612:
339:
217:
49:
175:
624:
588:
155:
600:
131:
107:
83:
400:
676:
726:
753:
744:
735:
706:
697:
688:
506:, though a few older women and some of the younger girls in remote villages continued to wear rings. In Thailand, the practice has gained popularity in recent years, because it draws tourists who bring revenue to the tribe and to the local businessmen who run the villages and collect an entry fee of 500 to 600 baht per person. The
657:
festival, which commemorates the belief that the creator god gave form to the world by planting a small post in the ground. During this festival, held in late March or early April, a Kay Htoe Boe pole is erected and participants dance around the pole. This festival is held to venerate the eternal god
498:
started to remove their rings, either to give them the opportunity to continue their education or in protest against the exploitation of their culture and the restrictions that came with it. In late 2008, most of the young women who entered the refugee camp removed their rings. One woman who had worn
530:
When a young man has decided upon a girl, his parents will approach her parents with a gift. If the girl accepts then the couple are now engaged. The young man's family have to provide a dowry to seal the contract. Usually the daughter-in-law will move in with her husband upon marriage and in that
668:
In present times, the annual Kay Htein Bo festival is always accompanied by a reading of the chicken bones to predict the year ahead. Fowl bone prognostication can be witnessed in the Kayan villages in
Thailand's Mae Hong Son province during the annual festival, and during "cleansing ceremonies"
526:
In the past, the choice of marriage partners was usually the responsibility of the parents; today, young people often select their own partner. The rule of marriage is only those genetically related are allowed to marry. It is preferable for first cousins to get married. However, marriage between
517:
expressed reservations about tourists visiting the Kayan villages in
Northern Thailand due to the provincial government’s refusal to allow registered Kayan refugees to take up offers of resettlement in developed countries. It is believed this policy was linked to their economic importance to the
490:
The coil, once on, is seldom removed, as the coiling and uncoiling is a lengthy procedure. It is usually only removed to be replaced by a new or longer coil. The muscles covered by the coil become weakened. Many women have removed the rings for medical examinations. Most women prefer to wear the
531:
case, the price is higher than if the man moves in with his wife. The contract ceremony may be ended by the families eating chicken provided by the groom's family together. In this way, it is believed that the couple will love each other forever. The bride price consists of several parts:
718:
As hilltribes these minority groups can be categorised into different ethnicities and races with various languages and religious beliefs. Traditional Kayaws believe in tree spirits but the new generations are showing acceptance towards
Buddhism and Christianity.
467:. The rings can stretch their necks to a length of about 15 inches (38 cm), pushing down the collarbone, compressing the rib cage, and pulling up about four thoracic vertebrae into the neck. Many ideas regarding why the coils are worn have been suggested.
518:
area. This policy was relaxed in late 2008 and a small group of Kayan have left for New
Zealand in August 2008. Others entered the main Karenni refugee camp (which is not open to tourists) in September 2008 and they are now eligible for resettlement.
658:
and creator messengers, to give thanks for blessings during the year, to appeal for forgiveness, and pray for rain. It is also an opportunity for Kayan from different villages to come together to maintain the solidarity of the tribe.
527:
different generations is taboo. Marriages with in-laws or conflicting clans who have sworn not to marry for several generations is forbidden. It is believed that if these rules are violated, misfortune falls upon all their relatives.
491:
rings once their clavicle has been lowered, as the area of the neck and collarbone often becomes bruised and discolored. Additionally, the collar feels like an integral part of the body after ten or more years of continuous wear.
634:
The Kayans' traditional religion is called Kan Khwan, and has been practiced since the people migrated from
Mongolia during the Bronze Age. It includes the belief that the Kayan people are the result of a union between a female
471:
have hypothesized that the rings protected women from becoming slaves, making them less attractive to other tribes. It has also been theorised that the coils originate from the desire to look more attractive by exaggerating
560:
or "milk compensation", which belongs to the mother of the bride to compensate her for the milk given when the girl was a baby, and usually consists of a silver coin or even a little buffalo, which the mother keeps for her
378:
325:). A 2004 estimate puts the population at approximately 180,000. About 600 Kayan reside in the three villages open to tourists in Mae Hong Sorn, or in the Ban Mai Nai Soy refugee camp.
459:
Girls first start to wear rings when they are around 5 years old. Over the years, the coil is replaced by a longer one and more turns are added. The weight of the brass pushes the
302:
border area. Among the refugee camps set up there was a Long Neck section, which became a tourist site, self-sufficient on tourist revenue and not needing financial assistance.
502:
The government of
Myanmar began discouraging neck rings as it struggled to appear more modern to the developed world. Consequently, many women in Myanmar began breaking the
611:
499:
the rings for over 40 years removed them. After removing the rings, women report discomfort that fades after about three days. The discoloration is more persistent.
381:
moved into the
Karenni refugee camp in September 2008, but 20 families and 104 residents remain there, according to the sign at the entrance as of February 2001.
1598:
346:
According to Kayan tradition the Kayan settled in the
Demawso area of Karenni State (Kayah State) in 739 AD. Today, they reside in Karenni (Kayah) State around
1528:
1538:
487:
Kayan women, when asked, acknowledge these ideas, and often say that their purpose for wearing the rings is cultural identity (one associated with beauty).
1458:
1172:
818:
665:
and nothing is done without reference to some form of divination, including breaking thatch grass, but most importantly consulting the chicken bones.
1493:
1379:
1558:
1214:
1478:
1374:
1325:
1229:
1224:
374:
1804:
1775:
1760:
1712:
1687:
1643:
1468:
1443:
1290:
1219:
1954:
1785:
1633:
1408:
1364:
1359:
1310:
507:
1934:
1929:
1834:
1692:
1403:
1384:
1854:
1593:
1438:
1349:
1344:
1320:
1020:
927:
280:). The Kayan residents in Mae Hong Son Province in Northern Thailand refer to themselves as Kayan and object to being called Padaung. In
1944:
1859:
1603:
1483:
772:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1638:
1618:
1488:
1463:
1315:
318:
1919:
1702:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1473:
510:, an armed cease-fire group, have made attempts to invite the Kayan to return to Kayah State to set up their own tourist villages.
911:
850:
1583:
1573:
1553:
1523:
452:
Women of the Kayan tribes identify themselves by their forms of dress. Women of the Kayan Lahwi tribe are well known for wearing
417:
1165:
1145:
1146:
French
Language page with introduction, notes and bibliography of Kayah, Kayan, Karenni et Yang Daeng by Jean-Marc Rastorfer
2065:
546:
or the purchase proper, in money, buffalos etc. which belongs to the father of the girl to pay him for his guardianship;
288:, one of the first authors to use the term "Kayan", says that the Padaung prefer to be called Kayan. On the other hand,
553:
which is divided up among the closest relatives, and consists for the most part of utensils, mats, household goods etc.
476:, as women have more slender necks than men. It has also been suggested that the coils give the women resemblance to a
298:
In the late 1980s and early 1990s due to conflict with the military regime in
Myanmar, many Kayan tribes fled to the
2060:
2050:
1158:
815:
439:
1139:
832:
421:
766:
1021:"The Dragon Mothers Polish their Metal Coils by Edith Mirante - Guernica / A Magazine of Art & Politics"
623:
1117:
Website about this Kayan village in Thailand contains information on Kayan history, religion, and culture
1975:
1181:
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that a family holds when it has encountered ill fortune. They also use dreams to make predictions.
410:
258:), Kayan Ka Khaung (Gekho), Kayan Kadao, Kayan Lahta, Kayan Ka Ngan, Kayan Kakhi and, sometimes,
233:
675:
587:
1997:
1453:
1024:
937:
2055:
2024:
263:
21:
599:
1970:
1914:
847:
8:
1285:
1134:
643:
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1423:
1108:
933:
830:
Thai Burma Border Consortium / A brief history of the Thailand Burma border situation
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355:
208:
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Following the pwai dance the women sprinkle the men with water using eugenia leaves.
1864:
1588:
1563:
1413:
1234:
289:
285:
254:
196:
480:, an important figure in Kayan folklore. The coils might be meant to protect from
338:
2029:
2014:
2002:
1987:
1765:
1608:
1354:
854:
836:
468:
310:
236:
1578:
1081:
2019:
2007:
1992:
1909:
1904:
1869:
1849:
1839:
1819:
1743:
1658:
1548:
1503:
1418:
1305:
1295:
1249:
1191:
464:
229:
998:
243:(Burma). The Kayan consists of the following groups: Kayan Lahwi (also called
216:
48:
2044:
1949:
1924:
1824:
1663:
1653:
1543:
1269:
1239:
1209:
1200:
273:
180:
1814:
1770:
1678:
1628:
1533:
1448:
1335:
1264:
1150:
654:
495:
370:
366:
456:, brass coils that are placed around the neck, appearing to lengthen it.
1939:
1844:
1829:
1809:
1795:
1717:
1707:
1623:
1568:
1394:
1259:
1254:
971:
460:
314:
141:
117:
829:
1899:
1780:
1733:
1697:
1668:
1433:
1369:
1045:
898:
Burmese Looking Glass: A Human Rights Adventure and a Jungle Revolution
424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
306:
259:
93:
1894:
1428:
503:
453:
359:
277:
1142:
Article by Edith T. Mirante. Need to create account to view article.
575:(rice wine) and other food items or betel nuts for the wedding feast
399:
1980:
650:
299:
160:
568:
or little gift of money given to the bride before they are united.
276:
term for the Kayan Lahwi (the group in which women wear the brass
1889:
1648:
725:
377:
is a commercial village opened in 1995. Many of the residents of
305:
According to U Aung Roe (1999:21ss) Kayan number about 90,000 in
240:
136:
112:
88:
848:
Burmese Border Consortium Relief programme: January to June 2003
1754:
1613:
1244:
662:
636:
477:
351:
347:
322:
313:
area) about 20,000 around Thandaung kayin state, and 70,000 in
17:
1120:
752:
743:
983:
734:
705:
696:
687:
640:
514:
481:
262:. They are distinct from, and not to be confused with, the
1114:
957:
Mirante, Edith T. (January 1990), "Hostages to Tourism",
354:, in the southern region of Shan State and in Mandalay’s
883:
The Narratives, Beliefs and Customs of the Kayan People
868:
The Narratives, Beliefs and Customs of the Kayan People
794:
On the Development of Kayah and Kayan National Identity
373:, on the Pai river, close to the Thai Myanmar border.
484:
bites, perhaps literally, but probably symbolically.
885:, Mae Hong Son: Kayan Literacy and Culture Committee
870:, Mae Hong Son: Kayan Literacy and Culture Committee
333:
508:Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF)
521:
294:From the Land of Green Ghosts: A Burmese Odyssey.
2042:
859:
808:From the Land of Green Ghosts: A Burmese Odyssey
913:Britannica:The limbs and extremities--The torso
171:
993:
991:
713:
1166:
292:calls his people Padaung in his 2002 memoir,
248:
37:
1180:
988:
929:The Dragon Mothers Polish their Metal Coils
796:, Bangkok: Southeast Asian Publishing House
769:- An African tribe with a similar practice.
1173:
1159:
151:
47:
1018:
880:
865:
791:
440:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:
103:
79:
337:
215:
1068:The Ghekhu-Karen Tribe of Eastern Burma
956:
925:
895:
579:
2043:
494:In 2006, some of the younger women in
1154:
1111:, The Peoples of the World Foundation
1065:
369:province in Thailand. The largest is
253:
926:Mirante, Edith T. (September 2006),
422:adding citations to reliable sources
393:
69:Regions with significant populations
13:
1074:
1070:, S. Giuseppe Pontificial Printing
900:, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press
661:The Kayan have a strong belief in
379:Ban Nai Soi Kayan Longneck village
365:There are three Kayan villages in
14:
2077:
1128:Burmese women in Thai "human zoo"
1102:
1023:. Guernicamag.com. Archived from
972:Burmese women in Thai 'human zoo'
1135:Flicker Group: Long-Necked Karén
751:
742:
733:
724:
704:
695:
686:
674:
622:
610:
598:
586:
398:
334:Present settlement of the Kayans
173:
153:
129:
105:
81:
74:Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, U.S.
1123:Current news from Karenni State
1115:Huay Pu Keng: Long Neck Village
1059:
1038:
1012:
977:
965:
950:
409:needs additional citations for
919:
904:
889:
874:
841:
823:
800:
785:
767:Ndebele people of South Africa
522:Courtship and marriage rituals
389:
269:Ethnic group in Southeast Asia
228:are a sub-group of Red Karen (
1:
792:Rastorfer, Jean-Marc (1994),
778:
1109:Padaung, a subgroup of Karen
328:
272:Padaung (Yan Pa Doung) is a
7:
1066:Manna, Padre Paolo (1902),
974:, BBC news, 30 January 2008
959:Cultural Survival Quarterly
760:
714:Current religious practices
10:
2082:
2066:Ethnic groups in Minnesota
961:, vol. 14, no. 1
896:Mirante, Edith T. (1994),
681:Cleansing Ceremony Rituals
629:Fowl bone prognostication.
384:
16:For the ethnic group from
15:
1963:
1794:
1742:
1726:
1677:
1393:
1334:
1278:
1199:
1188:
249:
207:
202:
195:
190:
170:
150:
126:
102:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
46:
38:
35:
2061:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
2051:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
1182:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
1082:"Thailand, Kayan People"
881:Eden Phan, Khon (2004),
866:Eden Phan, Khon (2004),
463:down and compresses the
36:
1301:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
1048:. Blogg.org. 2007-08-26
343:
264:Kayan people of Borneo
221:
1964:Unrecognised / Others
1046:"Les peuples oubliés"
513:In January 2008, the
342:Woman and child, 1905
341:
219:
22:Kayan people (Borneo)
649:The major religious
580:Traditional religion
418:improve this article
1086:atlasofhumanity.com
593:Kay Htoe Boe poles.
53:A Kayan Lahwi woman
32:
1350:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
1140:Hostage to Tourism
853:2012-11-10 at the
835:2009-01-05 at the
806:Pascal Khoo Thwe,
344:
282:The Hardy Padaungs
260:Bwe people (Kayaw)
222:
220:A Kayan Lahwi girl
30:
2038:
2037:
1649:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
934:Guernica Magazine
653:is the three-day
639:and a male human/
474:sexual dimorphism
450:
449:
442:
255:[bədàʊɰ̃]
214:
213:
209:Roman Catholicism
2073:
1940:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
1629:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
1564:Mro-Khimi people
1459:Kaung Saing Chin
1175:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1131:BBC News article
1121:Karenni Homeland
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
995:
986:
981:
975:
969:
963:
962:
954:
948:
947:
946:
945:
936:, archived from
923:
917:
916:
908:
902:
901:
893:
887:
886:
878:
872:
871:
863:
857:
845:
839:
827:
821:
804:
798:
797:
789:
755:
746:
737:
728:
708:
699:
690:
678:
626:
614:
602:
590:
445:
438:
434:
431:
425:
402:
394:
290:Pascal Khoo Thwe
286:Khin Maung Nyunt
257:
252:
251:
183:
179:
177:
176:
163:
159:
157:
156:
139:
135:
133:
132:
115:
111:
109:
108:
91:
87:
85:
84:
59:Total population
51:
41:
40:
33:
29:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
1959:
1790:
1781:Mru (Taung Mro)
1745:
1738:
1722:
1673:
1544:Meithei (Kathe)
1494:Lai (Haka Chin)
1389:
1330:
1274:
1245:Lashi (La Chit)
1195:
1184:
1179:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1019:Virtua Design.
1017:
1013:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
989:
982:
978:
970:
966:
955:
951:
943:
941:
924:
920:
910:
909:
905:
894:
890:
879:
875:
864:
860:
855:Wayback Machine
846:
842:
837:Wayback Machine
828:
824:
805:
801:
790:
786:
781:
763:
756:
747:
738:
729:
716:
709:
700:
691:
682:
679:
630:
627:
618:
615:
606:
605:The Pwai dance.
603:
594:
591:
582:
524:
469:Anthropologists
446:
435:
429:
426:
415:
403:
392:
387:
336:
331:
311:Pekhon Township
270:
237:ethnic minority
174:
172:
154:
152:
130:
128:
106:
104:
82:
80:
54:
42:
28:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1679:Bamar (Burman)
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:Gunte (Lyente)
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Maru (Lawgore)
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1192:Burmese people
1189:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1103:External links
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1098:
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1011:
1001:. Huay Pu Keng
987:
984:huaypukeng.com
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888:
873:
858:
840:
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799:
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782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
770:
762:
759:
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757:
750:
748:
741:
739:
732:
730:
723:
715:
712:
711:
710:
703:
701:
694:
692:
685:
683:
680:
673:
632:
631:
628:
621:
619:
616:
609:
607:
604:
597:
595:
592:
585:
581:
578:
577:
576:
569:
562:
554:
547:
540:
523:
520:
448:
447:
406:
404:
397:
391:
388:
386:
383:
335:
332:
330:
327:
268:
230:Karenni people
212:
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205:
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193:
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168:
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2018:
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2013:
2009:
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2001:
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1996:
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1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Anglo-Burmese
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
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1943:
1941:
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1805:Danaw (Danau)
1803:
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1500:
1497:
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1482:
1480:
1479:Kwangli (Sim)
1477:
1475:
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1457:
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1358:
1356:
1353:
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1340:
1337:
1336:Kayin (Karen)
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
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1268:
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1228:
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1198:
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1187:
1183:
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1169:
1164:
1162:
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1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1027:on 2008-12-12
1026:
1022:
1015:
1000:
994:
992:
985:
980:
973:
968:
960:
953:
940:on 2008-12-12
939:
935:
931:
930:
922:
915:
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877:
869:
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838:
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831:
826:
820:
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816:0-00-711682-9
813:
809:
803:
795:
788:
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664:
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620:
613:
608:
601:
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589:
584:
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541:
538:
534:
533:
532:
528:
519:
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497:
492:
488:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
444:
441:
433:
430:November 2015
423:
419:
413:
412:
407:This section
405:
401:
396:
395:
382:
380:
376:
375:Huai Seau Tao
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
340:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
261:
256:
246:
242:
238:
235:
234:Tibeto-Burman
231:
227:
218:
210:
206:
201:
198:
197:Padaung Kayan
194:
189:
185:
182:
181:United States
169:
165:
162:
149:
145:
143:
138:
125:
121:
119:
114:
101:
97:
95:
90:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
50:
45:
34:
23:
19:
2056:Karen people
1830:Khmu (Khamu)
1776:Miram (Mara)
1419:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
1300:
1190:
1126:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:the original
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
979:
967:
958:
952:
942:, retrieved
938:the original
928:
921:
912:
906:
897:
891:
882:
876:
867:
861:
843:
825:
819:Google books
807:
802:
793:
787:
773:Pole worship
717:
667:
660:
655:Kay Htoe Boe
648:
633:
572:
571:rice, pork,
565:
557:
550:
543:
536:
535:the initial
529:
525:
512:
501:
496:Mae Hong Son
493:
489:
486:
458:
451:
436:
427:
416:Please help
411:verification
408:
371:Huay Pu Keng
367:Mae Hong Son
364:
358:and Karen’s
345:
309:(around the
304:
297:
293:
281:
271:
244:
225:
223:
27:Ethnic group
1955:Hkun (Khün)
1825:Khamti Shan
1746:(Arakanese)
1708:Kadu (Kado)
1634:Torr (Tawr)
1429:Dai (Yindu)
1360:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
461:collar bone
390:Brass coils
315:Kayah State
142:Kayin State
118:Kayah State
2045:Categories
1306:Manu Manaw
1286:Geba Karen
1091:2024-04-21
1052:2013-08-04
1031:2013-08-04
1005:2013-08-04
999:"Religion"
944:2009-01-01
779:References
539:or pledge;
454:neck rings
362:township.
360:Than Daung
307:Shan State
278:neck rings
94:Shan State
2025:Pakistani
1855:Shan Gale
1771:Maramagyi
1594:Saing Zan
1439:Eik-swair
1385:Shu (Pwo)
1345:Pa-Le-Chi
1321:Yin Talai
1279:Kayah (9)
504:tradition
329:Geography
191:Languages
2030:Taungtha
2015:Rohingya
1988:Bayingyi
1950:Maingtha
1945:Maw Shan
1860:Shan Gyi
1766:Daingnet
1744:Rakhine
1609:Tangkhul
1604:Senthang
1484:Kwelshin
1380:Monnepwa
1270:Ngochang
851:Archived
833:Archived
810:(2002),
761:See also
651:festival
561:funeral;
465:rib cage
356:Pyinmana
317:(around
203:Religion
161:Thailand
1981:Panthay
1976:Chinese
1910:Yin Net
1905:Yin Kya
1895:Wa (Va)
1890:Taungyo
1885:Taishon
1880:Tai-Lay
1875:Tai-Lon
1870:Tai Nua
1865:Tai-Loi
1850:Palaung
1757:(Kaman)
1727:Mon (1)
1639:Yin Gog
1619:Tay-Zan
1489:Kwe Myi
1464:Kaungso
1454:Hualngo
1316:Yin Baw
1296:Karenni
1215:Dalaung
1210:Jingpaw
537:lascion
385:Culture
348:Demawso
319:Demawso
284:(1967)
245:Padaung
241:Myanmar
137:Myanmar
113:Myanmar
89:Myanmar
64:180,000
2008:Tamils
2003:Indian
1993:Gurkha
1920:Man Zi
1840:Kokang
1755:Kamein
1703:Yabein
1664:Zotung
1659:Zophei
1654:Sizang
1614:Tapong
1599:Saline
1589:Rongtu
1559:Lusayy
1519:Lyente
1514:Lhinbu
1509:Laymyo
1504:Lawhtu
1499:Laizao
1474:Khawno
1375:Monpwa
1326:Zayein
1260:Rawang
1230:Duleng
1225:Hkahku
1201:Kachin
814:
663:augury
644:hybrid
637:dragon
558:maithu
478:dragon
352:Loikow
323:Loikaw
250:ပဒေါင်
178:
158:
146:12,000
134:
122:70,000
110:
98:90,000
86:
20:, see
18:Borneo
2020:Malay
1815:Intha
1761:Khami
1713:Ganan
1688:Dawei
1644:Zahau
1624:Thado
1584:Panun
1579:Oo-Pu
1574:Ngawn
1554:Mi-er
1534:Marma
1529:Malin
1524:Magun
1469:Kebar
1449:Guite
1424:Cumtu
1355:S'gaw
1291:Gheko
1265:Taron
1220:Gauri
641:angel
551:talio
515:UNHCR
482:tiger
226:Kayan
39:ကယန်း
31:Kayan
1998:Mizo
1925:Pyin
1845:Lahu
1820:Pa-O
1810:Danu
1798:(33)
1796:Shan
1786:Thet
1718:Hpon
1693:Beik
1569:Naga
1549:Mgan
1539:Matu
1414:Asho
1409:Anun
1397:(53)
1395:Chin
1365:Paku
1338:(11)
1311:Pale
1255:Lisu
1250:Atsi
1240:Hpon
1203:(12)
812:ISBN
566:tiki
564:the
556:the
549:the
544:tacu
542:the
350:and
321:and
300:Thai
274:Shan
224:The
1935:Son
1930:Eng
1915:Yun
1900:Yao
1835:Kwi
1748:(7)
1734:Mon
1698:Yaw
1681:(9)
1669:Zou
1434:Dim
1404:Anu
1370:Bwe
573:thi
420:by
239:of
232:),
186:600
166:600
2047::
1084:.
990:^
932:,
646:.
247:,
140::
116::
92::
1174:e
1167:t
1160:v
1094:.
1055:.
1034:.
1008:.
443:)
437:(
432:)
428:(
414:.
266:.
24:.
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