272:. The chronology of the inscriptions in not clear, though it is possible the earliest dates to the 3rd century CE. That particular inscription mentions that a king of Kinda named Malik led a tribal confederation, one of whose members, Imru al-Qays ibn Awf, attacked Saba. As a result, Malik and the lesser-ranking chiefs of the confederation were compelled by Saba to surrender Imru al-Qays and provide compensation and hostages from the tribe. In other inscriptions from about the same time, the Kinda are mentioned together with other nomadic Arab groups, including the
423:
and
Suraqah, and an influential sister, Ammarada, may have had the secret backing of the Sasanian rulers of Yemen at that time, as the Muslim sources claim that Abu al-Khayr, or alternatively Abu al-Jabr ibn Amr ibn Yazid ibn Shurahbil (great-great grandson of the king al-Harith ibn Amr), was poisoned by the Persians. Afterward, the Banu al-Harith al-Wallada achieved supremacy over the Kinda in Hadhramawt.
444:(died 632) and accepted Islam. Reports in the early Muslim historical tradition note that Muhammad granted the Wali'a a designated portion of the tax revenue collected from the Hadhramawt and mandated that the people of that region deliver it to them annually. The Tujib clan of the Sakun also embraced Islam after meeting Muhammad, while a king of the Sakun in the north Arabian oasis town of
460:
A series of minor skirmishes followed throughout the
Hadhramawt where various Kindite clans were defeated by Ziyad. Al-Ash'ath gathered tribesmen from his own clan, the Banu Jabala, and other clans of the Banu al-Harith al-Asghar, and bested Muslim forces near Tarim fort, before besieging the Muslim
422:
The previous preeminent leadership of the Banu Akil al-Murar did not prevail over all the
Kindites of the Hadhramawt, where the Banu al-Harith al-Wallada, in particular its Banu Wali'a house, vied for paramountcy. The Wali'a, which consisted of at least five brothers, Mikhwas, Mishrah, Jamd, Abdu'a,
465:
compelled al-Ash'ath to lift the siege, but he resumed his assault with backup from other
Kindite clans, including the Banu al-Arqam. These Kindite reinforcements abandoned the campaign after al-Ash'ath praised the killing of Ziyad's messenger by one of his men. Nonetheless, al-Ash'ath defeated the
384:
About two years after al-Harith's death the
Byzantines, seeking to build an alliance against the Sasanians, dispatched envoys Julian and Nonossus to enlist Ethiopia, Himyar, and the Kinda. Through Byzantine diplomacy, the Kindite king in Najd, Qays, likely the son of Salama ibn al-Harith, agreed to
456:
In 632, following the death of
Muhammad, the Kinda rebelled against the nascent Muslim state in Medina when its governor of Hadhramawt, Ziyad ibn Labid al-Ansari, withheld the tribe's designated tax revenues. Ziyad and his army, which included the Banu Qatira clan of the Sakun, launched a surprise
410:
In Yemen and the
Hadhramawt, Kindite territories were divided between different branches of the tribe. On the eve of Islam in the 620s–630s, the medieval Islamic sources mention that the fortress of al-Nujayr was controlled by the house of Ma'dikarib, a leading family of the Banu Harith al-Asghar,
389:
and was thereafter given a command in
Palestine. Al-Harith had split command of the Ma'add among four of his sons, Hujr, Ma'di-Karib, Shurahbil and Salama. Rivalries broke out among the brothers, leading to the deaths of Shurahbil and Hujr, before al-Harith's death. The Kindite monarchy was
295:
in the early 6th century CE. Dhu Nuwas placed them under a
Sabaean commander from the aristocratic Yaz'an family during campaigns against nomadic tribes in central Arabia. The Kinda in Hadhramawt, likely due to their dependence on the Jewish Himyarites, at least partly adopted
232:. The name 'Kinda' was a nickname for the tribe's progenitor, Thawr ibn Ufayr. His sons were the progenitors of the Kinda's principle branches, the Banu Mu'awiya, the Sakun and the Sakasik. The latter two are often grouped together in the literary sources as the Ashras group.
479:
While the pre-Islamic
Kindite nobility played an insignificant role under the Caliphate, several of the Banu al-Harith al-Asghar's members held prominence. Al-Ash'ath played a command role in the conquest of Iraq in the 630s. He bested his rival kinsman from the Banu Jabala,
393:
By the late 6th century, Kindite power throughout central Arabia was fraying. The wars between al-Harith's sons had weakened them in Najd. In the neighboring Yamama, the al-Jawn became involved in a war between constituents of the Ma'add, leading to their defeat at the
189:, which lasted until the mid-6th century. By this point its rulers had all been killed or prompted to flee for Hadramawt. There, the bulk of the tribe had continued to reside and dominate. While many of the tribesmen in Hadramawt likely embraced
415:, was controlled by a descendant of the Banu Akil al-Murar, Abu al-Khayr Amr. While the leading Kindite families in the Hadhramawt may have been referred to as 'kings' in the literary sources, their domain was usually restricted to a particular
470:
arrived to support Ziyad and Muhajir, prompting al-Ash'ath to barricade himself and his side's women and children in the fortress of Nujayr. There, they were besieged and defeated by the Muslims, though al-Ash'ath was pardoned.
341:
frontier in the Levant prompted the empire into an arrangement with the Kinda under al-Harith (who they called Arethas) to act as their federates, guarding the imperial border. Sometime during the reign of the Sasanian king
318:. The Kindites were led by Hujr, founder of the tribe's royal household, the Banu Akil al-Murar. The subordination of the nomadic tribes of Ma'add to the Banu Akil al-Murar was the initiative of the Ma'add, especially its
322:
division, to bring order to its constantly feuding constituent tribes. The Bakr sent envoys to the king of Himyar, inviting him to be their king. Instead, the king delegated the role to Hujr for unclear reasons.
334:(southern central Arabia).Although there are no particular achievements attributed to Hujr's sons, his grandson, al-Harith ibn Amr, became the best-known Kindite king, under whom the Kinda reached their zenith.
402:
ancestral homeland. The Kindite migration back to Hadhramawt included some 30,000 members of the tribe departing their settlements of Ghamr Dhi Kinda in Najd and Hajar and al-Mushaqqar in the Yamama.
457:
attack against the Banu Amr. The leaders of the Banu Wali'a were slain and the clan appointed al-Ash'ath, who did not belong to it, as their king, making him the most powerful Kindite chief.
398:
in Najd, dated variously by modern historians to circa 550, 570 or 580. Their loss there and in a subsequent battle contributed to the Kinda's abandonment of the Yamama and return to their
330:(northern central Arabia) part of his domains by his eldest son, Amr al-Maqsur. His younger son, Mu'awiya al-Jawn, founder of the Banu al-Jawn house, ruled over the Ma'add in the
314:
In the mid-5th century, part of the Kinda, with support from Himyar, migrated into central and northern Arabia and asserted dominance over the large Arab tribal confederation of
208:, repented and played important roles in the early Muslim conquests. Members of the Kinda continued to serve in prominent positions throughout the early centuries of the
251:
in southern Arabia. After the advent of Islam, preeminent leadership of the tribe passed to another division of the Banu Mu'awiya, the Banu al-Harith al-Asghar.
926:
235:
The Banu Mu'awiya was the leading branch of the tribe. From its Banu Amr subbranch descended the royal households of Kinda, namely the Banu Akil al-Murar in
1213:
385:
enter Byzantine service and leave his territory under the rule of his brothers Yazid and Amr. Qays went to the Byzantine capital
1184:
1089:
985:
961:
1075:
947:
1203:
1152:
1131:
1110:
912:
373:, but after a conflict with its governor he fled into the desert. There, in 528, he was slain by the Lakhmid king
466:
larger Muslim force, including the Sakun, at a major battle in the valley of Zurqan. Another Muslim force led by
374:
110:
549:
440:, a leader of the Banu Jabala clan of the Banu al-Harith al-Asghar, sent deputations to the Islamic prophet
144:
1054:
512:
1218:
1062:
934:
553:
395:
1173:
of Kindī Elites during the 7th to 9th Century". In Hagemann, Hannah-Lena; Heidemann, Stefan (eds.).
181:
In the mid-5th century, the tribe established its own kingdom over the Arab tribal confederation of
361:
in Iraq. His rule there was short-lived, but during that time he adopted the Iranian religion of
522:). Shurahbil later became governor of Hims under Mu'awiya. Al-Ash'ath had served as governor of
493:
462:
437:
205:
1102:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: Volume I, Part 1: Political and Military History
365:. After his brief rulership over al-Hira he returned to the Byzantines fold. He was granted a
980:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
902:
8:
977:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen
467:
193:
with the Himyarites, many of those in central and northern Arabia embraced Christianity.
1023:
Lecker, Michael (October–December 1995). "Judaism among Kinda and the Ridda of Kinda".
901:
Bamyeh, Mohammed A. (2006). "The Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia". In Chatty, Dawn (ed.).
481:
370:
35:
200:(died 632), their leading families revolted against the early Muslim state during the
1180:
1148:
1127:
1106:
1085:
998:Ğamharat an-nasab: Das genealogische Werk des His̆ām ibn Muḥammad al-Kalbī, Volume II
981:
957:
908:
412:
319:
280:
of the Arabs of the king of Saba, and Kinda and Madhhij". According to the historian
171:
1169:
Leube, George (2020). "Insult the Caliph, Marry al-Ḥasan, and Redeem Your Kingdom:
1032:
922:
338:
309:
291:
confederations, continued their role as nomad auxiliaries under the Himyarite king
281:
269:
186:
148:
1174:
1142:
1121:
1100:
996:
975:
448:, al-Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik, accepted the religion during Muhammad's lifetime.
445:
220:
The Kinda's genealogy, real or perceived, traced them back to the semi-legendary
163:
136:
904:
Nomadic Societies in the Middle East and North Africa: Entering the 21st Century
121:(very limited in 520s), Christianity (early 6th century), Islam (630s and after)
1208:
1070:
1058:
971:
942:
930:
386:
461:
troops taking refuge in the fort. The arrival of Muslim reinforcements led by
1197:
1066:
938:
508:
484:, over leadership of the Kindites who settled in the Arab garrison center of
288:
204:(632–633). The tribe was dealt a heavy blow, but surviving leaders, such as
170:
auxiliaries as early as the 3rd century, later allying themselves with the
152:
590:
523:
1176:
Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire
1007:
411:
itself belonging to the Amr branch of the Banu Mu'awiya. Another fort,
405:
399:
248:
201:
93:
489:
378:
362:
331:
315:
292:
284:, the Kinda and Madhhij were likely auxiliaries to the army of Saba.
240:
209:
182:
175:
159:
118:
1147:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
1126:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
1105:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
1036:
538:
441:
366:
265:
197:
564:
358:
354:
343:
297:
273:
259:
224:, making them, and other South Arabian tribal groups such as the
196:
After accepting Islam during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet
190:
167:
114:
699:
488:. Shurahbil joined his father, al-Simt, who led the Kindites of
228:, ethnically distinct from non-Arab South Arabians, such as the
527:
229:
221:
27:
492:
in Syria, whose conquest al-Simt had helped lead. During the
723:
689:
687:
485:
416:
327:
236:
244:
855:
783:
771:
497:
225:
684:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
276:, as being subordinated under a Sabaean officer called "
268:
inscriptions mention the Kinda, pronounced "Kdt" in the
662:
660:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
927:"Kinda — The relations of Kinda with Saba and Himyar"
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867:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
759:
747:
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634:
711:
657:
607:
406:
State of affairs in the late 6th–early 7th centuries
303:
672:
1008:"Kinda on the Eve of Islam and during the "Ridda""
1179:. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 47–68.
1046:The Kings of Kinda of the Family of Ākil al-Murār
1195:
287:The Kinda, as well as Arabs of the Madhhij and
260:Relations with Saba and Himyar in South Arabia
162:, the Kinda tribe is known to have served the
1144:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century
185:in northern and central Arabia, known as the
1123:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century
326:After his death, Hujr was succeeded in the
1076:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
948:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
552:, Arminiya, and Adharbayjan under caliphs
431:
390:consequently left in a state of disorder.
1084:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 118–120.
451:
215:
158:Originating in the region to the west of
1025:Journal of the American Oriental Society
970:
705:
1043:
921:
651:
1196:
1140:
1119:
1098:
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789:
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741:
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693:
678:
666:
628:
254:
1168:
507:) and Shurahbil with the governor of
1012:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
956:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 120.
419:(seasonal stream or river valley).
140:
13:
1162:
426:
14:
1230:
1006:Lecker, Michael (November 1994).
907:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 33–48.
583:
304:Kings of Ma'add in central Arabia
548:), and Adi ibn Adi governed the
1214:Groups who converted to Judaism
894:
569:
558:
543:
532:
517:
502:
496:, al-Ash'ath sided with Caliph
348:
591:"Kindah | people | Britannica"
1:
577:
474:
247:) and the Banu Wali'a in the
145:Ancient South Arabian script
7:
1001:(in German). Leiden: Brill.
541:under Mu'awiya (as caliph,
537:), Hujr ibn Yazid governed
10:
1235:
353:), al-Harith captured the
307:
106:
52:
44:
34:
26:
21:
1204:Ancient history of Yemen
1044:Olinder, Gunnar (1927).
708:, p. 267, note 641.
337:Kindite assaults on the
995:Caskel, Werner (1966).
513:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
432:Relations with Muhammad
1141:Shahid, Irfan (1984).
1120:Shahid, Irfan (1989).
1099:Shahid, Irfan (1995).
1048:. Lund: Hakan Ohlsson.
732:, p. 336, note 7.
494:First Muslim Civil War
463:Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya
452:Role in the Ridda wars
396:battle of Shi'b Jabala
216:Genealogy and branches
174:under the Jewish king
178:(early 6th century).
270:South Arabian script
147:: 𐩫𐩬𐩵𐩩) were an
61:Al-Harith al-Asghar
1053:Shahid, I. (1986).
864:, pp. 353–354.
792:, pp. 338–339.
780:, pp. 336–337.
696:, pp. 118–119.
468:Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl
438:al-Ash'ath ibn Qays
255:Pre-Islamic history
243:in central Arabia (
206:al-Ash'ath ibn Qays
16:South Arabian tribe
595:www.britannica.com
482:Shurahbil ibn Simt
111:Arabian polytheism
1186:978-3-11-066648-9
1091:978-90-04-07819-2
987:978-0-7914-4355-2
963:978-90-04-07819-2
923:Beeston, A. F. L.
172:Himyarite Kingdom
125:
124:
1226:
1219:Tribes of Arabia
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282:A. F. L. Beeston
187:Kingdom of Kinda
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1059:Bosworth, C. E.
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972:Bosworth, C. E.
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164:Sabaean Kingdom
48:Thawr ibn Ufayr
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1096:
1090:
1063:van Donzel, E.
1050:
1041:
1037:10.2307/604732
1031:(4): 635–650.
1020:
1003:
992:
986:
974:, ed. (1999).
968:
962:
935:van Donzel, E.
919:
913:
896:
893:
891:
890:
888:, p. 354.
878:
876:, p. 347.
866:
854:
852:, p. 344.
842:
840:, p. 343.
830:
828:, p. 346.
818:
816:, p. 341.
806:
804:, p. 339.
794:
782:
770:
768:, p. 337.
758:
756:, p. 336.
746:
744:, p. 335.
734:
722:
720:, p. 564.
710:
698:
683:
671:
669:, p. 119.
656:
654:, p. 120.
633:
631:, p. 118.
606:
581:
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572: 717–720
561: 715–717
546: 661–680
535: 644–656
520: 639–661
505: 656–661
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387:Constantinople
375:al-Mundhir III
351: 498–531
308:Main article:
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113:(until 630s),
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45:Descended from
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1018:(3): 333–356.
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706:Bosworth 1999
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681:, p. 40.
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845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
674:
652:Beeston 1986
598:. Retrieved
594:
585:
478:
459:
455:
435:
421:
409:
392:
383:
336:
325:
313:
286:
277:
263:
234:
219:
195:
180:
157:
153:South Arabia
132:
128:
126:
1071:Pellat, Ch.
943:Pellat, Ch.
886:Lecker 1994
874:Lecker 1994
862:Lecker 1994
850:Lecker 1994
838:Lecker 1994
826:Lecker 1994
814:Lecker 1994
802:Lecker 1994
790:Lecker 1994
778:Lecker 1994
766:Lecker 1994
754:Lecker 1994
742:Lecker 1994
730:Lecker 1994
718:Caskel 1966
694:Shahid 1986
679:Bamyeh 2006
667:Shahid 1986
629:Shahid 1986
524:Adharbayjan
367:phylarchate
357:capital of
77:Al-Wallada
1198:Categories
600:2023-04-16
578:References
475:Post-Ridda
400:Hadhramawt
249:Hadhramawt
202:Ridda wars
149:Arab tribe
30:Arab tribe
1080:Volume V:
1067:Lewis, B.
952:Volume V:
939:Lewis, B.
379:Banu Kalb
371:Palestine
363:Mazdakism
339:Byzantine
293:Dhu Nuwas
245:see below
210:Caliphate
176:Dhu Nuwas
160:Hadramawt
119:Mazdakism
58:Mu'awiya
28:Kahlanite
1082:Khe–Mahi
1073:(eds.).
954:Khe–Mahi
945:(eds.).
925:(1986).
554:Sulayman
539:Arminiya
442:Muhammad
381:tribe.
264:Several
239:and the
198:Muhammad
107:Religion
53:Branches
1055:"Kinda"
565:Umar II
377:or the
359:al-Hira
355:Lakhmid
344:Kavad I
298:Judaism
274:Madhhij
266:Sabaean
191:Judaism
168:Bedouin
141:كِنْدَة
115:Judaism
100:Sakasik
72:Al-Jawn
1183:
1151:
1130:
1109:
1088:
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960:
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911:
563:) and
550:Jazira
528:Uthman
332:Yamama
316:Ma'add
241:Yamama
230:Himyar
222:Kahlan
183:Ma'add
137:Arabic
133:Kindah
90:Qatira
87:Sakun
80:Wali'a
64:Jabala
1209:Kinda
1057:. In
929:. In
509:Syria
413:Tarim
289:Murad
278:kabir
151:from
131:, or
129:Kinda
94:Tujib
40:Kindī
36:Nisba
22:Kinda
1181:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1086:ISBN
982:ISBN
958:ISBN
909:ISBN
490:Hims
486:Kufa
417:wadi
328:Najd
320:Bakr
237:Najd
127:The
1033:doi
1029:115
574:).
498:Ali
369:in
226:Azd
166:as
135:, (
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