1317:
1322:
410:, and then the bear is taken out of its cage with a rope around its neck. There is dancing and singing around the bear, and the bear is given food and a prayer. The men shoot the ceremonial decorated arrows at the bear, and the ritual master shoots the fatal arrow as the women cry for the bear. The bear is strangled with sticks and then taken to the altar where the people give gifts to the dead bear and pray to the
261:
contradict each other, assigning the same events to different deities or heroes; this is primarily a result of the Ainu culture's organization into small, relatively isolated groups. Records of these poems began to be kept only in the late 19th century, by
Western missionaries and Japanese
256:
recounts a deity's or hero's adventures, usually in the first person, and some of them are of great length, containing as many as 7,000 verses. In general, however, they are considered to be shorter in length in comparison to other types of oral genres in the Ainu culture. Some
157:
The Ainu legend goes that at the beginning of the world, there was only water and earth mixed together in a sludge. Nothing existed except for the thunder demons in the clouds and the first self created kamuy. The first kamuy then sent down a bird spirit,
166:
bird saw the swampy state of the earth and flew over the waters, and pounded down the earth with its feet and tail. After much work, areas of dry land appeared, seeming to float above the waters that surrounded them. Thus, the Ainu refer to the world as
425:
and gifts. It is then put on a y-shaped stick and turned to face the mountains in the east. This part of the ritual is to send the bear off to the mountains. After another feast, the skull is turned back towards the village to symbolize the
102:
assumed that the
Japanese term was of Ainu origin). The usage of the term is very extensive and contextual among the Ainu, and can refer to something regarded as especially positive as well as something regarded as especially strong.
376:) is a ritual in which the people "send-off" the guest, the bear spirit, back to its home in the heavens. A bear is raised by the ritual master's wife from a cub. When it is time for the ritual, the men create prayer sticks
225:
permission/assistance is needed for prayers and ceremonies. She is the connection between humans and the other spirits and deities, and gives the prayers of the people to the proper spirits.
1190:
Kimura, Takeshi (1999-01-01). "Bearing the 'Bare Facts' of Ritual. A Critique Of
Jonathan Z. Smith's Study of the Bear Ceremony Based On a Study of the Ainu Iyomante".
1017:
Kimura, Takeshi (1999-01-01). "Bearing the 'Bare Facts' of Ritual. A Critique Of
Jonathan Z. Smith's Study of the Bear Ceremony Based On a Study of the Ainu Iyomante".
305:(1903-1922), a Horobetsu Ainu woman who wrote fragments of traditional chants that her grandmother performed. She compiled the historical chants from her aunt
1238:
437:
are believed to return home after the ritual and find their houses filled with gifts from the humans. More gifts mean more prestige and wealth in the
1603:
552:
492:
1057:
522:
1822:
406:
The main part of the ritual is performed the next day, taking place at a ritual space by the altar outside. Prayers are offered to various
301:
is no longer performed in the
Horobetsu tradition. The only hints of the traditional chants are in written records, including those of
1511:
1231:
414:
again. The bear is dismembered, and the head brought inside. There is a feast with the bear's boiled flesh, with performances of
1701:
297:
became less of a sacred ritual, serving as entertainment and as a way to pass down traditions and cultural stories. Today, the
1316:
1224:
925:
1108:
796:
1172:
Strong, Sarah M. (2009). "The Most
Revered of Foxes: Knowledge of Animals and Animal Power in an Ainu Kamui Yukar".
962:
Strong, Sarah M. (2009). "The Most
Revered of Foxes: Knowledge of Animals and Animal Power in an Ainu Kamui Yukar".
1321:
1159:
99:
1817:
625:
and southern
Sakhalin. Other species of resident and migratory birds are also given the name Kamuy.
52:
1296:
449:
wish to go to the human world themselves. In this way, the humans express their gratitude for the
1608:
1527:
642:
1211:
1185:
344:, that they have put on to visit the human world in order to receive gifts from the humans. The
1330:
130:
22:
352:
choose the hunter that will hunt them, giving them the flesh of the animal in turn. Once the
107:
can refer to spiritual beings, including animals, plants, the weather, and even human tools.
77:
were portrayed in chants and performances, which were often performed during sacred rituals.
278:
233:
The Ainu had no writing system of their own, and much of Ainu mythology was passed down as
391:, ceremonial arrows, liquor, and gifts for the spirit in order to prepare for the ritual.
8:
1853:
1588:
1480:
1407:
445:
will gather his friends and tell them of the generosity of the humans, making the other
421:
On the third and final day of the ritual, the bear's head is skinned and decorated with
1832:
1593:
1348:
1247:
979:
853:
90:
894:
877:
277:
is considered to be one of the oldest genres of Ainu oral performance, anthropologist
1827:
1765:
1671:
1620:
1402:
1207:
1181:
1163:
1155:
1112:
1104:
1103:. Chiri, Yukie, 1903-1922., 知里, 幸恵(1903-1922). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1034:
971:
931:
921:
802:
792:
791:. Chiri, Yukie, 1903-1922., 知里, 幸恵(1903-1922). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
614:
43:
1661:
1461:
637:
can be found in proper names, especially place names in
Hokkaido, such as Kamuikotan
66:, a term denoting a supernatural entity composed of or possessing spiritual energy.
1797:
1714:
1648:
1475:
1431:
1199:
1130:
1026:
889:
845:
498:
171:, meaning "floating earth". The wagtail is also a revered bird due to this legend.
1782:
1547:
244:(deity epics), long verses traditionally recounted by singers at a gathering. The
1709:
1638:
1353:
701:
558:
546:
516:
486:
329:
to the heavens with gifts. There are various rituals of this type, including the
285:
was performed solely for religious purposes by the women who took on the role of
1470:
1291:
289:. The shamans became possessed and recanted the chants, possibly explaining why
1775:
1598:
1562:
1537:
1422:
1338:
1301:
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108:
63:
1847:
1501:
1485:
1436:
1203:
1038:
1030:
975:
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806:
789:
Ainu spirits singing : the living world of Chiri Yukie's Ainu shinʼyōshū
697:
607:
466:
35:
1441:
1306:
98:
but this translation misses some of the nuances of the term (the missionary
1557:
1532:
1451:
1412:
1388:
1357:
580:
570:
534:
528:
476:
470:
281:
supposed that there are more than 20 types of genres. Originally, it seems
263:
234:
1691:
1281:
1167:
1116:
1087:
Ainu
Folklore: Traditions and Culture of the Vanishing Aborigines of Japan
1062:
950:
Ainu Folklore: Traditions and Culture of the Vanishing Aborigines of Japan
1633:
1583:
1552:
1506:
1446:
1266:
602:
576:
482:
302:
117:
1628:
983:
722:
1792:
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1666:
1542:
1342:
1101:
Ainu spirits singing: the living world of Chiri Yukie's Ainu shinʼyōshū
650:
510:
336:
the bear ceremony. The rituals center around the idea of releasing the
192:
1686:
857:
73:, passed down through oral traditions and rituals. The stories of the
1760:
1656:
1397:
1216:
705:
680:
is also a male proper name, and the spelling is the same as the word
286:
1139:
Utagawa, Hiroshi (1992). "The 'Sending-Back' Rite in Ainu Culture".
1770:
1134:
849:
622:
1744:
1739:
613:
Sarorun Kamuy, the god of the marshes. The personification of the
360:
are free to return to their world with the gifts from the humans.
1729:
1719:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
331:
306:
163:
125:
often have very specific associations, for instance, there is a
1812:
1276:
1271:
1261:
727:
392:
322:
179:
Once the earth was formed, the first kamuy, otherwise known as
134:
1734:
1681:
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385:
293:
is performed with a first-person narrative. As time passed,
240:
248:
was seen as a significant form of communication between the
1567:
717:
693:
379:
94:
140:
Personified deities of Ainu mythology often have the term
1724:
567:, messenger to the gods and representative of the dead
252:
and the humans, along with prayers and rituals. Each
57:
786:
115:
are numerous; some are delineated and named, such as
752:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2003. 187-188
1121:Batchelor, John (1894). "Items of Ainu Folk-Lore".
915:
836:Batchelor, John (1894). "Items of Ainu Folk-Lore".
316:
473:who taught humans the domesticated and sacred arts
133:. Batchelor compares the word with the Greek term
531:, a blood-drinking monster who preys upon hunters
1845:
266:; however, the Ainu tradition of memorizing the
1000:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2003. 68
661:
621:), which lives in the wetland habitats of east
673:
655:
640:
1232:
762:
760:
758:
121:, the hearth goddess, while others are not.
1082:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 2003.
704:(The Northern Crown) is named after it. See
21:"Kamui" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:Spiritual or divine beings in Ainu mythology
1096:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995
1058:Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary
205:was the most important spirit, ruling over
1239:
1225:
755:
519:, the prime originator, the god of the sky
69:The Ainu people have many myths about the
893:
878:"The 'Sending-Back' Rite in Ainu Culture"
835:
589:, the god of wood, grains, and vegetation
573:, an evil spirit responsible for insanity
457:will continue to bring them prosperity.
162:to make the world habitable. The water
952:. Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1949. 53
875:
1846:
1246:
1016:
961:
221:(water spirit). As the most important
1220:
1141:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
882:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
744:
742:
460:
1089:. Chicago: Wilcox and Follett, 1949.
990:
942:
911:
909:
907:
905:
871:
869:
867:
831:
829:
782:
780:
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62:) is a spiritual or divine being in
13:
1003:
739:
183:, the heavenly spirit, sent other
14:
1865:
955:
902:
895:10.18874/jjrs.19.2-3.1992.255-270
864:
826:
773:
1320:
1315:
1123:The Journal of American Folklore
838:The Journal of American Folklore
537:, the god of mountains and bears
525:, kamuy of thunder and lightning
152:
144:applied as part of their names.
1045:
647:, literally "Village of Kamuy")
228:
213:(low ceremonial altar spirit),
1154:. Princeton University Press.
1152:Songs of gods, songs of humans
1099:Strong, Sarah Mehlhop (2011).
1080:Handbook of Japanese Mythology
998:Handbook of Japanese Mythology
920:. Princeton University Press.
918:Songs of gods, songs of humans
813:
787:Strong, Sarah Mehlhop (2011).
750:Handbook of Japanese Mythology
687:
489:, the god of owls and the land
325:in which they "send back" the
1:
1072:
1150:Phillipi, Donald L. (2015).
916:Phillipi, Donald L. (2015).
821:The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore
768:The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore
340:from their disguises, their
174:
7:
711:
684:that means "divine power".
662:
629:
209:(ceremonial altar spirit),
147:
58:
10:
1870:
1313:
770:, London 1901, p. 580–582.
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80:
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20:
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1421:
1387:
1329:
1254:
876:Utagawa, Hiroshi (1992).
674:
656:
641:
399:, and dances, songs, and
111:are called Ituren-Kamui.
47:
1204:10.1163/1568527991526086
1031:10.1163/1568527991526086
733:
696:located in the northern
479:, kamuy of the threshold
1528:Ashihara no Nakatsukuni
513:, goddess of the hearth
433:In Ainu mythology, the
199:kamuy huchi, ape huchi)
187:to the earth. Of these
1621:Major Buddhist figures
1521:Mythological locations
1331:Japanese creation myth
561:, creator of the earth
317:"Sending-back" rituals
217:(hunting spirit), and
23:Kamui (disambiguation)
1297:Konjaku Monogatarishū
1147:: 255–270 – via JSTOR
1061:] (in Japanese).
555:, the god of the moon
501:, goddess of the hunt
430:return to its world.
418:, dances, and songs.
1577:Mythological weapons
1092:Munro, Neil Gordon.
1078:Ashkenazy, Michael.
996:Ashkenazy, Michael.
748:Ashkenazy, Michael.
610:, the spider goddess
595:, goddess of the sun
583:, the god of the sea
395:are then offered to
279:Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney
1702:Legendary creatures
1589:Kusanagi no Tsurugi
1481:Konohanasakuya-hime
1094:Ainu Creed and Cult
543:, the god of snakes
201:, the fire spirit.
89:are similar to the
1833:Glossary of Shinto
1828:Japanese religions
1594:Totsuka-no-Tsurugi
1349:Ame-no-Minakanushi
1248:Japanese mythology
898:– via JSTOR.
461:Some notable kamuy
223:kamuy, ape-kamuy's
211:ram-nusa-kor-kamuy
160:moshiri-kor-kamuy,
1841:
1840:
1766:Ryukyuan religion
615:red-crowned crane
549:, god of creation
507:kamui, dragon god
441:society, and the
309:in a book titled
215:hasinaw-kor-kamuy
56:
1861:
1818:Japanese deities
1798:Hasinaw-uk-kamuy
1649:Seven Lucky Gods
1612:
1432:Yamata no Orochi
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888:(2–3): 255–270.
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766:John Batchelor:
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499:Hasinaw-uk-kamuy
270:preserved many.
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1639:Five Tathagatas
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1604:Futsu-no-mitama
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1512:Kesshi Hachidai
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1174:Asian Ethnology
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702:Corona Borealis
690:
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638:
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619:Grus japonensis
559:Mosirkara Kamuy
547:Kotan-kar-kamuy
517:Kandakoro Kamuy
487:Kotan-kor-kamuy
463:
403:are performed.
366:
356:is broken, the
319:
311:Ainu shin'yoshu
237:in the form of
231:
181:kanto-kor-kamuy
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155:
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109:Guardian angels
83:
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17:
12:
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1813:Shinto deities
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1287:Hotsuma Tsutae
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599:Waka-ush Kamuy
596:
593:Tokapcup-kamuy
590:
587:Shiramba Kamuy
584:
574:
568:
565:Nusa-kor-kamuy
562:
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553:Kunnecup-kamuy
550:
544:
541:Kina-sut-kamuy
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
495:, god of foxes
493:Cironnup Kamuy
490:
480:
474:
462:
459:
372:(also spelled
365:
362:
321:The Ainu have
318:
315:
230:
227:
219:wakka-us-kamuy
207:nusa-kor-kamuy
176:
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100:John Batchelor
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64:Ainu mythology
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1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:(1): 88–114.
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
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1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
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1110:
1109:9780824860127
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:Etter, Carl.
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:(1): 88–114.
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
999:
993:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
951:
948:Etter, Carl.
945:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
912:
910:
908:
906:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:(24): 15–44.
843:
839:
832:
830:
823:, p. 240–241.
822:
816:
808:
804:
800:
798:9780824860127
794:
790:
783:
781:
779:
777:
769:
763:
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745:
743:
738:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
709:
707:
703:
699:
698:constellation
695:
685:
683:
664:
652:
644:
636:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:
608:Yushkep Kamuy
606:
604:
601:, goddess of
600:
597:
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591:
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582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
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491:
488:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:Ae-oina Kamuy
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
424:
419:
417:
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328:
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314:
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308:
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264:ethnographers
260:
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236:
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220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
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190:
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182:
172:
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165:
161:
153:Creation myth
145:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
96:
92:
88:
78:
76:
72:
67:
65:
60:
54:
45:
37:
33:
32:
24:
19:
1787:
1629:Amida Nyorai
1558:Takamagahara
1533:Ama-no-Iwato
1471:Tenson kōrin
1452:Takeminakata
1413:Ame-no-Uzume
1389:Takamagahara
1358:Kamiyonanayo
1292:Nihon Ryōiki
1255:Mythic texts
1195:
1191:
1180:(1): 27–54.
1177:
1173:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1126:
1122:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1022:
1018:
997:
992:
970:(1): 27–54.
967:
963:
957:
949:
944:
917:
885:
881:
841:
837:
820:
815:
788:
767:
749:
691:
681:
663:Kamui-misaki
634:
633:
618:
581:killer whale
571:Pauchi Kamuy
535:Kim-un-kamuy
529:Kenas-unarpe
477:Apasam Kamuy
471:culture hero
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
427:
422:
420:
415:
411:
407:
405:
400:
396:
388:
377:
373:
369:
367:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
326:
320:
310:
298:
294:
290:
282:
274:
272:
267:
258:
253:
249:
245:
238:
235:oral history
232:
229:Oral history
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
188:
184:
180:
178:
168:
159:
156:
141:
139:
126:
122:
116:
112:
104:
93:
86:
85:In concept,
84:
74:
70:
68:
30:
29:
27:
18:
1662:Bishamonten
1607: [
1584:Amenonuhoko
1553:Sanzu River
1507:Tagishimimi
1447:Kuni-yuzuri
1267:Nihon Shoki
819:Batchelor:
688:Star naming
603:fresh water
577:Repun Kamuy
523:Kanna Kamuy
483:Cikap-kamuy
303:Yukie Chiri
299:kamuy yukar
295:kamuy yukar
291:kamuy yukar
283:kamuy yukar
275:kamuy yukar
254:kamuy yukar
246:kamuy yukar
118:Kamuy Fuchi
1854:Ainu kamuy
1793:Kamuy-huci
1677:Fukurokuju
1667:Daikokuten
1543:Ne-no-kuni
1442:Ōkuninushi
1343:Hitorigami
1307:Butsuzōzui
1160:0691608814
1129:(24): 15.
1073:References
651:Cape Kamui
511:Kamuy-huci
453:, and the
389:(nusa-san)
197:(see also
1761:Shinigami
1692:Kisshōten
1657:Benzaiten
1495:Human age
1464:mythology
1425:mythology
1408:Tsukuyomi
1398:Amaterasu
1391:mythology
1302:Shintōshū
1282:Kogo Shūi
1212:0029-5973
1186:1882-6865
1168:903423542
1117:798295761
1063:Kenkyūsha
1053:研究社新和英大辞典
1039:0029-5973
976:1882-6865
936:903423542
807:798295761
706:HD 145457
397:ape-kamuy
348:in their
203:Ape-kamuy
194:ape-kamuy
175:Ape-Kamuy
53:romanized
1848:Category
1771:Amamikyu
1548:Ryūgū-jō
984:25614520
723:Koshintō
712:See also
630:In names
623:Hokkaido
384:for the
374:iyomante
148:Folklore
131:undertow
91:Japanese
44:Japanese
1730:Shinshi
1720:Kitsune
1687:Jurōjin
1403:Susanoo
1379:Izanagi
1374:Izanami
1369:Kamiumi
1364:Kuniumi
670:. Kamui
439:kamuy's
428:kamuy's
393:Prayers
370:iomante
364:Iomante
354:hayopke
350:hayopke
342:hayopke
332:iomante
323:rituals
307:Imekanu
287:shamans
273:Though
169:moshiri
164:wagtail
129:of the
81:Concept
55::
1710:Dragon
1634:Daruma
1476:Ninigi
1354:Kamiyo
1277:Kujiki
1272:Fudoki
1262:Kojiki
1210:
1184:
1166:
1158:
1115:
1107:
1037:
982:
974:
934:
924:
858:532957
856:
805:
795:
728:Shinto
682:shin'i
579:, the
239:kamuy
135:daimon
1788:Kamuy
1754:Other
1745:Yūrei
1740:Yōkai
1735:Tengu
1715:Kappa
1682:Hotei
1672:Ebisu
1611:]
1462:Hyūga
1423:Izumo
1192:Numen
1055:[
1019:Numen
980:JSTOR
854:JSTOR
734:Notes
635:Kamuy
505:Hoyau
455:kamuy
451:kamuy
447:kamuy
443:kamuy
435:kamuy
416:yukar
412:kamuy
408:kamuy
401:yukar
386:altar
358:kamuy
346:kamuy
338:kamuy
327:kamuy
268:yukar
259:yukar
250:kamuy
241:yukar
189:kamuy
185:kamuy
142:kamuy
127:kamuy
123:Kamuy
113:Kamuy
105:Kamuy
87:kamuy
75:kamuy
71:kamuy
59:kamui
31:kamuy
1568:Yomi
1208:ISSN
1182:ISSN
1164:OCLC
1156:ISBN
1113:OCLC
1105:ISBN
1035:ISSN
972:ISSN
932:OCLC
922:ISBN
803:OCLC
793:ISBN
718:Kami
694:star
643:神居古潭
469:, a
423:inau
380:inau
368:The
191:was
95:kami
36:Ainu
1725:Oni
1200:doi
1131:doi
1027:doi
890:doi
846:doi
700:of
657:神威岬
649:or
48:カムイ
40:カムィ
1850::
1609:ja
1206:.
1196:46
1194:.
1178:68
1176:.
1162:.
1145:19
1143:.
1125:.
1111:.
1033:.
1023:46
1021:.
1005:^
978:.
968:68
966:.
930:.
904:^
886:19
884:.
880:.
866:^
852:.
840:.
828:^
801:.
775:^
757:^
741:^
708:.
692:A
675:神威
660:,
313:.
137:.
50:,
46::
42:;
38::
28:A
1360:)
1356:(
1345:)
1341:(
1240:e
1233:t
1226:v
1202::
1133::
1127:7
1065:.
1041:.
1029::
986:.
938:.
892::
860:.
848::
842:7
809:.
678:)
672:(
667:)
654:(
639:(
617:(
485:/
382:)
378:(
334:,
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25:.
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