115:
126:
209:
221:
hung off-center. Any disrespect to the images of the leaders is criminal. This includes not only portraits hung on walls but also e.g. images in newspapers. Any damage or destruction to the portraits leads to an investigation and, if the suspect is found guilty, punishment. A penalty of one day of hard labor at a construction site is reported for failure to properly hang the portraits. The portraits are to be protected even in the case of an emergency. Still, neglecting care for the portraits is considered a rather minor offense, and as such, it is a typical confession that people make during
99:
252:
235:
is not mandatory even in public places. When a North Korean family mourns a dead member, ceremonial greetings and offerings are made to the deceased, but only after the two portraits have been given the same treatment. The portraits are usually kept clean by adults in the house, typically the mother of the family. They wipe the glass every morning. Sometimes the portraits have a box under them that houses a white cloth used for dusting them that one is not allowed to use for any other purpose.
36:
27:
1716:
317:
2224:
1542:
331:
150:
Since the early 1990s, Kim Jong Il portraits have been the same size as those depicting Kim Il Sung, and their display has been standardized so that they are always displayed side by side. In the 1990s, a third kind of portrait was added that depicts Kim Jong Il and Kim Il Sung engaged in discussion about state management. High-ranking officials were given yet another portrait, that of Kim Il Sung's first wife and mother of Kim Jong Il,
267:. For instance, in 2007 it was reported that a factory worker rescued his leader portraits and his five-year-old daughter from a flooded house. When he was overpowered by the water, he let go of his daughter but managed to hold onto the portraits. Such a feat can raise the societal status of a person considerably by improving their
78:. The display of Kim Il Sung portraits was made mandatory at homes in the 1970s. In the past, they were mandatory in certain public places as well, such as factories, airports, railway stations, and rail and subway carriages. At present, they no longer appear in means of transport, not even in some new buildings. Portraits of
138:
such portraits and instructed people to display them in their living rooms. By Kim Il Sung's 60th birthday in 1972, North Korea had more leader portraits than the Soviet Union or China ever did. In 1972, the compulsory display of the portraits was extended to all factories, airports, and railway stations.
234:
When a North Korean changes apartment, he or she must start by hanging the portraits first. The portraits are usually hung on a wall with nothing else, placed high, and looking downwards. Some families bow to the portraits every morning and in the evening, saying greetings, even though bowing to them
220:
Today, the portraits are found everywhere in North Korea. Rules regarding the display and maintenance of the portraits are complex. The portraits should be hung on the most prominent wall of the apartment with nothing else on it, preferably in the living room. They must be kept clean and may not be
149:
could claim that there was a spontaneous movement that supported Kim Jong Il. By around 1980, every office and home had the two portraits on display. In the 1980s, the rules on portraits were extended yet again to cover rail and subway carriages. Buses and trams were excluded for unknown reasons.
137:
Since the 1940s, visual depictions of Kim Il Sung have been commonplace in North Korea. The practice was adopted from Stalin portraits in the Soviet Union and portraits of Mao Zedong in China. Displaying a portrait of Kim Il Sung in every house became mandatory in the 1970s. The state distributed
89:
Rules regarding the placement and maintenance of the portraits are complex and change frequently. At homes, they should be placed on the most prominent wall in the living room with nothing else on it, high and looking downwards. Of importance, and subject to random checks, is that they are kept
941:
238:
In addition to homes, offices, factories, shops, hospitals, classrooms and libraries sport the portraits, as do decks of ships and fronts of trains. In public buildings they are placed above the main entrances. All portraits are made by the
174:
Under Kim Jong Un, the appearances of the portraits have become increasingly standardized. The current versions of the portraits consists of Kim Il Sung in a western-style suit and Kim Jong Il wearing his trademark green jumpsuit.
1184:
1046:
274:
895:
141:
At the end of the decade, North
Koreans were told to hang portraits of Kim Jong Il next to their portraits of Kim Il Sung. The regulation was put in place relatively late into Kim Jong Il's
555:
194:(WPK), another large portrait of Kim Jong Un was displayed at the building front. New portraits were also displayed along with his predecessors at another block and the classrooms.
2123:
1000:
1194:
1007:
1829:
1615:
1214:
107:
2130:
1204:
200:, an expert on North Korea, notes that the set of rules regarding the portraits changes frequently, making it "remarkable for its constant fluidity".
2051:
1456:
2100:
1449:
586:
145:. The reason was that he had little, and by 1980 virtually no, competition as the heir apparent. The order to do so became unofficial so that
1656:
563:
2270:
1809:
157:
The image of Kim Il Sung underwent changes as he aged and according to political currents: early portraits from the 1960s have him in a
2176:
1601:
993:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
114:
161:, while those from the 1980s depict him in a Western suit. Years after his death, he began to appear in the military uniform of
2014:
1477:
1377:
354:
842:
2021:
1580:
972:
925:
904:
883:
855:
831:
761:
729:
644:
1100:
527:
298:
2148:
2044:
1679:
1463:
1421:
1062:
344:
2280:
2275:
125:
2030:
1407:
359:
302:
2260:
2116:
2079:
1693:
1512:
154:. Offices, however, do not display this picture. In recent years, the portraits' societal importance has waned.
2072:
1686:
1670:
1663:
1435:
1069:
2255:
2250:
394:
285:
In addition to the standardized portraits, there have been special cases. One of these is a gift from the
2108:
2065:
1608:
1505:
225:. Random checks for the portraits are carried out, monthly at least during Kim Il Sung's reign, but the
178:
A portrait of Kim Jong Un was displayed for the first time in public in
November 2018 during a visit of
273:(ascribed social rank in North Korea). Saving portraits is based on an arbitrary interpretation of the
191:
1842:
1573:
1237:
965:
376:
2058:
1789:
1779:
1724:
1647:
1640:
1428:
1174:
1091:
301:. The largest Kim Il Sung portrait, at least in Pyongyang, was 15 by 11 metres and was hung at the
222:
259:
Stories about North
Koreans saving leader portraits from certain destruction have been sported in
2162:
1039:
1032:
146:
1215:
10-Point
Programme for the Great Unity of the Whole Nation for the Reunification of the Country
349:
208:
751:
915:
873:
719:
634:
404:
861:
821:
2265:
2227:
2086:
2037:
1633:
1566:
1545:
1414:
958:
286:
942:
Photo of a set of portraits with the third image of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il discussing
183:
8:
2169:
1799:
365:
240:
142:
1609:
Chairman of the
National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1498:
322:
290:
260:
213:
295:
The Non-Aligned
Movement is a Mighty Anti-Imperialist Revolutionary Force of Our Times
98:
1819:
1391:
1055:
921:
900:
879:
851:
827:
757:
725:
640:
255:
The official portraits of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il as used in the 1970s and 1980s
1384:
1224:
1185:
On
Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work
251:
119:
1859:
1484:
1350:
336:
587:"Kim Jong Un displays portrait next to predecessors in personality cult boost"
62:
have been commonplace in North Korea since the 1940s following the example of
2244:
1987:
1947:
1907:
1334:
1302:
1278:
197:
63:
841:
Do, Kyung-ok; Kim, Soon-am; Han, Dong-ho; Lee, Keum-soon; Hong, Min (2015).
1995:
1971:
1955:
1899:
1891:
1867:
1851:
1342:
1294:
1286:
1246:
945:
381:
151:
130:
67:
2210:
2201:
2093:
1979:
1963:
1923:
1915:
1875:
1715:
1589:
1528:
1442:
1358:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1262:
1254:
994:
General
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
981:
83:
79:
59:
49:
45:
35:
26:
1939:
1270:
1025:
275:
Ten
Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System
167:(generalissimo). Images of Kim Jong Il, too, went from Mao suit to the
82:
have been hung next to Kim Il Sung since the late 1970s. A portrait of
71:
1047:
10 Principles for the
Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System
896:
The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia
2184:
1931:
1491:
190:. In May 2024, at the opening of a training school for cadets of the
187:
2138:
1399:
371:
227:
163:
158:
330:
532:
269:
1883:
1703:
231:(neighborhood watch) sometimes tips people off of inspections.
103:
1558:
950:
1079:
75:
756:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 143.
775:
773:
528:"Slogans of the 'Glorious Country' mass games, in pictures"
179:
556:"North Korea puts Kim Painting on Show for the first time"
510:
508:
506:
263:
for decades, and they have also been disseminated by the
2124:
Eternal General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
770:
289:, a portrait of Kim Il Sung that is entirely made up of
699:
689:
687:
674:
672:
670:
668:
611:
609:
607:
503:
1001:
President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
493:
491:
489:
487:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
1195:
Theses on the Socialist Rural Question in Our Country
875:
North of the DMZ: Essays on Daily Life in North Korea
1830:
Our Socialism Centred on the Masses Shall Not Perish
797:
785:
724:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 12.
684:
665:
604:
472:
312:
86:
was displayed for the first time in public in 2018.
2131:
Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission
1205:
On the Five-point Policy for National Reunification
850:. Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification.
484:
439:
410:
823:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future
108:1st Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea
2242:
1602:General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
745:
743:
741:
653:
460:
212:The official portrait of Kim Il Sung as seen on
844:White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2015
16:Mandatory depictions of the North Korean rulers
52:, each released immediately after their deaths
1616:Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
1574:
1008:Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
966:
738:
628:
626:
624:
639:. Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 16.
1810:On Further Improving Party Ideological Work
129:Portraits of Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and
2177:Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee
1581:
1567:
973:
959:
711:
621:
243:. They are glazed and framed with timber.
840:
779:
749:
514:
1101:1947 North Korean parliamentary election
753:North Korea: Beyond Charismatic Politics
520:
250:
207:
124:
113:
97:
2243:
913:
892:
871:
803:
791:
750:Kwon, Heonik; Chung, Byung-Ho (2012).
717:
705:
693:
678:
632:
615:
584:
497:
454:
433:
400:
355:List of things named after Kim Il Sung
1562:
954:
578:
280:
899:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
819:
659:
478:
466:
299:International Friendship Exhibition
13:
2271:Cultural depictions of Kim Jong Il
2045:Residences of North Korean leaders
1422:Residences of North Korean leaders
345:Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il badges
14:
2292:
935:
562:. 6 November 2018. Archived from
44:Оfficial posthumous portraits of
2223:
2222:
2031:North Korean cult of personality
1714:
1541:
1540:
1408:North Korean cult of personality
917:Art Under Control in North Korea
360:North Korean cult of personality
329:
315:
303:Pyongyang Department Store No. 1
102:Portrait of Kim Il Sung next to
34:
25:
2080:International Kim Jong Il Prize
1588:
980:
2073:List of leaders of North Korea
1436:List of leaders of North Korea
813:
548:
246:
1:
633:Hunter, Helen-Louise (1999).
585:Zwirko, Colin (21 May 2024).
387:
2059:North Korean leaders' trains
1429:North Korean leaders' trains
7:
2109:Song of General Kim Jong Il
2066:Changsan Revolutionary Site
1506:Down-with-Imperialism Union
721:North Korea and South Korea
308:
10:
2297:
920:. London: Reaktion Books.
203:
93:
2195:
2006:
1841:
1778:
1723:
1712:
1625:
1596:
1522:
1369:
1236:
1173:
1090:
1017:
988:
636:Kim Il-song's North Korea
377:Mansu Hill Grand Monument
223:mutual criticism sessions
216:main ministerial building
2281:Portraits of politicians
2276:Kim family (North Korea)
1790:On the Art of the Cinema
878:. Jefferson: McFarland.
826:. London: Random House.
2163:Day of the Shining Star
2015:Death and state funeral
1378:Death and state funeral
1040:Kapsan faction incident
1033:August faction incident
872:Lankov, Andrei (2007).
192:Workers' Party of Korea
147:North Korean propaganda
2261:Culture of North Korea
2101:Awards and decorations
1450:Awards and decorations
350:Culture of North Korea
256:
217:
134:
122:
111:
914:Portal, Jane (2005).
718:Senker, Cath (2012).
254:
211:
128:
117:
101:
58:Visual depictions of
2256:Portrait photographs
2087:Order of Kim Jong Il
2038:On-the-spot guidance
1634:Inter-Korean summits
1415:On-the-spot guidance
867:on 20 February 2018.
820:Cha, Victor (2012).
287:Syrian Arab Republic
2251:Portraits of people
2170:North Korean famine
2052:International trips
1800:On the Art of Opera
1457:International trips
566:on 29 November 2018
536:. 13 September 2018
366:Guerrillero Heroico
241:Mansudae Art Studio
143:cult of personality
1499:Battle of Pochonbo
481:, pp. 79, 87.
323:North Korea portal
291:Arabic calligraphy
261:North Korean media
257:
218:
214:Kim Il Sung Square
135:
123:
112:
2238:
2237:
1820:On the Juche Idea
1556:
1555:
1392:Eternal President
1056:Chollima Movement
927:978-1-86189-236-2
906:978-0-19-939003-8
885:978-0-7864-5141-8
857:978-89-8479-802-1
833:978-1-4481-3958-3
763:978-1-4422-1577-1
731:978-1-4488-6072-2
708:, pp. 42–44.
646:978-0-275-96296-8
281:Special portraits
184:Miguel Díaz-Canel
133:in a private home
118:Portraits on the
2288:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2205:
2188:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2017:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1718:
1707:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1387:
1385:Death to America
1380:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1229:
1225:With the Century
1219:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1010:
1003:
996:
975:
968:
961:
952:
951:
931:
910:
893:— (2015).
889:
868:
866:
860:. Archived from
849:
837:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
768:
767:
747:
736:
735:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
682:
676:
663:
657:
651:
650:
630:
619:
613:
602:
601:
599:
597:
582:
576:
575:
573:
571:
560:Channel NewsAsia
552:
546:
545:
543:
541:
524:
518:
512:
501:
495:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
437:
431:
408:
398:
339:
334:
333:
325:
320:
319:
318:
297:, housed at the
38:
29:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2220:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2191:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2020:
2013:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1934:(granddaughter)
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1557:
1552:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1321:(granddaughter)
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
979:
938:
928:
907:
886:
864:
858:
847:
834:
816:
811:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
771:
764:
748:
739:
732:
716:
712:
704:
700:
692:
685:
677:
666:
658:
654:
647:
631:
622:
614:
605:
595:
593:
583:
579:
569:
567:
554:
553:
549:
539:
537:
526:
525:
521:
513:
504:
496:
485:
477:
473:
465:
461:
453:
440:
432:
411:
399:
395:
390:
335:
328:
321:
316:
314:
311:
283:
249:
206:
120:Pyongyang Metro
96:
56:
55:
54:
53:
41:
40:
39:
31:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1958:(half-brother)
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1860:Kim Young-sook
1856:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1485:Day of the Sun
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1351:Kim Hyong-gwon
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1004:
997:
989:
986:
985:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
949:
948:
937:
936:External links
934:
933:
932:
926:
911:
905:
890:
884:
869:
856:
838:
832:
815:
812:
809:
808:
796:
784:
782:, p. 237.
780:Do et al. 2015
769:
762:
737:
730:
710:
698:
683:
664:
652:
645:
620:
603:
577:
547:
519:
517:, p. 238.
515:Do et al. 2015
502:
483:
471:
459:
438:
409:
392:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
362:
357:
352:
347:
341:
340:
337:Society portal
326:
310:
307:
305:in the 1990s.
282:
279:
248:
245:
205:
202:
95:
92:
43:
42:
33:
32:
24:
23:
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2293:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:Kim Jong Un →
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:← Kim Il Sung
2198:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1998:(grandmother)
1997:
1993:
1990:(grandfather)
1989:
1988:Kim Hyong-jik
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:Kim Kyong-hui
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Kim Jong-chul
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:Missile tests
1677:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:Nuclear tests
1654:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:Kim Jong Il →
1525:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1361:(grandfather)
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Kim Hyong-jik
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Kim Jong-chul
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Kim Kyong-hui
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:(second wife)
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:Missile tests
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
990:
987:
983:
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
956:
953:
947:
943:
940:
939:
929:
923:
919:
918:
912:
908:
902:
898:
897:
891:
887:
881:
877:
876:
870:
863:
859:
853:
846:
845:
839:
835:
829:
825:
824:
818:
817:
806:, p. 95.
805:
800:
794:, p. 44.
793:
788:
781:
776:
774:
765:
759:
755:
754:
746:
744:
742:
733:
727:
723:
722:
714:
707:
702:
696:, p. 36.
695:
690:
688:
681:, p. 87.
680:
675:
673:
671:
669:
661:
656:
648:
642:
638:
637:
629:
627:
625:
618:, p. 27.
617:
612:
610:
608:
592:
588:
581:
565:
561:
557:
551:
535:
534:
529:
523:
516:
511:
509:
507:
500:, p. 53.
499:
494:
492:
490:
488:
480:
475:
469:, p. 79.
468:
463:
457:, p. 35.
456:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
436:, p. 26.
435:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
406:
402:
397:
393:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
338:
332:
327:
324:
313:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
253:
244:
242:
236:
232:
230:
229:
224:
215:
210:
201:
199:
198:Andrei Lankov
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
172:
170:
166:
165:
160:
155:
153:
148:
144:
139:
132:
127:
121:
116:
109:
105:
100:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:Joseph Stalin
61:
51:
47:
37:
28:
19:
2221:
2209:
2200:
2183:
2155:
2137:
1996:Kang Pan-sok
1972:Kim Jong-suk
1956:Kim Pyong-il
1900:Kim Jong-nam
1892:Kim Sol-song
1868:Song Hye-rim
1854:(first wife)
1852:Hong Il-chon
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1702:
1539:
1527:
1470:
1398:
1343:Kang Pan-sok
1295:Kim Jong-nam
1287:Kim Pyong-il
1257:(third wife)
1247:Kim Jong-suk
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1078:
946:Getty Images
916:
894:
874:
862:the original
843:
822:
799:
787:
752:
720:
713:
701:
662:, p. 8.
655:
635:
594:. Retrieved
590:
580:
568:. Retrieved
564:the original
559:
550:
540:15 September
538:. Retrieved
531:
522:
474:
462:
396:
382:Ge Xiaoguang
364:
294:
293:of his work
284:
268:
264:
258:
237:
233:
226:
219:
196:
177:
173:
168:
162:
156:
152:Kim Jong-suk
140:
136:
131:Kim Jong Suk
88:
68:Soviet Union
57:
18:
2266:Kim Il Sung
2094:Kimjongilia
1980:Kim Yong-ju
1964:Kim Il Sung
1924:Kim Yo-jong
1916:Kim Jong Un
1876:Ko Yong-hui
1590:Kim Jong Il
1478:Named after
1443:Kimilsungia
1359:Kim Bo-hyon
1327:Kim Yong-ju
1319:Kim Yo-jong
1311:Kim Jong Un
1263:Kim Jong Il
1255:Kim Song-ae
982:Kim Il Sung
814:Works cited
804:Portal 2005
792:Lankov 2015
706:Lankov 2015
694:Lankov 2015
679:Portal 2005
616:Lankov 2007
570:18 November
498:Lankov 2015
455:Lankov 2015
434:Lankov 2007
401:Lankov 2015
247:Safekeeping
106:during the
84:Kim Jong Un
80:Kim Jong Il
60:Kim Il Sung
50:Kim Jong Il
46:Kim Il Sung
2245:Categories
1940:Kim Man-il
1926:(daughter)
1894:(daughter)
1313:(grandson)
1305:(grandson)
1297:(grandson)
1281:(daughter)
1271:Kim Man-il
1026:Korean War
403:, p.
388:References
182:president
72:Mao Zedong
2185:Pulgasari
2156:Portraits
2022:reactions
1942:(brother)
1932:Kim Ju-ae
1886:(partner)
1878:(partner)
1870:(partner)
1725:Elections
1492:Baik Bong
1471:Portraits
1329:(brother)
1092:Elections
188:Pyongyang
171:uniform.
2228:Category
2139:Taewonsu
1974:(mother)
1966:(father)
1950:(sister)
1626:Politics
1546:Category
1400:Taewonsu
1345:(mother)
1337:(father)
1018:Politics
660:Cha 2012
479:Cha 2012
467:Cha 2012
372:Portrait
309:See also
265:inminban
228:inminban
169:Taewonsu
164:Taewonsu
159:Mao suit
2007:Related
1982:(uncle)
1370:Related
1353:(uncle)
591:NK News
533:NK News
270:songbun
204:Display
110:in 1946
94:History
90:clean.
66:in the
2149:Badges
2117:Titles
1884:Kim Ok
1862:(wife)
1843:Family
1833:(1991)
1823:(1982)
1813:(1981)
1803:(1974)
1793:(1973)
1704:Songun
1513:Titles
1464:Badges
1238:Family
1228:(1993)
1218:(1993)
1208:(1973)
1198:(1964)
1188:(1955)
924:
903:
882:
854:
830:
760:
728:
643:
596:22 May
104:Stalin
1918:(son)
1910:(son)
1902:(son)
1780:Books
1289:(son)
1273:(son)
1265:(son)
1175:Books
1080:Juche
865:(PDF)
848:(PDF)
180:Cuban
76:China
1769:2009
1762:2003
1755:1998
1748:1990
1741:1986
1734:1982
1694:2009
1687:2006
1671:2009
1664:2006
1648:2007
1641:2000
1164:1990
1157:1986
1150:1982
1143:1977
1136:1972
1129:1967
1122:1962
1115:1957
1108:1948
1070:1993
922:ISBN
901:ISBN
880:ISBN
852:ISBN
828:ISBN
758:ISBN
726:ISBN
641:ISBN
598:2024
572:2018
542:2018
70:and
48:and
944:at
186:to
74:in
2247::
772:^
740:^
686:^
667:^
623:^
606:^
589:.
558:.
530:.
505:^
486:^
441:^
412:^
405:35
277:.
2111:"
2107:"
1582:e
1575:t
1568:v
974:e
967:t
960:v
930:.
909:.
888:.
836:.
766:.
734:.
649:.
600:.
574:.
544:.
407:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
