59:
427:
frequency. Another South Asian haplogroup, M30 was also identified for Kho samples with frequency of 6.2%. The haplogroups and haplotypes specify the origin and linkages of an individual and population. The mtDNA haplogroup analysis eventually demonstrates the western
Eurasian ancestral origin of Kho samples. However, the presence of few South Asian haplogroups with a minor proportion revealed that Kho might be an admixed population of western Eurasian and South Asian genetic component.
965:
endemic in the Pathan tribal territories, has not been a factor in
Chitrali society). This view was once graphically illustrated for us when we were discussing the cover design of a booklet with a Chitrali friend. He suggested that the image of a mosque and an open book be superimposed on an outline map of Chitral--with guns juxtaposed to the right and left (east and west)--symbolic of the fact that Chitral is a land of peace and civility and faith surrounded by barbarians.
426:
haplogroups were observed predominantly and mostly shared in Kho samples with overall frequency of 50%. These include HV8, H19, H57, H24, C and, C4a haplogroups. The South Asian haplogroups and its relevant subgroups including U4, U4c, U6, U5a, and W were also found in Kho samples with overall 37.5%
483:
Khowar is one of the regional languages of
Pakistan. It is spoken in different parts of Pakistan and more than 0.8 million people speak Khowar over in Chitral, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Swat Valley. Meanwhile, in Chitral, Khowar is considered as a lingua franca or the main communicative language of the
720:
Kalasha came from the south, from present day
Afghanistan where the Waigal valley is still called Kalashum. It seems that the Kalasha speaking people were expelled from this territory by Nuristani tribes some centuries ago; they left it and pushed up to settle in lower Chitral, which they occupied
964:
Chitralis, however, seem to have a general dislike for
Pathans and their language. Several Chitralis have told us that Pashto sounds like a stone rattling around in a tin can. Perhaps more to the point, they regard Pathans as an uncivilized, uncouth, and violent people (blood-feuding, which is
945:
Munnings (1990:21) observes that people in
Chitral seem to have a general dislike for Pashtoons and their language. Some Chitralis reported that they prefer to use Urdu or Khowar with a Pashtoon unless he is monolingual in
245:
The Kho people are likely descendants of those who migrated to their present location in
Chitral from the south. The Kho people spread throughout Chitral from the northern part of the region, specifically from the
810:
This was a pre-Islamic custom in Kho society which has continued to exist even after the people converted to Islam in the fourteenth century, even though there is not any room for such beliefs in the religion.
399:
District, under freestyle rules. The tournament is held at
Shandur Top which is the world highest polo ground at an altitude of 3,700 meters (the pass itself is at 3,800 meters).
1121:
Aziz, Shahid; Nawaz, Mehwish; Afridi, Sahib Gul; Khan, Asifullah (1 April 2019). "Genetic structure of Kho population from north-western
Pakistan based on mtDNA control region sequences".
586:
The Kho people are the most important ethnic group in the
Chitral region of northern Pakistan. They are an Indo-Aryan people who are Muslims, primarily Sunnis of the Hanafi tradition.
903:
Khowar, in many respects the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of Sanskrit case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form
343:
and Lennart Edelberg noted, with respect to the Khowar language, that: "Khowar, in many respects the most archaic of all modern Indian languages, retaining a great part of
721:
entirely to be later pushed back in their present location by the Khowar speaking Chitralis or Khos, whose original abode is clearly Northern Chitral.
500:
773:
1038:
935:
683:
1190:
365:
lays great emphasis upon supernatural beings, and the area is sometimes called "Peristan" because of the common belief in fairies (
383:
is a popular sport and pastime for the Kho people. Polo traditionally played by the Kho has little rules or organisation. The
1105:
869:
839:
803:
749:
713:
579:
552:
510:
330:, pointing to a very early location of proto-Khowar in its original abode in Upper Chitral, although from its links with the
1210:
1095:
1022:
896:
846:
In the Upper Chitral region, most Kho are Ismaili Muslims, who the Hanafi Sunnis consider to be an inferior people.
542:
1205:
1200:
278:
222:
636:"The Other Kalasha A Survey of Kalashamun-Speaking People in Southern Chitral: Part I: The Eastern Area"
530:. National Institute of Pakistan /* Location and demographics */ at Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 22.
1046:
470:
270:
64:
1195:
795:
741:
436:
67:
17:
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though some previous customs continue to persist. With respect to Islam, the Kho are primarily
259:
886:
569:
334:, it likely came from further south in the first millennium BC, possibly through Swat and Dir.
384:
206:
859:
823:
756:
Before conversion, the Kho people had the same beliefs as the Kalasha have even to this day.
703:
663:... the language even today, while the rest are Kho people who have moved in from the south.
1068:
230:
218:
266:. The Kho started expanding into southern Chitral around the early 14th century under the
8:
691:. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 28–29, 98–99.
255:
58:
1154:
1014:
647:
350:
Khowar is spoken by around 800,000 people in Pakistan. Most of the Kho people also use
214:
203:
159:
1146:
1138:
1101:
1018:
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835:
824:
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423:
362:
331:
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1130:
981:
392:
226:
210:
174:
104:
100:
340:
319:
313:
234:
189:
116:
1134:
943:. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 21.
403:
301:
288:
In ancient times the Kho people practised a faith akin to that observed by the
251:
71:
31:
373:
is a popular local legend, often referred as the indigenous equivalent of the
1184:
1142:
289:
1150:
787:
733:
388:
274:
616:
598:
1175:
322:
shares a great number of morphological characteristics with neighbouring
651:
635:
347:
case inflexion, and retaining many words in a nearly Sanskritic form.”
327:
959:
792:
Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference
738:
Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference
140:
471:"Khowar language is losing its essence -Faizan Aziz - Chitral Times"
370:
344:
770:
Gates of Peristan: history, religion and society in the Hindu Kush
646:(1). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 273–310.
526:
O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin Ross; Decker, Sandra J. (1992).
937:
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral
685:
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral
528:
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral
447:
396:
247:
391:
Polo Ground. The polo tournament is played between the teams of
297:
263:
129:
407:
293:
146:
135:
132:
1097:
Overtourism, Technology Solutions and Decimated Destinations
387:
is a sports festival held annually from 7 to 9 July in the
380:
374:
351:
180:
143:
960:"Towards a Sociolinguistic Profile of the Khowar Language"
292:
today. In the 14th century, many of the Kho converted to
525:
761:
917:
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition
861:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
768:
Cacopardo, Alberto M.; Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2001).
705:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
177:
519:
1120:
1094:Hassan, Azizul; Sharma, Anukrati (3 January 2022).
878:
767:
300:although there exists a substantial population of
908:
541:Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (16 May 2013).
1182:
273:. Later on, the Kho expanded eastwards into the
884:
726:
1093:
915:Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2017).
914:
732:
627:
540:
574:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 177.
547:. Cambridge University Press. p. 235.
505:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 177.
402:Traditional Chitrali clothing includes the
780:
774:Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente
194:
57:
49:
885:Jettmar, Karl; Edelberg, Lennart (1974).
633:
957:
1008:
14:
1183:
933:
864:Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 66.
830:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
826:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
786:
708:Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 66.
681:
571:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
502:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
494:
492:
1004:
1002:
975:
973:
821:
567:
498:
369:) inhabiting the high mountains. The
30:For the ethnic group in Vietnam, see
857:
701:
677:
675:
673:
671:
465:
463:
258:, the original abode of the Kho was
193:
95:Regions with significant populations
1191:Social groups of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
958:Munnings, David (4 December 1990).
851:
489:
24:
1011:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide
999:
970:
927:
25:
1222:
1169:
979:
668:
534:
460:
430:
1100:. Springer Nature. p. 219.
891:. F. Steiner Verlag. p. 3.
173:
27:Indo-Aryan Ethnolinguistic group
1114:
1087:
1061:
1031:
951:
815:
695:
1045:. 18 June 2018. Archived from
609:
591:
561:
285:dynasty in the 17th century.
13:
1:
1009:Winston, Robert, ed. (2004).
453:
304:in the Upper Chitral region.
84:
934:Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992).
822:Olson, James Stuart (1998).
682:Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992).
568:Olson, James Stuart (1998).
544:Islamic Reform in South Asia
499:Olson, James Stuart (1998).
7:
634:Cacopardo, Alberto (1991).
441:
422:2019, the western Eurasian
413:
307:
10:
1227:
1135:10.1007/s10709-019-00060-8
986:World History Encyclopedia
858:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
702:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
434:
357:
311:
240:
70:, the current head of the
29:
1211:Ethnic groups in Malakand
1069:"Held on 7th to 9th July"
980:Nizam, Muhammad Huzaifa.
888:Cultures of the Hindukush
157:
152:
127:
122:
115:
110:
99:
94:
83:
78:
56:
47:
736:; ud-Din, Israr (1996).
63:Chitrali men along with
1039:"Shandur Polo Festival"
796:Oxford University Press
742:Oxford University Press
437:List of Chitrali people
68:Fateh-ul-Mulk Ali Nasir
1206:Lower Chitral District
1201:Upper Chitral District
354:as a second language.
262:in the valleys around
385:Shandur Polo Festival
207:ethnolinguistic group
153:Related ethnic groups
982:"Chitrali Mythology"
298:Hanafi Sunni Muslims
231:Indo-Aryan language
217:, Pakistan and the
44:
1015:Dorling Kindersley
418:According to Aziz
377:of the Himalayas.
281:valleys under the
215:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
160:Indo-Aryan peoples
42:
1107:978-981-16-2474-2
921:SIL International
871:978-969-35-1231-1
841:978-0-313-28853-1
805:978-0-19-577571-6
751:978-0-19-577571-6
715:978-969-35-1231-1
581:978-0-313-28853-1
554:978-1-107-27667-3
512:978-0-313-28853-1
473:. 2 December 2021
448:Chitral, Pakistan
363:Chitrali folklore
339:The ethnologists
332:Gandhari language
324:Iranian languages
165:
164:
16:(Redirected from
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1176:chitraltoday.net
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744:. p. viii.
730:
724:
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410:(Chitrali hat).
393:Gilgit-Baltistan
260:northern Chitral
229:. They speak an
227:Gilgit-Baltistan
211:Chitral District
197:
196:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
105:Gilgit Baltistan
89:
86:
79:Total population
61:
51:
45:
41:
21:
1226:
1225:
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1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1181:
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1119:
1115:
1108:
1092:
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1075:. 24 April 2018
1067:
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1062:
1052:
1050:
1049:on 18 July 2018
1037:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:. p. 433.
1007:
1000:
990:
988:
978:
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956:
952:
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932:
928:
913:
909:
899:
883:
879:
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820:
816:
806:
798:. p. 140.
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320:Khowar language
316:
314:Khowar language
310:
302:Ismaili Muslims
254:. According to
243:
200:Chitrali people
176:
172:
138:
87:
74:
52:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:Dardic peoples
1193:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:External links
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1165:
1164:
1129:(2): 177–183.
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1106:
1086:
1073:Pamirtimes.net
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1043:www.tnn.com.pk
1030:
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435:Main article:
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431:Notable people
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404:Shalwar Kameez
395:Districts and
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312:Main article:
309:
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252:Torkhow Valley
242:
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209:native to the
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162:
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128:Predominantly
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108:
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88: 800,000
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72:Katoor Dynasty
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788:Bashir, Elena
783:
776:. p. 48.
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771:
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734:Bashir, Elena
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256:Morgenstierne
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225:districts of
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33:
19:
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1096:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1072:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:the original
1042:
1033:
1013:. New York:
1010:
989:. Retrieved
985:
963:
953:
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662:
655:. Retrieved
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629:
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543:
536:
527:
521:
501:
482:
475:. Retrieved
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417:
401:
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366:
361:
349:
341:Karl Jettmar
338:
335:
317:
287:
282:
267:
244:
199:
168:
166:
39:Ethnic group
36:
219:Gupis-Yasin
32:K'ho people
1185:Categories
919:. Dallas:
657:25 January
621:Ethnologue
603:Ethnologue
454:References
328:Badakhshan
204:Indo-Aryan
1143:1573-6857
283:Khushwaqt
202:, are an
139:Minority
111:Languages
1159:81976969
1151:30887215
1123:Genetica
790:(1996).
652:29756980
617:"Khowar"
599:"Khowar"
442:See also
414:Genetics
406:and the
371:Barmanou
345:Sanskrit
308:Language
123:Religion
1079:18 July
1053:18 July
946:Pashto.
397:Chitral
389:Shandur
358:Culture
271:Mehtars
248:Mulkhow
241:History
233:called
141:Ismaili
101:Chitral
18:Khowars
1157:
1149:
1141:
1104:
1021:
895:
868:
838:
802:
748:
712:
650:
578:
551:
509:
420:et al.
290:Kalash
279:Ghizer
264:Mastuj
235:Khowar
223:Ghizer
190:Khowar
158:Other
130:Hanafi
117:Khowar
90:(2021)
65:Mehtar
1155:S2CID
991:1 May
941:(PDF)
689:(PDF)
648:JSTOR
484:area.
477:1 May
424:mtDNA
408:Pakol
294:Islam
275:Yasin
198:) or
147:Islam
136:Islam
133:Sunni
1147:PMID
1139:ISSN
1102:ISBN
1081:2018
1055:2018
1019:ISBN
993:2023
893:ISBN
866:ISBN
836:ISBN
800:ISBN
746:ISBN
710:ISBN
659:2020
576:ISBN
549:ISBN
507:ISBN
479:2023
381:Polo
375:Yeti
367:peri
352:Urdu
318:The
277:and
268:Rais
250:and
221:and
167:The
144:Shia
103:and
1131:doi
1127:147
832:177
326:of
213:in
195:کھو
169:Kho
50:کھو
43:Kho
1187::
1153:.
1145:.
1137:.
1125:.
1071:.
1041:.
1001:^
984:.
972:^
962:.
901:.
844:.
834:.
808:.
794:.
772:.
754:.
740:.
718:.
670:^
661:.
644:41
642:.
638:.
619:.
601:.
584:.
491:^
481:.
462:^
237:.
192::
188:,
181:oʊ
85:c.
1161:.
1133::
1110:.
1083:.
1057:.
1027:.
995:.
923:.
874:.
623:.
605:.
557:.
515:.
184:/
178:k
175:/
171:(
34:.
20:)
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