Kidney transplantation

1150: 652:. In 2014 the record for the largest chain was broken again by a swap involving 70 participants. The acceptance of altruistic donors has enabled chains of transplants to form. Kidney chains are initiated when an altruistic donor donates a kidney to a patient who has a willing but incompatible donor. This incompatible donor then 'pays it forward' and passes on the generosity to another recipient who also had a willing but incompatible donor. Michael Rees from the University of Toledo developed the concept of open-ended chains. This was a variation of a concept developed at Johns Hopkins University. On 30 July 2008, an altruistic donor kidney was shipped via commercial airline from Cornell to UCLA, thus triggering a chain of transplants. The shipment of living donor kidneys, computer-matching software algorithms, and cooperation between transplant centers has enabled long-elaborate chains to be formed. 1542:

average four more years of life. Graft and patient survival after transplantation have also improved over time, with 10 year graft survival rates for deceased donor transplants increasing from 42.3% in 1996–1999 to 53.6% in 2008-2011 and 10 year patient survival rate increasing from 60.5% in 1996–1999 to 66.9% in 2008–2011. There is a survival benefit among recipients of kidney transplant (both living or dead recipients) as compared to those on long term dialysis without a kidney transplant, including in those with co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes, advanced age, obesity or those with HLA mismatches. People generally have more energy, a less-restricted diet, and fewer complications with a kidney transplant than if they stay on conventional dialysis.

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inflammation, and is a risk factor for graft failure in the future. Hypothermic pulsatile machine perfusion; using a machine to perfuse donor kidneys ex vivo with cold solution, rather than static cold storage, is associated with a lower incidence of delayed graft function. Deceased donor kidneys with higher kidney donor profile index (KDPI) scores (a score used to determine suitability of donor kidneys based on factors such as age of donor, cause of death, kidney function at time of death, history of diabetes or hypertension, etc.)(with higher scores indicating lower suitability) are associated with an increased risk of delayed graft function.

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non-compliance with the immunosuppressive regiment. Clinical acute rejection (seen in approximately 10-15% of kidney transplants within the first year of transplantation) presents as kidney rejection with associated kidney dysfunction. Subclinical rejection (seen in approximately 5-15% of kidney transplants within the first year of transplantation) presents as rejection incidentally seen on biopsy but with normal kidney function. Acute rejection with onset 3 months or later after transplantation is associated with a worse prognosis. Acute rejection with onset less than 1 year after transplantation is usually

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that occur during prolonged dialysis has a negative impact on a patient's physical functioning post transplantation. Ideally, a kidney transplant should be pre-emptive, i.e., take place before the patient begins dialysis. The reason why kidneys fail over time after transplantation has been elucidated in recent years. Apart from recurrence of the original kidney disease, rejection (mainly antibody-mediated rejection) and progressive scarring (multifactorial) also play a decisive role. Avoiding rejection by strict medication adherence is of utmost importance to avoid failure of the kidney transplant.

1173:). This is almost always a deceased donor transplant. Only a few living donor (partial) pancreas transplants have been done. For individuals with diabetes and kidney failure, the advantages of an earlier transplant from a living donor (if available) are far superior to the risks of continued dialysis until a combined kidney and pancreas are available from a deceased donor. A patient can either receive a living kidney followed by a donor pancreas at a later date (PAK, or pancreas-after-kidney) or a combined kidney-pancreas from a donor (SKP, simultaneous kidney-pancreas). 902: 628: 963:, researchers tested the first human preclinical model for transplanting genetically-modified pig kidneys into humans. The recipient of the study had his native kidneys removed and received two genetically-modified pig kidneys in their place. The organs came from a genetically-modified pig from a pathogen-free facility. In March 2024, a team of surgeons at Massachusetts General Hospital transplanted a kidney from a genetically-modified pig into a 62-year-old man. Two weeks after the surgery, the doctor said the patient was well enough to be discharged. 705:. This reduces pain and accelerates recovery for the donor. Operative time and complications decreased significantly after a surgeon performed 150 cases. Live donor kidney grafts have higher long-term success rates than those from deceased donors. Since the increase in the use of laparoscopic surgery, the number of live donors has increased. Any advance which leads to a decrease in pain and scarring and swifter recovery has the potential to boost donor numbers. In January 2009, the first 170:(ESRD). Kidney transplant is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Living-donor kidney transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient. The first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954 by a team including 1839:, which oversees the organ transplants in the United States, allows transplant candidates to register at two or more transplant centers, a practice known as 'multiple listing'. The practice has been shown to be effective in mitigating the dramatic geographic disparity in the waiting time for organ transplants, particularly for patients residing in high-demand regions such as Boston. The practice of multiple-listing has also been endorsed by medical practitioners. 1065: 262: 40: 6180: 759:

including Organs Watch, a group established by medical anthropologists, which was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ selling rings. These patients may have increased complications owing to poor infection control and lower medical and surgical standards. One surgeon has said that organ trade could be legalised in the UK to prevent such tourism, but this is not seen by the

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side) to ensure the renal pelvis and ureter are anterior in the event that future surgeries are required. In an instance where there is doubt over whether there is enough space in the recipient's pelvis for the donor's kidney, the textbook recommends using the right side because the right side has a wider choice of arteries and veins for reconstruction.

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financial reasons alone. Half of end-stage renal disease patients only have Medicare coverage. This provision was repealed in December 2020; the repeal will come into effect on January 1, 2023. People who were on Medicare, or who had applied for Medicare at the time of their procedure, will have lifetime coverage of post-transplant drugs.

320:(St Marys and Hammersmith, London) carried out the first deceased donor transplant in United Kingdom, which was unsuccessful. In July 1959, "Fred" Peter Raper (Leeds) performed the first successful (8 months) deceased donor transplant in the UK. A year later, in 1960, the first successful living kidney transplant in the UK occurred, when 906: 557:

if test results indicate additional tests are required. A total approval time of under six months has been identified as an important goal for transplant centers to avoid missed opportunities for kidney transplant (for example, that the intended recipient becomes too ill for transplant while the donor is being evaluated).

1128:(2004) recommends putting the kidney in the contralateral side in all circumstances. No reason is explicitly put forth; however, one can assume the rationale is similar to that of Campbell, i.e. to ensure that the renal pelvis and ureter are most anterior in the event that future surgical correction becomes necessary. 910: 461:) at the time of transplantation. However, individuals with chronic kidney disease who have a living donor available may undergo pre-emptive transplantation before dialysis is needed. If a patient is put on the waiting list for a deceased donor transplant early enough, this may also occur pre-dialysis. 635:

The relationship the donor has to the recipient has evolved over the years. In the 1950s, the first successful living donor transplants were between identical twins. In the 1960s–1970s, live donors were genetically related to the recipient. However, during the 1980s–1990s, the donor pool was expanded

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from paying for more than three years for these drugs unless the patient is otherwise Medicare-eligible. Transplant programs may not transplant a patient unless the patient has a reasonable plan to pay for medication after Medicare coverage expires; however, patients are almost never turned down for

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Approximately one in three donations in the US, UK, and Israel is now from a live donor. Potential donors are carefully evaluated on medical and psychological grounds. This ensures that the donor is fit for surgery and has no disease which brings undue risk or likelihood of a poor outcome for either

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As candidates for a significant elective surgery, potential kidney donors are carefully screened to assure good long term outcomes. The screening includes medical and psychosocial components. Sometimes donors can be successfully screened in a few months, but the process can take longer, especially

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Zais IE, Sirotti A, Iesari S, Campioli E, Costantino A, Delbue S, Collini A, Guarneri A, Ambrogi F, Cacciola R, Ferraresso M, Favi E. Human cytomegalovirus-related gastrointestinal disease after kidney transplantation: A systematic review. Clin Transplant. 2023 Dec 8:e15218. doi: 10.1111/ctr.15218.

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Infections due to the immunosuppressant drugs used in people with kidney transplants most commonly occur in mucocutaneous areas (41%), the urinary tract (17%) and the respiratory tract (14%). The most common infective agents are bacterial (46%), viral (41%), fungal (13%), and protozoan (1%). Of the

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There is disagreement in surgical textbooks regarding which side of the recipient's pelvis to use in receiving the transplant. Campbell's Urology (2002) recommends placing the donor kidney in the recipient's contralateral side (i.e. a left sided kidney would be transplanted in the recipient's right

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It's important to note that advances in surgical techniques, better immunosuppressive medications, and improved post-transplant care have significantly reduced these risks over the years. Kidney transplantation remains the best option for many people with end-stage kidney disease, offering a better

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Before receiving a kidney transplant, a person with ESRD must undergo a thorough medical evaluation to make sure that they are healthy enough to undergo transplant surgery. If they are deemed a good candidate, they can be placed on a waiting list to receive a kidney from a deceased donor. Once they

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Some studies seem to suggest that the longer a patient is on dialysis before the transplant, the less time the kidney will last. It is not clear why this occurs, but it underscores the need for rapid referral to a transplant program. A recent study also suggests that the muscle wasting and frailty

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Kidney transplantation is a life-extending procedure. The typical patient will live 10 to 15 years longer with a kidney transplant than if kept on dialysis. The increase in longevity is greater for younger patients, but even 75-year-old recipients (the oldest group for which there is data) gain an

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The transplant surgery takes about three hours. The donor kidney will be placed in the lower abdomen and its blood vessels connected to arteries and veins in the recipient's body. When this is complete, blood will be allowed to flow through the kidney again. The final step is connecting the ureter

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In 1933, surgeon Yuriy Vorony from Kherson in Ukraine attempted the first human kidney transplant, using a kidney removed six hours earlier from a deceased donor to be reimplanted into the thigh. He measured kidney function using a connection between the kidney and the skin. His first patient died

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In addition to nationality, transplantation rates differ based on race, sex, and income. A study done with patients beginning long-term dialysis showed that the socio-demographic barriers to renal transplantation are relevant even before patients are on the transplant list. For example, different

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is defined as the need for hemodialysis within 1 week of kidney transplant and is the result of excessive perfusion related injury after transplant. Delayed graft function occurs in approximately 25% of recipients of kidneys from deceased donors. Delayed graft function leads to graft fibrosis and

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are major causes of transplant failure. Within 1 year post-transplant, the majority of transplant losses are due to technical issues with the transplant or vascular complications (41% of losses) with acute rejection and glomerulonephritis being less common causes at 17% and 3% respectively. Later

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test on the potential recipient. In the United States, up to 17% of all deceased donor kidney transplants have no HLA mismatch. However, HLA matching is a relatively minor predictor of transplant outcomes. In fact, living non-related donors are now almost as common as living (genetically)-related

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Since medication to prevent rejection is so effective, donors do not need to be similar to their recipients. Most donated kidneys come from deceased donors; however, the utilisation of living donors in the United States is on the rise. In 2006, 47% of donated kidneys were from living donors. This

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in kidney transplant recipients is 13-32% which is significantly higher than that of the general population. This is thought to be due to immunosuppression status and medical co-morbidities in transplant recipients. Covid-19 vaccination with booster doses is recommended for all kidney transplant

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which incorporates various serologic, molecular and histologic markers to determine the severity of the rejection. Acute rejection can be classified as T-cell mediated, antibody mediated or both (mixed rejection). Common causes of acute rejection include inadequate immunosuppression treatment or

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Kidney transplant recipients are discouraged from consuming grapefruit, pomegranate and green tea products. These food products are known to interact with the transplant medications, specifically tacrolimus, cyclosporin and sirolimus; the blood levels of these drugs may be increased, potentially

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Garg, Amit X.; Nevis, Immaculate F.; McArthur, Eric; Sontrop, Jessica M.; Koval, John J.; Lam, Ngan N.; Hildebrand, Ainslie M.; Reese, Peter P.; Storsley, Leroy; Gill, John S.; Segev, Dorry L.; Habbous, Steven; Bugeja, Ann; Knoll, Greg A.; Dipchand, Christine; Monroy-Cuadros, Mauricio; Lentine,

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In the developing world, some people sell their organs illegally. Such people are often in grave poverty or are exploited by salespersons. The people who travel to make use of these kidneys are often known as 'transplant tourists'. This practice is opposed by a variety of human rights groups,

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and can result in iatrogenic damage to the newly transplanted kidney. Tacrolimus, which is a similar drug, also causes nephrotoxicity. Blood levels of both must be monitored closely and if the recipient seems to have declining kidney function or proteinuria, a kidney transplant biopsy may be

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Depending on its quality, the new kidney usually begins functioning immediately. Living donor kidneys normally require 3–5 days to reach normal functioning levels, while cadaveric donations stretch that interval to 7–15 days. Hospital stay is typically for 4–10 days. If complications arise,

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In 2022, University of Alabama Birmingham announced the first peer-reviewed research outlining the successful transplant of genetically-modified, clinical-grade pig kidneys into a brain-dead human individual, replacing the recipient's native kidneys. In the study, which was published in the

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The medical screening assesses the general health and surgical risk of the donor including for conditions that might indicate complications from living with a single kidney. It also assesses whether the donor has diseases that might be transmitted to the recipient (who usually will be

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formation. Prednisolone alone is usually inadequate to prevent rejection of a transplanted kidney. Thus, other, non-steroid immunosuppressive agents are needed, which also allow lower doses of prednisolone. These include: azathioprine and mycophenolate, and ciclosporin and tacrolimus.

569:), assesses the anatomy of the donor's kidneys including differences in size and issues that might complicate surgery, and determines the immunological compatibility of the donor and recipient. Specific rules vary by transplant center, but key exclusion criteria often include: 500:

Kidney transplant requirements vary from program to program and country to country. Many programs place limits on age (e.g. the person must be under a certain age to enter the waiting list) and require that one must be in good health (aside from kidney disease). Significant

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the donor or recipient. The psychological assessment is to ensure the donor gives informed consent and is not coerced. In countries where paying for organs is illegal, the authorities may also seek to ensure that a donation has not resulted from a financial transaction.

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Martínez Arcos, L.; Fabuel Alcañiz, J.J.; Gómez Dos Santos, V.; Burgos Revilla, F.J. (January 2018). "Functional Results of Renal Preservation in Hypothermic Pulsatile Machine Perfusion Versus Cold Preservation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials".

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suggests that persons with only one kidney, including those who have donated a kidney for transplantation, should avoid a high protein diet and limit their protein intake to less than one gram per kilogram body weight per day in order to reduce the long-term risk of

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The psychosocial screening attempts to determine the presence of psychosocial problems that might complicate donation such as lack of social support to aid in their post operative recovery, coercion by family members, or lack of understanding of medical risks.

880:'Donation after Cardiac Death' donors are patients who do not meet the brain-dead criteria but, due to the unlikely chance of recovery, have elected via a living will or through family to have support withdrawn. In this procedure, treatment is discontinued ( 186:

are placed on the waiting list, they can receive a new kidney very quickly, or they may have to wait many years; in the United States, the average waiting time is three to five years. During transplant surgery, the new kidney is usually placed in the lower

3718: 1135:(2004) states that either side of the recipient's pelvis is acceptable; however the right vessels are 'more horizontal' with respect to each other and therefore easier to use in the anastomoses. It is unclear what is meant by the words 'more horizontal'. 1072:

In most cases, the barely functioning existing kidneys are not removed, as removal has been shown to increase the rates of surgical morbidity. Therefore, the kidney is usually placed in a location different from the original kidney. Often, this is in the

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In the illegal black market, the donors may not get sufficient after-operation care, the price of a kidney may be above $ 160,000, middlemen take most of the money, the operation is more dangerous to both the donor and receiver, and the buyer often gets

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in Evergreen Park, Illinois. Although the donated kidney was rejected ten months later because no immunosuppressive therapy was available at the time, the intervening time gave Tucker's remaining kidney time to recover and she lived another five years.

1240:. The risk of early rejection of the transplanted kidney is increased if corticosteroids are avoided or withdrawn after the transplantation. Ciclosporin, considered a breakthrough immunosuppressive when first discovered in the 1980s, ironically causes 1112:

The donor ureter is anastomosed with the recipient bladder. In some cases, a ureteral stent is placed at the time of the anastomosis, with the assumption that it allows for better drainage and healing. However, using a modified Lich-Gregoir technique,

3022:"National Data Reports". The Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN). dynamic. Retrieved 22 October 2013. (the link is to a query interface; Choose Category = Transplant, Organ = Kidney, and select the 'Transplant by donor type' report link) 1580:

wherein kidney donors are selected among people who are healthier than the general population, but when matching to a corresponding healthy control group, there appears to be no difference in overall long-term mortality rates among kidney donors.

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has enabled an opt-out organ donation register, the first country in the UK to do so. The legislation is 'deemed consent', whereby all citizens are considered to have no objection to becoming a donor unless they have opted out on this register.

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David E. R. Sutherland; Rainer W. G. Gruessner; David L. Dunn; Arthur J. Matas; Abhinav Humar; Raja Kandaswamy; S. Michael Mauer; William R. Kennedy; Frederick C. Goetz; R. Paul Robertson; Angelika C. Gruessner; John S. Najarian (April 2001).

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Kidney transplantation is generally considered a safe and effective treatment for end-stage kidney disease. However, like any surgery and medical procedure, it does carry certain risks and potential complications. Some of these risks include:

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varies by country: for example, only 3% of kidneys transplanted during 2006 in Spain came from living donors. In Spain all citizens are potential organ donors in the case of their death, unless they explicitly opt out during their lifetime.

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socio-demographic groups express different interest and complete pre-transplant workup at different rates. Previous efforts to create fair transplantation policies have focused on patients currently on the transplantation waiting list.

1029:) have been developed, with the aim to reduce ABO and HLA antibodies that the recipient may have to the donor. In 2004, the FDA approved the Cedars-Sinai High Dose IVIG therapy which reduces the need for the living donor to be the same 205:

can be classified as cellular rejection or antibody-mediated rejection. Antibody-mediated rejection can be classified as hyperacute, acute, or chronic, depending on how long after the transplant it occurs. If rejection is suspected, a

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Infection: Because immunosuppressive drugs weaken the immune system, transplant recipients are more susceptible to infections. These can range from minor infections to more serious ones affecting the new kidney or other parts of the

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Exchanges and chains are a novel approach to expand the living donor pool. In February 2012, this novel approach to expand the living donor pool resulted in the largest chain in the world, involving 60 participants organized by the

331:, performed successfully the world's youngest cadaveric kidney transplant. The work took place from a newborn of 33 weeks to a 17-month-old recipient who survived for 22 years (thanks to the couple of organs transplanted into him). 884:

is shut off). After a time of death has been pronounced, the patient is rushed to the operating room where the organs are recovered. Storage solution is flushed through the organs. Since the blood is no longer being circulated,

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Rejection: The body's immune system may recognize the transplanted kidney as foreign and attack it. This can happen immediately after transplantation or even years later. Immunosuppressive medications are prescribed to prevent

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further to emotionally related individuals (spouses, friends). Now the elasticity of the donor relationship has been stretched to include acquaintances and even strangers ('altruistic donors'). In 2009, US transplant recipient

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is now being increasingly recognised as a transplant risk factor which may lead to kidney disease or transplant failure if untreated. Infection is the cause of death in about one third of people with renal transplants, and

281:, although the kidney failed after three weeks. The first truly successful transplant of this kind occurred in 1954 in Boston. The Boston transplantation, performed on 23 December 1954 at Brigham Hospital, was performed by 1215:

Immunosuppressant drugs are used to suppress the immune system from rejecting the donor kidney. These medicines must be taken for the rest of the recipient's life. The most common medication regimen today is a mixture of

1048:. Through the 1990s, these techniques were improved and an important study of long-term outcomes in Japan was published. Now, a number of programs around the world are routinely performing ABO-incompatible transplants. 201:(medications to suppress the immune system) for as long as the new kidney is working to prevent their body from rejecting it. This long-term immunosuppression puts them at higher risk for infections and cancer. Kidney 509:

are often transplant exclusion criteria. In addition, candidates are typically screened to determine if they will be compliant with their medications, which is essential for survival of the transplant. People with

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Porrett, Paige M.; Orandi, Babak J.; Kumar, Vineeta; Houp, Julie; Anderson, Douglas; Killian, A. Cozette; Hauptfeld-Dolejsek, Vera; Martin, Dominique E.; Macedon, Sara; Budd, Natalie; Stegner, Katherine L. (2022).

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Cardiovascular disease: Kidney transplant recipients have a higher risk of developing heart disease compared to the general population, partly due to the effects of long-term kidney disease and immunosuppressive

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The major barrier to organ transplantation between genetically non-identical patients lay in the recipient's immune system, which would treat a transplanted kidney as a 'non-self' and immediately or chronically

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In carefully screened kidney donors, survival and the risk of end-stage renal disease appear to be similar to those in the general population. However, some more recent studies suggest that lifelong risk of

3338:"Evaluation of intravenous immunoglobulin as an agent to lower allosensitization and improve transplantation in highly sensitized adult patients with end-stage renal disease: report of the NIH IG02 trial" 893:. Several ethical and procedural guidelines must be followed; most importantly, the organ recovery team should not participate in the patient's care in any manner until after death has been declared. 2923: 823:

Kidney donor cards from England, 1971–1981. The cards were made to be carried by donors as evidence that they were willing to donate their kidneys should they, for example, be killed in an accident.

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Side effects of medications: Immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent rejection can have side effects such as increased risk of infections, diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and others.

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Diabetes is the most common known cause of kidney transplantation, accounting for approximately 25% of those in the United States. The majority of renal transplant recipients are on dialysis (

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Until the routine use of medication to prevent and treat acute rejection, introduced in 1964, deceased donor transplantation was not performed. The kidney was the easiest organ to transplant:

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Montgomery R. A.; Gentry S. E.; Marks W. H.; Warren D. S.; Hiller J.; Houp J.; et al. (2006). "Domino paired kidney donation: a strategy to make best use of live non-directed donation".

2663: 1161:. University of Minnesota surgeons Richard Lillehei and William Kelly perform the first successful simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant in the world in 1966. This is done in patients with 1509: 1491: 1473: 5922: 786:

could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys ($ 15,000) and human livers ($ 32,000).

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from the pancreas is still in the experimental stage but shows promise. This involves taking a deceased donor pancreas, breaking it down, and extracting the islet cells that make

6202: 728:, a healthy kidney was removed through the donor's vagina. Vaginal donations promise to speed recovery and reduce scarring. The first donor was chosen as she had previously had a 1018: – HLA) compatible. If a potential living donor is incompatible with their recipient, the donor could be exchanged for a compatible kidney. Kidney exchange, also known as " 273:

to Richard Herrick (middle) and his brother Ronald (right). The Herrick twin brothers were the subjects of the world's first successful kidney transplant, Ronald being the donor.

434:(ESRD), regardless of the primary cause. This is defined as a glomerular filtration rate below 15 ml/min/1.73 m. Common diseases leading to ESRD include renovascular disease, 2254:

El-Agroudy, Amgad E.; Sabry, Alaa A.; Wafa, Ehab W.; Neamatalla, Ahmed H.; Ismail, Amani M.; Mohsen, Tarek; Khalil, Abd Allah; Shokeir, Ahmed A.; Ghoneim, Mohamed A. (2007).

1429:(CMV) is the most common opportunistic infection that may occur after a kidney and other solid organ transplants and is a risk factor for graft failure or acute rejection. 5728: 1287:

can be used for the diagnosis of vascular and urological complications. Also, early post-transplantation renography is used for the assessment of delayed graft function.

2592:"Surgeon Yurii Voronoy (1895–1961) – a pioneer in the history of clinical transplantation: in Memoriam at the 75th Anniversary of the First Human Kidney Transplantation" 873:. Depending on which organs are transplanted, more than one solution may be used simultaneously. Due to the temperature of the solution, and since large amounts of cold 1025:

In an effort to reduce the risk of rejection during incompatible transplantation, ABO-incompatible and desensitization protocols utilizing intravenous immunoglobulin (

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it. Thus, having medication to suppress the immune system was essential. However, suppressing an individual's immune system places that individual at greater risk of

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in 1990. The recipient, Richard Herrick, died eight years after the transplantation due to complications with the donor kidney that were unrelated to the transplant.

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to assess for the imaging and physiologic changes that accompany transplant rejection. Imaging also allows evaluation of supportive structures such as the

5861: 5671: 4353:"Results of a previously unreported extravesical ureteroneocystostomy technique without ureteral stenting in 500 consecutive kidney transplant recipients" 701:

Traditionally, the donor procedure has been through a single incision of 4–7 inches (10–18 cm), but live donation is being increasingly performed by

2983: 346:'s 1992 memoir, these factors explain why Starzl's team and others began with kidney transplantation as the first type of solid organ transplantation to 1149: 4279: 6207: 6161: 3013:

Judy Siegel, "Live liver and lung donations approved. New regulations will give hope to dozens." 'Jerusalem Post', 9 May 1995 "(subscription required)

5439:"Comparison of Mortality in All Patients on Dialysis, Patients on Dialysis Awaiting Transplantation, and Recipients of a First Cadaveric Transplant" 2673: 5955: 254: 6284: 5398:"Survival of recipients of cadaveric kidney transplants compared with those receiving dialysis treatment in Australia and New Zealand, 1991–2001" 2318:

Gore John L, et al. (2012). "The Socioeconomic Status of Donors and Recipients of Living Unrelated Renal Transplants in the United States".

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Monetary compensation for organ donors in the form of reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses, has been legalised in 23 countries including the

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in 1990 for this and other work. In 2018, an estimated 95,479 kidney transplants were performed worldwide, 36% of which came from living donors.

6927: 1852: 1187:. The cells are then injected through a catheter into the recipient and they generally lodge in the liver. The recipient still needs to take 1034: 990:

Recurrence of original kidney disease: In some cases, the disease that caused the original kidney failure may recur in the transplanted kidney.

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causes of transplant failure, 1 year or greater after transplantation, include chronic rejection (63% of losses) and glomerulonephritis (6%).

7015: 5929: 4211: 3852: 6048:"Former Man United striker Andy Cole undergoes kidney transplant: Club ambassador has a condition called Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis" 3055: 993:

Post-surgery complications: These can include issues like fluid collections, wound healing problems, or complications related to anesthesia.

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Although brain-dead (or 'heart beating') donors are considered medically and legally dead, the donor's heart continues to pump and maintain

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was simple; the organ was relatively easy to remove and implant; live donors could be used without difficulty; and in the event of failure,

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mediated, whereas onset greater than 1 year after transplantation is associated with a mixed T cell and antibody mediated inflammation.

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the link is to a query interface; Choose Category = Transplant, Organ = Kidney, and select the 'Transplant by donor type' report link

5488:"Validity of computed tomography defined body composition as a prognostic factor for functional outcome after kidney transplantation" 4703:"Postoperative Ultrasound in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Association Between Intrarenal Resistance Index and Cardiovascular Events" 3792: 3111: 4325: 4097: 3608: 525:

someone with a depleted immune system would result in the progression of the disease. However, some research seem to suggest that

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Neidich, E.; Neidich, A. B.; Axelrod, D. A.; Roberts, J. P. (2013). "Consumerist Responses to Scarcity of Organs for Transplant".

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have also argued that any moral objections to a market for organs are not inherent in the market, but rather the activity itself.

6347: 6184: 3034:"More than Friends and Followers: Facebook, Twitter, and other forms of social media are connecting organ recipients with donors" 1037:. The therapy reduced the incidence of the recipient's immune system rejecting the donated kidney in highly sensitized patients. 663:. The therapy reduced the incidence of the recipient's immune system rejecting the donated kidney in highly sensitized patients. 1351:

due to the immune suppressants). This occurs in about 2% of patients, occurring especially in the first 2 years post-transplant

929: 397:. Prednisolone suppresses the immune system, but its long-term use at high doses causes a multitude of side effects, including 2818: 2704: 2071: 1848: 1308:

Presence of lymphocytes within the tubular epithelium, attesting to acute cellular rejection of a renal graft. Biopsy sample.

717:, through a two-inch incision. In the following six months, the same team performed eight more robotic-assisted transplants. 655:

In 2004, the FDA approved the Cedars-Sinai High Dose IVIG therapy which reduces the need for the living donor to be the same

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Kim, Nancy; Juarez, Roxanna; Levy, Angela D. (October 2018). "Imaging non-vascular complications of renal transplantation".

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is inserted through an orifice, then through an internal incision, so that there is no external scar. The recent advance of

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Danovitch, Gabriel M.; Delmonico, Francis L. (2008). "The prohibition of kidney sales and organ markets should remain".

1195:, but no surgery is required. Most people need two or three such injections, and many are not completely insulin-free. 5886: 1369:

Other side effects of medications including gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration of the stomach and esophagus,

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van de Kuit A, Benjamens S, Sotomayor CG, Rijkse E, Berger SP, Moers C, Bakker SJ, Minnee RC, Yakar D, Pol RA (2020).

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Shrestha B, Haylor J, Raftery A (March 2015). "Historical Perspectives in Kidney Transplantation: An Updated Review".

1811:

anti-rejection drugs for as long as the transplanted kidney functions. The routine immunosuppressives are tacrolimus (

7008: 6334: 4791:"Can transplant renal scintigraphy predict the duration of delayed graft function? A dual center retrospective study" 3678: 2590:

Matevossian E, Kern H, Hüser N, Doll D, Snopok Y, Nährig J, Altomonte J, Sinicina I, Friess H, Thorban S (Dec 2009).

925:

Many governments have passed laws whereby the default is an opt-in system in order to increase the number of donors.

17: 5697: 4351:

Gołębiewska, Justyna; Ciancio, Gaetano; Farag, Ahmed; Gonzalez, Javier; Vincenzi, Paolo; Gaynor, Jeffrey J. (2021).

2416: 7336: 6596: 6581: 6312: 1836: 245:

It was not until 17 June 1950, when a successful transplant was performed on Ruth Tucker, a 44-year-old woman with

1549:

At least four professional athletes have made a comeback to their sport after receiving a transplant: New Zealand

6710: 5345: 5128: 1562: 676: 2304: 987:

Surgical complications: These can include bleeding, blood clots, and damage to nearby organs during the surgery.

7371: 7366: 6715: 6686: 6660: 6270: 4261: 1269: 75: 4613:"Proteinuria as a Noninvasive Marker for Renal Allograft Histology and Failure: An Observational Cohort Study" 190:(belly); the person's two native kidneys are not usually taken out unless there is a medical reason to do so. 6591: 6571: 4472: 4236: 1117:

developed a technique which no longer requires ureteral stenting, avoiding many stent related complications.

782:

and Julio Elias on "Introducing Incentives in the market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" said that a

760: 710: 222:

One of the earliest mentions about the possibility of a kidney transplant was by American medical researcher

4286: 3927: 3655: 7194: 7053: 7001: 6629: 6556: 4662:"Doppler sonography in renal artery stenosis—does the Resistive Index predict the success of intervention?" 2988: 2218: 819: 521:

HIV was at one point considered to be a complete contraindication to transplantation. There was fear that

443: 6125: 4979:

Syu, Syuan-Hao; Lin, Yung-Wei; Lin, Ke-Hsun; Lee, Liang-Ming; Hsiao, Chi-Hao; Wen, Yu-Ching (2019-08-20).

2161:

Brook, Nicholas R.; Nicholson, Michael L. (2003). "Kidney transplantation from non heart-beating donors".

1448:

Acute rejection is another possible complication of kidney transplantation; it is graded according to the

7199: 6634: 5769: 3580: 2559: 2255: 1264:

The major sonographic scale in quantitative ultrasound assessment is with a multipoint assessment of the

4417: 4071: 3227:

Butt F. K.; Gritsch H. A.; Schulam P.; Danovitch G. M.; Wilkinson A.; Del Pizzo J.; et al. (2009).

3125:

Rees M. A.; Kopke J. E.; Pelletier R. P.; Segev D. L.; Rutter M. E.; Fabrega A. J.; et al. (2009).

1316:

Post operative complications, such as bleeding, infection, vascular thrombosis and urinary complications

604:

Guidance for the Development of Program-Specific Living Kidney Donor Medical Evaluation Protocols - OPTN

193:

People with ESRD who receive a kidney transplant generally live longer than people with ESRD who are on

7286: 6639: 6495: 6417: 3679:"The Organ Trade – A Global Black Market – Tracking the Sale of a Kidney On a Path of Poverty and Hope" 2489: 2463: 1176: 469:

Both potential kidney donors and kidney recipients are carefully screened to assure positive outcomes.

5242: 4751: 3426:

Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, Montgomery RA, McBride MA, Wainright JL, Segev DL (12 February 2014).

277:

A kidney transplant between living patients was undertaken in 1952 at the Necker hospital in Paris by

6982: 6521: 6392: 6387: 4848:

Benjamens S, Pol RA, Berger SP, Glaudemans AW, Dibbets-Schneider P, Slart RH, de Geus-Oei LF (2020).

1245:

necessary to determine whether this is due to rejection or ciclosporin or tacrolimus intoxication .

1040:

In the 1980s, experimental protocols were developed for ABO-incompatible transplants using increased

744:

requiring only one entry point at the navel is another advance with potential for more frequent use.

447: 246: 6993: 5887:"Questions & Answers for Transplant Candidates about Multiple Listing and Waiting Time Transfer" 3870:

Siddique, Abu Bakkar; Apte, Vandana; Fry-Revere, Sigrid; Jin, Yanhong; Koizumi, Naoru (2020-08-01).

3188: 7229: 7046: 6586: 6412: 6234: 6101:"Manchester United great Andy Cole thanks two former teammates as he battles to regain full health" 5180:

from eMedicine. Author: Mert Erogul, MD; Chief Editor: Erik D Schraga, MD. Updated: 5 December 2008

3951: 2924:"Guidance for the Development of Program-Specific Living Kidney Donor Medical Evaluation Protocols" 2596: 2253: 1828: 1386: 1162: 1144: 686: 649: 450:, and a number of inborn errors of metabolism. The commonest 'cause' is idiopathic (i.e. unknown). 99: 5177: 3732: 1204:

from the donor kidney to the bladder. In most cases, the kidney will soon start producing urine.

7314: 7271: 6753: 6698: 6449: 6357: 6152:"He thought getting a new kidney in the pandemic would be impossible. His son's coach stepped up" 3584: 2642: 1338: 1284: 1052: 1015: 741: 644:, which is believed to be the first such transplant arranged entirely through social networking. 482: 431: 242:

two days later, as the graft was incompatible with the recipient's blood group and was rejected.

6025: 5977:

Ubel, P. A. (2014). "Transplantation Traffic — Geography as Destiny for Transplant Candidates".

2771: 210:

should be obtained. It is important to regularly monitor the new kidney's function by measuring

7281: 6977: 6962: 6703: 6561: 6444: 6439: 6434: 3229:"Asynchronous, Out-of-Sequence, Transcontinental Chain Kidney Transplantation: A Novel Concept" 3183: 2810: 2696: 2417:"International Report on Organ Donation And Transplantation Activities: Executive Summary 2018" 2137: 1824: 1808: 1441: 1304: 1188: 1026: 1019: 1011: 881: 721: 714: 682: 668: 526: 502: 347: 167: 6883: 4468: 3377:

Ibrahim, H. N.; Foley, R; Tan, L; Rogers, T; Bailey, RF; Guo, H; Gross, CR; Matas, AJ (2009).

2899: 861:, after which the donor's blood will be replaced by an ice-cold storage solution, such as UW ( 7239: 7151: 6967: 6904: 6851: 6815: 6743: 6424: 6402: 6382: 6293: 5327: 4789:

Benjamens S, Pol RA, de Geus-Oei LF, de Vries AP, Glaudemans AW, Berger SP, Slart RH (2018).

2798: 2148: 1414: 1090: 790: 427: 355: 351: 235: 231: 227: 4981:"Risk factors for complications and graft failure in kidney transplant patients with sepsis" 197:

and may have a better quality of life. However, kidney transplant recipients must remain on

7244: 7118: 6774: 6531: 6407: 6372: 4802: 4364: 2518:"Management of Kidney Transplant Recipients by General Nephrologists: Core Curriculum 2019" 1449: 1390: 1192: 1180: 1170: 702: 410: 363: 286: 202: 175: 6073: 5752: 5290: 5243:"BK virus: Current understanding of pathogenicity and clinical disease in transplantation" 3800: 2485: 2220: 2219:

El-Agroudy, Amgad E.; El-Husseini, Amr A.; El-Sayed, Moharam; Ghoneim, Mohamed A. (2003).

2145:– an Australian religious group, many of whose members have donated a kidney to a stranger 1357:

Imbalances in electrolytes including calcium and phosphate which can lead to bone problems

849:. This makes it possible for surgeons to start operating while the organs are still being 8: 7249: 6867: 6362: 6324: 6319: 6307: 6156: 4850:"Limited clinical value of two consecutive post-transplant renal scintigraphy procedures" 4329: 3765: 3605: 3060: 1977: 1105: 454: 398: 5862:"Expanded Medicare Coverage of Immunosuppressive Drugs for Kidney Transplant Recipients" 5837: 5514: 5487: 4806: 4368: 2836:"The World's Youngest Cadaveric Kidney Transplant: Medical, Surgical and Ethical Issues" 2459: 1858: 671:

is several-fold higher in kidney donors although the absolute risk is still very small.

627: 7291: 7204: 6738: 5622: 5587: 5568: 5468: 5305: 5273: 5153: 5066: 5039: 5005: 4980: 4961: 4874: 4849: 4825: 4790: 4727: 4702: 4637: 4612: 4590: 4542: 4499: 4445: 4420: 4395: 4352: 4192: 4127: 4027: 3928:"National Living Donor Assistance Center > How to Apply > Eligibility Guidelines" 3904: 3557: 3524: 3504: 3452: 3427: 3403: 3378: 3354: 3337: 3282: 3258: 3209: 3156: 2876: 2835: 2753: 2689: 2623: 2567: 2398: 2382: 2291: 2237: 1405: 1101: 877:-solution are poured over the organs for a rapid cooling, the heart will stop pumping. 846: 198: 4578: 3197: 3126: 2174: 7329: 7184: 7113: 6972: 6952: 6947: 6846: 6748: 6500: 6029: 5994: 5819: 5627: 5609: 5560: 5519: 5460: 5419: 5309: 5277: 5265: 5223: 5215: 5157: 5145: 5071: 5010: 4953: 4945: 4879: 4830: 4771: 4732: 4683: 4642: 4582: 4547: 4529: 4450: 4436: 4400: 4382: 4305: 4196: 4184: 4176: 4131: 4119: 4019: 3909: 3891: 3562: 3544: 3496: 3457: 3408: 3359: 3250: 3245: 3228: 3201: 3148: 2881: 2863: 2855: 2814: 2745: 2740: 2721: 2700: 2615: 2610: 2591: 2541: 2390: 2335: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2242: 2207: 2178: 2132: 1330: 1221: 1041: 944:

in 2020, the number of donors has increased. The medication allows for the curing of

522: 439: 270: 250: 87: 55: 5572: 4594: 4031: 3508: 3262: 2757: 2627: 2402: 2295: 80: 6794: 6352: 6021: 5986: 5809: 5617: 5599: 5550: 5509: 5499: 5472: 5450: 5409: 5301: 5257: 5205: 5137: 5061: 5051: 5000: 4992: 4965: 4937: 4869: 4861: 4820: 4810: 4763: 4722: 4714: 4673: 4632: 4624: 4574: 4537: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4440: 4432: 4421:"Lessons Learned From More Than 1,000 Pancreas Transplants at a Single Institution" 4390: 4372: 4166: 4109: 4011: 3899: 3883: 3552: 3536: 3488: 3447: 3439: 3398: 3390: 3349: 3240: 3213: 3193: 3173: 3160: 3138: 2871: 2847: 2806: 2735: 2605: 2531: 2374: 2327: 2267: 2232: 2199: 2170: 2142: 933: 918: 566: 321: 211: 159: 4565:

Nankivell, B (2011). "Diagnosis and prevention of chronic kidney allograft loss".

4098:"Hepatitis C and kidney transplant: The eradication time of the virus has arrived" 131: 7319: 7266: 7221: 7138: 6779: 6619: 6477: 6459: 6377: 6367: 6239: 6197: 5122: 4901: 4815: 4718: 4377: 4155:"First clinical-grade porcine kidney xenotransplant using a human decedent model" 4114: 3612: 3065: 2851: 2370: 2203: 2053: 1968: 1871: 1570: 1426: 1114: 1086: 914: 874: 706: 530: 515: 339: 298: 294: 290: 266: 194: 105: 5893: 5555: 5538: 5455: 5438: 4752:"Renal scintigraphy for post-transplant monitoring after kidney transplantation" 3705: 3629: 3226: 1995: 1558: 1276:

RI = (peak systolic velocity – end diastolic velocity ) / peak systolic velocity

7025: 6841: 6758: 6551: 6487: 5798:"Barriers to Cadaveric Renal Transplantation Among Blacks, Women, and the Poor" 5370: 5192:"A New Antiviral Option for Cytomegalovirus Prevention After Kidney Transplant" 4865: 4767: 4495: 3683: 3124: 2536: 2517: 2331: 2116: 1932: 1746: 1577: 1418: 1241: 1051:

The level of sensitization to donor HLA antigens is determined by performing a

1045: 838: 800: 511: 490: 394: 383: 278: 230:

in 1907 that it would be possible in the then-future for diseased human organs

5604: 4941: 3887: 3069: 2867: 2643:"This Day in Science June 17, 1950 — First Successful Kidney Transplant" 1261:

transplant artery, vein, and ureter, to ensure they are stable in appearance.

534: 7360: 7254: 7189: 6909: 6899: 6820: 6784: 6614: 6472: 6467: 6429: 6342: 6192: 5956:"I-Team: Professor Helps Organ Transplant Patients On Multiple Waiting Lists" 5918: 5814: 5797: 5613: 5414: 5397: 5219: 4996: 4949: 4533: 4386: 4180: 3895: 3824:"Introducing Incentives in the Market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" 3548: 3443: 2859: 2386: 2279: 2107: 2080: 1772: 1422: 1382: 797: 637: 478: 343: 335: 302: 282: 226:, who declared in a reading of his paper on "Tendencies in Pathology" in the 223: 207: 171: 118: 4750:

Benjamens S, Berger SP, Glaudemans AW, Sanders JS, Pol RA, Slart RH (2018).

3476: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2119:, American lawyer, chairman of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 261: 7128: 7123: 7108: 7075: 6836: 6810: 6033: 5998: 5631: 5564: 5523: 5464: 5423: 5313: 5269: 5227: 5210: 5191: 5149: 5075: 5014: 4957: 4883: 4834: 4775: 4736: 4687: 4646: 4628: 4586: 4551: 4524: 4454: 4404: 4188: 4123: 4023: 3999: 3913: 3872:"The impact of country reimbursement programmes on living kidney donations" 3566: 3500: 3461: 3412: 3363: 3254: 3205: 3152: 2885: 2749: 2619: 2545: 2394: 2339: 2287: 2246: 2211: 2182: 2062: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2004: 1986: 1959: 1950: 1923: 1898: 1889: 1820: 1566: 1401: 1394: 1334: 1237: 1225: 1082: 921:

Health Minister, addresses the Kidney Research UK Annual Fellows Day, 2017.

729: 690: 580: 458: 406: 390: 317: 5823: 5241:

Chong S, Antoni M, Macdonald A, Reeves M, Harber M, Magee CN (July 2019).

5141: 5056: 3540: 3492: 3394: 3143: 2189: 7324: 7276: 7179: 7174: 7080: 7068: 7041: 6914: 6566: 6505: 5990: 5539:"The Histology of Kidney Transplant Failure: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study" 4678: 4661: 3871: 2668: 2504: 2492:. 19 October 2023. What is the average wait time for a kidney transplant? 2098: 1941: 1550: 1373:(excessive hair growth in a male-pattern distribution) with ciclosporin, 1258: 1229: 1074: 945: 886: 858: 831: 783: 779: 753: 599: 486: 375: 313: 125: 6262: 1576:

For live kidney donors, prognostic studies are potentially confounded a

1531:

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound

1519:

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound

1501:

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound

1483:

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound

1280:

The normal value is ≈ 0.60, with 0.70 being the upper limits of normal.

889:

must be prevented with large amounts of anti-coagulation agents such as

775:. In legal markets of Iran the price of a kidney is $ 2,000 to $ 4,000. 7341: 7296: 7261: 7156: 7146: 7090: 7058: 5504: 5040:"Malignant and Noninvasive Skin Tumours in Renal Transplant Recipients" 2378: 2160: 2089: 2013: 1914: 1554: 1254: 1217: 1097: 1030: 948:

positive individuals which has increased the pool of available organs.

656: 541: 62: 6226: 6074:"Andrew Cole: Former Manchester United and England star has kidney op" 4171: 4154: 4015: 1002:

quality of life and improved long-term outcomes compared to dialysis.

141: 7234: 7063: 7023: 6245: 5928:. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR). Archived from 5261: 2722:"A Tribute to Jean Hamburger's Contribution to Organ Transplantation" 1903:

first transplant <5 years old, second transplant at 14 years old (

1880: 1612: 1435: 1374: 1370: 1322: 1233: 1209: 1166: 850: 808: 804: 768: 737: 725: 493:

are also among the indicators putting a patient at a higher risk for

435: 367: 6126:"Coleman battled lifelong health woes: transplants, kidney problems" 5698:"e-Statistics on organ transplants, waiting lists and donors | CIHI" 4237:"Surgeons Transplant Pig Kidney Into a Patient, a Medical Milestone" 2221:"Preventing Bone Loss in Renal Transplant Recipients with Vitamin D" 1268:(RI), beginning at the main renal artery and vein and ending at the 1169:

of the pancreas and in whom the diabetes has caused kidney failure (

1064: 6957: 6644: 4700: 3525:"Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia in Living Kidney Donors" 2256:"Long-term follow-up of living kidney donors: a longitudinal study" 1816: 1461: 1430: 1348: 1158: 693:

than matched nondonors with similar indicators of baseline health.

573: 494: 442:, and autoimmune conditions such as chronic glomerulonephritis and 414: 402: 379: 4500:"Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients" 7166: 6250: 3656:"Surgeons remove healthy kidney through donor's vagina - CNN.com" 3307: 2309: 1812: 1378: 1184: 941: 890: 862: 641: 214:

and other labs; this should be done at least every three months.

187: 113: 5328:"COVID-19 vaccine and treatments for people with kidney disease" 4749: 4494:

Haller, Maria C.; Royuela, Ana; Nagler, Evi V.; Pascual, Julio;

3428:"Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation" 3064:. Season 1. Episode 19. 4 October 2014. Event occurs at 29:40. 39: 7100: 7033: 6211: 6179: 4788: 4350: 4262:"Patient With Transplanted Pig Kidney Leaves Hospital for Home" 2900:"The Evaluation of Living Kidney Donors: How Long Is Too Long?" 2834:

Daar, Abdallah S.; Al Lawati, Nabil Mohsin (December 1, 2016).

1654: 1631: 1454: 1326: 506: 371: 163: 4212:"Pig kidney transplanted into living human for the first time" 1333:

drugs that are required to decrease risk of rejection (e.g.,

477:

Contraindications to receive a kidney transplant include both

3308:"Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Center – ABO Incompatibility" 1723: 1700: 1677: 854: 464: 269:(left) explains the workings of a then-new machine called an 6011: 5320: 4847: 4000:"Singapore legalises compensation payments to kidney donors" 3376: 3336:

Jordan SC, Tyan D, Stablein D, et al. (December 2004).

2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 327:

In November 1994, the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, in

6624: 5196: 5038:

Roche CD, Dobson JS, Williams SK, Quante M, Chow J (2014).

3821: 3425: 2796: 1157:

Occasionally, the kidney is transplanted together with the

328: 5240: 5178:

Renal Transplants > Renal Transplantation Complications

4493: 2305:"Living kidney donations favor some patient groups: study" 1077:

so it is often necessary to use a different blood supply:

485:, as well as hepatic disease and some cancers. Concurrent 472: 5923:"Addressing Geographic Disparities in Organ Availability" 5037: 3869: 3799:. American Association of Kidney Patients. Archived from 2775: 2664:"67th anniversary of the world's first kidney transplant" 2445: 772: 640:

received a kidney from a donor who connected with him on

545: 538: 5486:

Swaab TD, Quint EE, Westenberg, LB, et al. (2023).

5119: 3772:. The Economist Newspaper Limited 2011. 16 November 2006 3521: 2966:"How Spain became the world leader in organ transplants" 2589: 2486:"The Kidney Transplant Waitlist – What You Need to Know" 1212:) may be administered to help the kidney produce urine. 685:. Women who have donated a kidney have a higher risk of 6143: 3851:

Comments; Tweet; Like; Submit; Plus (2 November 2015).

3850: 1253:

Post operatively, kidneys are periodically assessed by

305:

reaction. For this and later work, Murray received the

5485: 5120:

Hariharan S, Israni AK, Danovitch G (19 August 2021).

4344: 4151: 3112:"Changing Lives Through Donating Kidneys to Strangers" 1962:(born 1992), American singer, songwriter and actress, 1790: 1785: 1780: 1765: 1757: 1739: 1731: 1716: 1708: 1693: 1685: 1670: 1662: 1647: 1639: 1438:

account for 50% of the patient deaths from infection.

5838:"Kidney Transplant Cost In India - Get Cost Estimate" 5772:. The Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) 4469:"Kidney transplant: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 3127:"A nonsimultaneous, extended, altruistic-donor chain" 2360: 1937:

transplant in 1986 and 2015 (survival 23 and 4 years)

1823:; these drugs cost US$ 1,500 per month. In 1999, the 6216: 5437:

Wolfe RA, Ashby VB, Milford EL, et al. (1999).

3853:"If You May Do It for Free, You May Do It for Money" 3474: 1165:, in whom the diabetes is due to destruction of the 324:

performed one between identical twins in Edinburgh.

4326:"Overcoming Antibody Barriers to Kidney Transplant" 2946:

Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, 2007

2460:"20 Common Kidney Transplant Questions and Answers" 1319:

Transplant rejection (hyperacute, acute or chronic)

5892:. United Network for Organ Sharing. Archived from 5646:"2020 deceased organ donation and transplantation" 5121: 3477:"Nutritional management of chronic kidney disease" 3335: 3025: 2797:Kessaris N, Papalois V, Canelo R, Hakim N (2010). 2688: 2424:Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation 966: 5579: 5436: 5123:"Long-Term Survival after Kidney Transplantation" 4411: 2955:Organización Nacional de Transplantes (ONT), 2007 2719: 2074:(1936–2000), Australian footballer and activist, 1085:of the new kidney, previously branching from the 551: 389:The basis for most immunosuppressive regimens is 7358: 5672:"2020 living organ donation and transplantation" 5586:Morgan, Benjamin R.; Ibrahim, Hassan N. (2019). 4900:. Piedmont Hospital. 13 May 2011. Archived from 4659: 4095: 5795: 4046:"Singapore: Human Organ Transplant Act Amended" 3978:"Supporting Paid Leave for Living Organ Donors" 3793:"A New Outlook on Compensated Kidney Donations" 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 1022:" or "chains" have recently gained popularity. 734:natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery 6928:List of organ transplant donors and recipients 4096:Esforzado, Núria; Morales, José María (2019). 3475:Kalantar-Zadeh K, Fouque D (2 November 2017). 2772:"Transplant Pioneers Recall Medical Milestone" 2686: 1853:List of organ transplant donors and recipients 1366:Recurrence of original cause of kidney failure 1100:of the new kidney, previously draining to the 1010:In general, the donor and recipient should be 827:Deceased donors can be divided in two groups: 342:was available from the 1940s. As explained in 178:, surgeon for the donor. Murray was awarded a 7009: 6278: 5917: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5585: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 4927: 4606: 4604: 3606:New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants 3515: 2833: 2225:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2110:(1951–2000), Japanese professional wrestler, 2043:(born 1978), English public intellectual and 1138: 505:, incurable terminal infectious diseases and 6527:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder 5395: 5234: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 4978: 3760: 3758: 3322: 2007:(1937–2012), Australian musician and actor, 1802: 1413:viral illnesses, the most common agents are 1345:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder 853:(supplied blood). During the operation, the 6026:10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.11.pfor2-1311 5802:Journal of the American Medical Association 4923: 4921: 4919: 4504:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3379:"Long-Term Consequences of Kidney Donation" 3302: 3300: 1590:Statistics by country, year and donor type 293:and others. The procedure was done between 234:, including arteries, stomach, kidneys and 7016: 7002: 6285: 6271: 5953: 5714: 5350:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5189: 5164: 4601: 3721:, The Wall Street Journal, 8 January 2010. 3056:"To Share or Not to Share on Social Media" 2801:. In Hakim N, Canelo R, Paplois V (eds.). 2034:(born 1968), American comedian and actor, 2025:(born 1961), American comedian and actor, 548:cell counts and prevent active rejection. 465:Evaluation of kidney donors and recipients 38: 6292: 5813: 5621: 5603: 5554: 5513: 5503: 5454: 5413: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5209: 5082: 5065: 5055: 5004: 4985:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4873: 4824: 4814: 4726: 4677: 4636: 4564: 4541: 4523: 4444: 4394: 4376: 4328:. discoverysedge.mayo.edu. Archived from 4170: 4113: 3975: 3903: 3755: 3708:. 19 May 2003 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 3556: 3451: 3402: 3353: 3244: 3187: 3142: 3048: 2875: 2739: 2720:Legendre, Ch; Kreis, H. (November 2010). 2609: 2535: 2515: 2317: 2236: 2056:(born 1970), American basketball player, 1953:(born 1968), American basketball player, 1312:Problems after a transplant may include: 6201:) is being considered for deletion. See 5796:Alexander, G. C.; Sehgal, A. R. (1998). 5284: 4916: 3952:"Reimbursement of Living Donor Expenses" 3730: 3297: 2799:"Chapter 2: Live Kidney Transplantation" 2640: 2192:Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 1303: 1148: 1104:in the donor, is often connected to the 1089:in the donor, is often connected to the 1063: 900: 818: 626: 260: 232:substitution for healthy ones by surgery 5954:Leamanczyk, Lauren (29 November 2014). 5536: 4660:Krumme, B; Hollenbeck, M (March 2007). 4610: 3733:"Black Market Kidneys, $ 160,000 a Pop" 2101:(1956–2011), American football player, 2094:transplant in 2004 (survival: 14 years) 2076:transplant in 1972 (survival: 28 years) 2018:transplant in 2004 (survival: 11 years) 2016:(1975–2015), New Zealand rugby player, 1926:(born 1959), American football player, 473:Contraindications for kidney recipients 14: 7359: 6149: 6098: 5753:"Kidney Transplantation Factbook 2011" 5356: 4310:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3790: 3676: 2695:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2112:transplant in 2000 (survival: 1 month) 2103:transplant in 2007 (survival: 4 years) 2085:transplant in 2002 (survival: 4 years) 2067:transplant in 2000 (survival: 5 years) 2009:transplant in 2004 (survival: 8 years) 1894:transplant in 2009 (survival: 6 years) 1874:(born 1970), Canadian fashion critic, 1272:vessels. It is calculated as follows: 930:Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013 789:Jason Brennan and Peter Jaworski from 763:as the answer to a deficit in donors. 6997: 6266: 5588:"Long-term outcomes of kidney donors" 4666:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 4259: 4234: 3997: 3619:, 22 June 2009 – accessed 8 July 2009 3109: 3031: 2302: 2065:(1937–2005), Australian businessman, 1944:(born 1977), Canadian Hockey Player, 1849:Category:Kidney transplant recipients 1842: 951: 732:. The extraction was performed using 696: 631:Kidney for transplant from live donor 609: 595:family history of kidney disease; and 180:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 6099:Jepson, Anthony (3 September 2017). 5976: 4209: 3743:from the original on 4 November 2012 3275: 3090: 2045:Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology 1971:(born 1964), American poker player, 7024:Tests and procedures involving the 6671:Canadian Society of Transplantation 6666:American Society of Transplantation 6150:Dvorak, Petula (January 10, 2022). 5371:"UOTW #32 - Ultrasound of the Week" 5338: 5028:Epub ahead of print. PMID 38063324. 4260:Rabin, Roni Caryn (April 3, 2024). 4159:American Journal of Transplantation 3991: 3969: 3822:Gary S. Becker; Julio Jorge Elías. 3712: 3706:"Call to legalise live organ trade" 3233:American Journal of Transplantation 3131:The New England Journal of Medicine 2846:(12 (Article number: e117)): e117. 2727:American Journal of Transplantation 2523:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1228:. Some recipients may instead take 960:American Journal of Transplantation 896: 709:kidney transplant was performed at 24: 5306:10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.12.005 3355:10.1097/01.ASN.0000145878.92906.9F 3278:"60 Lives, 30 Kidneys, All Linked" 3093:"60 Lives, 30 Kidneys, All Linked" 2433:from the original on 21 March 2021 2238:10.1097/01.ASN.0000093255.56474.B4 2092:(1927–2018), American playwright, 1998:(born 1980), Croatian footballer, 1863:Spouse of the President of Germany 814: 25: 7383: 6205:to help reach a consensus. › 6172: 6160:. Washington, D.C. Archived from 5190:Raglow Z, Kaul DR (6 June 2023). 5044:Dermatology Research and Practice 4898:"Transplant Medication Questions" 3976:Plibersek, Tanya (7 April 2013). 3731:Martinez, Edecio (27 July 2009). 3630:"Donor kidney removed via vagina" 3276:Sack, Kevin. (19 February 2012). 2641:Rietveld, Leslie (17 June 2014). 1973:transplants in ???? and 2004 1883:(born 1971), English footballer, 1876:transplants in ???? and 2005 1198: 7337:Extracorporeal shockwave therapy 6597:United Network for Organ Sharing 6582:National Transplant Organization 6178: 6118: 6092: 6066: 6040: 6005: 5970: 5947: 5911: 5879: 5854: 4437:10.1097/00000658-200104000-00003 4235:Rabin, Roni Caryn (2024-03-21). 3246:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02730.x 3091:Sack, Kevin (18 February 2012). 2741:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03295.x 2611:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00986.x 2560:"May Transplant the Human Heart" 2272:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07054.x 2083:(1946–2006), American musician, 1837:United Network for Organ Sharing 1807:Transplant recipients must take 1557:, German-Croatian soccer player 1524: 1506: 1488: 1470: 1299: 1005: 618: 350:before attempting to move on to 6711:Organ transplantation in Israel 5979:New England Journal of Medicine 5830: 5789: 5762: 5745: 5690: 5664: 5638: 5530: 5479: 5430: 5389: 5183: 5129:New England Journal of Medicine 5031: 5021: 4972: 4890: 4841: 4782: 4743: 4694: 4653: 4558: 4487: 4461: 4318: 4272: 4253: 4228: 4203: 4145: 4089: 4064: 4038: 3944: 3920: 3863: 3844: 3815: 3784: 3724: 3698: 3670: 3648: 3622: 3599: 3573: 3529:New England Journal of Medicine 3468: 3419: 3370: 3269: 3220: 3167: 3118: 3103: 3084: 3016: 3004: 2976: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2916: 2892: 2827: 2790: 2764: 2713: 2680: 2154: 1989:(born 1990), American actress, 967:Risks of kidney transplantation 677:New England Journal of Medicine 598:impaired kidney performance or 255:Little Company of Mary Hospital 174:, the recipient's surgeon, and 6716:Organ transplantation in Japan 6687:Organ transplantation in China 6661:American Society of Nephrology 4516:10.1002/14651858.CD005632.pub3 3110:Pitts, Byron (15 April 2015). 2984:"How to become an organ donor" 2803:Living Related Transplantation 2672:. 17 June 2017. Archived from 2656: 2634: 2583: 2552: 2516:Voora S, Adey DB (June 2019). 2478: 2409: 2354: 1917:(born 1973), English actress, 1892:(1950–2015), American singer, 747: 552:Living kidney donor evaluation 430:for kidney transplantation is 421: 348:translate to clinical practice 13: 1: 6592:Trillium Gift of Life Network 6572:National Marrow Donor Program 6190: 5396:McDonald SP, Russ GR (2002). 4579:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60699-5 4473:National Institutes of Health 4210:Wade, Grace (21 March 2024). 4072:"Organ donation law in Wales" 3932:www.livingdonorassistance.org 3677:Rohter, Larry (23 May 2004). 3310:. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 3198:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69115-0 2303:Grens, Kerry (9 April 2012). 2175:10.1016/S1479-666X(03)80065-3 1980:(born 1932), English artist, 1935:(1969-2019), American actor, 1904: 1901:(1968–2010), American actor, 1584: 761:National Kidney Research Fund 711:Saint Barnabas Medical Center 301:which reduced problems of an 7195:Artificial urinary sphincter 7054:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy 6630:Halachic Organ Donor Society 6557:Gift of Life Marrow Registry 5729:"Transplant activity report" 4816:10.1371/journal.pone.0193791 4719:10.1097/TXD.0000000000001034 4378:10.1371/journal.pone.0244248 4115:10.1016/j.nefroe.2019.01.009 4102:Nefrología (English Edition) 3791:Schall, John A. (May 2008). 2852:10.1097/TXD.0000000000000631 2204:10.1097/MOT.0b013e3283097476 1827:passed a law that restricts 1536: 1059: 318:William James "Jim" Dempster 7: 7200:Urethral bulking injections 6635:Kidney Foundation of Canada 5556:10.1097/TP.0000000000000183 5456:10.1056/nejm199912023412303 5294:Transplantation Proceedings 5250:Reviews in Medical Virology 3766:"Psst, wanna buy a kidney?" 2363:Progress in Transplantation 2126: 1033:(ABO compatible) or even a 659:(ABO compatible) or even a 514:and/or significant ongoing 10: 7388: 7287:Voiding cystourethrography 6692:harvesting from Falun Gong 6640:National Kidney Foundation 6496:Non-heart-beating donation 5866:National Kidney Foundation 5332:National Kidney Foundation 4866:10.1007/s00330-019-06334-1 4768:10.1016/j.trre.2017.12.002 3956:National Kidney Federation 3658:. cnn.com. 3 February 2009 3032:Kiser, Kim (August 2010). 2600:(Historical perspective). 2537:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.01.031 2490:National Kidney Foundation 2464:National Kidney Foundation 2332:10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.112 1460:The mortality rate due to 1248: 1153:Kidney-pancreas transplant 1142: 1139:Kidney-pancreas transplant 751: 217: 7307: 7220: 7213: 7165: 7137: 7099: 7032: 6940: 6923: 6892: 6876: 6860: 6829: 6803: 6767: 6731: 6724: 6679: 6653: 6605: 6540: 6522:Graft-versus-host disease 6514: 6486: 6458: 6333: 6300: 6220: 5605:10.1016/j.aju.2011.06.006 5402:Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 5230:– via JAMA Network. 4942:10.1007/s00261-018-1566-4 3888:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002596 2823:– via Google Books. 2426:. ONT/WHO. October 2020. 1867:transplant in August 2010 1803:In the U.S. health system 448:polycystic kidney disease 446:; genetic causes include 247:polycystic kidney disease 138: 124: 112: 98: 86: 74: 54: 46: 37: 32: 7230:Urinary tract ultrasound 6587:NHS Blood and Transplant 6203:templates for discussion 5815:10.1001/jama.280.13.1148 4997:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3874 3444:10.1001/jama.2013.285141 2597:Transplant International 2347: 1885:transplant in April 2017 1387:diabetes mellitus type 2 1296:leading to an overdose. 1208:additional medications ( 1163:diabetes mellitus type 1 1145:Pancreas transplantation 687:gestational hypertension 650:National Kidney Registry 518:issues may be excluded. 307:Nobel Prize for Medicine 168:end-stage kidney disease 7315:Urinary catheterization 7272:Radioisotope renography 6963:Immunosuppressive drugs 6699:Organ donation in India 6105:Manchester Evening News 5770:"National Data Reports" 5592:Arab Journal of Urology 4756:Transplantation Reviews 3585:National Health Service 2687:David Petechuk (2006). 1339:Cytomegalovirus colitis 1290: 1285:radioisotope renography 1053:panel reactive antibody 1016:human leukocyte antigen 742:single port laparoscopy 527:immunosuppressive drugs 483:pulmonary insufficiency 432:end-stage renal disease 7282:Retrograde urethrogram 7086:Kidney transplantation 6983:Frankenstein's monster 6978:Total body irradiation 6704:Gurgaon kidney scandal 6562:Human Tissue Authority 6208:Kidney transplantation 6185:Kidney transplantation 5415:10.1093/ndt/17.12.2212 5375:Ultrasound of the Week 5346:"COVID-19 Vaccination" 5211:10.1001/jama.2023.9100 4629:10.1681/ASN.2015010062 2811:Imperial College Press 2320:The Journal of Urology 2138:Gurgaon kidney scandal 2108:Tomomi "Jumbo" Tsuruta 1825:United States Congress 1442:Delayed graft function 1309: 1154: 1069: 1020:kidney paired donation 922: 882:mechanical ventilation 824: 722:Johns Hopkins Hospital 715:Livingston, New Jersey 683:chronic kidney disease 674:A 2017 article in the 669:chronic kidney disease 632: 589:heart or lung disease; 503:cardiovascular disease 382:), in addition to the 274: 33:Kidney Transplantation 7372:Nephrology procedures 7367:Organ transplantation 7152:Suprapubic cystostomy 6968:Lung allocation score 6905:Jean-Michel Dubernard 6294:Organ transplantation 5142:10.1056/NEJMra2014530 3611:4 August 2009 at the 3541:10.1056/NEJMoa1408932 3493:10.1056/NEJMra1700312 3395:10.1056/NEJMoa0804883 3144:10.1056/NEJMoa0803645 3114:. ABC News Nightline. 2691:Organ transplantation 2149:Liver transplantation 1415:human cytomegalovirus 1307: 1283:Post-transplantation 1152: 1091:external iliac artery 1067: 940:With the approval of 928:Since December 2015, 913: 822: 791:Georgetown University 630: 356:heart transplantation 352:liver transplantation 264: 228:University of Chicago 50:Renal transplantation 7119:Ureterosigmoidostomy 6775:J. Hartwell Harrison 6532:Transplant rejection 6187:at Wikimedia Commons 5991:10.1056/NEJMp1407639 5935:on September 4, 2014 4904:on 17 September 2011 3803:on 27 September 2011 3036:. Minnesota Medicine 2972:. 15 September 2017. 2676:on 29 December 2017. 1450:Banff Classification 1391:hypercholesterolemia 1171:diabetic nephropathy 703:laparoscopic surgery 411:hypercholesterolemia 386:of the medications. 287:J. Hartwell Harrison 203:transplant rejection 166:into a patient with 6884:André van der Merwe 6868:Richard C. Lillehei 6541:Transplant networks 6325:Xenotransplantation 6320:Autotransplantation 6308:Allotransplantation 6157:The Washington Post 5537:Naesens, M (2014). 5352:. 11 February 2020. 5334:. 11 December 2020. 5057:10.1155/2014/409058 4930:Abdominal Radiology 4807:2018PLoSO..1393791B 4369:2021PLoSO..1644248C 4050:Library of Congress 3581:"Kidney Transplant" 3061:The Ricki Lake Show 2730:(Special article). 2526:(Core curriculum). 1591: 1106:external iliac vein 455:peritoneal dialysis 409:, muscle weakness, 399:glucose intolerance 358:, and other types. 7292:Urodynamic testing 7205:Cystourethrography 6739:Christiaan Barnard 6335:Organs and tissues 5733:NHS Organ Donation 5678:. 22 February 2021 5652:. 22 February 2021 5505:10.1002/jcsm.13316 4854:European Radiology 4679:10.1093/ndt/gfl686 4498:(22 August 2016). 4496:Webster, Angela C. 3523:Krista L. (2014). 3283:The New York Times 2992:. 24 February 2009 2778:. 20 December 2004 2568:The New York Times 2379:10.7182/pit2015789 2121:transplant in 2022 2058:transplant in 2003 2049:transplant in 2007 2036:transplant in 2010 2027:transplant in 2005 2000:transplant in 2007 1991:transplant in 2012 1982:transplant in 2000 1964:transplant in 2017 1955:transplant in 1999 1946:transplant in 2004 1928:transplant in 1990 1919:transplant in 1997 1843:Notable recipients 1815:), mycophenolate ( 1607:Total transplants 1589: 1406:glomerulonephritis 1310: 1189:immunosuppressants 1155: 1126:Urological Surgery 1102:inferior vena cava 1070: 952:Animal transplants 923: 825: 697:Surgical procedure 633: 610:Sources of kidneys 592:history of cancer; 275: 251:Dr. Richard Lawler 199:immunosuppressants 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7330:Laser lithotripsy 7185:Urethral sounding 7114:Urinary diversion 6991: 6990: 6973:Machine perfusion 6953:Edmonton protocol 6948:Biomedical tissue 6936: 6935: 6847:Vladimir Demikhov 6749:Adrian Kantrowitz 6501:Organ procurement 6260: 6259: 6183:Media related to 5985:(26): 2450–2452. 5808:(13): 1148–1152. 5449:(23): 1725–1730. 4936:(10): 2555–2563. 4707:Transplant Direct 4573:(9800): 1428–37. 4332:on 28 August 2009 4172:10.1111/ajt.16930 4016:10.1136/bmj.a2456 3998:Bland, B (2008). 3876:BMJ Global Health 3770:Organ transplants 3636:. 3 February 2009 3487:(18): 1765–1776. 3182:(9533): 419–421. 3137:(11): 1096–1101. 2840:Transplant Direct 2820:978-1-84816-497-0 2734:(11): 2392–2395. 2706:978-0-313-33542-6 2604:(12): 1132–1139. 2466:. 19 October 2023 2260:BJU International 2231:(11): 2975–2979. 2133:Artificial kidney 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1809:immunosuppressive 1796: 1795: 1514: 1496: 1478: 1402:Alloimmune injury 1377:with tacrolimus, 1331:immunosuppressant 1108:in the recipient. 1093:in the recipient. 1068:Kidney transplant 1042:immunosuppression 911: 523:immunosuppressing 440:diabetes mellitus 271:artificial kidney 176:Hartwell Harrison 152:Kidney transplant 149: 148: 114:OPS-301 code 27:Medical procedure 18:Kidney transplant 16:(Redirected from 7379: 7218: 7217: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6795:Michael Woodruff 6729: 6728: 6460:Medical grafting 6287: 6280: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6218: 6217: 6182: 6166: 6165: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5817: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5725: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5607: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5558: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5517: 5507: 5498:(6): 2532–2539. 5483: 5477: 5476: 5458: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5377:. 8 January 2015 5367: 5354: 5353: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5262:10.1002/rmv.2044 5247: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5213: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5162: 5161: 5125: 5117: 5080: 5079: 5069: 5059: 5035: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5008: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4925: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4877: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4828: 4818: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4640: 4617:J Am Soc Nephrol 4611:Naesens (2015). 4608: 4599: 4598: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4545: 4527: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4380: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4309: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4291: 4285:. Archived from 4284: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4174: 4165:(4): 1037–1053. 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4117: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4035: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3907: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3620: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3406: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3342:J Am Soc Nephrol 3333: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3248: 3239:(9): 2180–2185. 3224: 3218: 3217: 3191: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3146: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3068:. Archived from 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2807:World Scientific 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2743: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2694: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2613: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2564: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2539: 2513: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2456: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2432: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2358: 2343: 2326:(5): 1760–1765. 2314: 2299: 2266:(6): 1351–1355. 2250: 2240: 2215: 2186: 2143:Jesus Christians 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1859:Elke Büdenbender 1792: 1787: 1782: 1767: 1759: 1741: 1733: 1718: 1710: 1695: 1687: 1672: 1664: 1649: 1641: 1592: 1588: 1528: 1516: 1515: 1498: 1497: 1480: 1479: 1014:and crossmatch ( 934:Welsh Government 919:Welsh Government 912: 897:Increased donors 567:immunosuppressed 322:Michael Woodruff 212:serum creatinine 160:organ transplant 156:renal transplant 142:edit on Wikidata 134: 108: 70: 69: 65: 42: 30: 29: 21: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7346: 7320:Kidney dialysis 7303: 7267:Abdominal x-ray 7209: 7161: 7133: 7095: 7028: 7022: 6992: 6987: 6932: 6919: 6888: 6872: 6856: 6825: 6799: 6780:John P. Merrill 6763: 6720: 6675: 6654:Joint societies 6649: 6620:Blood Cancer UK 6607: 6601: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6510: 6482: 6478:Vascular bypass 6454: 6329: 6296: 6291: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6229: 6206: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6057: 6055: 6052:The Irish Times 6046: 6045: 6041: 6020:(11): 966–972. 6010: 6006: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5794: 5790: 5775: 5773: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5715: 5706: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5584: 5580: 5543:Transplantation 5535: 5531: 5484: 5480: 5435: 5431: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5357: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5289: 5285: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5165: 5118: 5083: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5022: 4977: 4973: 4926: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4846: 4842: 4801:(3): e0193791. 4787: 4783: 4748: 4744: 4699: 4695: 4658: 4654: 4609: 4602: 4563: 4559: 4525:1854/LU-8083451 4510:(8): CD005632. 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4416: 4412: 4363:(1): e0244248. 4349: 4345: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4280:"Archived copy" 4278: 4277: 4273: 4258: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4241:www.nytimes.com 4233: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4208: 4204: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4052:. 15 April 2009 4044: 4043: 4039: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3958:. 15 April 2019 3950: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3868: 3864: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3725: 3719:The Meat Market 3717: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613:Wayback Machine 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3587:. 29 March 2010 3579: 3578: 3574: 3520: 3516: 3481:N. Engl. J. Med 3473: 3469: 3424: 3420: 3375: 3371: 3348:(12): 3256–62. 3334: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3225: 3221: 3189:10.1.1.576.6386 3172: 3168: 3123: 3119: 3108: 3104: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3066:20th Television 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2970:The Local Spain 2964: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2685: 2681: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2514: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2371:Sage Publishing 2359: 2355: 2350: 2157: 2129: 2072:Charles Perkins 2054:Alonzo Mourning 1969:Jennifer Harman 1907: 1872:Steven Cojocaru 1845: 1805: 1601:Cadaveric donor 1587: 1571:Alonzo Mourning 1539: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1471: 1427:Cytomegalovirus 1302: 1293: 1266:resistive index 1251: 1201: 1147: 1141: 1115:Gaetano Ciancio 1087:abdominal aorta 1062: 1012:ABO blood group 1008: 969: 954: 915:Vaughan Gething 901: 899: 837:Donation after 817: 815:Deceased donors 756: 750: 699: 621: 612: 586:morbid obesity; 554: 535:synergistically 531:antiretrovirals 516:substance abuse 497:complications. 475: 467: 424: 405:, weight gain, 340:kidney dialysis 299:Richard Herrick 295:identical twins 291:John P. Merrill 267:John P. Merrill 220: 145: 130: 104: 68:transplantology 67: 61: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7385: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7232: 7226: 7224: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7026:urinary system 7021: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6942: 6941:Related topics 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6852:James D. Hardy 6849: 6844: 6842:Joel D. Cooper 6839: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6816:James D. Hardy 6813: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6790:Elizabeth Ward 6787: 6782: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6759:Norman Shumway 6756: 6751: 6746: 6744:James D. Hardy 6741: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6552:Eurotransplant 6548: 6546: 6543:and government 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6488:Organ donation 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6242: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221:Classification 6215: 6214: 6188: 6174: 6173:External links 6171: 6168: 6167: 6164:on 2022-01-11. 6142: 6117: 6091: 6080:. 7 April 2017 6065: 6054:. 7 April 2017 6039: 6014:Virtual Mentor 6004: 5969: 5946: 5910: 5899:on 8 July 2014 5878: 5853: 5842:www.vaidam.com 5829: 5788: 5761: 5744: 5713: 5689: 5663: 5637: 5578: 5549:(4): 427–435. 5529: 5478: 5429: 5408:(12): 2212–9. 5388: 5355: 5337: 5319: 5283: 5233: 5182: 5163: 5136:(8): 729–743. 5081: 5030: 5020: 4991:(3): 304–311. 4971: 4915: 4889: 4860:(1): 452–460. 4840: 4781: 4762:(2): 102–109. 4742: 4693: 4652: 4600: 4557: 4486: 4475:. 22 June 2009 4460: 4431:(4): 463–501. 4410: 4343: 4317: 4292:on 29 May 2008 4271: 4266:New York Times 4252: 4227: 4202: 4144: 4108:(5): 458–472. 4088: 4063: 4037: 3990: 3968: 3943: 3919: 3882:(8): e002596. 3862: 3843: 3831:New York Times 3814: 3783: 3754: 3723: 3711: 3697: 3684:New York Times 3669: 3647: 3621: 3598: 3572: 3535:(2): 124–133. 3514: 3467: 3418: 3369: 3321: 3296: 3268: 3219: 3166: 3117: 3102: 3097:New York Times 3083: 3047: 3024: 3015: 3003: 2975: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2915: 2891: 2826: 2819: 2813:. p. 39. 2789: 2763: 2712: 2705: 2679: 2655: 2633: 2582: 2551: 2530:(6): 866–879. 2503: 2477: 2444: 2408: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2315: 2300: 2251: 2216: 2198:(4): 386–394. 2187: 2169:(6): 311–322. 2156: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2117:Elliot F. Kaye 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2038: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1933:Aron Eisenberg 1930: 1921: 1912: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1844: 1841: 1804: 1801: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1751:April 2020 to 1749: 1747:United Kingdom 1743: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1586: 1583: 1578:selection bias 1565:basketballers 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1469: 1419:herpes simplex 1404:and recurrent 1399: 1398: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1342: 1320: 1317: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1278: 1277: 1250: 1247: 1242:nephrotoxicity 1200: 1199:Post operation 1197: 1140: 1137: 1110: 1109: 1094: 1061: 1058: 1046:plasmapheresis 1007: 1004: 999: 998: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 978: 968: 965: 953: 950: 932:passed by the 898: 895: 843: 842: 835: 816: 813: 801:United Kingdom 778:An article by 752:Main article: 749: 746: 698: 695: 620: 617: 611: 608: 607: 606: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 577: 553: 550: 512:mental illness 491:morbid obesity 474: 471: 466: 463: 423: 420: 395:corticosteroid 374:(particularly 279:Jean Hamburger 219: 216: 147: 146: 139: 136: 135: 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 58: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7384: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7190:Urethroplasty 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910:Donna Mansell 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6900:Alexis Carrel 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6821:Thomas Starzl 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6785:Joseph Murray 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Richard Lower 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6615:Anthony Nolan 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608:organizations 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515:Complications 6513: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473:Skin grafting 6471: 6469: 6468:Bone grafting 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5957: 5950: 5931: 5924: 5920: 5919:Sommer Gentry 5914: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5771: 5765: 5754: 5748: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5200:(Editorial). 5199: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4623:(1): 281–92. 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4217: 4216:New Scientist 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3979: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3832: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3657: 3651: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438:(6): 579–86. 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389:(5): 459–46. 3388: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3072:on 2013-08-03 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3012: 3007: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2751: 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