficult to secure James's compliance, because he disliked Overbury and his influence over Carr.

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James briefly broke off diplomatic relations with England over Mary's execution, but he wrote privately that Scotland "could never have been without factions if she had beene left alive".

481:, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. He acceded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was forced to 1512:

was deferred to 15 March 1604. Dekker wrote that "the streets seemed to be paved with men; stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children; open casements filled up with women".

973:, whom the king had personally appointed royal chaplain in 1579, rebuked him so sharply from the pulpit for having issued a proclamation so offensive to the clergy "that the king wept". 953:

who noticed the physical displays of affection between him and the king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust". In August 1582, in what became known as the

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English and Scot, James insisted, should "join and coalesce together in a sincere and perfect union, as two twins bred in one belly, to love one another as no more two but one estate".

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The commissioners judging the case reached a 5–5 verdict, so James quickly appointed two extra judges guaranteed to vote in favour, an intervention which aroused public censure. When

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Assessments of the Kirk at James's death are divided. Some historians argue that the Scots might have accepted James's policies eventually, others that James left the Kirk in crisis.

1390:, applying Renaissance principles. He also made statutory provision to reform and promote the teaching of music, seeing the two in connection. One act of his reign urges the Scottish 6562: 1887:

through a General Assembly the following year, but the rulings were widely resisted. James left the church in Scotland divided at his death, a source of future problems for his son.

9048: 6782:, p. 174: "During the last eighteen months of his life James fought a very effective rearguard action to preserve his control of foreign policy ... he never became a cypher." 708:

saw the queen, who had not fully recovered and could only speak faintly. The baby was "sucking at his nurse" and was "well proportioned and like to prove a goodly prince". He was

521:, until his death in 1625. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, returning to Scotland only once, in 1617, and 3938:

Northampton assumed the day-to-day running of government business, and spoke of "the death of the little man for which so many rejoice and few do as much as seem to be sorry."

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Fischlin, Daniel; Fortier, Mark (2002), "'Enregistrate Speech': Stratagems of Monarchic Writing in the Work of James VI and I", in Fischlin, Daniel; Fortier, Mark (eds.),

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in Copenhagen in August 1589, Anne sailed for Scotland but was forced by storms to the coast of Norway. On hearing that the crossing had been abandoned, James sailed from

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Morton was elected to Mar's office and proved in many ways the most effective of James's regents, but he made enemies by his rapacity. He fell from favour when Frenchman

1702:, who were astute at raising and saving money for the crown, and sold baronetcies and other dignities, many created for the purpose, as an alternative source of income. 677:

noblemen. During Mary's and Darnley's difficult marriage, Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the murder of the queen's private secretary,

13905: 4113:, p. 27: "A very wise man was wont to say that he believed him the wisest fool in Christendom, meaning him wise in small things, but a fool in weighty affairs." 1420:

By the late 1590s, James's championing of native Scottish tradition was reduced to some extent by the increasing likelihood of his succession to the English throne.

770:, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in 13860: 8208: 977: 8472: 1251:

language, spoken fluently by James IV and probably by James V, became known in the time of James VI as "Erse" or Irish, implying that it was foreign in nature.

1883:. James returned to Scotland in 1617 for the only time after his accession in England, in the hope of implementing Anglican ritual. James's bishops forced his 10208: 1217:, but he and his immediate successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of governance. As a result, the 16th century became known as 9041: 7898: 5594: 1515:

The kingdom to which James succeeded, however, had its problems. Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance, and the costs of

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was signed between the two countries in August 1604, thanks to the skilled diplomacy of the delegation, in particular Robert Cecil and Henry Howard, now

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Throughout his life James had close relationships with male courtiers, which has caused debate among historians about their exact nature. In Scotland

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describe the peoples of the Highlands as "void of the knawledge and feir of God" who were prone to "all kynd of barbarous and bestile cruelteis". The

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in 1597, a tract inspired by his personal involvement that opposed the practice of witchcraft and that provided background material for Shakespeare's

13530: 10763: 2104:. The position of the tomb was lost for many years until his lead coffin was found in the Henry VII vault, during an excavation in the 19th century. 1274:" in 1598. James wrote that the colonists were to act "not by agreement" with the local inhabitants, but "by extirpation of thame". Their landing at 2012:, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk. James assisted Frances by securing an annulment of her marriage to free her to marry Carr, now Earl of Somerset. 13830: 11595: 2335:

The arms used in England were: Quarterly, I and IV, quarterly 1st and 4th Azure three fleurs de lys Or (for France), 2nd and 3rd Gules three lions

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See for example Rhodes, Neil (2004), "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James", in Maley, Willy; Murphy, Andrew (eds),

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In Scotland, James was "James the sixth, King of Scotland", until 1604. He was proclaimed "James the first, King of England, France, and Ireland,

1837:, a prominent sympathiser of the old religion, that he would not persecute "any that will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law". 9034: 5952:, p. 126: "On that divergence of interpretation, relations between the future king and the Parliaments of the years 1625–9 were to founder". 4133:, p. 238: "In contrast to earlier historians, recent research on his reign has tended to emphasize the wisdom and downplay the foolishness". 1417:

among others, Montgomerie being a favourite of the king. James was himself a poet, and was happy to be seen as a practising member of the group.

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Anne suffered from recurrent bouts of sickness and was seriously ill from 1617. James visited Anne only three times during her last illness. She

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profits gained under Elizabeth by naval attacks on Spanish gold shipments—called for a war directly against Spain. In November 1621, roused by

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or they would risk punishment, which provoked them into issuing a statement protesting their rights, including freedom of speech. Urged on by

10164: 1675: 885:, forcing her to flee to England, where she was subsequently kept in confinement by Elizabeth. On 23 January 1570, Moray was assassinated by 1557:

James survived two conspiracies in the first year of his reign, despite the smoothness of the succession and the warmth of his welcome: the

916:, arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the first of James's powerful favourites. James was proclaimed an adult ruler in a 881:

In 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle, leading to several years of sporadic violence. The Earl of Moray defeated Mary's troops at the

11191: 4636:, p. 61: "The two principal characters were dead, the evidence of eyewitnesses was destroyed and only King James's version remained"; 10384: 11523: 10719: 9818: 8465: 1533: 752:, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, to which the English guests took offence, thinking the satyrs "done against them". 13880: 12474: 12115: 758:

on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for the killing of Rizzio. James inherited his father's titles of

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wrote that it was 'verily thought that the disease was no other than the ordinary ague that had reigned and raged all over England'."

5194: 1716:

Another potential source of income was the prospect of a Spanish dowry from a marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales, and Infanta

1357:

but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would "stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings".

71: 5250:, Aberdeen University Press, vol. 1, pp. 141–152. Spiller points out that the trend, although unambiguous, was generally more mixed. 1828:

denying the pope's authority over the king. James was conciliatory towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance, and tolerated

834:. In accordance with the religious beliefs of most of the Scottish ruling class, James was brought up as a member of the Protestant 517:

monarch of England and Ireland, who died childless. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the

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In recent decades, much scholarship has emphasised James's success in Scotland (though there have been partial dissenters, such as

2356: 1896: 1825: 1037: 741: 1872:, as it came to be known, was completed in 1611 and is considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose. It is still in widespread use. 13895: 13765: 13760: 13718: 13267: 12569: 10415: 6068: 5186: 3989:

A medicine recommended by Buckingham had only served to make the king worse, which led to rumours that the duke had poisoned him.

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Milling, Jane (2004), "The Development of a Professional Theatre", in Milling, Jane; Thomson, Peter; Donohue, Joseph W. (eds.),

2324:

The Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland under James was symbolised heraldically by combining their arms, supporters and

1631:

James achieved more success in foreign policy. Never having been at war with Spain, he devoted his efforts to bringing the long

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In early 1625, James was plagued by severe attacks of arthritis, gout, and fainting fits, and fell seriously ill in March with

1997: 1968:, Northamptonshire, undertaken in 2004–08 revealed a previously unknown passage linking the bedchambers of James and Villiers. 1025:

crisis of 1588, he assured Elizabeth of his support as "your natural son and compatriot of your country". Elizabeth sent James

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In the early years of James's reign, the day-to-day running of the government was tightly managed by the shrewd Cecil, later

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After the Gunpowder Plot, James sanctioned harsh measures to control English Catholics. In May 1606, Parliament passed the

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James's queen, Anne of Denmark, gave birth to seven children who survived beyond birth, of whom three reached adulthood:

2347:); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( 2259: 2101: 1815: 1478: 1296: 1006: 958: 890: 451: 195: 17: 13402: 2087:

died in Peace, when he had lived about sixty years ... and so you know did King James". The sermon was later printed as

1992:

The Howard party (consisting of Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton; Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk; Suffolk's son-in-law

1386:

in 1584 at the age of 18. It was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue of

909: 637: 493:, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1589, he married 13790: 11677: 11258: 11133: 10670: 3862: 2488: 2080: 2009: 1582: 1573:, among others. Those hoping for a change in government from James were disappointed at first when he kept Elizabeth's 1175: 976:

After James escaped from Falkland on 27 June 1583, he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the

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In Scotland, James attempted to bring the Scottish Kirk "so neir as can be" to the English church and to reestablish

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in 1493 had led to troubled times for the western seaboard. James IV had subdued the organised military might of the

902: 733: 670: 526: 340: 207: 10420: 3955:, one of the added commissioners) was knighted after the annulment, he was given the nickname "Sir Nullity Bilson". 993:

One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by

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but possibly coined by Anthony Weldon, catches James's paradoxical qualities very neatly"; Anthony Weldon (1651),

1368:: "Hold no Parliaments," he tells Henry, "but for the necesitie of new Lawes, which would be but seldome". In the 1090: 13910: 12303: 12154: 11042: 10773: 10675: 10609: 10552: 10527: 10436: 10089: 9838: 9811: 3742: 2638: 2498: 2173:, his financial irresponsibility, and his cultivation of unpopular favourites established the foundations of the 2155: 1331: 1321: 886: 798:

James (right) depicted aged 17 beside his mother, 1583. In reality, they were separated when he was still a baby.

767: 580: 330: 13850: 13840: 13800: 13504: 13357: 12243: 11330: 10783: 10410: 10369: 10158: 10083: 2514: 2456: 2271: 2197: 1961: 1829: 1082: 1002: 90: 1661:, was discovered in the cellars of the parliament buildings on the night of 4–5 November 1605, the eve of the 13620: 13544: 13417: 12639: 11670: 11459: 10056: 2492: 2170: 2151: 1952: 1924: 1761: 1267: 595: 125: 3865:, to free and marry Mary, Queen of Scots, leading to his execution in 1572. For details on the Howards, see 2371:) and sinister the crowned lion of England supporting a similar lance flying a banner Argent a cross Gules ( 2189:. Over the last three hundred years, the king's reputation has suffered from the acid description of him by 1255:

decided that Gaelic had become a principal cause of the Highlanders' shortcomings and sought to abolish it.

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because they sit upon God His throne in earth and have the count of their administration to give unto Him."

3858: 2079:, with Buckingham at his bedside. James's funeral on 7 May was a magnificent but disorderly affair. Bishop 1862: 1632: 1516: 982: 779: 599: 189: 3892:

A crypto-Catholic was someone who outwardly conformed to Protestantism but remained a Catholic in private.

969:, imprisoned him, and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. On 19 September 1582, during James's imprisonment, 13651: 13646: 13610: 13457: 13452: 13237: 11445: 11177: 10793: 10734: 10690: 10573: 9952: 9433: 8805: 6063: 4625: 4536: 4002:), and there is an emerging appreciation of James's successes in the early part of his reign in England. 2520: 1740: 1477:

From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth's life, certain English politicians—notably her chief minister

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in 1625. Although he long tried to get both countries to adopt a closer political union, the kingdoms of

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the king to declare war and engineered the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Lionel Cranfield, by now made

1380:

In the 1580s and 1590s, James promoted the literature of his native country. He published his treatise

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with the thistle ensigned with the royal crown, a harp (for Ireland) and a fleur de lys (for France).

13885: 13656: 13615: 12486: 12429: 12014: 11635: 9713: 9508: 9453: 9061: 8885: 8825: 8724: 8481: 7812: 4069: 3999: 2508: 2332:, and to which kingdom should take precedence, was solved by having different arms for each country. 1915: 1821: 1566: 1018: 894: 839: 701: 572:

contributing to a flourishing literary culture. James was a prolific writer, authoring works such as

510: 13835: 13820: 13327: 11610: 11474: 11469: 11027: 10835: 10788: 10231: 10049: 10016: 9514: 9503: 9209: 9065: 9057: 8890: 8880: 8689: 7463: 4125:, p. 6: "Historians have returned to reconsidering James as a serious and intelligent ruler"; 1858: 1365: 1013: 744:, whom she referred to as "a pocky priest", spit in the child's mouth, as was then the custom. The 721: 591: 8674: 8654: 8217: 938: 544:. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the 13845: 13810: 13745: 13563: 13307: 13227: 12644: 12233: 12144: 11545: 11290: 11250: 11083: 10971: 10177: 9483: 9478: 9463: 9438: 8860: 8855: 8835: 8810: 8270: 7733: 7570:

Buckingham: The Life and Political Career of George Villiers, First Duke of Buckingham, 1592–1628

6997: 6855:, p. 447: "All was performed with great magnificence, but ... very confused and disorderly." 6077: 4690:

Goodare, Julian (2000). "James VI's English Subsidy". In Goodare, Julian; Lynch, Michael (eds.).

4085: 2393: 2348: 1636: 1456: 1066: 815: 522: 13041: 9145: 8634: 6040:, pp. 201, 209: "In things indifferent, they are seditious which obey not the magistrates". 5246:

Spiller, Michael (1988), "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660", in Craig, Cairns (general editor),

4825: 3905:

wrote to James warning him that sermons against bishops were being preached daily in Edinburgh.

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Calendar of letters and papers relating to the affairs of the borders of England and Scotland

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a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or. The

2255: 2186: 2178: 1493: 1414: 1350: 1206: 970: 604: 12604: 11435: 11275: 9357: 9109: 8739: 1852:, wedding rings, and the term "priest", among other things, and that the wearing of cap and 13755: 13750: 13297: 13177: 12946: 12753: 12594: 12521: 12213: 12174: 12159: 11693: 11453: 11382: 11345: 11280: 11231: 11221: 11208: 11123: 11098: 10747: 10680: 10633: 10568: 10501: 10122: 9930: 9878: 9862: 9630: 9577: 9567: 9557: 9530: 9448: 9371: 9305: 9260: 9250: 9244: 9233: 9227: 9177: 8969: 8959: 8949: 8939: 8919: 8908: 8896: 8820: 8749: 8624: 8334: 8317: 7872: 7624:

Elizabethan Espionage: Plotters and Spies in the Struggle Between Catholicism and the Crown

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In furtherance of these aims, James was both patron and head of a loose circle of Scottish

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historians on the tradition of tracing Charles I's errors back to his father's reign, see

6032:, p. 205: "In seeking conformity, James gave a name and a purpose to nonconformity"; 1981: 8: 13487: 13367: 13337: 13257: 12783: 12723: 12044: 11964: 11653: 11464: 11320: 11263: 11143: 11108: 11063: 10900: 10890: 10798: 10724: 10604: 10486: 10441: 10313: 10128: 9846: 9657: 9610: 9552: 9488: 9285: 9275: 9255: 9221: 9026: 8979: 8934: 8865: 8365: 3466: 2994: 2318: 2314: 2301:

armed, crined and unguled Proper, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and

2147: 1717: 1640: 1446: 1434: 1382: 1243: 1223:, the time of raids. Furthermore, the effects of the Reformation were slow to affect the 1171: 966: 847: 810:, "to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought" in the security of Stirling Castle. James was 745: 709: 557: 529:". He was an advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the 455: 447: 231: 66: 12531: 8083: 5124:, pp. 134–135: "James wrote well, scattering engaging asides throughout the text"; 13499: 13494: 13477: 13472: 12941: 12449: 12386: 11376: 11216: 11017: 10905: 10768: 10323: 9694: 9332: 9280: 9204: 9013: 9009: 8984: 8614: 8569: 8231: 8180: 8146: 7535: 7281: 7171: 6223: 4865: 4826:"Witchcraft against Royal Danish Ships in 1589 and the Transnational Transfer of Ideas" 4352: 4102: 2429: 1869: 1841: 1620: 1081:

called "the one romantic episode of his life". The couple were married formally at the

882: 835: 697: 549: 459: 247: 12931: 7056:

Reviews and History: Covering books and digital resources across all fields of history

6791: 6563:"Filled with 'a number of male lovelies': the surprising court of King James VI and I" 5183: 2420: 2024: 1231:, driving a religious wedge between this area and centres of political control in the 712:"Charles James" or "James Charles" on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at 13462: 13407: 13247: 13036: 12698: 12624: 12599: 12401: 12203: 11605: 11493: 11489: 11422: 11407: 11340: 11335: 11012: 10910: 10695: 9327: 9140: 8514: 8241: 8184: 8120: 8093: 8081:

The History of England from the Accession of James 1st to the Restoration (1603–1660)

8057: 8043: 7993: 7979: 7958: 7936: 7880: 7859: 7853: 7838: 7799: 7781: 7759: 7741: 7720: 7699: 7681: 7663: 7645: 7627: 7609: 7591: 7573: 7552: 7521: 7503: 7471: 7450: 7429: 7411: 7405: 7388: 7382: 7364: 7341: 7323: 7305: 7287: 7179: 7138: 6799: 6541: 6523: 6495: 6487: 6470: 6423: 6367: 6335: 6245: 6196: 6081: 4869: 4857: 4449: 3792: 3021: 2376: 2174: 2123: 1803: 1782: 1695: 1589: 1497: 1354: 1045: 994: 863: 737: 642: 304: 260: 12516: 9188: 7774: 6486:(1994). "Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England". In 2029: 1577:

in office, as secretly planned with Cecil, but James soon added long-time supporter

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Fincham, Kenneth; Lake, Peter (1985). "The ecclesiastical policy of King James I"

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Schwarz, Marc L. (1974). "James I and the Historians: Toward a Reconsideration"

4101:, p. 238: "The label 'the wisest fool in Christendom', often attributed to 3791:

As the Earl of Bedford was a Protestant, his place in the ceremony was taken by

1971:

Some biographers of James argue that the relationships were not sexual. James's

827: 13605: 13586: 13514: 13422: 13412: 13141: 13016: 13001: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12911: 12886: 12841: 12821: 12683: 12654: 12629: 12584: 12564: 12526: 12361: 12351: 12208: 12039: 11852: 11559: 11365: 11360: 11325: 11285: 11158: 11093: 11088: 11022: 11002: 10946: 10251: 10241: 10236: 10072: 9738: 9536: 9321: 8509: 8418: 8237: 8025: 7950: 7907: 7826: 7378: 5603: 3498: 3376: 2852: 2717: 2325: 2190: 2159: 2132: 1691: 1652: 1616: 1609: 1605: 1570: 1406: 1292: 1070: 1022: 913: 759: 662: 609: 545: 514: 467: 7358: 7051: 6062:

Spinks, Bryan D. (2006). "Anglicans and Dissenters". In Wainwright, Geoffrey;

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James heard on 7 October of the decision to postpone the crossing for winter.

2224:'s 1956 biography continued much of this hostility. In the words of historian 1315: 13739: 13702: 13666: 13555: 13447: 13277: 13187: 13136: 13106: 13096: 13026: 13021: 13011: 12871: 12861: 12851: 12826: 12693: 12671: 12589: 12496: 12469: 12454: 12396: 12079: 11412: 10956: 10951: 10284: 10274: 8519: 8130: 8066:

Lee, Maurice (1984). "James I and the Historians: Not a Bad King After All?"

7893: 7565: 7354: 6627: 6515: 6387: 4861: 4842: 3952: 3587: 2482: 2302: 2275: 2232: 2225: 2162:

of his realms, James helped lay the foundations for a unitary British state.

1956: 1880: 1752: 1721: 1711: 1662: 1624: 1574: 1538: 1470: 1271: 1258: 1179: 1110: 1054: 934: 819: 749: 689: 617: 569: 350: 47: 8437: 6932: 6210: 4463: 1793:, James ripped the protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament. 1727: 13641: 13636: 13427: 13111: 13101: 13091: 12956: 12951: 12891: 12866: 12836: 12831: 12738: 12733: 12579: 12459: 12193: 12129: 11999: 11989: 11984: 11903: 11893: 11837: 11727: 11579: 11540: 11387: 11148: 11073: 9763: 9520: 8902: 8579: 7971: 7712: 7130: 4448:. Vol. II: 1567–1589. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 242–244. 3701: 2352: 2118: 2068: 2048: 1849: 1528: 1402: 1387: 1232: 1187: 1146: 954: 851: 778:

in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother

763: 678: 574: 518: 9115: 8679: 2231:

Representative of the new historical perspective is the 2003 biography by

2008:

for assistance with government papers. Carr had an adulterous affair with

1519:

had become a heavy burden on the government, which had debts of £400,000.

1467: 985:, who led the government until 1592. An eight-man commission known as the 13126: 13121: 13056: 13051: 12901: 12773: 12728: 12718: 12511: 12506: 12444: 12381: 12164: 12139: 12064: 12024: 11994: 11969: 11949: 11928: 11908: 11888: 11878: 11847: 11712: 11571: 11440: 11355: 11200: 10931: 10008: 10000: 9768: 9753: 9338: 8659: 8599: 8564: 8344: 7549:

The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James

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Other influential anti-James histories written during the 1650s include:

2001: 1778: 1744: 1501: 1102: 669:. Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being 613: 490: 103: 8639: 1951:

Some of James's biographers conclude that Esmé Stewart, Duke of Lennox;

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to London with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as

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Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody

1159: 1155: 1098: 950: 946: 929: 674: 666: 565: 561: 466:, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, ruled by James in 8163:—— (2012). "James VI and I: Time for a Reconsideration?". 8110: 7338:

The Blessed Revolution: English Politics and the Coming of War 1621–24

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James used: the Tudor rose, the thistle (for Scotland; first used by

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with a 300-strong retinue to fetch Anne personally in what historian

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King of Scotland (1566–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625)

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A History of the Modern British Isles – 1603–1707 – The Double Crown

7736:(2003), "Politics in Early Stuart Britain", in Coward, Barry (ed.), 7518:

English and Catholic: The Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century

7468:

Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland

1005:, the seat of the Ruthvens. Ruthven was run through by James's page 794: 13482: 13061: 12798: 12391: 12356: 12330: 12310: 12263: 12074: 12029: 11913: 11817: 11807: 11772: 11742: 11549: 11241: 10186: 9992: 9748: 9689: 9295: 9120: 8684: 8649: 8644: 8604: 8559: 8539: 8529: 8504: 8259: 8255: 8176: 6178: 2290: 1853: 1798: 1558: 1304: 1214: 1094: 872: 482: 10041: 4745:. Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI. Woodbridge. p. 35. 2218:

Historical Memoirs of the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James

2210:

History of Great Britain, Being the Life and Reign of King James I

2181:, combined with a disdain for Parliament, which culminated in the 1185:

James became concerned with the threat posed by witches and wrote

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from 1586 which gave her some leverage over affairs in Scotland.

766:. Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to 378: 7137:, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, 2059:

exhibited some symptoms. James described his urine to physician

41: 12268: 12069: 11857: 11832: 11822: 11792: 11777: 10845: 9458: 9406: 9130: 9125: 8830: 8780: 6073: 4743:

James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588–1596

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Divine Catastrophe of the Kingly Family of the House of Stuarts

1976: 1772:

in 1620, and Spanish troops simultaneously invaded Frederick's

1550: 1345:), in which he argues a theological basis for monarchy. In the 1300: 783: 486: 11169: 7542:, Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable, Edinburgh University Press 7487:(1988), "Poetry under King James VI", in Craig, Cairns (ed.), 7214:, but at the time poison was the most popular explanation ... 7052:"The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I" 6796:

Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe

6254:

Royal Family, Royal Lovers: King James of England and Scotland

12298: 11787: 11722: 10876: 9378: 8754: 8694: 6419:

The Cabaret poetry of Théophile de Viau: Texts and Traditions

6332:

Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms

2282: 1391: 1266:

It was against this background that James VI authorised the "

1074: 7189: 6729: 5710: 4074:

The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662

3926:

Et ce savant roy d'Angleterre / foutoit-il pas le Boukinquan

2375:). The Scottish crest and motto was retained, following the 2260:

in line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1801

1955:; and George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, were his lovers. 1174:. Several people were convicted of using witchcraft to send 1162:, which he considered a branch of theology. He attended the 540:

At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was the

12293: 11717: 11305: 9162: 7676:

Rhodes, Neil; Richards, Jennifer; Marshall, Joseph (2003),

7112: 6605: 6109: 5790: 5778: 5750: 5584:

Nicholls, Mark (2004). "Rookwood, Ambrose (c. 1578–1606)".

5501: 2044: 1455:

The Union of the Crowns was symbolised in James's personal

9056: 4939: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4722: 4378: 4217: 2355:

introduced by the Tudors. The unicorn has remained in the

11862: 11757: 8090:

Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I

7031: 6935:, leaving the Duke as the object of widespread ridicule." 5903: 5084:, p. 131: "Kings are called gods by the prophetical 5064: 5062: 4963: 2177:. James bequeathed his son Charles a fatal belief in the 2093: 912:, first cousin of James's father Lord Darnley and future 426:(James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was 7693: 7426:

Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I

7286:, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California, 6099: 6097: 5091: 5013: 4764: 2481:(19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612). Died, probably of 2075:

in Hertfordshire on 27 March during a violent attack of

1041:

1589 marriage contract between James and Anne of Denmark

7302:

Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography

6753: 6741: 6677: 6665: 6637: 6581: 6007: 5967: 5955: 5855: 5830: 5818: 5698: 5650: 5553: 5529: 5489: 5477: 5450: 5266: 5160: 5031: 4876: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4334: 4205: 2541:

James's relationship to the houses of Stuart and Tudor

2313:

affrontée Gules, imperially crowned Or, holding in the

1585:

to the Privy Council, as well as five Scottish nobles.

1433:

in the Scottish tradition, which included his ancestor

612:

claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in

7675: 6443: 5467: 5465: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5389: 5361: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5103: 5059: 4805: 4698: 4411: 4409: 4322: 4229: 4045: 2169:

historians of the mid-17th-century, James's taste for

7818:

Sir James Melvill of Halhill; Memoirs of his own life

7280:

Akrigg, G. P. V. (George Philip Vernon), ed. (1984),

7007: 6950: 6938: 6902: 6153: 6121: 6094: 6043: 5979: 5722: 5541: 5019: 4975: 4951: 4710: 4514: 4486: 4310: 4241: 4193: 4015: 3676:

The Essayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of Poesie

2442:

Coat of arms used from 1603 to 1625 outside Scotland

2039:

In his later years, James suffered increasingly from

1861:

of 1604, some Puritan demands were acceded to in the

1224: 1218: 8156:

King James VI and I and the History of Homosexuality

7320:

Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History

7019: 6962: 6689: 5625: 5565: 5135: 4776: 2517:(18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602). Died aged 4 months. 2244: 1500:. An outbreak of plague restricted festivities. The 1089:

and a gift of 10,000 dalers from his mother-in-law,

889:. The next regent was James's paternal grandfather, 7662:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 7447:

My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots

6522:. Vol. III: Civil War. Macmillan. p. 45. 6290:

The Parliament of 1624: Politics and Foreign Policy

6277:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 348. 5747:. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. pp. 88–89. 5462: 5413: 5349: 5306: 5278: 5228: 5216: 4793: 4740: 4671: 4643: 4571: 4406: 4366: 4298: 2507:(19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649). Married 1625 7773: 6422:, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, pp. 103–104, 5585: 3687:His Majesties Poeticall Exercises at Vacant Houres 2491:(19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662). Married 1613 1964:, "tumble and kiss as a mistress". Restoration of 1154:James's visit to Denmark, a country familiar with 8480: 7660:Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England 7540:Collected Essays and Reviews of Thomas Graves Law 7167: 7165: 6469:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 167–170. 4443: 3847:James described Cecil as "king there in effect". 3710:Extra-titular Works from the Collected Demonology 2126:depicted James being carried to heaven by angels. 2083:of Lincoln preached the sermon, observing, "King 1319:James argued a theological basis for monarchy in 1085:on 23 November. James received a dowry of 75,000 1065:, younger daughter of the Protestant Danish king 774:; she never saw her son again. She was forced to 497:. Three of their children survived to adulthood: 13906:Founders of colleges of the University of Oxford 13737: 7363:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 6364:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 4275:Letter of Mary to Mar, 29 March 1567, quoted by 2505:Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland 2445:Coat of arms used from 1603 to 1625 in Scotland 2235:. Reviewer John Cramsie summarises her findings: 2142:by English and Scots Protestants began, and the 1879:, a policy that met with strong opposition from 7423: 4444:Wiggins, Martin; Richardson, Catherine (2012). 4068: 4033: 2523:(8 April 1605 – 16 December 1607). Died aged 2. 2165:According to a tradition originating with anti- 1394:to reform and support the teaching of music in 657:. Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of 13585: 7162: 7155: 7153: 7151: 6778:, p. 101: "James never became a cypher"; 5213:, Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, pp. 1–2. 4741:Kerr-Peterson, Miles; Pearce, Michael (2020). 1760:, especially after his Protestant son-in-law, 1364:court", foreshadows his difficulties with the 1144:Suspected witches kneeling before King James; 13571: 11678: 11185: 10861: 10202: 10057: 9812: 9042: 8466: 8442: 8133:(1983). "James VI and I: Two Kings or One?". 7520:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 6262:, Routledge Dearborn Publishers, p. 312. 2501:(24 December 1598 – March 1600). Died aged 1. 1824:, which could require any subject to take an 1676:James I of England and the English Parliament 12184: 10711:Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay 8028:(2009). "The debts of James VI of Scotland" 7902:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 7304:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 5598:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3924: 2270:As King of Scotland, James bore the ancient 2262:, although he did not actually rule France. 1931:, are both said to have been James's lovers. 1686:liberty with more modesty in time to come". 13861:People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 12120: 10720:Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange 9609:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 8042:pp. 96–136, Harvard University Press. 7933:Jacobean Pageant: The Court of King James I 7896:(May 2011) , "James VI and I (1566–1625)", 7756:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I 7148: 7124: 7093: 7068: 6923:, p. 348: "A 1627 mission to save the 6819:., Liverpool University Press, pp. 128–129. 6275:King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire 6260:Reader's Guide To Gay & Lesbian Studies 6242:King James and the History of Homosexuality 6170: 6168: 4552:, Volume 50 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1897) 4548:"Ruthven, William", by T. F. Henderson, in 3772:A Premonition to All Most Mightie Monarches 2529:(June 1606). Died within 48 hours of birth. 1945:Rex fuit Elizabeth, nunc est regina Iacobus 1943: 1791:Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count of Gondomar 949:convert, but he was distrusted by Scottish 13578: 13564: 11685: 11671: 11192: 11178: 10868: 10854: 10209: 10195: 10064: 10050: 9819: 9805: 9786:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 9049: 9035: 8473: 8459: 8230: 8040:Authority and Conflict – England 1603–1658 7317: 7178:Revised edition, London: Frederick Warne, 6174: 4760:. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. 99–100. 2328:. Contention as to how the arms should be 2146:started its course with the foundation of 1948:(Elizabeth was King, now James is Queen). 681:, just three months before James's birth. 556:and drama continued, with writers such as 40: 13856:People associated with the Gunpowder Plot 7644:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7603: 7400: 7097:Proclamation by the King, 20 October 1604 6896:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey 6494:. Duke University Press. pp. 42–44. 5263:, Manchester University Press, pp. 38–39. 5195:Association for Scottish Literary Studies 5037: 4851: 4841: 4824:Willumsen, Liv Helene (1 December 2020). 4823: 4755: 4211: 4064: 4062: 2293:flory counter-flory Gules. The arms were 1890: 1522: 594:into English (later named after him, the 11692: 10512:Annabella, Countess of Geneva and Huntly 7851: 7825: 7793: 7642:The Cambridge History of British Theatre 7626:, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 7495: 7491:, vol. 1, Aberdeen University Press 7335: 7263: 6898:, London: John Murray, pp. 499–526. 6415: 6334:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 6272: 6165: 5889: 5583: 4993: 4969: 4885: 4830:International Review of Scottish Studies 4633: 3762:, 1604, a strong denunciation of tobacco 2455: 2158:. By actively pursuing more than just a 2122:On the ceiling of the Banqueting House, 2117: 2023: 1897:Personal relationships of James VI and I 1726: 1532: 1450: 1314: 1257: 1200: 1139: 1044: 1036: 928: 793: 704:. Five days later, the English diplomat 636: 448:union of the Scottish and English crowns 13831:English pretenders to the French throne 13719:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland 13268:Reflections on the Revolution in France 10347:, first monarch of the House of Stewart 8284:James VI of Scotland & I of England 8129: 7955:King James VI of Scotland, I of England 7899:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7892: 7871: 7811: 7753: 7639: 7585: 7564: 7546: 7515: 7299: 7251: 7247: 7231: 7227: 7207: 7195: 7118: 7072:Proclamation by the King, 24 March 1603 7049: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6984: 6920: 6893: 6852: 6832: 6779: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6683: 6671: 6659: 6655: 6643: 6623: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6514: 6449: 6354: 6292:. Harvard University Press. p. 77. 6147: 6143: 6115: 6069:The Oxford History of Christian Worship 6037: 6029: 6013: 6001: 5973: 5961: 5937: 5921: 5877: 5861: 5849: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5756: 5716: 5704: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5595:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5588:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5559: 5523: 5507: 5495: 5456: 5444: 5395: 5383: 5379: 5367: 5343: 5327: 5300: 5296: 5154: 5125: 5109: 5081: 5068: 5053: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4897: 4811: 4770: 4728: 4716: 4689: 4665: 4661: 4637: 4629: 4609: 4605: 4593: 4565: 4520: 4508: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4431: 4427: 4400: 4396: 4384: 4316: 4292: 4288: 4276: 4263: 4247: 4223: 4199: 4174: 4158: 4126: 4107:The Court and Character of King James I 4021: 2071:and then suffered a stroke. He died at 1440: 1405:court poets and musicians known as the 802:The care of James was entrusted to the 14: 13738: 10815:Charles Edward "Bonnie Prince Charlie" 10343:The generations indicate descent from 8275:The National Archives (United Kingdom) 7949: 7930: 7771: 7711: 7678:King James VI and I: Selected Writings 7621: 7462: 7449:, London and New York: Fourth Estate, 7410:, London: English Universities Press, 7377: 7279: 6794:; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998), 6707: 6630:, speaking at Carr's trial, quoted by 6535: 6386: 6302: 6257: 6228:The Love That Dared Not Speak its Name 6061: 5997: 5897: 5728: 5339: 5184:Scottish Literature: 1603 and all that 5025: 5009: 4997: 4981: 4957: 4945: 4929: 4142: 4110: 4059: 3766:An Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance 3541: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3298: 3188: 3184: 1669: 1596:, whom James made Baron Ellesmere and 1158:, sparked an interest in the study of 289: 13559: 11666: 11173: 10849: 10794:James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales 10650:James VI of Scotland and I of England 10190: 10045: 9826: 9800: 9030: 8454: 8441: 8162: 8153: 7798:, Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 7732: 7696:The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide 7657: 7353: 7318:Bucholz, Robert; Key, Newton (2004), 7243: 7037: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6931:ended in an ignominious siege on the 6908: 6864: 6848: 6828: 6775: 6771: 6719: 6695: 6631: 6287: 6159: 6139: 6127: 6103: 6049: 6025: 5985: 5949: 5933: 5909: 5893: 5873: 5768: 5688: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5631: 5571: 5547: 5535: 5519: 5483: 5471: 5428: 5407: 5355: 5315: 5284: 5141: 5121: 5097: 5049: 4909: 4799: 4787: 4704: 4694:. East Linton: Tuckwell. p. 115. 4677: 4649: 4621: 4589: 4577: 4561: 4415: 4372: 4340: 4328: 4304: 4130: 4122: 4098: 3717:A Letter To The Whole Church Militant 3617: 3607: 3603: 3591: 3585: 3575: 3559: 3549: 3545: 3529: 3523: 3513: 3496: 3486: 3482: 3470: 3464: 3454: 3438: 3428: 3424: 3400: 3390: 3374: 3364: 3360: 3348: 3342: 3332: 3316: 3306: 3302: 3286: 3280: 3270: 3254: 3244: 3240: 3228: 3222: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3103: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3058: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2954: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2894: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2832: 2806: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2762: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2604: 2584: 2571: 2560: 2549: 2321:paw a sceptre both erect and Proper. 2144:English colonisation of North America 2114:Cultural depictions of James VI and I 1375: 1310: 1242:had toured the Hebrides, forcing the 826:, on 29 July 1567. The sermon at the 814:at the age of thirteen months at the 10216: 7719:, vol. II, New York: Hyperion, 7483: 6482: 6461: 6358: 6230:. London: Heinemann. pp. 43–44. 6222: 6190: 5272: 5234: 5222: 5166: 5132:is the best prose James ever wrote". 4446:British Drama 1533–1642: A Catalogue 4046:Rhodes, Richards & Marshall 2003 3319:Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus 2439:Coat of arms used from 1567 to 1603 2249: 2055:, a disease of which his descendant 1615:James was ambitious to build on the 1424:and other courtier poets started to 692:of the monarch automatically became 535:English colonisation of the Americas 293: 13713:William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle 13378:The End of History and the Last Man 13288:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 11134:Makar or National Poet for Scotland 10071: 8015:(1907). "Britain under James I" in 7976:The Stuart Age – England, 1603–1714 7957:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 7606:Gaelic – A Past and Future Prospect 7533: 7441: 6329: 5440: 4532: 4259: 4235: 4190:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 290. 4170: 4154: 3668: 3225:Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox 2357:royal arms of the two united realms 2019: 1929:George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham 1835:Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland 1816:James VI and I and religious issues 1787:George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham 1592:, ably assisted by the experienced 1307:islands were annexed to the Crown. 924: 552:. Under James, the "Golden Age" of 24: 11259:History of Christianity in Britain 10028: 8147:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb01404.x 7923: 7608:, Edinburgh: The Saltire Society, 7489:The History of Scottish Literature 6560: 6366:. Random House. pp. 249–251. 5892:, pp. 224–225, 243, 281–299; 5248:The History of Scottish Literature 4157:, pp. 236–237, 241–242, 270; 3723:The Argument Of This Whole Epistle 2428: 2419: 2410: 1998:Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham 1809: 1270:" to civilise the "most barbarous 1168:persecution of witches in Scotland 684:James was born on 19 June 1566 at 641:Portrait of James as a boy, after 25: 13922: 13881:Scottish people of French descent 13688:Gunpowder Plot in popular culture 10686:Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne 8228:National Portrait Gallery, London 8193: 8119:chs. 2, 3.1, and 3.2. Blackwell. 7852:Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970), 7694:Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995), 7499:Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland 7159:Pinches and Pinches, pp. 168–169. 4872:– via www.irss.uoguelph.ca. 4357:History of the Church in Scotland 4052:; a manual on kingship; works of 2467:by Samuel Woodburn (1814), after 2245:Titles, styles, honours, and arms 2010:Frances Howard, Countess of Essex 1848:clergy demanded the abolition of 1646: 1262:Scottish gold coin from 1609–1625 734:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 527:King of Great Britain and Ireland 341:Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne 13348:The Open Society and Its Enemies 11647: 11240: 10875: 10666:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 8263: 8247:Works by or about James VI and I 8224:Portraits of King James I and VI 7796:Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides 7496:Keay, John; Keay, Julia (1994), 7428:, Wayne State University Press, 7283:Letters of King James VI & I 7257: 7237: 7221: 7201: 7087: 7062: 7043: 6990: 6974: 6914: 6887: 6858: 6838: 6822: 6809: 6785: 6765: 6713: 6701: 6649: 6617: 6593: 6554: 6508: 6455: 6409: 6380: 6348: 6322: 6296: 6281: 6266: 6256:, University of Missouri Press; 6234: 6216: 6184: 6133: 6055: 6019: 5991: 5943: 5927: 5915: 5883: 5867: 5842: 5802: 5762: 5734: 5682: 5662: 5637: 5577: 5513: 5434: 4550:Dictionary of National Biography 4359:, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 3992: 3983: 3973: 3958: 3941: 3932: 3917: 3908: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3850: 3729:A Paraphrase Upon The Revelation 3199:John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox 2479:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 1914: 1905: 1751:The policy was supported by the 1705: 1483:secret correspondence with James 1205:The forcible dissolution of the 1107:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 963:Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus 730:Francis Russell, Earl of Bedford 511:succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I 477:, and a great-great-grandson of 413: 321:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 204:(1571‍–‍1572) 198:(1570‍–‍1571) 192:(1567‍–‍1570) 13891:Scottish scholars and academics 12155:Family as a model for the state 11199: 10487:Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria 10416:Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford 10107:Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541) 9086:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 8211:at the official website of the 8202:at the official website of the 6817:The Turnstone: A Doctor's Story 6392:"Queen James and His Courtiers" 6240:e.g. Young, Michael B. (2000), 6181:. In fact, the issue is murky." 5373: 5333: 5290: 5253: 5240: 5200: 5172: 5147: 5115: 5074: 5043: 5003: 4987: 4923: 4903: 4817: 4749: 4734: 4683: 4655: 4615: 4599: 4583: 4555: 4542: 4498: 4470: 4437: 4421: 4390: 4346: 4282: 4269: 4253: 4180: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3813: 3798: 3785: 3743:The True Law of Free Monarchies 1739:1620. In the background is the 1332:The True Law of Free Monarchies 1322:The True Law of Free Monarchies 1297:Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney 959:William Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie 933:James in 1586, age 20 (attrib. 891:Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox 887:James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh 768:James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell 581:The True Law of Free Monarchies 548:in 1605 and conflicts with the 542:longest of any Scottish monarch 285: 210:(1572‍–‍1579) 196:Matthew Stewart, Earl of Lennox 13896:Lord high stewards of Scotland 13766:17th-century Scottish monarchs 13761:16th-century Scottish monarchs 13505:Separation of church and state 13403:Collectivism and individualism 13358:The Origins of Totalitarianism 9083:Monarchs of England until 1603 7340:, Cambridge University Press, 6416:Gaudiani, Claire Lynn (1981), 4188:Calendar State Papers Scotland 4164: 4148: 4136: 4116: 4092: 4039: 4027: 3863:Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk 2533: 2389:) was placed above the crest. 1135: 918:ceremony of Entry to Edinburgh 13: 1: 13796:17th-century Scottish writers 13786:16th-century Scottish writers 13771:17th-century English monarchs 13545:Category:Political philosophy 13418:Critique of political economy 10748:Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans 10482:Isabella, Duchess of Brittany 10450:Margaret, Countess of Douglas 10385:Isabella, Countess of Douglas 8482:Pictish and Scottish monarchs 7978:5th edition ch.4. Routledge. 7758:, London: Chatto and Windus, 7738:A Companion to Stuart Britain 7135:The Royal Heraldry of England 6996:For more on the influence of 6303:Graham, Fiona (5 June 2008). 6252:; Bergeron, David M. (1991), 6244:, New York University Press, 5014:Rotary Club of Stornoway 1995 4758:Scotland's Last Royal Wedding 4009: 2511:. Succeeded James I & VI. 2493:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 2461:James I and his royal progeny 1994:William Knollys, Lord Knollys 1953:Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset 1925:Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset 1789:, and the Spanish ambassador 1762:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 1736: 1681:July 1604, James had angrily 1565:, which led to the arrest of 1542: 1268:Gentleman Adventurers of Fife 1091:Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 1053:1605, portrait attributed to 1050: 910:Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny 903:James Douglas, Earl of Morton 596:Authorized King James Version 208:James Douglas, Earl of Morton 84:24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625 51: 13876:Scottish non-fiction writers 13806:Burials at Westminster Abbey 13443:Institutional discrimination 13438:History of political thought 12170:Negative and positive rights 11227:Continuing Anglican movement 10779:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 10477:Margaret, Dauphine of France 8017:The Cambridge Modern History 7915:UK public library membership 7133:; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), 6815:e.g. Dean, Geoffrey (2002), 6064:Westerfield Tucker, Karen B. 5619:UK public library membership 5197:, retrieved 18 October 2011. 3867:The Trials of Frances Howard 3859:Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 3152:King of Scotland and England 1437:, became largely sidelined. 999:John Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie 983:John Maitland of Thirlestane 789: 780:James Stewart, Earl of Moray 688:, and as the eldest son and 627: 450:on 24 March 1603 until 190:James Stewart, Earl of Moray 138:24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625 7: 13901:16th-century Scottish peers 13866:People of the Stuart period 13781:16th-century Scottish poets 13776:17th-century Irish monarchs 13453:Justification for the state 13238:Two Treatises of Government 11626:Anglicanism of the Americas 11057:18th century – 20th century 10671:Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 10497:Alexander, Duke of Rothesay 10401:Marjorie, Countess of Moray 10396:Margaret, Lady of the Isles 9693:British monarchs after the 8262:(public domain audiobooks) 8030:The Economic History Review 7622:Martin, Patrick H. (2016), 7604:MacKinnon, Kenneth (1991), 7538:, in Brown, P. Hume (ed.), 7534:Law, Thomas Graves (1904), 7387:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 7050:Cramsie, John (June 2003), 6273:Bergeron, David M. (1999). 4034:Fischlin & Fortier 2002 3953:Bishop Bilson of Winchester 3174:Ancestors of James VI and I 3165: 2489:Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 2406: 2102:buried in Westminster Abbey 1741:Banqueting House, Whitehall 1176:storms against James's ship 1032: 740:). Mary refused to let the 736:(represented by ambassador 326:Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 10: 13927: 13587:The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 12123:Bellum omnium contra omnes 11331:Dissolution of Monasteries 11048:John Stewart of Baldynneis 11033:Robert Sempill the younger 10967:John Stewart of Baldynneis 10764:Charles, Duke of Cambridge 10111:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 8165:Journal of British Studies 8154:Young, Michael B. (1999). 8104:Journal of British Studies 8004:Journal of British Studies 7794:Thompson, Francis (1968), 7698:, Machynlleth: Kittiwake, 7336:Cogswell, Thomas (2005) , 7300:Barroll, J. Leeds (2001), 7272: 6396:Gay History and Literature 3759:A Counterblaste to Tobacco 3535: 3418: 3292: 3283:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 3186: 2463:by Charles Turner, from a 2386:In My Defens God Me Defend 2152:Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland 2111: 1894: 1813: 1709: 1673: 1650: 1526: 1494:James's English coronation 1444: 1164:North Berwick witch trials 1012:In 1586, James signed the 655:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 653:, and her second husband, 649:James was the only son of 394:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 336:Charles I, King of England 310: 13791:16th-century male writers 13680: 13629: 13593: 13540: 13390: 13159: 12807: 12540: 12420: 12339: 12251: 12242: 12108: 11942: 11871: 11700: 11644: 11636:Reformed Episcopal Church 11588: 11488: 11421: 11249: 11238: 11207: 11132: 11056: 10980: 10924: 10883: 10832: 10807: 10756: 10743:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 10704: 10658: 10642: 10618: 10587: 10561: 10538:Alexander, Duke of Albany 10520: 10469: 10429: 10406:David, Earl of Strathearn 10375:Alexander, Earl of Buchan 10352: 10341: 10332: 10314:Stewart of Castle Stewart 10298: 10224: 10174: 10079: 10026: 9834: 9781: 9704: 9688: 9684: 9621: 9604: 9600: 9077: 9073: 9003: 8723: 8488: 8448: 8443:Links to related articles 8416: 8408: 8393: 8384: 8371: 8364: 8349: 8341: 8331: 8322: 8314: 8309: 8282: 8088:Peck, Linda Levy (1982). 7931:Akrigg, G. P. V. (1978). 7879:, London: Jonathan Cape, 7516:Krugler, John D. (2004), 7502:, London: HarperCollins, 7470:, Edinburgh: Mainstream, 6540:. Hambledon. p. 38. 6288:Ruigh, Robert E. (1971). 4756:Stevenson, David (1997). 3605: 3597: 3569: 3547: 3543: 3507: 3484: 3476: 3448: 3426: 3422: 3384: 3362: 3354: 3326: 3304: 3300: 3264: 3242: 3234: 3206: 3190: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3078: 3076: 3062: 3060: 3010: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2962: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2934: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2882: 2876: 2856: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2730: 2728: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2674: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2590: 2569: 2509:Henrietta Maria of France 2427: 2418: 2409: 2187:abolition of the monarchy 2107: 2034:National Portrait Gallery 1567:Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham 1496:took place on 25 July at 997:, the younger brother of 876:De Jure Regni apud Scotos 812:anointed King of Scotland 756:Lord Darnley was murdered 702:Great Steward of Scotland 590:(1599). He sponsored the 409: 399: 389: 377: 368: 363: 359: 303: 267: 253: 237: 221: 217: 202:John Erskine, Earl of Mar 173: 163: 153: 143: 133: 119: 109: 99: 89: 79: 61: 39: 34: 13328:The Revolt of the Masses 11269:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 10789:Edgar, Duke of Cambridge 10774:James, Duke of Cambridge 10600:Arthur, Duke of Rothesay 10507:Mary, Countess of Buchan 10492:Joan, Countess of Morton 10458:Elizabeth, Lady Dalkeith 10232:High Steward of Scotland 10178:Dukes of York and Albany 8079:Montague, F. C. (1907). 7740:, Blackwell Publishing, 6894:Stanley, Arthur (1886), 6798:, London: Bantam Press, 6492:Queering the Renaissance 6258:Murphy, Timothy (2011), 5261:Shakespeare and Scotland 5189:11 February 2012 at the 4920:, pp. 105, 308–309. 4843:10.21083/irss.v45i0.5801 3793:Jean, Countess of Argyll 3778: 3681:Some Reulis and Cautelis 2451: 2156:has lasted for 400 years 1859:Hampton Court Conference 1747:, commissioned by James. 1553:; the jewel is now lost. 1549:, three rectangular red 1366:English House of Commons 1329:In 1597–98, James wrote 897:, followed a banquet at 776:abdicate on 24 July 1567 746:subsequent entertainment 742:Archbishop of St Andrews 632: 592:translation of the Bible 13308:The Communist Manifesto 12234:Tyranny of the majority 12145:Consent of the governed 11654:Christianity portal 11596:Converts to Anglicanism 11291:Augustine of Canterbury 11084:Alicia Ann Spottiswoode 10784:Charles, Duke of Kendal 10626:James, Duke of Rothesay 10610:Alexander, Duke of Ross 10595:James, Duke of Rothesay 10528:Mary, Countess of Arran 10454:Mary, Countess of Angus 10437:David, Duke of Rothesay 8256:Works by James VI and I 8238:Works by James VI and I 8052:Houston, S. J. (1974). 7586:—— (1998), 7547:Lindley, David (1993), 7485:Jack, R. D. S. (Ronald) 6078:Oxford University Press 4086:Oxford University Press 4078:Oxford World's Classics 2515:Robert, Duke of Kintyre 2317:paw a sword and in the 2265: 2089:Great Britain's Salomon 1130:died before her husband 1083:Bishop's Palace in Oslo 957:, the Protestant earls 816:Church of the Holy Rude 748:, devised by Frenchman 673:, faced a rebellion by 241:27 March 1625 (aged 58) 46:Portrait attributed to 13911:Sons of queens regnant 12185: 12135:Clash of civilizations 12121: 11631:Free Church of England 11079:Robert Louis Stevenson 10981:c. 1560 – 17th century 10630:Robert, Duke of Albany 10411:Walter, Earl of Atholl 10380:Elizabeth, Lady Erroll 10370:Robert, Duke of Albany 10360:Robert III of Scotland 10319:Stewart of Balquhidder 10033: 8490:Monarchs of the Picts 8431:Merged with the Crown 8213:Royal Collection Trust 7935:. New York: Atheneum. 7908:10.1093/ref:odnb/14592 7772:Stroud, Angus (1999), 7754:Stewart, Alan (2003), 7680:, Ashgate Publishing, 7658:Perry, Curtis (2006), 6520:The History of England 6175:Bucholz & Key 2004 5604:10.1093/ref:odnb/24066 4592:, pp. 29, 41–42; 3925: 3903:Archbishop Spottiswood 2471: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2272:royal arms of Scotland 2242: 2183:execution of Charles I 2127: 2036: 1944: 1891:Personal relationships 1885:Five Articles of Perth 1748: 1657:A dissident Catholic, 1554: 1545:1605. James wears the 1523:Early reign in England 1474: 1326: 1263: 1225: 1219: 1151: 1125:, James's successor. 1057: 1042: 942: 856:abbot of Cambuskenneth 799: 726:Elizabeth I of England 722:John, Count of Brienne 716:. His godparents were 665:, the older sister of 646: 554:Elizabethan literature 434:from 24 July 1567 and 13851:Patrons of literature 13841:Knights of the Garter 13801:Anglican philosophers 12150:Divine right of kings 11621:Anglican prayer beads 11503:Book of Common Prayer 11460:Lambeth Quadrilateral 11311:Medieval architecture 11232:Personal ordinariates 10993:Alexander Montgomerie 10533:James III of Scotland 10345:Robert II of Scotland 10165:Prince Charles Edward 10032: 8725:Monarchs of the Scots 8115:Smith, D. L. (1998). 8038:Hirst, Derek (1986). 7877:King James VI & I 7873:Willson, David Harris 7322:, Oxford: Blackwell, 6536:Miller, John (2004). 6330:Lee, Maurice (1990), 6305:"To the manor bought" 6191:Bain, Joseph (1894), 5211:Alexander Montgomerie 4692:The Reign of James VI 3620:Antoinette of Bourbon 3562:Claude, Duke of Guise 2459: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2398:James III of Scotland 2373:Cross of Saint George 2369:Cross of Saint Andrew 2256:defender of the faith 2237: 2179:divine right of kings 2121: 2027: 1865:Book of Common Prayer 1730: 1536: 1454: 1415:Alexander Montgomerie 1351:divine right of kings 1318: 1261: 1207:Lordship of the Isles 1201:Highlands and Islands 1143: 1048: 1040: 1019:most likely successor 939:Alonso Sánchez Coello 932: 797: 640: 605:Book of Common Prayer 473:James was the son of 13298:Democracy in America 12677:political philosophy 12660:political philosophy 12475:political philosophy 12304:political philosophy 12214:Separation of powers 12175:Night-watchman state 12160:Monopoly on violence 11694:Political philosophy 11454:Thirty-nine Articles 11346:Apostolic succession 11222:Anglican realignment 11099:Sydney Goodsir Smith 10820:Henry, Cardinal York 10799:Louisa Maria Theresa 10681:Charles I of England 10634:Mary, Queen of Scots 10569:James IV of Scotland 10543:David, Earl of Moray 10502:James II of Scotland 10421:Egidia, Lady Douglas 10365:Walter, Earl of Fife 10310:Stewart of Ballechin 9663:William III & II 9228:Henry the Young King 9178:Edward the Confessor 9146:Æthelred the Unready 8806:Constantine III (IV) 8771:Constantine II (III) 8271:Documents on James I 7988:Durston, C. (1993). 7717:A History of Britain 7407:Mary, Queen of Scots 7198:, pp. 140, 142. 7172:Brooke-Little, J. P. 7131:Pinches, John Harvey 6867:, pp. 129–130; 6831:, pp. 127–128; 6774:, pp. 126–127; 6738:, pp. 378, 404. 6146:, pp. 185–186; 6000:, pp. 207–208; 5876:, pp. 118–119; 5719:, pp. 348, 357. 5443:, pp. 461–468; 5299:, pp. 161–162; 4948:, pp. 143, 166. 4886:Keay & Keay 1994 4262:, pp. 364–365; 4173:, pp. 248–250; 3526:Mary, Queen of Scots 3441:James IV of Scotland 2383:(which is short for 2222:David Harris Willson 2171:political absolutism 2140:Plantation of Ulster 1822:Popish Recusants Act 1770:Emperor Ferdinand II 1720:. The policy of the 1683:prorogued Parliament 1547:Three Brothers jewel 1457:royal heraldic badge 1441:Accession in England 1211:James IV of Scotland 1079:David Harris Willson 728:(represented by the 718:Charles IX of France 659:Henry VII of England 651:Mary, Queen of Scots 531:Plantation of Ulster 489:governed during his 485:in his favour. Four 475:Mary, Queen of Scots 404:Mary, Queen of Scots 369:James Charles Stuart 292:; died 13871:Protestant monarchs 13488:Right-wing politics 13368:A Theory of Justice 13338:The Road to Serfdom 13258:The Social Contract 11965:Christian democracy 11321:English Reformation 11264:Celtic Christianity 11109:George Campbell Hay 10605:James V of Scotland 10574:James, Duke of Ross 10442:James I of Scotland 9611:Union of the Crowns 8836:Malcolm III Canmore 8366:Peerage of Scotland 7858:, London: Longman, 7831:Mary Queen of Scots 7121:, pp. 252–253. 7040:, pp. 1–9, 46. 6835:, pp. 445–447. 6614:, pp. 334–335. 6357:, pp. 19, 21; 6224:Hyde, H. Montgomery 6118:, pp. 213–215. 6080:. p. 503-504. 6004:, pp. 148–149. 5912:, pp. 120–121. 5880:, pp. 431–435. 5775:, pp. 372–373. 5759:, pp. 369–370. 5526:, pp. 249–253. 5510:, pp. 249–253. 5346:, pp. 160–164. 5303:, pp. 154–155. 5275:, pp. 137–138. 5169:, pp. 126–127. 5100:, pp. 131–133. 4900:, pp. 103–105. 4731:, pp. 107–110. 4640:, pp. 126–130. 4612:, pp. 150–157. 4596:, pp. 121–124. 4387:, pp. 248–249. 4238:, pp. 312–313. 4226:, pp. 171–172. 3735:The Two Meditations 3467:James V of Scotland 2148:Jamestown, Virginia 2061:Théodore de Mayerne 1718:Maria Anna of Spain 1670:King and Parliament 1641:Earl of Northampton 1608:, who continued as 1473:by the royal crown. 1447:Union of the Crowns 1435:James I of Scotland 1172:Witchcraft Act 1563 1101:and a meeting with 558:William Shakespeare 18:King James VI and I 13708:James I of England 13647:Christopher Wright 13500:Political violence 13495:Political theology 13478:Left-wing politics 13473:Political spectrum 11377:King James Version 11217:Anglican Communion 11018:Elizabeth Melville 10324:Stewart of Darnley 10034: 9695:Acts of Union 1707 9658:James II & VII 9351:Kenneth I MacAlpin 9136:Edgar the Peaceful 8909:Second Interregnum 8876:William I the Lion 8745:Constantine I (II) 8735:Kenneth I MacAlpin 8398:Title next held by 8376:Title last held by 8092:. Harper Collins. 7827:Warnicke, Retha M. 7266:, p. xvi–xvii 7176:Boutell's Heraldry 6874:quod.lib.umich.edu 6851:, p. 129 and 6722:, pp. 98–99; 6488:Goldberg, Jonathan 6390:(8 January 2000), 5799:, p. 408–416. 5787:, p. 374–377. 4996:, pp. 40–41; 4664:, pp. 29–31; 4608:, pp. 24–25; 4568:, pp. 39, 50. 4564:, pp. 17–18; 4507:, pp. 13–15; 4430:, pp. 11–12; 4353:Spottiswoode, John 4343:, pp. 13, 18. 4103:Henry IV of France 2683:Elizabeth Hamilton 2472: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2400:), the Tudor rose 2285:armed and langued 2128: 2037: 1870:King James Version 1842:Millenary Petition 1830:crypto-Catholicism 1826:Oath of Allegiance 1764:, was ousted from 1749: 1621:English Parliament 1555: 1475: 1376:Literary patronage 1349:, he sets out the 1327: 1311:Theory of monarchy 1264: 1166:, the first major 1152: 1113:in 1612, aged 18; 1069:. Shortly after a 1058: 1043: 943: 883:Battle of Langside 836:Church of Scotland 800: 647: 550:English Parliament 13826:Dukes of Rothesay 13733: 13732: 13727: 13726: 13594:Original plotters 13553: 13552: 13463:Philosophy of law 13408:Conflict theories 13248:The Spirit of Law 13155: 13154: 12204:Original position 11660: 11659: 11566:Books of Homilies 11408:Anglo-Catholicism 11341:Church of Ireland 11336:Church of England 11167: 11166: 11013:Christian Lindsay 10925:c. 1460 – c. 1560 10911:Andrew of Wyntoun 10884:c. 1370 – c. 1460 10843: 10842: 10828: 10827: 10579:John, Earl of Mar 10548:John, Earl of Mar 10184: 10183: 10096:Alexander Stewart 10039: 10038: 9828:Dukes of Rothesay 9794: 9793: 9777: 9776: 9680: 9679: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9141:Edward the Martyr 9024: 9023: 8897:First Interregnum 8436: 8435: 8332:Succeeded by 8242:Project Gutenberg 8125:978-0-6311-9402-6 7984:978-1-4058-5916-5 7913:(Subscription or 7886:978-0-2246-0572-4 7865:978-0-5821-2783-8 7844:978-0-4152-9182-8 7805:978-0-7153-4260-2 7787:978-0-4152-0652-5 7765:978-0-7011-6984-8 7747:978-0-6312-1874-6 7726:978-0-7868-6752-3 7705:978-0-9511-0035-6 7687:978-0-7546-0482-2 7669:978-0-5218-5405-4 7651:978-0-5216-5040-3 7633:978-1-4766-6255-8 7615:978-0-8541-1047-6 7597:978-0-5822-7961-2 7579:978-0-5825-0296-3 7558:978-0-4150-5206-1 7527:978-0-8018-7963-0 7509:978-0-0025-5082-6 7477:978-1-8401-8376-4 7456:978-1-8411-5752-8 7435:978-0-8143-2877-4 7417:978-0-3401-2383-6 7402:Donaldson, Gordon 7394:978-0-1982-1704-6 7384:The Early Stuarts 7370:978-0-3336-1395-5 7347:978-0-5210-2313-9 7329:978-0-6312-1393-2 7311:978-0-8122-3574-6 7293:978-0-5200-4707-5 7094:Velde, Francois, 7069:Velde, Francois, 6529:978-0-2307-0641-5 6429:978-3-8780-8892-9 6341:978-0-2520-1686-8 6250:978-0-8147-9693-1 6202:978-1-0157-9859-5 6087:978-0-1951-3886-3 5659:, pp. 75–81. 5617:(Subscription or 5538:, pp. 52–53. 5486:, pp. 52–54. 5410:, pp. 50–51. 4972:, pp. 40–41. 4773:, pp. 85–95. 4707:, pp. 23–24. 4455:978-0-1992-6572-5 4434:, pp. 51–63. 4403:, pp. 28–29. 4331:, pp. 12–13. 3923:In the original: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3257:Elizabeth Stewart 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3150:James VI & I, 2860:Archibald Douglas 2449: 2448: 2377:Scottish practice 2250:Titles and styles 2175:English Civil War 2138:Under James, the 1982:Théophile de Viau 1962:Sir Edward Peyton 1804:Earl of Middlesex 1783:royal prerogative 1758:Thirty Years' War 1696:Addled Parliament 1633:Anglo–Spanish War 1590:Earl of Salisbury 1575:Privy Councillors 1498:Westminster Abbey 1422:William Alexander 1409:, which included 1355:royal prerogative 1295:, James's cousin 1132:, in March 1619. 1093:. After stays at 1027:an annual subsidy 1014:Treaty of Berwick 995:Alexander Ruthven 965:lured James into 937:or the school of 864:abbot of Dryburgh 738:Philibert du Croc 643:Arnold Bronckorst 622:Thirty Years' War 620:, especially the 509:. In 1603, James 421: 420: 373: 372: 261:Westminster Abbey 246:, Hertfordshire, 16:(Redirected from 13918: 13886:Scottish princes 13693:Guy Fawkes Night 13662:Ambrose Rokewood 13580: 13573: 13566: 13557: 13556: 13468:Political ethics 13458:Machiavellianism 13398:Authoritarianism 13383: 13373: 13363: 13353: 13343: 13333: 13323: 13313: 13303: 13293: 13283: 13273: 13263: 13253: 13243: 13233: 13223: 13213: 13203: 13193: 13183: 13173: 12249: 12248: 12190: 12126: 12116:Balance of power 12090:Social democracy 12085:Social Darwinism 12060:Multiculturalism 12005:Environmentalism 11980:Communitarianism 11687: 11680: 11673: 11664: 11663: 11652: 11651: 11398:Nonjuring schism 11393:Caroline Divines 11244: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11171: 11170: 11119:Hamish Henderson 11069:Robert Fergusson 11043:William Drummond 10962:Richard Maitland 10870: 10863: 10856: 10847: 10846: 10389:Jean, Lady Keith 10339: 10338: 10306:Stewart of Appin 10290:Earl of Galloway 10280:Marquess of Bute 10247:Duke of Richmond 10218:House of Stewart 10211: 10204: 10197: 10188: 10187: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10043: 10042: 10031: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9797: 9686: 9685: 9646:Richard Cromwell 9636:The Protectorate 9626:James I & VI 9602: 9601: 9183:Harold Godwinson 9103:Edward the Elder 9096:Alfred the Great 9080: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9028: 9027: 9017: 9008:also monarch of 8475: 8468: 8461: 8452: 8451: 8439: 8438: 8409:Preceded by 8387:Duke of Rothesay 8342:Preceded by 8325:King of Scotland 8315:Preceded by 8305: 8298: 8280: 8279: 8267: 8266: 8251:Internet Archive 8234: 8204:British monarchy 8188: 8159: 8150: 8141:(223): 187–209. 7968: 7946: 7918: 7910: 7889: 7868: 7848: 7822: 7821:, Bannatyne Club 7808: 7790: 7779: 7768: 7750: 7729: 7708: 7690: 7672: 7654: 7636: 7618: 7600: 7582: 7561: 7543: 7530: 7512: 7492: 7480: 7459: 7438: 7420: 7397: 7373: 7350: 7332: 7314: 7296: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7241: 7235: 7225: 7219: 7216:John Chamberlain 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7169: 7160: 7157: 7146: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7058:(review no. 334) 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6994: 6988: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6862: 6856: 6845:John Chamberlain 6842: 6836: 6826: 6820: 6813: 6807: 6792:Röhl, John C. G. 6789: 6783: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6533: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6480: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6188: 6182: 6172: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6092: 6091: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5887: 5881: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5848:James quoted by 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5591: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5304: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5204: 5198: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5128:, p. 132: " 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5080:James quoted by 5078: 5072: 5066: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5016:, pp. 12–13 5007: 5001: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4927: 4921: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4855: 4845: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4619: 4613: 4603: 4597: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4477:David Calderwood 4474: 4468: 4467: 4441: 4435: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4404: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4286: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4168: 4162: 4152: 4146: 4145:, pp. 47–57 4140: 4134: 4129:, pp. 4–6; 4120: 4114: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4066: 4057: 4054:political theory 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3967:John Chamberlain 3962: 3956: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3669:List of writings 3345:Margaret Douglas 3180: 3179: 3171: 3170: 3035:Queen of England 3024:Queen of England 3014:Margaret Douglas 2997:King of Scotland 2837:King of Scotland 2573:Mary of Guelders 2547: 2546: 2538: 2537: 2407: 2337:passant guardant 2297:by two unicorns 2289:within a double 2020:Health and death 1966:Apethorpe Palace 1947: 1918: 1909: 1768:by the Catholic 1738: 1700:Lionel Cranfield 1602:Thomas Sackville 1544: 1468:Scottish thistle 1459:after 1603, the 1286:Lowland Scotland 1281:Statutes of Iona 1230: 1222: 1119:queen of Bohemia 1052: 925:Rule in Scotland 838:, the Kirk. The 830:was preached by 824:Bishop of Orkney 818:in Stirling, by 772:Lochleven Castle 720:(represented by 694:Duke of Rothesay 686:Edinburgh Castle 464:sovereign states 428:King of Scotland 417: 361: 360: 314: 297: 295: 291: 287: 228:Edinburgh Castle 184: 139: 121:King of Scotland 85: 56: 53: 44: 32: 31: 21: 13926: 13925: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13836:House of Stuart 13821:Dukes of Albany 13736: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13728: 13723: 13698:Guy Fawkes mask 13676: 13672:Francis Tresham 13625: 13589: 13584: 13554: 13549: 13536: 13525:Totalitarianism 13386: 13381: 13371: 13361: 13351: 13341: 13331: 13321: 13311: 13301: 13291: 13281: 13271: 13261: 13251: 13241: 13231: 13221: 13211: 13201: 13198:Treatise on Law 13191: 13181: 13171: 13151: 12809: 12803: 12542: 12536: 12422: 12416: 12335: 12238: 12224:State of nature 12219:Social contract 12199:Ordered liberty 12187:Noblesse oblige 12104: 11938: 11867: 11696: 11691: 11661: 11656: 11646: 11640: 11584: 11555:Liturgical year 11484: 11417: 11403:Oxford Movement 11245: 11236: 11203: 11198: 11168: 11163: 11136: 11128: 11114:Alexander Scott 11052: 11038:Francis Sempill 10988:Alexander Scott 10976: 10972:William Stewart 10937:Robert Henryson 10920: 10916:Richard Holland 10906:Sir Gilbert Hay 10879: 10874: 10844: 10839: 10824: 10808:12th generation 10803: 10757:11th generation 10752: 10705:10th generation 10700: 10654: 10638: 10614: 10583: 10557: 10516: 10465: 10425: 10392:Katherine Logan 10348: 10334: 10328: 10294: 10270:Duke of Aubigny 10262:King of Ireland 10257:King of England 10220: 10215: 10185: 10180: 10176:italics denote 10170: 10136:Ernest Augustus 10090:Murdoch Stewart 10075: 10073:Dukes of Albany 10070: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10024: 9923:Henry Frederick 9830: 9825: 9795: 9790: 9773: 9700: 9676: 9641:Oliver Cromwell 9617: 9592: 9587: 9434:Constantine III 9343: 9168:Harold Harefoot 9158:Edmund Ironside 9069: 9064: and 9055: 9025: 9020: 9007: 8999: 8726: 8719: 8675:Constantine (I) 8555:Galam Cennalath 8491: 8484: 8479: 8444: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8402:Henry Frederick 8399: 8390: 8377: 8359: 8352:King of England 8347: 8337: 8328: 8320: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8289:House of Stuart 8285: 8264: 8196: 8191: 8026:Goodare, Julian 8013:Gardiner, S. R. 7965: 7951:Fraser, Antonia 7943: 7926: 7924:Further reading 7921: 7912: 7887: 7866: 7855:Anne of Denmark 7845: 7813:Thomson, Thomas 7806: 7788: 7766: 7748: 7734:Smith, David L. 7727: 7706: 7688: 7670: 7652: 7634: 7616: 7598: 7580: 7559: 7528: 7510: 7478: 7457: 7436: 7418: 7395: 7379:Davies, Godfrey 7371: 7348: 7330: 7312: 7294: 7275: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7250:, p. 142; 7242: 7238: 7226: 7222: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7186:, pp. 213, 215. 7170: 7163: 7158: 7149: 7129: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7100:, heraldica.org 7092: 7088: 7078: 7076: 7075:, heraldica.org 7067: 7063: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 6995: 6991: 6987:, pp. 1–4. 6979: 6975: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6827: 6823: 6814: 6810: 6790: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6626:, p. 349; 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6530: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6477: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6297: 6286: 6282: 6271: 6267: 6239: 6235: 6221: 6217: 6203: 6189: 6185: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6142:, p. 166; 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6034:Basilikon Doron 6028:, p. 156; 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5936:, p. 125; 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896:, p. 120; 5888: 5884: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811:, p. 148; 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771:, p. 104; 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5687: 5683: 5675:, p. 167; 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5608: 5606: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382:, p. 172; 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5342:, p. 315; 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5307: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5254: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5205: 5201: 5191:Wayback Machine 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5130:Basilikon Doron 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5052:, p. 139; 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012:, p. 175; 5008: 5004: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932:, p. 220; 4928: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4754: 4750: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4626:George Nicolson 4620: 4616: 4604: 4600: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4456: 4442: 4438: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4169: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4097: 4093: 4070:Cummings, Brian 4067: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4006: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3963: 3959: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3901:In March 1605, 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3751:Basilikon Doron 3671: 3666: 3168: 3151: 3090: 3046:King of England 3045: 3044:Edward VI, 3034: 3023: 3007:Matthew Stewart 2996: 2870:King of England 2869: 2836: 2754:King of England 2753: 2628: 2564: 2552:House of Stuart 2536: 2495:. Died aged 65. 2469:Willem de Passe 2454: 2268: 2252: 2247: 2214:Francis Osborne 2116: 2110: 2073:Theobalds House 2032:, 1621, in the 2022: 2006:Thomas Overbury 1973:Basilikon Doron 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1899: 1893: 1818: 1812: 1810:King and Church 1743:, by architect 1714: 1708: 1678: 1672: 1655: 1649: 1635:to an end, and 1598:Lord Chancellor 1581:and his nephew 1537:Portrait after 1531: 1525: 1449: 1443: 1378: 1361:Basilikon Doron 1338:Basilikon Doron 1313: 1220:linn nan creach 1203: 1178:, most notably 1138: 1063:Anne of Denmark 1035: 927: 899:Dalkeith Palace 844:George Buchanan 808:Countess of Mar 792: 714:Stirling Castle 706:Henry Killigrew 671:Roman Catholics 635: 630: 587:Basilikon Doron 499:Henry Frederick 495:Anne of Denmark 436:King of England 355: 308: 307: 299: 283: 279: 276: 274:Anne of Denmark 263: 258: 244:Theobalds House 242: 226: 213: 186: 185: 180: 137: 129: 83: 75: 63:King of England 57: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13924: 13914: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13846:Child monarchs 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13811:Castalian Band 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13746:James VI and I 13731: 13730: 13725: 13724: 13722: 13721: 13716: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13684: 13682: 13678: 13677: 13675: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13657:Robert Wintour 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13623: 13618: 13616:Thomas Wintour 13613: 13608: 13606:Robert Catesby 13603: 13597: 13595: 13591: 13590: 13583: 13582: 13575: 13568: 13560: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13534: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13515:Social justice 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13423:Egalitarianism 13420: 13415: 13413:Contractualism 13410: 13405: 13400: 13394: 13392: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13374: 13364: 13354: 13344: 13334: 13324: 13314: 13304: 13294: 13284: 13274: 13264: 13254: 13244: 13234: 13224: 13214: 13204: 13194: 13184: 13174: 13163: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12813: 12811: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12669: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12546: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12341: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12255: 12253: 12246: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12209:Overton window 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12118: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12040:Libertarianism 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11875: 11873: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11690: 11689: 11682: 11675: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11592: 11590: 11589:Related topics 11586: 11585: 11583: 11582: 11569: 11562: 11560:Biblical canon 11557: 11552: 11550:Evening Prayer 11543: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11498: 11496: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11427: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11255: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11213: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11197: 11196: 11189: 11182: 11174: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11159:Kathleen Jamie 11156: 11151: 11146: 11140: 11138: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11094:Robert Garioch 11091: 11089:William Soutar 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11028:Robert Sempill 11025: 11023:Alexander Hume 11020: 11015: 11010: 11008:William Fowler 11005: 11003:Castalian Band 11000: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10982: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10947:William Dunbar 10944: 10942:Walter Kennedy 10939: 10934: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10873: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10841: 10840: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10760: 10758: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10708: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10659:9th generation 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10646: 10644: 10643:8th generation 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10628: 10622: 10620: 10619:7th generation 10616: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10591: 10589: 10588:6th generation 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10565: 10563: 10562:5th generation 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10524: 10522: 10521:4th generation 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10473: 10471: 10470:3rd generation 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10455: 10452: 10447: 10444: 10439: 10433: 10431: 10430:2nd generation 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10356: 10354: 10353:1st generation 10350: 10349: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10308: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10266:Lord of Sticks 10264: 10259: 10254: 10252:Duke of Albany 10249: 10244: 10242:Duke of Lennox 10239: 10237:Earl of Lennox 10234: 10228: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10214: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10191: 10182: 10181: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10162: 10159:Prince Leopold 10156: 10148: 10140: 10132: 10126: 10123:Charles Stuart 10120: 10114: 10108: 10105: 10099: 10098:(c. 1458–1485) 10093: 10087: 10084:Robert Stewart 10080: 10077: 10076: 10069: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10046: 10037: 10036: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10020:(2022–present) 10014: 10006: 9998: 9990: 9982: 9974: 9966: 9958: 9950: 9942: 9938:Charles James 9936: 9928: 9920: 9912: 9904: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9876: 9868: 9860: 9852: 9844: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9824: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9633: 9628: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9598: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9537:Edward Balliol 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9397:Constantine II 9394: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9189:Edgar Ætheling 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9078: 9071: 9070: 9054: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9031: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8731: 8729: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8486: 8485: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8419:Duke of Albany 8415: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8397: 8392: 8383: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8330: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8310:Regnal titles 8307: 8306: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8277: 8268: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8221: 8220:at BBC History 8218:James I and VI 8215: 8206: 8200:James VI and I 8195: 8194:External links 8192: 8190: 8189: 8177:10.1086/664955 8171:(3): 540–567. 8160: 8151: 8131:Wormald, Jenny 8127: 8113: 8100: 8086: 8077: 8073:(2): 151–163. 8064: 8050: 8036: 8023: 8019:vol. 3 ch. 17 8010: 8000: 7986: 7969: 7963: 7947: 7941: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7894:Wormald, Jenny 7890: 7885: 7869: 7864: 7849: 7843: 7823: 7815:, ed. (1827), 7809: 7804: 7791: 7786: 7776:Stuart England 7769: 7764: 7751: 7746: 7730: 7725: 7709: 7704: 7691: 7686: 7673: 7668: 7655: 7650: 7637: 7632: 7619: 7614: 7601: 7596: 7588:James VI and I 7583: 7578: 7566:Lockyer, Roger 7562: 7557: 7544: 7531: 7526: 7513: 7508: 7493: 7481: 7476: 7460: 7455: 7439: 7434: 7421: 7416: 7398: 7393: 7375: 7369: 7355:Croft, Pauline 7351: 7346: 7333: 7328: 7315: 7310: 7297: 7292: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7256: 7254:, p. 456. 7246:, p. 55; 7236: 7234:, p. 452. 7230:, p. 27; 7220: 7200: 7188: 7161: 7147: 7145:, pp. 159–160. 7123: 7111: 7086: 7061: 7042: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6989: 6973: 6961: 6959:, p. 146. 6949: 6947:, p. 129. 6937: 6913: 6911:, p. 130. 6901: 6886: 6857: 6837: 6821: 6808: 6784: 6764: 6762:, p. 425. 6752: 6750:, p. 379. 6740: 6728: 6726:, p. 397. 6712: 6700: 6688: 6686:, p. 342. 6676: 6674:, p. 145. 6664: 6662:, p. 146. 6648: 6646:, p. 120. 6636: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6590:, p. 269. 6580: 6561:Dabiri, Emma. 6553: 6546: 6528: 6516:Ackroyd, Peter 6507: 6500: 6475: 6454: 6442: 6428: 6408: 6388:Norton, Rictor 6379: 6372: 6347: 6340: 6321: 6295: 6280: 6265: 6233: 6215: 6201: 6183: 6164: 6162:, p. 167. 6152: 6150:, p. 320. 6132: 6130:, p. 164. 6120: 6108: 6106:, p. 157. 6093: 6086: 6054: 6052:, p. 158. 6042: 6018: 6016:, p. 201. 6006: 5990: 5988:, p. 162. 5978: 5976:, p. 228. 5966: 5964:, p. 225. 5954: 5942: 5940:, p. 195. 5926: 5914: 5902: 5882: 5866: 5864:, p. 243. 5854: 5841: 5839:, p. 422. 5829: 5827:, p. 421. 5817: 5815:, p. 417. 5801: 5789: 5777: 5761: 5749: 5745:Stuart England 5733: 5721: 5709: 5707:, p. 409. 5697: 5695:, p. 348. 5691:, p. 93; 5681: 5679:, p. 267. 5671:, p. 80; 5661: 5649: 5636: 5624: 5576: 5564: 5562:, p. 219. 5552: 5550:, p. 118. 5540: 5528: 5522:, p. 67; 5512: 5500: 5498:, p. 250. 5488: 5476: 5461: 5459:, p. 156. 5449: 5447:, p. 156. 5433: 5412: 5400: 5398:, p. 173. 5388: 5386:, p. 165. 5372: 5370:, p. 169. 5360: 5348: 5332: 5330:, p. 158. 5320: 5305: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5252: 5239: 5237:, p. 137. 5227: 5225:, p. 125. 5215: 5207:Jack, R. D. S. 5199: 5180:Jack, R. D. S. 5171: 5159: 5157:, p. 132. 5146: 5144:, p. 133. 5134: 5114: 5112:, p. 133. 5102: 5090: 5073: 5071:, p. 321. 5058: 5042: 5038:MacKinnon 1991 5030: 5028:, p. 176. 5018: 5002: 4986: 4984:, p. 175. 4974: 4962: 4960:, p. 174. 4950: 4938: 4936:, p. 309. 4922: 4916:, p. 21; 4912:, p. 27; 4902: 4890: 4888:, p. 556. 4875: 4816: 4814:, p. 103. 4804: 4792: 4790:, p. 101. 4775: 4763: 4748: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4682: 4670: 4654: 4642: 4624:, p. 45; 4614: 4598: 4582: 4570: 4554: 4541: 4525: 4513: 4497: 4485: 4469: 4454: 4436: 4420: 4405: 4399:, p. 45; 4389: 4377: 4365: 4361:vol. 2, p. 120 4345: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4291:, p. 33; 4281: 4268: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4212:Donaldson 1974 4204: 4192: 4179: 4163: 4147: 4135: 4115: 4091: 4088:. p. 737. 4072:, ed. (2011). 4058: 4038: 4026: 4024:, p. 155. 4013: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3991: 3982: 3972: 3957: 3940: 3931: 3916: 3907: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3812: 3797: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3747: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3706: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3684: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3499:Margaret Tudor 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403:James VI and I 3399: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377:Margaret Tudor 3373: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3091:Queen of Scots 3084: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2853:Margaret Tudor 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2718:House of Tudor 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2502: 2496: 2486: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2361:Beati pacifici 2267: 2264: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2191:Anthony Weldon 2160:personal union 2150:, in 1607 and 2133:Earl of Kellie 2109: 2106: 2030:Daniël Mijtens 2021: 2018: 1923: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1895:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1814:Main article: 1811: 1808: 1733:Paul van Somer 1710:Main article: 1707: 1704: 1692:Great Contract 1674:Main article: 1671: 1668: 1653:Gunpowder Plot 1651:Main article: 1648: 1647:Gunpowder Plot 1645: 1637:a peace treaty 1617:personal union 1610:Lord Treasurer 1606:Earl of Dorset 1594:Thomas Egerton 1571:Walter Raleigh 1527:Main article: 1524: 1521: 1517:war in Ireland 1481:—maintained a 1445:Main article: 1442: 1439: 1411:William Fowler 1407:Castalian Band 1377: 1374: 1312: 1309: 1293:Northern Isles 1202: 1199: 1137: 1134: 1109:, who died of 1071:proxy marriage 1034: 1031: 1023:Spanish Armada 967:Ruthven Castle 926: 923: 914:Earl of Lennox 895:James Melville 791: 788: 760:Duke of Albany 663:Margaret Tudor 634: 631: 629: 626: 618:religious wars 610:Anthony Weldon 546:Gunpowder Plot 468:personal union 424:James VI and I 419: 418: 411: 407: 406: 401: 397: 396: 391: 387: 386: 381: 375: 374: 371: 370: 366: 365: 357: 356: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 317: 315: 301: 300: 281: 277: 272: 271: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 251: 250: 239: 235: 234: 223: 219: 218: 215: 214: 212: 211: 205: 199: 193: 179: 178: 177: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 147: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 123: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 93: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 69: 59: 58: 45: 37: 36: 35:James VI and I 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13923: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13816:Demonologists 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13703:Bonfire Night 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13679: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13667:Everard Digby 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13628: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13598: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13581: 13576: 13574: 13569: 13567: 13562: 13561: 13558: 13546: 13543: 13542: 13539: 13533: 13532: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13448:Jurisprudence 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13380: 13379: 13375: 13370: 13369: 13365: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13350: 13349: 13345: 13340: 13339: 13335: 13330: 13329: 13325: 13320: 13319: 13315: 13310: 13309: 13305: 13300: 13299: 13295: 13290: 13289: 13285: 13280: 13279: 13278:Rights of Man 13275: 13270: 13269: 13265: 13260: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13249: 13245: 13240: 13239: 13235: 13230: 13229: 13225: 13220: 13219: 13215: 13210: 13209: 13205: 13200: 13199: 13195: 13190: 13189: 13188:De re publica 13185: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13158: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12808:20th and 21st 12806: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12541:18th and 19th 12539: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12419: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12397:Nizam al-Mulk 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12080:Republicanism 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11688: 11683: 11681: 11676: 11674: 11669: 11668: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11643: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11413:Modern Church 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11243: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11188: 11183: 11181: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11125: 11124:William Neill 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:David Lyndsay 10955: 10953: 10952:Gavin Douglas 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10923: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10871: 10866: 10864: 10859: 10857: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10838: 10837: 10831: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10428: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10346: 10340: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10285:Earl of March 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10275:Earl of Moray 10273: 10271: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10198: 10193: 10192: 10189: 10179: 10173: 10166: 10163: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10067: 10062: 10060: 10055: 10053: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9985:Albert Edward 9983: 9981: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9829: 9822: 9817: 9815: 9810: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9510: 9509:Alexander III 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9369: 9367: 9366: 9365:Constantine I 9362: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9045: 9040: 9038: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8886:Alexander III 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8727:(traditional) 8722: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8520:Galan Erilich 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8492:(traditional) 8487: 8483: 8476: 8471: 8469: 8464: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8346: 8340: 8336: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8313: 8308: 8304:27 March 1625 8303: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8112: 8109:(2): 114–134 8108: 8105: 8101: 8099: 8098:0-0494-2177-8 8095: 8091: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8062:0-5823-5208-8 8059: 8055: 8051: 8049: 8048:0-6740-5290-0 8045: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7998:0-4150-7779-6 7995: 7992:. Routledge. 7991: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7964:0-2977-6775-5 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7942:0-6897-0003-2 7938: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7916: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7789: 7783: 7780:, Routledge, 7778: 7777: 7770: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7713:Schama, Simon 7710: 7707: 7701: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7617: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7554: 7551:, Routledge, 7550: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7464:Hunter, James 7461: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7419: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7298: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7265: 7264:Warnicke 2006 7260: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7184:0-7232-2096-4 7181: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7144: 7143:0-9004-5525-X 7140: 7136: 7132: 7127: 7120: 7115: 7099: 7098: 7090: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7015: 7010: 7004:, p. 44. 7003: 6999: 6993: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6971:, p. 67. 6970: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6812: 6805: 6804:0-5930-4148-8 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6749: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6709: 6704: 6698:, p. 91. 6697: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6629: 6628:Francis Bacon 6625: 6620: 6613: 6608: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6547:1-8528-5432-4 6543: 6539: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6503: 6501:0-8223-1385-5 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6476:0-2260-7180-4 6472: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6452:, p. 22. 6451: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6375: 6373:0-7126-7448-9 6369: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6269: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5900:, p. 64. 5899: 5895: 5891: 5890:Cogswell 2005 5886: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5741:Kenyon, J. P. 5737: 5731:, p. 59. 5730: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5647:, p. 62. 5646: 5640: 5634:, p. 63. 5633: 5628: 5620: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5580: 5574:, p. 64. 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5431:, p. 51. 5430: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5358:, p. 50. 5357: 5352: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5318:, p. 49. 5317: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5287:, p. 48. 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5056:, p. 179 5055: 5051: 5046: 5040:, p. 46. 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5000:, p. 175 4999: 4995: 4994:Thompson 1968 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4970:Thompson 1968 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4802:, p. 26. 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4767: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4719:, p. 85. 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4680:, p. 23. 4679: 4674: 4668:, p. 52. 4667: 4663: 4658: 4652:, p. 22. 4651: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4634:Williams 1970 4631: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4580:, p. 20. 4579: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4523:, p. 66. 4522: 4517: 4511:, p. 35. 4510: 4506: 4501: 4495:, p. 63. 4494: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4418:, p. 15. 4417: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4375:, p. 13. 4374: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4319:, p. 19. 4318: 4313: 4307:, p. 11. 4306: 4301: 4295:, p. 18. 4294: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4272: 4266:, p. 19. 4265: 4261: 4256: 4250:, p. 18. 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4214:, p. 99. 4213: 4208: 4202:, p. 17. 4201: 4196: 4189: 4186:Joseph Bain, 4183: 4177:, p. 16. 4176: 4172: 4167: 4161:, p. 13. 4160: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4001: 4000:Michael Lynch 3995: 3986: 3976: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3950: 3949:Thomas Bilson 3944: 3935: 3927: 3920: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679:(also called 3678: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3588:Mary of Guise 3583: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3156: 3153: 3139: 3137: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2988: 2980: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2782: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2741: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2688: 2686: 2669: 2667: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2629:King of Scots 2623: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2567: 2566: 2565:King of Scots 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483:typhoid fever 2480: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303:fleurs de lys 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2233:Pauline Croft 2229: 2227: 2226:Jenny Wormald 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Arthur Wilson 2203: 2199: 2198:Edward Peyton 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:John Williams 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:kidney stones 2046: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1957:John Oglander 1954: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1881:presbyterians 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844:of 1603, the 1843: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1722:Spanish match 1719: 1713: 1712:Spanish match 1706:Spanish match 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1667: 1664: 1663:state opening 1660: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1625:Francis Bacon 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1583:Thomas Howard 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1539:John de Critz 1535: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506:Thomas Dekker 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1324: 1323: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1272:Isle of Lewis 1269: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1227:Gàidhealtachd 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1180:Agnes Sampson 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:typhoid fever 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Danish dalers 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1055:John de Critz 1047: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 988: 984: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 945:Lennox was a 940: 936: 935:Adrian Vanson 931: 922: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 874: 869: 866:) as James's 865: 861: 860:David Erskine 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840:Privy Council 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 820:Adam Bothwell 817: 813: 809: 805: 796: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 751: 750:Bastian Pagez 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:heir apparent 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 644: 639: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606: 601: 600:1604 revision 597: 593: 589: 588: 583: 582: 577: 576: 571: 570:Francis Bacon 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 416: 412: 408: 405: 402: 398: 395: 392: 388: 385: 382: 380: 376: 367: 362: 358: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 316: 313: 312: 306: 302: 275: 270: 266: 262: 256: 252: 249: 245: 240: 236: 233: 230:, Edinburgh, 229: 224: 220: 216: 209: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 183: 176: 172: 169: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 148: 146: 142: 136: 132: 127: 122: 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 94: 92: 88: 82: 78: 73: 68: 64: 60: 49: 48:John de Critz 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 13707: 13642:Thomas Bates 13637:Robert Keyes 13621:Thomas Percy 13529: 13428:Elite theory 13376: 13366: 13356: 13346: 13336: 13326: 13316: 13306: 13296: 13286: 13276: 13266: 13256: 13246: 13236: 13226: 13216: 13206: 13196: 13186: 13176: 13166: 12481: 12465:Guicciardini 12421:Early modern 12244:Philosophers 12194:Open society 12130:Body politic 12000:Distributism 11990:Conservatism 11985:Confucianism 11904:Gerontocracy 11894:Dictatorship 11848:Sovereignty‎ 11838:Ruling class 11728:Emancipation 11713:Citizenship‎ 11580:Broad church 11578: / 11574: / 11564: 11548: / 11541:Anglican Use 11501: 11452: 11375: 11370: 11149:Liz Lochhead 11144:Edwin Morgan 11074:Robert Burns 11064:Allan Ramsay 10997: 10891:John Barbour 10877:Scots makars 10834: 10649: 10150: 10142: 10134: 10129:James Stuart 10117:James Stuart 10116: 10102:John Stewart 10019: 10011: 10003: 9995: 9987: 9979: 9971: 9963: 9955: 9947: 9939: 9933: 9925: 9917: 9914: 9909: 9901: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9873: 9865: 9857: 9849: 9841: 9785: 9764:Elizabeth II 9692: 9625: 9608: 9582: 9535: 9513: 9504:Alexander II 9421: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9331: 9320: 9243: 9226: 9214: 9187: 9150: 9108: 9101: 9094: 8964: 8907: 8895: 8881:Alexander II 8580:Gartnait III 8430: 8424:4th creation 8423: 8417: 8412:Henry Stuart 8400: 8394: 8385: 8378: 8372: 8350: 8323: 8301: 8297:19 June 1566 8294: 8287: 8168: 8164: 8155: 8138: 8134: 8116: 8106: 8103: 8089: 8080: 8070: 8067: 8053: 8039: 8035:(4): 926–952 8032: 8029: 8016: 8009:(2): 169–207 8006: 8003: 7989: 7975: 7954: 7932: 7897: 7876: 7854: 7833:. New York: 7830: 7817: 7795: 7775: 7755: 7737: 7716: 7695: 7677: 7659: 7641: 7623: 7605: 7587: 7569: 7548: 7539: 7536:"John Craig" 7517: 7498: 7488: 7467: 7446: 7425: 7406: 7383: 7359: 7337: 7319: 7301: 7282: 7259: 7252:Willson 1963 7248:Stewart 2003 7239: 7232:Willson 1963 7228:Barroll 2001 7223: 7208:Stewart 2003 7203: 7196:Stewart 2003 7191: 7175: 7134: 7126: 7119:Willson 1963 7114: 7102:, retrieved 7096: 7089: 7077:, retrieved 7071: 7064: 7055: 7045: 7033: 7026:Wormald 2011 7021: 7016:, p. 4. 7014:Lockyer 1998 7009: 7002:Lindley 1993 6998:Commonwealth 6992: 6985:Lockyer 1998 6976: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6921:Stewart 2003 6916: 6904: 6895: 6889: 6877:. Retrieved 6873: 6860: 6853:Willson 1963 6840: 6833:Willson 1963 6824: 6816: 6811: 6795: 6787: 6780:Lockyer 1998 6767: 6760:Willson 1963 6755: 6748:Willson 1963 6743: 6736:Willson 1963 6731: 6724:Willson 1963 6715: 6703: 6691: 6684:Willson 1963 6679: 6672:Lindley 1993 6667: 6660:Lindley 1993 6656:Barroll 2001 6651: 6644:Lindley 1993 6639: 6624:Willson 1963 6619: 6612:Willson 1963 6607: 6600:Willson 1963 6595: 6588:Willson 1963 6583: 6571:. Retrieved 6567:BBC Scotland 6566: 6556: 6537: 6519: 6510: 6491: 6466: 6457: 6450:Lockyer 1981 6445: 6433:, retrieved 6418: 6411: 6399:, retrieved 6395: 6382: 6363: 6360:Weir, Alison 6355:Lockyer 1981 6350: 6331: 6324: 6312:. Retrieved 6308: 6298: 6289: 6283: 6274: 6268: 6259: 6253: 6241: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6192: 6186: 6155: 6148:Willson 1963 6144:Lockyer 1998 6135: 6123: 6116:Willson 1963 6111: 6067: 6057: 6045: 6038:Willson 1963 6033: 6030:Stewart 2003 6021: 6014:Willson 1963 6009: 6002:Willson 1963 5993: 5981: 5974:Willson 1963 5969: 5962:Stewart 2003 5957: 5945: 5938:Lockyer 1998 5929: 5922:Krugler 2004 5917: 5905: 5885: 5878:Willson 1963 5869: 5862:Willson 1963 5857: 5850:Willson 1963 5844: 5837:Willson 1963 5832: 5825:Willson 1963 5820: 5813:Willson 1963 5809:Lockyer 1998 5804: 5797:Willson 1963 5792: 5785:Willson 1963 5780: 5773:Willson 1963 5764: 5757:Willson 1963 5752: 5744: 5736: 5724: 5717:Willson 1963 5712: 5705:Willson 1963 5700: 5693:Willson 1963 5684: 5677:Willson 1963 5673:Lockyer 1998 5664: 5652: 5639: 5627: 5607:. 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Springer. 8056:. Longman. 7590:, Longman, 7572:, Longman, 6929:La Rochelle 6708:Davies 1959 6538:The Stuarts 5998:Akrigg 1984 5898:Schama 2001 5729:Schama 2001 5340:Martin 2016 5026:Hunter 2000 5010:Hunter 2000 4998:Hunter 2000 4982:Hunter 2000 4958:Hunter 2000 4946:Hunter 2000 4930:Akrigg 1984 4853:10037/20205 4535:, pp. 4143:Davies 1959 4111:Stroud 1999 3872:Northampton 2868:Henry VIII, 2534:Family tree 2349:for Ireland 2345:for England 2309:was a lion 2002:Thomas Lake 1939:Anne Murray 1779:Edward Coke 1745:Inigo Jones 1502:Royal Entry 1396:Sang Sculis 1244:clan chiefs 1156:witch-hunts 1136:Witch hunts 1103:Tycho Brahe 1049:Queen Anne 1007:John Ramsay 848:Peter Young 614:Christendom 598:), and the 513:, the last 154:Predecessor 104:Elizabeth I 100:Predecessor 55: 1605 13740:Categories 13715:(informer) 13652:John Grant 13601:Guy Fawkes 13510:Separatism 13318:On Liberty 13218:The Prince 12947:Huntington 12450:Campanella 12377:al-Ghazali 12326:Thucydides 12284:Lactantius 12229:Statolatry 12055:Monarchism 12035:Liberalism 11960:Capitalism 11943:Ideologies 11924:Plutocracy 11872:Government 11828:Revolution 11813:Propaganda 11763:Legitimacy 11738:Government 11465:Sacraments 11316:Henry VIII 11276:Æthelberht 11209:Communions 11154:Jackie Kay 10715:Charles II 9744:Edward VII 9734:William IV 9724:George III 9653:Charles II 9548:Robert III 9494:Malcolm IV 9469:Donald III 9444:Malcolm II 9429:Kenneth II 9311:Henry VIII 9271:Richard II 9266:Edward III 9200:William II 9173:Harthacnut 8990:William II 8975:Charles II 8930:Robert III 8871:Malcolm IV 8851:Donald III 8841:Donald III 8816:Malcolm II 8801:Kenneth II 8710:Bridei VII 8665:Drest VIII 8610:Bridei III 8595:Talorgan I 8590:Talorc III 8570:Nechtan II 8535:Gartnait I 8391:1566–1567 8360:1603–1625 8329:1567–1625 7972:Coward, B. 7917:required.) 7360:King James 7244:Croft 2003 7104:9 February 7079:9 February 7038:Croft 2003 6981:Croft 2003 6969:Croft 2003 6957:Croft 2003 6945:Croft 2003 6933:Isle of Ré 6909:Croft 2003 6865:Croft 2003 6849:Croft 2003 6847:quoted in 6829:Croft 2003 6776:Croft 2003 6772:Croft 2003 6720:Croft 2003 6696:Croft 2003 6632:Perry 2006 6484:Bray, Alan 6467:The Friend 6463:Bray, Alan 6435:9 December 6401:9 December 6314:18 October 6160:Croft 2003 6140:Croft 2003 6128:Croft 2003 6104:Croft 2003 6050:Croft 2003 6036:quoted by 6026:Croft 2003 5986:Croft 2003 5950:Croft 2003 5934:Croft 2003 5910:Croft 2003 5894:Croft 2003 5874:Croft 2003 5769:Croft 2003 5689:Croft 2003 5669:Croft 2003 5657:Croft 2003 5645:Croft 2003 5643:Quoted by 5632:Croft 2003 5621:required.) 5572:Croft 2003 5548:Croft 2003 5536:Croft 2003 5520:Croft 2003 5484:Croft 2003 5472:Croft 2003 5429:Croft 2003 5408:Croft 2003 5356:Croft 2003 5316:Croft 2003 5285:Croft 2003 5153:Quoted by 5142:Croft 2003 5122:Croft 2003 5098:Croft 2003 5086:King David 5050:Croft 2003 4910:Croft 2003 4800:Croft 2003 4788:Croft 2003 4705:Croft 2003 4678:Croft 2003 4650:Croft 2003 4628:quoted by 4622:Croft 2003 4590:Croft 2003 4578:Croft 2003 4562:Croft 2003 4479:quoted by 4416:Croft 2003 4373:Croft 2003 4341:Croft 2003 4329:Croft 2003 4305:Croft 2003 4131:Smith 2003 4123:Croft 2003 4099:Smith 2003 4050:Scriptures 4010:References 3810:certain." 2752:Henry VII, 2627:James III, 2485:, aged 18. 2402:dimidiated 2379:the motto 2353:red dragon 2330:marshalled 2112:See also: 2100:James was 2091: [ 2057:George III 1877:episcopacy 1659:Guy Fawkes 1510:Ben Jonson 1464:dimidiated 1461:Tudor rose 1431:high style 1343:Royal Gift 1253:Parliament 1170:under the 1160:witchcraft 1099:Copenhagen 978:Black Acts 971:John Craig 951:Calvinists 947:Protestant 868:preceptors 828:coronation 675:Protestant 667:Henry VIII 566:Ben Jonson 562:John Donne 257:7 May 1625 145:Coronation 91:Coronation 13228:Leviathan 13208:Monarchia 13202:(c. 1274) 13037:Oakeshott 12982:Mansfield 12977:Luxemburg 12962:Kropotkin 12857:Bernstein 12810:centuries 12724:Nietzsche 12667:Jefferson 12595:Condorcet 12543:centuries 12522:Pufendorf 12387:Marsilius 12274:Confucius 12259:Aristotle 12252:Antiquity 12180:Noble lie 12100:Third Way 12095:Socialism 12020:Feudalism 11975:Communism 11955:Anarchism 11934:Theocracy 11919:Oligarchy 11899:Democracy 11884:Autocracy 11798:Pluralism 11783:Obedience 11748:Hierarchy 11708:Authority 11470:Eucharist 11383:Charles I 11351:Edward VI 11301:Hygeberht 11104:Tom Scott 10739:Katherine 10730:Elizabeth 10152:Frederick 9969:Frederick 9855:Alexander 9759:George VI 9729:George IV 9719:George II 9631:Charles I 9613:from 1603 9563:James III 9543:Robert II 9499:William I 9474:Duncan II 9402:Malcolm I 9392:Donald II 9316:Edward VI 9306:Henry VII 9291:Edward IV 9261:Edward II 9251:Henry III 9234:Richard I 9195:William I 9116:Æthelstan 8980:James VII 8970:Charles I 8945:James III 8925:Robert II 8846:Duncan II 8776:Malcolm I 8766:Donald II 8705:Ciniod II 8700:Bridei VI 8680:Óengus II 8630:Drest VII 8620:Bridei IV 8585:Bridei II 8545:Talorc II 8525:Drest III 8510:Nechtan I 8335:Charles I 8185:142991232 7875:(1963) , 7835:Routledge 7443:Guy, John 7381:(1959) , 7212:porphyria 7174:(1978) , 6925:Huguenots 6573:28 August 6211:46169615M 5609:13 August 5273:Jack 1988 5235:Jack 1988 5223:Jack 1988 5182:(2000), " 5167:Jack 1988 4870:229451135 4862:1923-5755 4836:: 54–99. 4464:25969471M 2835:James IV, 2563:James II, 2465:mezzotint 2381:In defens 2295:supported 2278:, a lion 2077:dysentery 2053:porphyria 2041:arthritis 1774:Rhineland 1600:, and by 1563:Main Plot 1466:with the 1426:anglicise 1276:Stornoway 1238:In 1540, 1115:Elizabeth 987:Octavians 901:given by 842:selected 832:John Knox 790:Regencies 628:Childhood 525:himself " 503:Elizabeth 479:Henry VII 462:remained 452:his death 446:from the 410:Signature 168:Charles I 164:Successor 114:Charles I 110:Successor 13681:See also 13630:Recruits 13483:Centrism 13178:Politics 13168:Republic 13137:Voegelin 13117:Spengler 13102:Shariati 13077:Rothbard 13032:Nussbaum 12932:Habermas 12907:Fukuyama 12897:Foucault 12822:Ambedkar 12799:Voltaire 12769:de Staël 12744:Rousseau 12625:Franklin 12600:Constant 12560:Beccaria 12392:Muhammad 12372:Gelasius 12357:Averroes 12331:Xenophon 12311:Polybius 12264:Chanakya 12109:Concepts 12075:Populism 12045:Localism 12030:Islamism 12015:Feminism 11914:Monarchy 11818:Property 11808:Progress 11773:Monopoly 11743:Hegemony 11606:Ministry 11601:Heraldry 11423:Theology 11296:Paulinus 10998:James VI 10836:Category 10725:James II 10676:Margaret 10553:Margaret 10335:Stewarts 10299:Branches 9749:George V 9739:Victoria 9714:George I 9583:James VI 9568:James IV 9558:James II 9531:David II 9526:Robert I 9515:Margaret 9449:Duncan I 9358:Donald I 9296:Edward V 9286:Henry VI 9276:Henry IV 9256:Edward I 9222:Henry II 9121:Edmund I 9110:Ælfweard 9068:monarchs 9062:Scottish 8965:James VI 8950:James IV 8940:James II 8920:David II 8915:Robert I 8891:Margaret 8821:Duncan I 8740:Donald I 8685:Drest IX 8655:Alpín II 8650:Ciniod I 8645:Bridei V 8640:Óengus I 8605:Drest VI 8560:Bridei I 8540:Cailtram 8530:Drest IV 8515:Drest II 8505:Talorc I 8260:LibriVox 8111:in JSTOR 8075:in JSTOR 7974:(2017). 7953:(1974). 7829:(2006). 7715:(2001), 7568:(1981), 7466:(2000), 7445:(2004), 7404:(1974), 7357:(2003), 6518:(2014). 6465:(2003). 6362:(1996). 6309:BBC News 6226:(1970). 6179:bisexual 6066:(eds.). 5743:(1978). 5441:Guy 2004 5209:(1985), 5187:Archived 4537:295, 297 4533:Law 1904 4355:(1851), 4260:Guy 2004 4236:Guy 2004 4171:Guy 2004 4155:Guy 2004 3951:(son of 3807:John Guy 3166:Ancestry 2995:James V, 2499:Margaret 2319:sinister 2291:tressure 2220:(1658). 2204:(1652); 2185:and the 1854:surplice 1799:Habsburg 1559:Bye Plot 1471:ensigned 1403:Jacobean 1370:True Law 1347:True Law 1305:Shetland 1215:Hebrides 1117:, later 1095:Elsinore 1033:Marriage 873:treatise 710:baptised 661:through 578:(1597), 491:minority 483:abdicate 456:Scotland 432:James VI 331:Margaret 232:Scotland 182:See list 13520:Statism 13433:Elitism 13391:Related 13192:(51 BC) 13122:Strauss 13097:Scruton 13092:Schmitt 13082:Russell 13002:Michels 12997:Maurras 12992:Marcuse 12952:Kautsky 12922:Gramsci 12917:Gentile 12887:Dworkin 12877:Du Bois 12872:Dmowski 12867:Chomsky 12862:Burnham 12847:Benoist 12817:Agamben 12784:Thoreau 12774:Stirner 12764:Spencer 12709:Mazzini 12699:Maistre 12694:Madison 12689:Le Play 12620:Fourier 12585:Carlyle 12565:Bentham 12555:Bastiat 12550:Bakunin 12527:Spinoza 12517:Müntzer 12487:Leibniz 12460:Grotius 12440:Bossuet 12407:Plethon 12352:Aquinas 12321:Sun Tzu 12289:Mencius 12279:Han Fei 12050:Marxism 12010:Fascism 11843:Society 11768:Liberty 11753:Justice 11733:Freedom 11546:Morning 11494:worship 11490:Liturgy 11431:Trinity 11371:James I 11326:Cranmer 11251:History 10901:James I 10896:Huchoun 10769:Mary II 10017:William 10009:Charles 9945:Charles 9931:Charles 9892:Arthur 9667:Mary II 9573:James V 9553:James I 9489:David I 9454:Macbeth 9386:Eochaid 9281:Henry V 9216:Matilda 9210:Stephen 9205:Henry I 9066:British 9060:, 9058:English 9014:Ireland 9010:England 8985:Mary II 8955:James V 8935:James I 8866:David I 8826:Macbeth 8760:Eochaid 8715:Drest X 8635:Alpín I 8575:Cinioch 8550:Drest V 8500:Drest I 8356:Ireland 8249:at the 8226:at the 8209:James I 8135:History 8054:James I 7990:James I 7273:Sources 6879:1 April 6490:(ed.). 3713:, 1616 3693:Lepanto 3689:, 1591 3683:), 1584 3022:Mary I, 2280:rampant 2097:]. 2085:Solomon 1846:Puritan 1840:In the 1766:Bohemia 1753:Howards 1604:, soon 1551:spinels 1291:In the 1240:James V 1194:Macbeth 1123:Charles 858:), and 732:), and 602:of the 537:began. 507:Charles 487:regents 460:England 444:James I 440:Ireland 311:more... 298: 282: 278: 248:England 174:Regents 126:more... 72:more... 67:Ireland 13382:(1992) 13372:(1971) 13362:(1951) 13352:(1945) 13342:(1944) 13332:(1929) 13322:(1859) 13312:(1848) 13292:(1820) 13282:(1791) 13272:(1790) 13262:(1762) 13252:(1748) 13242:(1689) 13232:(1651) 13222:(1532) 13212:(1313) 13142:Walzer 13132:Taylor 13087:Sartre 13052:Popper 13047:Pareto 13042:Ortega 13027:Nozick 13017:Mouffe 12967:Laclau 12927:Guénon 12912:Gandhi 12852:Berlin 12842:Bauman 12837:Badiou 12827:Arendt 12794:Tucker 12684:Le Bon 12645:Herder 12635:Haller 12630:Godwin 12615:Fichte 12610:Engels 12605:Cortés 12575:Bonald 12532:Suárez 12507:Milton 12497:Luther 12470:Hobbes 12455:Filmer 12445:Calvin 12430:Boétie 12423:period 12402:Ockham 12269:Cicero 12070:Nazism 11858:Utopia 11833:Rights 11823:Regime 11793:People 11778:Nation 11480:Saints 11436:Father 11366:Hooker 11361:Parker 10696:Sophia 10462:Egidia 10446:Robert 10225:Titles 10144:Edward 10119:(1567) 10001:Edward 9993:George 9977:George 9961:George 9940:(1629) 9886:James 9858:(1430) 9578:Mary I 9459:Lulach 9423:Amlaíb 9417:Cuilén 9407:Indulf 9333:Philip 9328:Mary I 9131:Eadwig 9126:Eadred 8831:Lulach 8796:Amlaíb 8791:Cuilén 8781:Indulf 8670:Conall 8395:Vacant 8373:Vacant 8300: 8183: 8123: 8096: 8084:online 8068:Albion 8060: 8046: 8021:online 7996: 7982: 7961: 7939: 7911: 7883: 7862: 7841: 7802: 7784: 7762: 7744: 7723: 7702: 7684: 7666: 7648: 7630: 7612: 7594: 7576: 7555: 7524: 7506: 7474: 7453: 7432: 7414: 7391: 7367: 7344: 7326: 7308: 7290: 7182: 7141: 6802: 6544: 6526: 6498: 6473: 6426: 6370: 6338: 6248: 6209: 6199: 6084: 6074:Oxford 5615: 4868: 4860: 4462: 4452: 4082:Oxford 3774:, 1609 3768:, 1608 3754:, 1599 3746:, 1598 3705:, 1597 3695:, poem 2527:Sophia 2326:badges 2315:dexter 2311:sejant 2299:Argent 2167:Stuart 2124:Rubens 2108:Legacy 2000:; and 1977:sodomy 1975:lists 1392:burghs 1301:Orkney 1249:Gaelic 1150:(1597) 1121:; and 784:regent 698:Prince 645:, 1574 568:, and 523:styled 505:, and 400:Mother 390:Father 384:Stuart 351:Sophia 288: 268:Spouse 254:Burial 13531:Index 13160:Works 13147:Weber 13112:Spann 13107:Sorel 13072:Röpke 13067:Rawls 13022:Negri 13012:Mosca 13007:Mises 12972:Lenin 12942:Hoppe 12937:Hayek 12902:Fromm 12892:Evola 12882:Dugin 12779:Taine 12759:Smith 12739:Renan 12734:Paine 12655:Iqbal 12640:Hegel 12590:Comte 12580:Burke 12492:Locke 12482:James 12435:Bodin 12367:Dante 12362:Bruni 12316:Shang 12299:Plato 11853:State 11803:Power 11788:Peace 11723:Elite 11701:Terms 11616:Music 11281:Edwin 10333:Royal 9953:James 9915:James 9907:James 9899:James 9879:James 9871:James 9863:James 9847:James 9839:David 9479:Edgar 9379:Giric 9245:Louis 9152:Sweyn 8856:Edgar 8755:Giric 8695:Uurad 8615:Taran 8427:1567 8380:James 8302:Died: 8295:Born: 8181:S2CID 6569:. 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