Kerensky offensive

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against the officers. The Bolsheviks were among those who sent agitators, and used reserve units to spread their newspapers among the army. There were also reports of Russian soldiers talking and sharing food and alcohol with the Germans and Austrians, who took the opportunity to spread propaganda among them after they became aware of the revolutionary developments in Russia. Almost every corps at the front line experienced refusal by some soldiers that were in reserve to move up to the front, though the vast majority of these situations were resolved by negotiation with the soldiers' committees and officers. There were some occasions in which officers were murdered by their troops, and these incidents happened most often in the reserve units further away from the front. Desertion from the front line slightly decreased after the Revolution, but became more common among the rear-echelon and reserve units. Part of the reason for this was that officers and soldiers with common experience at the front got along better, while the members of training or reserve units had less bonds between them.

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29 July 1917, Kerensky was criticized for all of the policies that the Provisional Government implemented in the army since the February Revolution, and he agreed on the necessity of restoring order among the troops. On 31 July, he appointed Kornilov to replace Brusilov as the Supreme Commander, because Kornilov had always opposed the revolutionary changes. Kornilov was also recommended to Kerensky by Boris Savinkov. Furthermore, Kerensky approved their request to restore the death penalty, to impose limitations on soldiers' committees, and effectively cancel his Declaration of Soldiers' Rights from earlier. In this he was supported by the Petrograd Soviet Executive Committee, which declared that those who disobeyed orders from the Provisional Government were "traitors and cowards." Ordinary soldiers saw this as the leadership siding with the counter-revolutionary officers against them, and they started becoming disillusioned with both the Provisional Government and the moderate members of the Soviet.

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along well and agreed on many of the issues facing Russia at that time. They were also well received by the soldiers, and Kerensky's speeches helped raise enthusiasm for the offensive. At the same time, General Alekseyev had been critical of Kerensky and the policies of the Provisional Government. On 4 June 1917 he was relieved of command and replaced by Brusilov as the head of the army. Kerensky's speaking tour, along with the work of the officers that cooperated with the soldiers' committees, was able to win over enough of the infantry units that were needed for the offensive. The lack of discipline was more common among the infantry, while the cavalry and artillery were often willing to put down mutinies by the former. In general, while the infantry soldiers were more divided, the Provisional Government still had significant support among the cavalry and artillery, the Cossacks, officer cadets, and volunteers of new infantry units called the "

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counter-revolutionary and they left the front for their own safety, while those who remained pledged loyalty to the revolution and worked with the soldiers' committees to get things done. Officers had to show their enthusiasm for the revolutionary changes and use persuasion to convince soldiers to follow their orders. Those with a middle class professional or student background were most likely to sympathize with the revolution and work with the committees; they tended to support War Minister Kerensky, were pro-war and patriotic, and made preparations for the June offensive. The enlisted soldiers were mostly peasants, and they were patriotic but wanted to fight defensively and establish peace. Among the professional officers, some of them were monarchists (either constitutional or absolutist), while many welcomed the removal of Nicholas II and supported the pro-war leaders of the Provisional Government.

1838:, they threatened to withhold loans that Russia needed to avoid bankruptcy if there was no Russian offensive. Kerensky also thought that a Russian military success would persuade the other Allies to seek peace on the terms in his government's earlier declaration calling for self-determination for all nations. So he saw Russian military action as an extension of his diplomacy to end the war on renegotiated terms. There was also the belief in the Provisional Government that if the army remained idle, it was more likely to disintegrate, and that it gave them an excuse to send the rebellious Petrograd garrison to the front line. The United States sent a delegation to Russia led by 2282:

join them. Within days, they brought the city to a standstill. The rioters surrounded the Tauride Palace, but the leaders of the Soviet refused their demands, while Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders were reluctant to get involved. Regardless, the Bolsheviks were accused of being the instigators and had to flee the capital when the Provisional Government brought loyal troops into the city to end the protests. Also, on 7 July, Kerensky became the head of government when Prince Georgy Lvov resigned, which was unrelated to either the offensive or the July Days but had to do with several ministers resigning in protest of the government's decision to grant autonomy to

307: 144: 299: 225: 2147:–Berezhany sector, and by 2 July had taken several lines of trenches. The Eleventh Army had pushed back the Austrian Second, and advanced an average of two miles into their territory along the front, but the Seventh Army further to the south had a much slower advance, primarily facing the German troops of the South Army. The Russian attack on the first day captured over 18,000 men. But, after the first couple of days, the shock troops that had been chosen to lead the attack had been weakened, and the regular infantry were not as reliable. After this there was a break in major fighting for three days, but it resumed on 6 July near 1725:

their officers and could elect their own commanders. On 17 March 1917 the Soviet, together with the State Duma, tried to fix this situation by issuing Order No. 2, which stated that soldiers must still obey orders on military matters, but it was ineffective at restoring discipline. Although incidents of violence between soldiers and officers were not common, the officers now depended on the cooperation of the elected soldiers' committees. The committees were formed to manage the relationship between the officer corps and the enlisted troops, functioning as a soviet at the battalion level and higher, and tended to be dominated by

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focused on ending the monarchy. Whether or not the war should continue was not one of the main topics in Russian politics during the events of March 1917, but this changed by April, when the Soviet declared that it wanted peace "without annexations or reparations," but also stating that the revolution could not retreat in the face of foreign conquest. Prince Lvov addressed this with a declaration stating that Russia was fighting the war to establish peace and self-determination for all nations. The Soviet's Executive Committee wanted the declaration to be sent to the other Allies, and when it was,

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were left were unwilling to fight. By the end of 21 July, the Eleventh Army had abandoned its positions, and on 22 July the Seventh Army was also hit by the German counterattack. The Russian Seventh and Eleventh Armies were in full retreat, which turned into a rout, while the remaining resistance there to the Germans came from officers and NCOs. By 23 July, the Eighth Army was forced to withdraw because its flank was exposed. When the German counteroffensive was over on 27 August, the Russian army had fallen back to the original Austrian-Russian border, by as much as 120 kilometres (75 miles).

291: 237: 213: 2112: 114: 2195:, had not been prepared by Nádas or other senior officers. The Austrian positions here collapsed and Kornilov's troops advanced six miles toward Kalusz. Kornilov's success was more than taking territory, as the German high command had to delay their plans for their own counteroffensive in the South Army's sector to the north. Instead, the divisions they intended to use for that were diverted to shore up the Austrian Third Army. The fighting paused on 10 July as the Russians brought more ammunition and artillery to their new positions, but Nádas was relieved of command by 2277:. The possibility of being sent to the front for the summer offensive, and therefore removed from the center of power, caused the revolutionary soldiers of the Petrograd garrison to stage protests against the government. The arrival in Petrograd of rebellious troops and deserters from other fronts caused agitation, as they advocated for all power to be given to the Soviet. Initially they were peaceful, and both the Soviet and Bolshevik Party leaders talked the radicals out of staging a coup against the Provisional Government. 2155:, refused to fight, having received revolutionary soldiers from Petrograd as reinforcements. The Seventh Army's advance stopped after 2 July, and it was ordered to simply cover the flank of the Eleventh. Besides having to face German troops, the sector covered by the Seventh Army also included difficult terrain, while the Eleventh Army was operating on open plains. The fighting on 6 July marked the end of the offensive for the Eleventh and Seventh Armies, at which point their troops stayed in the positions they had gained. 1765: 1785:, who was briefly the Minister of War before Kerensky replaced him, that the Petrograd Soviet had the real power and the Provisional Government existed as long as the Soviet allowed it. Therefore, Alekseyev had the French and Belgian representatives at the Stavka arranged for visits by socialists in their governments to get the Soviet to support continuing the war. The Soviet was divided on the issue, and avoided making a clear policy about the war until after the offensive happened. 1615:. Russia experienced a decline in grain production since the start of the war in 1914, which, combined with the demands of the army and problems with the rail system, caused shortages in Petrograd and other cities. Furthermore, the government's inability to finance the war effort led to a large deficit, which was partly covered by printing money, and the resulting inflation caused food prices to more than triple by the start of 1917. On 8 March [ 1632:, gave soldiers permission to shoot at rioters. The next day, 11 March, the troops killed people in the crowds, but several units refused to fire on protestors. Some of them joined the protestors and over next two days the demonstrations grew beyond what the government could control, and they were also now armed with weapons from the rebellious units of the garrison. By 12 March the remaining police and loyal troops were overwhelmed and the 2176: 41: 260: 195: 183: 171: 98: 1735:) and NCOs. Members of the prewar officer corps, who often were members of the nobility, looked at the soldiers' committees with contempt, while those who had been promoted into officer ranks or volunteered during the war were able to mediate between these two groups. The Stavka, the high command, initially refused to cooperate with the committees, but front line officers did so because it was necessary. 1287: 1842:, who told Tereshchenko that the offensive should be postponed to give Russia time to recover from political unrest, and that Russia nominally being at war with Germany was enough assistance to the Allies, keeping German divisions on the Eastern Front. But the other countries had more influence in Russia than the U.S., and the delegation arrived when the decision had already been made. 1468:. But the Kornilov coup failed when his troops refused to fight, and instead strengthened the revolutionary tendencies among soldiers. The collapse of the Provisional Government's popularity as a result of the offensive, and even more so after the Kornilov coup, was critical to the Bolsheviks increasing their influence over both the army and the Petrograd Soviet shortly before the 1464:. General Kornilov, the leader of the most successful Eighth Army, was appointed the commander of the Southwestern Front, and then Army Supreme Commander just days after that, because Kerensky hoped he could restore discipline and order among the retreating troops. He also gained support from conservative circles, and in September they decided to launch a coup against the 1773:

still an effective force at the start of 1917. The Stavka estimated in April that the army had 7,060,700 soldiers, the largest army Russia ever fielded up to that point. Replacements for the losses of earlier years were being trained and many of its supply shortages had been resolved, in part because of more Allied assistance being shipped to the port of

2191:, but it failed to break through on 7 July. The initial infantry attack at several locations did not make much progress, but two days of an artillery barrage weakened the Austrian defenses, and a renewed assault led to the capture of Stanislau on 8 July. The defenses beyond the city, along the road from Stanislau to the Russian objective of 1857:, called on soldiers to go on the offensive against the Central Powers to prevent the disintegration of the army, put Russia in a better negotiating position to end the war, and defend the territory of the country. The Bolsheviks voted against it during the Congress, along with some far-left deputies from the 2293:

in mid-August 1917, where he received the support of right-wing industrialists and politicians that were secretly wanted to remove the Provisional Government from power. Kornilov and some other generals at the Stavka used loyal units to try to remove the Soviet from Petrograd, but this backfired when

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In June, Kerensky made an effort to increase political backing for the offensive. To democratize the army as the Soviet wanted, he issued the declaration of soldiers' rights, which stated that soldiers could be members of political organizations and could express their opinions openly. But this meant

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Kerensky, as well as the Stavka and the Ministry of War, were determined to continue with the planned offensive in Galicia. In addition to their obligations to the Entente, they also thought it could restore national unity and military discipline. Despite its previous casualties, the Russian Army was

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would start in April and the Russians would begin about one month later, giving them more time. The Petrograd conference also resulted in the Western Allies promising to provide Russia with supplies, including heavy artillery, aircraft, and railway rolling stock. On 6 February, Nicholas accepted the

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As many Russian units disintegrated during the retreat, some soldiers committed crimes against the local population in the area near the front, causing Kornilov and Savinkov to ask the Provisional Government to restore the death penalty in the army. At a meeting of senior commanders at the Stavka on

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river, and the following day Kalush, the headquarters of the Third Army. Kornilov's men had advanced 15–20 miles and captured 10,000 troops. However, the Russian advance was halted, including by a German reinforcements to strengthen the Austrians and by problems caused by bad weather in the area of

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at the Southwestern Front was the only one who was optimistic and said that his armies were ready for an offensive. In May 1917, Kerensky went on a tour of the front lines to give patriotic speeches to the troops, and during the tour he spent a lot of time together with Brusilov. The two of them got

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faction took advantage of the crisis to agitate for the overthrow of the Provisional Government, but the Soviet Executive Committee opposed this and worked to prevent another uprising. The April crisis led to the resignation of several ministers and a coalition agreement between Lvov and the Soviet,

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in mid-1915, France and Britain did relatively little to assist Russia, waiting for months before starting their own offensive and providing too few supplies to address the Russian Army's munition shortages. Therefore the Russian delegation to the conference instead proposed a Russian offensive from

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that were recruited and organized by the Provisional Government in the spring of 1917. But they were too few in number to repulse a counterattack by German reinforcements, and the regular infantry were less reliable. The Russian forces were then pushed back after 19 July, losing all of the territory

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thought that the government still had significant support and an early uprising could be crushed. However, the Bolshevik organization in Petrograd was taken over by the radicals. On 16 July, some of the troops started a violent protest against the offensive and the government, calling on workers to

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The Germans launched their counteroffensive against the Southwestern Front on 19 July. The initial attack fell on the Eleventh Army, which began retreating despite its numerical superiority over the German force. The most reliable units had suffered the majority of the casualties, and the ones that

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The leaders of the Provisional Government wanted to continue the war against the Central Powers alongside the Entente, and in April 1917 this led to a political crisis. The workers and soldiers in Petrograd wanted to end the war, though the Petrograd Soviet initially did not address the subject and

1825:

in early 1917, which was eventually approved by Kerensky. Brusilov sent recruiters to places as far away as Petrograd and Moscow to find volunteers. These units were recruited from the best soldiers and officers of regular infantry regiments, as well as from civilian volunteers. But this also made

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The Provisional Government asked Nicholas to abdicate, but the most important factor in him making that decision was his chief of staff at the Stavka, General Alekseyev, who had the support of all of the senior army generals. Alekseyev, once he realized the liberal parties in the Duma would form a

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to demand bread. They were joined by male factory workers, and soon after that the crowds began also making political demands. The initial marches were endorsed by revolutionary workers' committees, who began organizing more protests. As the protests became violent the emperor sent a telegram from

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advance and the use of shock units to stop mutinies behind the front line contributed to the willingness of Russian soldiers to fight in this area, despite the presence of the same discipline problems that affected the rest of the Russian Army. However, the Romanian Front's advance was ordered to

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railway junction before continuing north to the main target. Further to the south was this theater, the Eighth Army was tasked with a supporting attack on the towns of Kalush and Galich, and the railways in that area. Opposite of the Eleventh Army was the Austrian Second Army, and opposite of the

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that convened in the second half of that month also voted in favor of a resolution that allowed him to go on the offensive. The Congress passed a ambiguously-worded resolution on 25 June 1917 stating that the army should be capable of both defensive and offensive operations, which was meant to be

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sailors into Petrograd for security. The soldiers distrusted Kerensky because of his lenient treatment of Kornilov and his conspirators, and many of the troops refused to take orders from the high command, which could now only rely on a few reliable units. The Bolsheviks took this opportunity to

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to the troops, with the goal of preventing officers in Petrograd from using the garrison against the revolution and to make officers treat soldiers with more respect. But it eventually reached the soldiers at the front, and was interpreted by many soldiers to mean that they no longer had to obey

2151:, though by this time German reinforcements had reached the Eleventh Army's sector. There were heavy losses for the Eleventh Army, and its advance was halted. After the initial advance, many soldiers believed they had done their job and did not want to continue. The Eleventh Army's reserve, the 1755:

After the February Revolution, the demoralization that affected the Petrograd garrison began spreading among units outside of the capital. Political agitators from outside the army traveled to the front to give speeches to the troops, which in some instances included trying to pit the soldiers

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began experiencing a rapid decline in discipline and willingness to continue the war. The immediate effect of the loss of the monarchy and the weakness of the Provisional Government was to undermine the authority of the officer corps over the enlisted troops. The day before the abdication, the

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against the Austrian 19th Infantry Division, which mostly consisted of ethnic Czechs. The successful Czechoslovak attack caused the division to withdraw from the town, and, together with Russian assistance, threatened a breakthrough on this part of the front before reinforcements were used to

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But in early May 1917, Brusilov told Alekseyev that the situation on the Southwestern Front had changed from his earlier report, and that logistical problems would make an offensive difficult. Later that month, at a conference of the Stavka, all front commanders reached the conclusion that an

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with the revolutionaries that could focus on restoring national unity and leading Russia to victory in the war. The main concern of the generals at the Stavka was the end the domestic unrest so that Russia could return to the war effort. After meeting with representatives of the Provisional

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The Russian high command's proposal was rejected by the Western Allies, which had already decided that Russia would launch an offensive in coordination with their efforts in the West, initially set for February 1917. But at a meeting of the Stavka on 30–31 December 1916 involving Emperor

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The Russian officer corps itself was divided between prewar career officers, student volunteers and reservists, and a large number of mobilized civilians who went through accelerated training. The prewar officers included both aristocrats and peasants; the graduates of cadet schools and

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the Lomnitsa river that destroyed the bridges they had built. This marked the end of the Eighth Army's advance, which had been the most successful, and on 20 July Kornilov, to whom the success was attributed, was named the commander of the Southwestern Front in the place of General

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officers and junior officers in the provinces. Each of the groups had their own views, and the conditions of war led to many officers being either weeded out or promoted. After the revolution, many regiment or division commanders were forced to step down because they were seen as

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the troops mostly refused to comply. On 14 September 1917, Kornilov and the other rebel generals were placed under arrest. The crisis led the Soviet to ask the Bolsheviks for help, releasing their leaders that had been imprisoned after the July Days, and arming 25,000 Bolshevik

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had been retaken by the Central Powers. The retreat of the Russian army eventually stopped, and Kornilov managed to stabilize the front by mid-August, but the failure of the operation eliminated the offensive potential of the Russian Army and increased support for the

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interpreted as an approval for the offensive. Kerensky gave the order to the Stavka to begin the attack, in accordance with Alekseyev's plan that he had prepared for Tsar Nicholas II. The stand of the Congress was clarified when the Petrograd Soviet's newspaper,

1108: 1777:. However, the political developments of the Revolution and the creation of soldiers' committees undermined their plans for the offensive. General Alekseyev, who became the army supreme commander after the Revolution, told his French counterpart 1566:, who had assumed the post of Supreme Commander himself, the generals told him that the Russian Army would not be ready for an offensive by the requested date. On 1 February 1917, at a conference with French, British, and Italian delegations in 2187:. The Russians had a geographic advantage, with their positions being higher up than the Austrians, who had also not completed their defenses in this area. The Eighth Army then launched its own attack against Austrian Third Army, led by 2219:, a Provisional Government commissar to the Southwestern Front, who believed the Kornilov could restore the power of the army and save Russia. Kerensky approved this request, and it was accepted by the supreme commander, Brusilov. 2303:

spread within army units all across the front line, whereas before their influence had been mostly limited to the Northern Front near the capital, and to obtain the majority of seats in the Petrograd Soviet, shortly before the

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One of the measures taken by Brusilov and the Provisional Government in the spring of 1917 to deal with the discipline problems was to create "volunteer, revolutionary battalions for the training of shock groups." Based on

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offensive was necessary to assist the Western Allies, despite all of the army's problems. France, Britain, and Italy pressured the Provisional Government to take offensive action, and according to foreign minister

2235:, started the offensive on 20 July, and had some initial success from the shock battalions and other reliable units, but they were stopped by German reinforcements. The Northern Front attacked on 21 July with the 1187: 1847: 1444:

they had gained. The Germans and Austrians continued advancing into Russian territory by as much as 120 kilometres (75 miles). By the time the German counter-offensive was over on 27 August, nearly all of

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straits after the victory, as had been promised by the Entente earlier. This note was revealed to the public on 20 April 1917, and it caused large protests against the government. The more radical

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to lead the Provisional Government, which consisted mostly of liberals and a few socialists, though it had no control over the revolutionary mobs in Petrograd without cooperation from the Soviet.

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and officially ordered the offensive. The Russian objective was to capture the city of Lemberg (Lvov) while advancing from two directions: the Eleventh Army from the north, aiming to capture

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The Germans were fully aware of the Russian offensive plan, from a combination of reports from deserters and aerial reconnaissance, and after defeating the French offensive in the West, the

1595:, which still had not fully recovered from its losses in the Brusilov offensive the previous summer. These plans were concluded by the Russian high command just before the outbreak of the 2289:

The offensive also began Kornilov's rise to power, as he had been its most effective commander and managed to stabilize the front after the rout of the other two armies. He attended the

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that officers were prevented from stopping political agitation that spread anti-war sentiment among the troops. Kerensky obtained the support of the Petrograd Soviet, and the

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was tasked with the offensive, as it was the least affected by revolutionary agitation and would be mostly fighting Austria-Hungary, which had not fully recovered from the

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strengthen that area. Although it was a small battle, it became well known in Czech and Slovak history, as part of their independence struggle from the Habsburg monarchy.

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in March that the offensive would have to be delayed until June, because of low morale, logistical issues, and problems caused by bad weather. Alekseyev was also told by

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Seventh Army was the German-commanded South Army, the latter including German, Austrian, and Ottoman divisions. The Eighth Army was faced by the Austrian Third Army.

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Around the time the attack in the north slowed down, on 6 July 1917, Kornilov's Russian Eighth Army began shelling the Austrian positions in their sector near

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Towards the end of March 1917, the commanders of Russia's three main army groups were ordered to give a report on the situation in their units. Generals

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Wildman, Allan (1992). "Officers of the General Staff and the Kornilov Movement". In Edith Rogovin Frankel; Jonathan Frankel; Baruch Knei-Paz (eds.).

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18 June], the Seventh and Eleventh Armies commenced their attack. Their shock battalions breached the defenses for several miles along the

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the regular infantry less reliable. Between March and November 1917 there were 600,000 volunteers for the shock battalions. These included a

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38,722-58,329 casualties, including 6,905 killed; other sources state 200,000 casualties which included 40,000 killed, and 20,000 wounded

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resigned as Petrograd was taken over by the uprising. Out of the protests emerged two new political forces that both met at the

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2 March] 1917, which was demanded by the revolutionaries in Petrograd. Before he abdicated the emperor approved Prince

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February] 1917 caused a series of events that led to the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II, becoming known as the

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his wartime headquarters ordering the use of force to end the unrest. After police were attacked on 10 March, the

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in the summer of 1916. These offensives were all started early at the request of the Western Allies, before the

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On other parts of the Eastern Front, the supporting attacks by the other army groups had fared worse. The

1550:, remove Bulgaria from the war. This would also increase Russian influence in the Balkans and cut off the 1497:, the Russian high command, initially proposed a limited operation after having taken heavy losses in the 533: 5472: 4909: 4894: 4752: 4704: 4469: 4020: 3894: 3807: 3802: 3571: 3559: 3554: 2283: 1876:

intended to not only stop the Russian offensive but to launch a counteroffensive into Russian territory.

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formed by Brusilov in 1916 for infiltration and reconnaissance, they were expanded by him and by General

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and creating a breach along the front that was 30 kilometres (19 miles) wide, and took the towns of

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before advancing southwards toward Lemberg, and the Seventh Army from the south, to capture the

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from the north, and together with a pincer movement from the south by the Anglo-French army in

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The offensive was a disaster for Kerensky and the Provisional Government, contributing to the

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both answered that their troops were not in a condition to go on the attack, while General

1231: 797: 716: 667: 494: 455: 450: 4091: 787: 479: 8: 5529: 4668: 4532: 4484: 4361: 4321: 4316: 4261: 3944: 3938: 3839: 2295: 2163: 1810: 1716: 1612: 1596: 1543: 1440: 1393: 1377: 1346: 1031: 994: 960: 628: 445: 5482: 1216: 1047: 5489: 5404: 4763: 4627: 4609: 4574: 4538: 4371: 4288: 4273: 4160: 4111: 3950: 3909: 3589: 3237: 3202: 2304: 1872:(OHL) sent six divisions from there to the Eastern Front. German quartermaster-general 1695: 1539: 1506: 1469: 1381: 1221: 1134: 1026: 895: 587: 5522: 5516: 5477: 5379: 5212: 4795: 4650: 4633: 4434: 4256: 4236: 4071: 4056: 3986: 3974: 3675: 3652: 3599: 3401: 3382: 3363: 3344: 3318: 3299: 3280: 3261: 3179: 3160: 3141: 3122: 1782: 1576: 1571: 1547: 1486: 1052: 948: 862: 733: 721: 473: 3193:

Feldman, Robert S. (1968). "The Russian General Staff and the June 1917 Offensive".

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was also part of the Southwestern Front, but did not participate in the offensive.

1873: 1805: 1641: 1465: 1424:. Secondary attacks to assist the main offensive were also launched by the Russian 1318: 1306: 1019: 728: 622: 175: 2457: 855: 5389: 5229: 4568: 4121: 4096: 3795: 3703: 3542: 3249: 2192: 1732: 1629: 1526: 1461: 1445: 1417: 1401: 1366: 1014: 916: 901: 837: 816: 770: 298: 224: 134: 2247:, where Russian and Romanian armies advanced together. The effect of seeing the 5222: 5202: 4873: 4586: 4424: 4215: 4106: 3962: 3866: 3849: 2278: 2216: 1789: 1778: 1764: 1682: 1678: 1637: 1555: 1551: 1490: 1354: 802: 499: 306: 149: 70: 2196: 2083: 5564: 5333: 4621: 4615: 4051: 3968: 3879: 3114: 2248: 2232: 2212: 1979: 1898: 1822: 1522: 1405: 290: 236: 212: 199: 187: 119: 4783: 4210: 2299: 1818: 1727: 3216:"The Russian Soldier in 1917: Undisciplined, Patriotic, and Revolutionary" 2273:

The month of July also saw a series of protests in Petrograd known as the

2202:

The advance of the Eighth Army resumed late on 10 July, and they captured

4994: 4899: 4597: 4025: 3446: 1774: 1670: 1338: 32: 3343:] (in Russian). Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter. 1848:

First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

3241: 2345: 1858: 1839: 1690: 1653: 1450: 923: 884: 3206: 2239:, but only two of its six divisions were willing to attack, while the 1665:

Government, the generals persuaded Nicholas abdicate on 15 March [

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Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army

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The advance in the first days was in large part due to the volunteer

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in the Eleventh Army's sector became notable for the advance of the

5049: 2207: 2175: 2148: 2128: 2124: 1853: 1686: 1644:, a workers' and soldiers' council led by socialist parties, and a 1619:

23 February], women that worked in factories began marching on

40: 3360:

The Imperial Russian Army in Peace, War, and Revolution, 1856–1917

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Russia's Iron General: The Life of Aleksei A. Brusilov, 1853–1926

1489:, France, in November 1916 to decide on a strategic plan for the 364: 3277:

Russian Democracy's Fatal Blunder: The Summer Offensive of 1917

2741: 2739: 2737: 2637: 2635: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2203: 2144: 1740: 1652:. These two shared political authority in what became known as 1421: 3415: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 5217: 1607:

Protests and riots that broke out in Petrograd in March [

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The Kerensky Offensive: A desperate operation that backfired

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stop by Kerensky when the main offensive back north ended.

1584: 1392:, which made a limited advance, though the Eleventh Army's 1358: 2922: 2920: 2756: 2754: 2622: 2620: 2554: 2243:

refused to advance at all. The Romanian Front had was the

1485:

The British and French high commands held a conference in

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Map of the offensive and Central Powers counteroffensive.

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The preliminary artillery barrage began on 29 June [

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pledged to fulfill Russia's existing commitments to the

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6 July] 1917 and was the last Russian offensive of

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in Western historiography, took place from 1 July [

3030: 2383: 2542: 2489: 2398: 3066: 2984: 2890: 2813: 2789: 1570:, it was agreed by Entente military leaders that an 1513:was fully ready, to alleviate the pressure against 1660:pro-war government, initially asked him to form a 1404:from the Austrians. Further to the south, General 3157:The Splintered Empires: The Eastern Front 1916–17 3138:The Central Powers on the Russian Front 1914–1918 2327:The offensive began in June by the calendar that 1283:Preliminary Ukrainian-Soviet peace treaty (1918) 125: 5586:Battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary 5562: 2331:at the time and in July by the Western calendar. 1268:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers) 140: 4392:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 1579:, that the offensive would be conducted by the 1412:was more successful, pushing back the Austrian 1648:that was formed by the liberal parties of the 3431: 2215:. His promotion was requested to Kerensky by 1865:, calling it part of an "imperialistic war." 1715:In the weeks after the tsar's abdication the 380: 2123:16 June] 1917, when Kerensky arrived in 1768:General Brusilov with War Minister Kerensky. 359:82,000 casualties, including 37,000 captured 4882: 3398:Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 3119:Russia: Revolution and Civil War, 1917–1921 5581:Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I) 3438: 3424: 2255: 1575:suggestion of his chief of staff, General 387: 373: 3400:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3376: 3331: 3231: 3173: 2884: 2843: 2831: 2745: 2641: 2611: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2536: 2519: 2483: 2377: 1591:. Their main opponent there would be the 110: 45:The Kerensky offensive and its aftermath. 5601:Battles of World War I involving Germany 5596:Battles of World War I involving Romania 4681:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3362:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 2222: 2174: 2110: 1763: 5591:Battles of World War I involving Russia 5058:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3395: 3248: 3192: 2728: 2716: 2404: 1710: 5563: 3293: 3274: 3154: 3135: 3113: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3024: 3009: 2990: 2978: 2961: 2949: 2926: 2911: 2899: 2867: 2819: 2807: 2760: 2665: 2653: 2626: 2548: 2498: 2471: 2429: 2392: 2179:Lavr Kornilov with his troops in 1917. 1602: 1384:. The main attack was launched by the 5011:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4347:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3419: 3357: 3312: 3213: 3096: 3036: 2855: 2795: 2783: 2704: 2689: 2677: 2596: 368: 5415:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 2170: 2031:(Col. Gen. Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli) 5344:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4138:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3381:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1480: 13: 4077:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3317:. University of California Press. 2106: 1879: 1341:. After the abdication of Emperor 16:1917 Last Russian offensive of WW1 14: 5652: 5636:History of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 2008: 394: 4440:Second Battle of the Piave River 4062:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3379:1917: War, Peace, and Revolution 3296:Russia 1917: The Kornilov Affair 2344:is the Russian equivalent of an 305: 297: 289: 258: 235: 223: 211: 193: 181: 169: 142: 127: 112: 96: 39: 5511:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4711:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3445: 3106: 2334: 5606:Russian Provisional Government 5334:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5193:Deportations from East Prussia 4990:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 2451: 2435: 2321: 1759: 1351:Russian Provisional Government 1104:Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi 1: 5245:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3298:. London; New York: Longman. 3275:Heenan, Louise Erwin (1987). 3254:Россия в Первой мировой войне 3159:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1475: 1333:18 June] to 19 July [ 5626:History of Chernivtsi Oblast 5400:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4699:Estonian War of Independence 4367:Southern Palestine offensive 3174:Cockfield, Jamie H. (2019). 2355: 2298:. They also invited radical 2264: 2189:Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas 2101: 2080:Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas 2013:Armies from north to south: 1889:Armies from north to south: 1720:Petrograd Soviet issued its 1583:with the focus on capturing 7: 5354:USA against Austria-Hungary 4753:Turkish War of Independence 4705:Latvian War of Independence 4430:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4021:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3178:. Lanham: Lexington Books. 3140:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 2056:XVII (German) Reserve Corps 1626:Petrograd Military District 10: 5657: 5631:History of Ternopil Oblast 5437:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 4985:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4445:Second Battle of the Marne 4332:Second battle of the Aisne 4201:Second Battle of Champagne 4042:German invasion of Belgium 3260:] (in Russian). Вече. 2061:XXV (German) Reserve Corps 1884: 1705: 1278:Treaty of Bucharest (1918) 5543: 5502: 5423: 5362: 5324: 5268: 5257: 5218:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5161: 5133: 5081: 5003: 4977: 4929: 4822: 4815: 4747:Irish War of Independence 4643: 4525: 4490:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4475:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4400: 4302: 4229: 4130: 4087:First Battle of the Marne 4034: 3996: 3931: 3922: 3865: 3739: 3728: 3694: 3666: 3628: 3580: 3533: 3526: 3453: 3377:Stevenson, David (2017). 3258:Russia in First World War 1863:Socialist Revolutionaries 1621:International Women's Day 1322: 1310: 1183:Assault on Chongar Bridge 1063:Battle of Bobruysk (1918) 934:Second Brusilov offensive 404: 348: 335: 250: 159: 89: 49: 38: 26: 21: 5370:Constantinople Agreement 4663:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4526:Co-belligerent conflicts 4495:Second Romanian campaign 4465:Third Transjordan attack 4176:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4082:Battle of Grand Couronné 3358:Reese, Roger R. (2019). 3341:Russia-Shield of Entente 3336: 3253: 2314: 2245:most successful campaign 1935:(Gen. Leonid Belkovich) 1813:," or shock battalions. 1493:war effort in 1917. The 1227:Romanian Campaign (1918) 1005:Romanian Campaign (1917) 939:Romanian campaign (1916) 711:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5571:1917 in Austria-Hungary 5433:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5385:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4693:Greater Poland Uprising 4593:National Protection War 4470:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4420:German spring offensive 4415:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4191:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4166:Second Battle of Artois 4047:Battle of the Frontiers 3294:Katkov, George (1980). 2291:Moscow State Conference 2256:German counteroffensive 2023:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli 2019:Army Group Böhm-Ermolli 1944:7th Siberian Army Corps 1662:constitutional monarchy 1505:in early 1916, and the 1273:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 466:East Prussia war crimes 312:Army Group Böhm-Ermolli 230:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli 5641:History of Lviv Oblast 5621:Ukraine in World War I 5458:Paris Peace Conference 5446:Ukraine–Central Powers 5240:Massacres of Albanians 5208:Late Ottoman genocides 5015:Bulgarian occupations 4723:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4687:Hungarian–Romanian War 4505:Naval Victory Bulletin 4500:Armistice with Germany 4450:Hundred Days Offensive 4377:Battle of La Malmaison 4327:Second battle of Arras 4294:Battle of Transylvania 4148:Second Battle of Ypres 4016:Sarajevo assassination 3905:South African Republic 3136:Bilton, David (2014). 2311:25 October] 1917. 2206:, a bridgehead on the 2180: 2116: 2050:Felix Graf von Bothmer 1769: 1646:Provisional Government 1499:East Prussia offensive 1311:Наступление Керенского 242:Felix Graf von Bothmer 160:Commanders and leaders 81:Central Powers victory 5468:Treaty of St. Germain 5441:Russia–Central Powers 5395:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5223:Pontic Greek genocide 5198:Destruction of Kalisz 5174:Eastern Mediterranean 4735:Polish–Lithuanian War 4517:Armistice of Belgrade 4480:Armistice of Salonica 4410:Operation Faustschlag 4357:Third Battle of Oituz 4279:Baranovichi offensive 4247:Lake Naroch offensive 4221:Battle of Robat Karim 4196:Vistula–Bug offensive 4171:Battles of the Isonzo 4102:First Battle of Ypres 3313:Kenez, Peter (1971). 3279:. New York: Praeger. 3155:Buttar, Prit (2017). 2223:Supporting operations 2178: 2114: 1767: 1593:Austro-Hungarian Army 1572:offensive in the West 1554:from the rest of the 1511:Russian Imperial Army 1503:Lake Naroch offensive 929:Baranovichi offensive 510:Halich-Lviv offensive 349:Casualties and losses 5463:Treaty of Versailles 5179:Mount Lebanon famine 5094:in the United States 5062:Russian occupations 4776:Turkish–Armenian War 4717:Polish–Ukrainian War 4657:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4604:Central Asian Revolt 4387:Armistice of Focșani 4117:Battle of Sarikamish 4067:Battle of Tannenberg 3463:Military engagements 3214:Ferro, Marc (1971). 2164:Czechoslovak Brigade 2070:XXV (Austrian) Corps 1870:Army Supreme Command 1836:Mikhail Tereshchenko 1711:Army democratization 1634:Council of Ministers 1436:in other locations. 1394:Czechoslovak brigade 1323:Июньское наступление 1232:Anti-Hetman Uprising 717:Gorlice breakthrough 5530:They shall not pass 5453:Treaty of Bucharest 5410:Treaty of Bucharest 5349:USA against Germany 5326:Declarations of war 5030:German occupations 4943:British casualties 4802:Soviet–Georgian War 4729:Egyptian Revolution 4669:Armeno-Georgian War 4533:Somaliland campaign 4485:Armistice of Mudros 4362:Battle of Caporetto 4352:Battle of Mărășești 4322:Zimmermann telegram 4317:February Revolution 4262:Battle of the Somme 4186:Bug-Narew Offensive 4161:Battle of Gallipoli 4153:Sinking of the RMS 3945:Scramble for Africa 3939:Franco-Prussian War 3595:Sinai and Palestine 3099:, pp. 505–508. 3087:, pp. 199–203. 3063:, pp. 193–198. 3051:, pp. 112–113. 3027:, pp. 164–170. 3012:, pp. 114–116. 2981:, pp. 109–111. 2952:, pp. 153–163. 2858:, pp. 405–406. 2846:, pp. 253–254. 2834:, pp. 247–248. 2786:, pp. 401–404. 2748:, pp. 147–148. 2707:, pp. 394–400. 2692:, pp. 370–372. 2680:, pp. 363–364. 2644:, pp. 112–114. 2599:, pp. 365–366. 2587:, pp. 104–108. 2539:, pp. 109–110. 2522:, pp. 145–146. 2474:, pp. 126–128. 2432:, pp. 117–124. 2380:, pp. 158–170. 1907:(Gen. Ivan Erdeli) 1811:battalions of death 1628:commander, General 1613:February Revolution 1603:February Revolution 1597:February Revolution 1347:February Revolution 1325:) in Russia or the 1313:), also called the 1116:The Battle of Irpin 1092:Battle of Berdychiv 961:February Revolution 810:Dniestr–Zolota Lypa 5490:Treaty of Lausanne 5405:Paris Economy Pact 5339:UK against Germany 5269:Entry into the war 5235:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 4954:Ottoman casualties 4764:Franco-Turkish War 4644:Post-War conflicts 4628:Russian Revolution 4610:Invasion of Darfur 4575:Kelantan rebellion 4563:Kurdish rebellions 4539:Mexican Revolution 4372:October Revolution 4337:Kerensky offensive 4312:Capture of Baghdad 4289:Monastir offensive 4274:Brusilov offensive 4112:Battle of Kolubara 3951:Russo-Japanese War 3337:Россия-щит Антанты 2575:, pp. 95–101. 2458:Kerensky Offensive 2329:was used in Russia 2305:October Revolution 2181: 2117: 2066:XV (Ottoman) Corps 1954:22nd Finnish Corps 1895:Southwestern Front 1770: 1698:was appointed the 1696:Alexander Kerensky 1587:and the region of 1581:Southwestern Front 1542:that would invade 1507:Brusilov offensive 1470:October Revolution 1453:among the troops. 1382:Brusilov offensive 1374:Southwestern Front 1303:Kerensky offensive 1027:October Revolution 983:Tarnopol-Offensive 966:Kerensky offensive 896:Brusilov offensive 658:2nd Masurian Lakes 527:Galicia war crimes 461:1st Masurian Lakes 265:Southwestern Front 218:Leopold of Bavaria 22:Kerensky offensive 5611:Conflicts in 1917 5556: 5555: 5539: 5538: 5523:The Golden Virgin 5517:Mutilated victory 5498: 5497: 5478:Treaty of Trianon 5473:Treaty of Neuilly 5380:Damascus Protocol 5253: 5252: 5213:Armenian genocide 5170:Allied blockades 5142:Belgian refugees 4925: 4924: 4835:Strategic bombing 4811: 4810: 4796:Franco-Syrian War 4770:Greco-Turkish War 4758:Anglo-Turkish War 4741:Polish–Soviet War 4675:German Revolution 4651:Russian Civil War 4634:Finnish Civil War 4460:Battle of Megiddo 4435:Battle of Goychay 4382:Battle of Cambrai 4342:Battle of Mărăști 4257:Battle of Jutland 4237:Erzurum offensive 4092:Siege of Przemyśl 4072:Siege of Tsingtao 4057:Battle of Galicia 3987:Second Balkan War 3975:Italo-Turkish War 3932:Pre-War conflicts 3918: 3917: 3808:Portuguese Empire 3724: 3723: 3686:German New Guinea 3668:Asian and Pacific 3407:978-0-521-40585-0 3388:978-0-19-100676-0 3369:978-0-7006-2860-5 3350:978-5-496-01795-4 3333:Oleynikov, Alexei 3324:978-0-520-31226-5 3305:978-0-582-49101-4 3286:978-0-275-92829-2 3267:978-5-4444-1667-9 3185:978-1-4985-7252-1 3166:978-1-4728-1986-4 3147:978-1-78340-053-9 3128:978-0-593-49388-5 3039:, pp. 28–30. 2964:, pp. 68–71. 2929:, pp. 55–56. 2914:, pp. 49–54. 2870:, pp. 30–31. 2810:, pp. 39–40. 2763:, pp. 61–62. 2731:, pp. 82–85. 2719:, pp. 77–79. 2668:, pp. 57–60. 2656:, pp. 36–37. 2629:, pp. 53–56. 2563:, pp. 91–94. 2395:, pp. 18–19. 2171:Kornilov's attack 1969:5th Cavalry Corps 1964:2nd Cavalry Corps 1828:Women's Battalion 1819:shock detachments 1783:Alexander Guchkov 1577:Mikhail Alekseyev 1298: 1297: 949:Christmas Battles 685:2nd Vistula River 551:Laski and Anielin 545:1st Vistula River 363: 362: 85: 84: 5648: 5616:July 1917 events 5483:Treaty of Sèvres 5375:Treaty of London 5266: 5265: 5044:Northeast France 4975: 4974: 4947:Parliamentarians 4880: 4879: 4842:Chemical weapons 4820: 4819: 4581:Senussi campaign 4551:Muscat rebellion 4545:Maritz rebellion 4513: 4455:Vardar offensive 4284:Battle of Romani 4252:Battle of Asiago 4242:Battle of Verdun 4206:Kosovo offensive 3981:First Balkan War 3929: 3928: 3828:Russian Republic 3737: 3736: 3531: 3530: 3473:Economic history 3440: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3392: 3373: 3354: 3328: 3309: 3290: 3271: 3250:Golovin, Nikolai 3245: 3235: 3210: 3189: 3170: 3151: 3132: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2930: 2924: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2888: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2455: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2381: 2375: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2160:Battle of Zborov 2153:1st Guards Corps 1959:2nd Guards Corps 1926:1st Guards Corps 1874:Erich Ludendorff 1806:Aleksei Brusilov 1798:Vladimir Smirnov 1733:warrant officers 1642:Petrograd Soviet 1481:Initial planning 1466:Petrograd Soviet 1441:shock battalions 1361:and the rest of 1324: 1312: 1291: 1191: 1172: 1164:Battle for Izyum 1160: 1148: 1124: 1112: 1100: 1088: 1048:Battle of Galați 991: 859: 827:Strypa offensive 642: 634:Kozevo offensive 568:2nd East Prussia 523: 420:1st East Prussia 399: 389: 382: 375: 366: 365: 356:42,726 deserters 310: 309: 302: 301: 294: 293: 263: 262: 261: 240: 239: 228: 227: 216: 215: 198: 197: 196: 186: 185: 184: 176:Aleksei Brusilov 174: 173: 172: 152: 148: 146: 145: 137: 133: 131: 130: 122: 118: 116: 115: 101: 100: 99: 51: 50: 43: 19: 18: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5535: 5494: 5426: 5419: 5390:Treaty of Darin 5358: 5320: 5276:Austria-Hungary 5262: 5249: 5230:Rape of Belgium 5157: 5129: 5077: 5071:Western Armenia 5066:Eastern Galicia 4999: 4973: 4937: 4936:Civilian impact 4935: 4921: 4878: 4807: 4639: 4569:Ovambo Uprising 4521: 4507: 4396: 4298: 4225: 4143:Battle of Łomża 4126: 4122:Christmas truce 4097:Race to the Sea 4030: 3992: 3914: 3885:Austria-Hungary 3861: 3796:Empire of Japan 3733: 3731: 3720: 3704:U-boat campaign 3690: 3662: 3624: 3576: 3522: 3503:Popular culture 3449: 3444: 3414: 3408: 3389: 3370: 3351: 3338: 3325: 3306: 3287: 3268: 3255: 3233:10.2307/2493539 3186: 3167: 3148: 3129: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3016: 3008: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2933: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2744: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2526: 2518: 2505: 2501:, pp. 1–3. 2497: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2267: 2258: 2225: 2173: 2139:On 1 July [ 2109: 2107:Initial advance 2104: 2099: 2011: 1999: 1991:14th Army Corps 1986:12th Army Corps 1949:34th Army Corps 1939:41st Army Corps 1916:49th Army Corps 1911:17th Army Corps 1887: 1882: 1880:Order of battle 1762: 1713: 1708: 1700:Minister of War 1630:Sergei Khabarov 1605: 1527:Austria-Hungary 1483: 1478: 1462:Kornilov Affair 1446:Eastern Galicia 1434:Romanian Fronts 1367:Austria-Hungary 1299: 1294: 1285: 1185: 1166: 1154: 1142: 1118: 1106: 1094: 1082: 1015:Kornilov affair 985: 853: 636: 517: 400: 395: 393: 355: 304: 296: 288: 259: 257: 246: 234: 222: 210: 204: 194: 192: 182: 180: 170: 168: 155: 143: 141: 135:Austria-Hungary 128: 126: 113: 111: 97: 95: 73: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5654: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5576:1917 in Russia 5573: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5425:Peace treaties 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5311:United Kingdom 5308: 5303: 5301:Ottoman Empire 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5205: 5203:Sack of Dinant 5200: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5151:United Kingdom 5148: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5111: 5105:POW locations 5103: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4905:United Kingdom 4902: 4900:Ottoman Empire 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4874:Trench warfare 4871: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4826: 4824: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4590: 4587:Volta-Bani War 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425:Zeebrugge Raid 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4216:Battle of Loos 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4107:Black Sea raid 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4009:Historiography 4000: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3963:Bosnian Crisis 3960: 3957:Tangier Crisis 3954: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3890:Ottoman Empire 3887: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3867:Central Powers 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3850:British Empire 3845:United Kingdom 3842: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3823:Russian Empire 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3741:Entente Powers 3734: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3709:North Atlantic 3700: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3620:Central Arabia 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3582:Middle Eastern 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3539: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3483:Historiography 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3393: 3387: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3349: 3329: 3323: 3310: 3304: 3291: 3285: 3272: 3266: 3246: 3226:(3): 483–512. 3211: 3201:(4): 526–543. 3195:Soviet Studies 3190: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3133: 3127: 3115:Beevor, Antony 3110: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3075:, pp. 74. 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3014: 2995: 2983: 2966: 2954: 2931: 2916: 2904: 2889: 2887:, p. 250. 2885:Cockfield 2019 2872: 2860: 2848: 2844:Cockfield 2019 2836: 2832:Cockfield 2019 2824: 2812: 2800: 2798:, p. 326. 2788: 2765: 2750: 2746:Stevenson 2017 2733: 2721: 2709: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2642:Stevenson 2017 2631: 2616: 2614:, p. 111. 2612:Stevenson 2017 2601: 2589: 2585:Stevenson 2017 2577: 2573:Stevenson 2017 2565: 2561:Stevenson 2017 2553: 2551:, p. 112. 2541: 2537:Stevenson 2017 2524: 2520:Stevenson 2017 2503: 2488: 2486:, p. 260. 2484:Oleynikov 2016 2476: 2461: 2450: 2434: 2409: 2407:, p. 487. 2397: 2382: 2378:Stevenson 2017 2360: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2333: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2279:Vladimir Lenin 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2224: 2221: 2217:Boris Savinkov 2172: 2169: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2015: 2010: 2009:Central Powers 2007: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1921:6th Army Corps 1918: 1913: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1794:Northern Front 1790:Nikolai Ruzsky 1779:Robert Nivelle 1761: 1758: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1683:Constantinople 1679:Pavel Milyukov 1638:Tauride Palace 1604: 1601: 1556:Central Powers 1552:Ottoman Empire 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1355:Triple Entente 1327:July offensive 1315:June offensive 1296: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1262:Peace treaties 1259: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1149: 1140:Lozova station 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1113: 1101: 1089: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 980: 975: 974: 973: 963: 957: 956: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 892: 887: 882: 876: 875: 871: 870: 865: 860: 848: 841: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 813: 812: 807: 806: 805: 800: 790: 785: 780: 779: 778: 776:Novogeorgievsk 773: 768: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 725: 724: 719: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 681: 680: 675: 665: 660: 655: 650: 649: 648: 643: 631: 619: 613: 612: 608: 607: 602: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 553: 548: 541: 536: 531: 530: 529: 524: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 470: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 416: 410: 409: 405: 402: 401: 392: 391: 384: 377: 369: 361: 360: 357: 351: 350: 346: 345: 342: 338: 337: 333: 332: 331: 330: 325: 320: 285: 284: 283: 278: 273: 253: 252: 251:Units involved 248: 247: 245: 244: 232: 220: 207: 205: 203: 202: 190: 178: 165: 162: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 150:Ottoman Empire 138: 123: 107: 105: 92: 91: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 71:Central Europe 65: 63: 59: 58: 57:1–19 July 1917 55: 47: 46: 36: 35: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5653: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5559: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5316:United States 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4918: 4917:United States 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4867:Convoy system 4865: 4864: 4863: 4862:Naval warfare 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4622:Kaocen revolt 4620: 4617: 4616:Easter Rising 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181:Great Retreat 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4052:Battle of Cer 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969:Agadir Crisis 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3857:United States 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3774:French Empire 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3727: 3717: 3716:Mediterranean 3714: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3696:Naval warfare 3693: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3572:Italian Front 3570: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3560:Eastern Front 3558: 3556: 3555:Western Front 3553: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513:Puppet states 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220:Slavic Review 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2993:, p. 60. 2992: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2913: 2908: 2902:, p. 63. 2901: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2822:, p. 35. 2821: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2250: 2249:Romanian Army 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233:Anton Denikin 2230: 2229:Western Front 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213:Aleksei Gutor 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2082:; later Gen. 2081: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2004: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1980:Lavr Kornilov 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905:Eleventh Army 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899:Aleksei Gutor 1896: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1823:Lavr Kornilov 1820: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1802:Western Front 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1749:general staff 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1728:praporshchiks 1723: 1718: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1535:Eastern Front 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501:in 1914, the 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:Lavr Kornilov 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:Eleventh Army 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245:Naval warfare 1244: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1212:Hetman's coup 1210: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 989: 984: 981: 979: 976: 972: 969: 968: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 954: 953: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 918: 915: 913: 912:Kostiuchnówka 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 897: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 869: 866: 864: 861: 857: 852: 849: 847: 846: 842: 840: 839: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 811: 808: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 793:Riga-Schaulen 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 766:2nd Przasnysz 764: 763: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 755:Great Retreat 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 713: 712: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 663:1st Przasnysz 661: 659: 656: 654: 653:Humin-Bolimów 651: 647: 644: 640: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 625: 624: 620: 618: 615: 614: 610: 609: 606: 605:Lupovsky Pass 603: 601: 600: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 558: 554: 552: 549: 547: 546: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 528: 525: 521: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 475: 471: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 422: 421: 417: 415: 412: 411: 407: 406: 403: 398: 397:Eastern Front 390: 385: 383: 378: 376: 371: 370: 367: 358: 353: 352: 347: 343: 340: 339: 334: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 314: 313: 308: 300: 292: 286: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 255: 254: 249: 243: 238: 233: 231: 226: 221: 219: 214: 209: 208: 206: 201: 200:Lavr Kornilov 191: 189: 188:Aleksei Gutor 179: 177: 167: 166: 164: 163: 158: 151: 139: 136: 124: 121: 109: 108: 106: 104: 94: 93: 88: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 53: 52: 48: 42: 37: 34: 30: 29:Eastern Front 25: 20: 5558: 5528: 5521: 5509: 5116: / 5048: 4883:Conscription 4847:Cryptography 4784:Iraqi Revolt 4336: 4211:Siege of Kut 4154: 3732:participants 3681:German Samoa 3615:South Arabia 3397: 3378: 3359: 3340: 3314: 3295: 3276: 3257: 3223: 3219: 3198: 3194: 3175: 3156: 3137: 3118: 3107:Bibliography 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 2986: 2957: 2907: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2729:Wildman 1992 2724: 2717:Wildman 1992 2712: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2479: 2453: 2437: 2405:Golovin 2014 2400: 2341: 2336: 2323: 2300:Baltic Fleet 2288: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2241:Twelfth Army 2226: 2201: 2182: 2157: 2138: 2118: 2012: 2003:Special Army 2000: 1933:Seventh Army 1888: 1867: 1852: 1844: 1832: 1815: 1787: 1771: 1754: 1737: 1726: 1717:Russian Army 1714: 1675: 1658: 1606: 1560: 1484: 1455: 1438: 1400:the town of 1386:Seventh Army 1378:Russian Army 1371: 1326: 1314: 1302: 1300: 1073: 1020: 965: 894: 851:Death Island 843: 836: 753: 709: 695:1st Courland 621: 597: 555: 543: 472: 441:Gross-Bresau 418: 287: 256: 90:Belligerents 27:Part of the 5146:Netherlands 5123:Switzerland 5004:Occupations 4995:Spanish flu 4772:(1919–1922) 4766:(1918–1921) 4760:(1918–1923) 4749:(1919–1921) 4743:(1919–1921) 4737:(1919–1920) 4713:(1918–1920) 4707:(1918–1920) 4701:(1918–1920) 4683:(1918–1920) 4665:(1918–1920) 4659:(1917–1921) 4653:(1917–1921) 4600:(1916-1918) 4598:Arab Revolt 4589:(1915–1917) 4583:(1915–1917) 4571:(1914-1917) 4565:(1914–1917) 4559:(1914–1921) 4553:(1913–1920) 4541:(1910–1920) 4535:(1900–1920) 4508: [ 4026:July Crisis 3947:(1880–1914) 3610:Mesopotamia 3488:Home fronts 3447:World War I 3121:. Penguin. 3085:Buttar 2017 3073:Beevor 2022 3061:Buttar 2017 3049:Heenan 1987 3025:Buttar 2017 3010:Heenan 1987 2991:Heenan 1987 2979:Heenan 1987 2962:Heenan 1987 2950:Buttar 2017 2927:Heenan 1987 2912:Heenan 1987 2900:Beevor 2022 2868:Katkov 1980 2820:Heenan 1987 2808:Heenan 1987 2761:Beevor 2022 2666:Beevor 2022 2654:Heenan 1987 2627:Beevor 2022 2549:Bilton 2014 2499:Heenan 1987 2472:Heenan 1987 2430:Heenan 1987 2393:Heenan 1987 2197:Karl Křitek 2084:Karl Křitek 2040:XVIII Corps 2029:Second Army 2021:(Col. Gen. 1976:Eighth Army 1775:Arkhangelsk 1760:Preparation 1722:Order No. 1 1671:Georgy Lvov 1564:Nicholas II 1521:. But when 1410:Eighth Army 1345:during the 1343:Nicholas II 1339:World War I 1286: [ 1237:Motovilivka 1186: [ 1167: [ 1155: [ 1143: [ 1119: [ 1107: [ 1095: [ 1083: [ 1074:Faustschlag 986: [ 880:Lake Naroch 854: [ 783:Vistula-Bug 749:Kraupishken 744:3rd Osowiec 700:2nd Bolimów 690:2nd Osowiec 637: [ 623:Carpathians 599:Bzura-Rawka 583:Krzywopłoty 539:1st Osowiec 518: [ 515:Jarosławice 490:Zolota Lypa 480:1st Kraśnik 456:Abschwangen 426:Stallupönen 33:World War I 5565:Categories 5363:Agreements 5163:War crimes 5039:Luxembourg 4932:Casualties 3803:Montenegro 3638:South West 3518:Technology 3508:Propaganda 3498:Opposition 3097:Ferro 1971 3037:Kenez 1971 2856:Reese 2019 2796:Reese 2019 2784:Reese 2019 2705:Reese 2019 2690:Reese 2019 2678:Reese 2019 2597:Reese 2019 2346:army group 2296:Red Guards 2237:Fifth Army 2092:XXVI Corps 2089:XIII Corps 2076:Third Army 2046:South Army 1859:Mensheviks 1840:Elihu Root 1654:dual power 1650:State Duma 1476:Background 1451:Bolsheviks 1414:Third Army 1251:Baltic Sea 1205:Sevastopol 1058:Bessarabia 924:2nd Kekava 890:Stolovichy 885:1st Kekava 495:Gnila Lipa 451:Tannenberg 414:Wierzbołów 323:South Army 5260:Diplomacy 4967:Olympians 4890:Australia 4857:Logistics 4790:Vlora War 4719:(1918–19) 4695:(1918–19) 4689:(1918–19) 4677:(1918–19) 4624:(1916–17) 4606:(1916–17) 4557:Zaian War 4547:(1914–15) 4267:first day 4155:Lusitania 3983:(1912–13) 3977:(1911–12) 3965:(1908–09) 3959:(1905–06) 3941:(1870–71) 3730:Principal 3590:Gallipoli 3493:Memorials 3478:Geography 3468:Aftermath 3335:(2016). 3252:(2014). 2356:Citations 2275:July Days 2265:Aftermath 2231:, led by 2185:Stanislau 2133:Berezhany 2102:Offensive 1743:schools; 1691:Bolshevik 1568:Petrograd 1531:advancing 1487:Chantilly 1458:July Days 1256:Black Sea 1200:Salt Lake 1032:Zhmerynka 995:Krechowce 978:July Days 944:Schmarden 907:Mamornița 822:Grubeshov 761:Bug-Narew 678:Kalvarija 629:Rafajlowa 617:Cârlibaba 593:Łowczówek 557:San River 446:Gumbinnen 271:11th Army 5548:Category 5135:Refugees 5101:Italians 5090:Germans 5050:Ober Ost 4830:Aviation 3924:Timeline 3895:Bulgaria 3676:Tsingtao 3653:Togoland 3600:Caucasus 3535:European 3527:Theatres 3117:(2022). 2208:Dniester 2149:Koniukhy 2129:Zolochev 2125:Tarnopol 2034:XI Corps 1861:and the 1854:Izvestia 1687:Bosporus 1685:and the 1544:Bulgaria 1519:the West 1460:and the 1430:Northern 1398:captured 1396:notably 1222:Dibrivka 1135:Bakhmach 1068:Rarańcza 1010:2nd Riga 798:1st Riga 705:Pakosław 588:Limanowa 563:Mołotków 534:Augustów 336:Strength 328:3rd Army 318:2nd Army 281:8th Army 276:7th Army 62:Location 5286:Germany 5186:Germany 5114:Germany 5034:Belgium 5019:Albania 4978:Disease 4958:Sports 4910:Ireland 4823:Warfare 4816:Aspects 4004:Origins 3997:Prelude 3900:Senussi 3880:Germany 3875:Leaders 3813:Romania 3754:Belgium 3749:Leaders 3648:Kamerun 3630:African 3565:Romania 3543:Balkans 3458:Outline 3242:2493539 2446:Archive 2284:Ukraine 2037:V Corps 1885:Russian 1800:of the 1792:of the 1706:Prelude 1589:Galicia 1585:Lemberg 1540:Romania 1533:on the 1523:Germany 1491:Entente 1426:Western 1376:of the 1363:Galicia 1359:Lemberg 1319:Russian 1307:Russian 1053:Finland 863:Smorgon 788:Jastków 734:Rokitna 722:Syniava 646:Makivka 505:Gorodek 485:Komarow 474:Galicia 436:Kaushen 344:260,000 341:900,000 120:Germany 67:Galicia 5306:Russia 5281:France 5109:Canada 5024:Serbia 4895:Canada 4852:Horses 4804:(1921) 4798:(1920) 4792:(1920) 4786:(1920) 4778:(1920) 4731:(1919) 4725:(1919) 4671:(1918) 4636:(1918) 4630:(1917) 4618:(1916) 4612:(1916) 4577:(1915) 3989:(1913) 3971:(1911) 3953:(1905) 3910:Darfur 3835:Serbia 3818:Russia 3781:Greece 3769:France 3759:Brazil 3605:Persia 3548:Serbia 3404: 3385: 3366: 3347: 3321: 3302: 3283: 3264: 3240: 3207:149747 3205: 3182: 3163: 3144: 3125: 2204:Galich 2193:Kalush 2145:Zborov 2078:(Gen. 2048:(Gen. 1978:(Gen. 1897:(Gen. 1745:guards 1741:junker 1694:while 1640:: the 1548:Greece 1515:France 1495:Stavka 1432:, and 1422:Galich 1418:Kalush 1402:Zborov 1349:, the 1217:Kaniów 1195:Sivash 1178:Crimea 1152:Donbas 1021:Albion 971:Zboriv 868:Zurnvo 739:Tarłów 729:Konary 578:Kraków 147: 132: 117: 103:Russia 78:Result 5503:Other 5296:Japan 5291:Italy 5118:camps 4962:Rugby 4512:] 3791:Japan 3786:Italy 3764:China 3658:North 3339:[ 3256:[ 3238:JSTOR 3203:JSTOR 2342:front 2315:Notes 1529:were 1365:from 1290:] 1190:] 1171:] 1159:] 1147:] 1128:Narva 1123:] 1111:] 1099:] 1087:] 1080:Keila 1000:Krevo 990:] 917:Kowel 902:Lutsk 858:] 845:Vilno 838:Rovno 817:Rasna 803:Kovno 771:Narew 673:Memel 668:Łomża 641:] 522:] 431:Orlau 5083:POWs 4402:1918 4304:1917 4230:1916 4131:1915 4035:1914 3840:Siam 3643:East 3402:ISBN 3383:ISBN 3364:ISBN 3345:ISBN 3319:ISBN 3300:ISBN 3281:ISBN 3262:ISBN 3180:ISBN 3161:ISBN 3142:ISBN 3123:ISBN 2309:O.S. 2158:The 2141:O.S. 2121:O.S. 2001:The 1796:and 1747:and 1667:O.S. 1617:O.S. 1609:O.S. 1525:and 1420:and 1388:and 1372:The 1335:O.S. 1331:O.S. 1301:The 1042:1918 955:1917 874:1916 832:Prut 611:1915 573:Łódź 500:Rawa 408:1914 54:Date 3228:doi 1517:in 1408:'s 31:of 5567:: 4510:It 3236:. 3224:30 3222:. 3218:. 3199:19 3197:. 3017:^ 2998:^ 2969:^ 2934:^ 2919:^ 2892:^ 2875:^ 2768:^ 2753:^ 2736:^ 2697:^ 2634:^ 2619:^ 2604:^ 2527:^ 2506:^ 2491:^ 2464:^ 2412:^ 2385:^ 2364:^ 2340:A 2286:. 2199:. 2086:) 2052:) 2025:) 1982:) 1901:) 1656:. 1599:. 1558:. 1472:. 1428:, 1369:. 1321:: 1309:: 1288:uk 1188:ru 1169:uk 1157:uk 1145:uk 1121:uk 1109:uk 1097:uk 1085:et 988:de 856:lv 639:ru 520:ru 69:, 4934:/ 3439:e 3432:t 3425:v 3410:. 3391:. 3372:. 3353:. 3327:. 3308:. 3289:. 3270:. 3244:. 3230:: 3209:. 3188:. 3169:. 3150:. 3131:. 2448:) 2444:( 2348:. 1731:( 1317:( 1305:( 388:e 381:t 374:v 303:/ 295:/

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