Kahnawake - Knowledge

864: 1041: 1299:. While the Mohawks' cars were being searched by the provincial police force, a crowd of hundreds gathered on the Montreal side of the highway; many in the crowd threw rocks and chairs at the cars and yelled ethnic slurs. Many windows were broken and some Mohawk were hit by rocks and cut by glass. Thirteen people were arrested. Blame has fallen on the provincial government for letting the convoy pass; on the Sûreté du Québec for holding the cars for so long, and for mostly not stopping people from throwing rocks; on the lack of police or army or riot squad; and on local radio stations that broadcast the location of the convoy. 887: 1065:, and other major skyscrapers in New York City, as well as many bridges. They brought their families with them, and most Mohawk from Kahnawake lived in Brooklyn. They called their neighbourhood "Little Caughnawaga" after their homeland. While the men worked on skyscrapers, the women created a strong community for their families. Many also worked outside the home. In the summers, the families would return to Kahnawake to stay with relatives and renew connections. Some of the people who grew up in Brooklyn as children still have the local New York accent, although they have long lived in Kahnawake. 76: 109: 59: 1335: 1018: 852:, and Tuscarora; and/or French, English, Anglo-American, Scots and Irish. By the 1790s and early 19th century, visitors often described the visible "great mixture of blood" at Kahnawake. They noted that many children who appeared to be of European ancestry were being brought up culturally as Mohawk. At times there has been more tension about the relations of full-blood and mixed-race members of the tribe, both in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In other areas of Canada, particularly the 933: 50: 1156:, criticized the MCK. She said their actions did not represent the traditional inclusiveness of Mohawk communities, which had historically assimilated adoptees and marriage partners. She criticized the council for interfering in the private lives of persons who had chosen non-Native partners. She noted the Mohawk had long been successful at integrating people within their communities, and have still preserved their language and culture over the centuries. 898:

showed the French did not trust the locals. In the mid-1720s, the community evicted the Desaulnier sisters, traders who were garnering profits formerly earned by members of Kahnawake. In 1771, twenty-two Mohawk pressed British officials to help them prevent two local families from bringing French families to settle "on lands reserved for their common use". In 1812, many were opposed to specific types of "mixed" marriages. In 1822, Nicolas Doucet, an

3003: 2876: 675: 2922: 1200:. First Nations people are over-represented in it and in prisons. They believe this is in part due to the imposition of the Canadian justice system on traditional ways, by which the government has tried to assimilate the First Nations into European-based culture. The Canadian government has gradually favoured "indigenization" of the system. Kahnawake used section 107 of the Indian Act to nominate community members as 2943: 2914: 1116:, said that the issue dated back to 1973. At that time, when non-Native people with no ties in the community were asked to leave, they were harassed and even physically attacked. Bonspiel thought the council's 2010 threat to publish the names of people ineligible to live on the reserve was inappropriate as a means to use public pressure and potentially physical threat against them. Coverage of this issue by the 2897: 2767: 116: 83: 1220:

system is intended for use before any arrest of an affected party under the Canadian system. It has procedures to be used by the victim and offender, and their supporters. With assistance by trained facilitators to resolve issues, the process is intended to restore peace and harmony, rather than to be an adversarial process. In contrast to the Canadian system of adversarial justice it,

448: 439: 430: 1026:

relationship to the river have had profound effects on Kahnawake. The people had been sited there for hundreds of years, and their identities were related to a profound knowledge of the river, from the time they were children through adulthood. One effect of the losses was to make the community determined not to suffer more encroachment. They drew together and became stronger.

730: 874:, such as Beauvais, D'Ailleboust, de La Ronde Thibaudière, Delisle, de Lorimier, Giasson, Johnson, Mailloux, McComber, McGregor, Montour, Phillips, Rice, Stacey, Tarbell, and Williams, represent the evidence of tribal members' adoption of and intermarriage with non-Natives. Tarbell ancestors, for instance, were John and Zachary, brothers captured as young children from 1204:, and in 1974 Justice Sharron was appointed as the first justice of the peace at the reserve. Many of the cases have dealt with traffic and parking violations, but her scope is wider, as the JP has jurisdiction over Criminal Code offences related to the following four areas: cruelty to animals, common assault, breaking and entering, and vagrancy. The 1107:

reserve for 10 years or more and contributed to the community. The council said they were responding to complaints from residents about limited housing and land being occupied by non-Natives. The eviction resolution, endorsed by all 12 chiefs of the MCK, caused an uproar within and beyond the community, attracting national press attention.

945:

full-blood Mohawk should be allowed to own so much land. The Mohawk Council asked members of the Giasson, Deblois, Meloche, Lafleur, Plante and de Lorimier families to leave, as all were of partial European ancestry. Some, like the de Lorimier brothers, gradually sold their properties and pursued their lives elsewhere. Others, such as

958:

Under the Walbank Survey, the national government surveyed and subdivided the land of the reserve, allotting some plots individually to each head of household eligible to live in Kahnawake. The violence stopped as the new form of privatisation of land was instituted, but antagonism toward some community members did not.

745:, a 40,320-acre (163.2 km) territory which the French Crown granted in 1680 to the Jesuits to "protect" and "nurture" those Mohawk newly converted to Catholicism. When the seigneury was granted, the government intended the territory to be closed to European settlement. But the Jesuits assumed rights as 902:

reported that the community was growing frustrated by marriages in which white husbands acquired rights over the lives and properties of their Mohawk wives according to British Canadian laws. This was in opposition to Iroquois culture, which had a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and property

804:

Kahnawake was settled by a variety of historic indigenous peoples, although the Mohawk became by far the majority. They and other tribes had a practice of adopting captives into the tribe, often to replace people lost to illness or warfare. They generally chose to adopt young women and children taken

1294:

The bridge blockade affected the commute of many locals throughout the summer, leading to rioting and the burning of effigies, and to the "Whiskey Trench" episode. On August 28, 1990 a convoy of 50 to 75 cars, bearing mostly women, children and elders, left Kahnawake in fear of a possible advance by

1238:

The initiative has challenges, for instance, gaining the support of Peacekeepers and community members who may not be familiar with these traditional cultural principles. But, it is an important means of re-education into principles that offer an alternative to the current Canadian system, and helps

1188:) had a long tradition of justice administered within the clan and council system. The clan would govern the behaviour of clan members, and conflict between members of clans would be settled by consensus of the council. Clan mothers as well as chiefs had roles in this system. The goal was to quickly 906:

Abuse of alcohol was a continuing problem. In 1828, the village expelled white traders who were "poisoning" the Iroquois "with rum and spirituous liquors". Tensions rose at the time of the 1837-38 Lower Canada Rebellion. The Mohawk had suffered incursions on their land, including non-Natives' taking

897:

Historic sources document the sometimes strained relations between Mohawk and ethnic Europeans at Kahnawake, usually over property and competition for limited resources. In 1722, community residents objected to the garrison of French soldiers because they feared it would cause "horrible discord" and

828:

During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the English and French were competing in North America and in Europe. Together with allied First Nations or Native American tribes, they conducted raids along the undefined border between the territories of New France and New England. Captives were sometimes

1192:

to the community and control behaviour that threatened it. The system was based on the four principles of reason, persuasion, satisfaction and compensation, with both wrongdoer and victim as part of the process. It was intended to achieve "ue compensation and condolence, and a promise of agreement"

957:

for the tribe. Social unrest increased, with young men attacking houses, barns and farm animals of people they resented. In May 1878 an arson fire killed Osias Meloche, the husband of Charlotte-Louise Giasson (daughter of Charles Gédéon Giasson, noted above), and their home and barn were destroyed.

767:

Despite repeated complaints by the Mohawk, many government agents continued to allow non-Native encroachment, and mismanaged the lands and rents. Surveyors were found to have modified some old maps at the expense of the Kahnawake people. From the late 1880s until the 1950s, the Mohawk were required

1164:

While the media has had a field day with this story and some have used the word 'racist,' we will, once again, state the issue isn't about anyone's feelings towards non-natives, it is simply an issue of residency and our right to determine who can and cannot live on the 13,000 acres we call home,"

1025:

When the national government decided to pass the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal cut through the village, the people and buildings of Kahnawake were permanently separated from the natural river shore. The loss of land and access to the river, the demolition of houses, and the change in the community's

928:

of 1884, which prohibited traditional chiefs and required Canadian-style elections, split the community and added to tensions. Some young Mohawk men wanted a chance to advance independently to being chiefs; other people wanted to keep the traditional, hereditary seven life chiefs selected from the

824:

there (who formed liaisons with local women and had children by them). Shopkeepers also formed families, and through the 18th century, many marriages occurred between European men and Indian women. Multiracial children born to Mohawk mothers were readily assimilated into the mother's family, clan,

1106:

In February 2010, the issue was renewed when the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake elected to evict 35 non-Natives from the reserve. While the action was legal according to the membership laws, critics believed the council was acting specifically against some individuals. These persons had lived on the

1098:

The policy is based on a 1981 community moratorium on non-Native residency, which Kahnawake enacted into law in 1984. All couples who had a non-Mohawk partner were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they had lived on the reserve. The only exemption was for those of such couples who had

1095:

those Mohawk who marry outside of the nation lose the right to live in the homeland. The MCK said that its policy was to preserve the people's cultural identity. In the 21st century, they did not want non-Natives living at the reserve, even if a person had adopted the Mohawk language or culture.

1094:

With continuing late 20th-century conflicts over who could reside at the reserve, the elected chiefs of the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) passed laws regulating membership or eligibility for residence at Kahnawake. In 1981 they passed a law that non-natives could not reside in the community;

1219:

process, as developed by the First Nation, or "reintroduced" according to its principles. The Justice Committee of the MCK and representatives of the Longhouse jointly presented the initiative to the community. Based on wrongdoing that has taken place within the geographic area of Kahnawke, the

1159:

Some residents who received eviction notices agreed to leave; others proved they spend only limited time in the community, so were permitted as visitors. The council said it would send second notices to people who did not respond, and then would publish their names. The governing band council

944:

The inequalities in landownership among Kahnawake residents led to resentment of the wealthy. For instance, in 1884, the multiracial sons of the late George de Lorimier were the largest and wealthiest landowners in the community. Some Kahnawake residents questioned whether people who were not

882:

and taken to Canada. Adopted by Mohawk families in Kahnawake, the boys became assimilated: they were baptized as Catholic and renamed, learned the Mohawk ways and were also given Mohawk names, married women who were daughters of chiefs, reared children with them, and became chiefs themselves.

1266:

located within the territory, hosts and manages many Internet gambling websites, and provides high-tech employment to its people. MIT is the closest and fastest source for "legally hosted" gambling websites for North American players. Established in 1998, MIT by 2006 had become a "remarkably

1802: 1224:

would allow the parties to personalize the process of addressing wrongdoing and in so doing provides the parties with a "new and different choice" to resolve disputes based on traditional principles that the parties can initiate on their own without the involvement of the criminal justice

805:

in raids, as these were believed to be more amenable to assimilation. Individual families adopted such captives, and made them full members of their clan and tribe. The practice preceded European encounter, but later some European captives were also assimilated as Mohawk. The Mohawk had a

833:; they were forced overland to Montreal and Kahnawake. The minister of Deerfield was ransomed, but his teenage daughter was kept by a Mohawk family. She ultimately married a Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing to stay with her new family rather than return to Deerfield. 1051:

The Mohawk success on major high-rise construction projects inspired the legend that Native American men had no fear of working at heights. Numerous Kahnawake men continued as iron and steelworkers in Canada. Thirty-three Kahnawake (Mohawk) died in the collapse of the

1363:(2008), about the families from Kahnawake who migrated to work in New York. It focused on the early 20th-century community created by the women where they settled in Brooklyn, while the men worked on steel skyscrapers and bridges. It was later released in the US as 917:), and whether he should be evicted. Although his mother was Mohawk and native to Kahnawake, because of his father's and his own connections to the European community, George de Lorimier became a controversial figure in Kahnawake, even after his death in 1863. 1135:

It is important for people to realize that whether I like the decisions or not, these are decisions made by First Nations people on their own land (...) It is not for me to make those decisions, or the Government, and we are not going to be making those

1060:

Many Kahnawake ironworkers went to New York City to work during the first half of the 20th century. Its building boom stimulated construction of notable skyscrapers and bridges. For more than a generation, many Kahnawake men participated in building the

737:- portion claimed by the Indians. Also, with the words "Vraie ligne de la seigneurie Sauvage" - true boundary of the Indian Seigneury, the surveyor highlights that the original boundary of the Iroquois seigneury is situated in the Seigneury of LaPrairie. 913:, largely over the issue of preserving their land and expressing their collective identity. Before and after the Rebellions, the community was fiercely divided regarding the rights of mixed-race residents, such as Antoine-George de Lorimier (the son of 568:

residents originally spoke the Mohawk language, and some learned French when trading with and allied with French colonists. Together with most of four Iroquois nations, including the Mohawk, they allied with the British government during the

1321:

flew the Kahnawake Mohawk flag. The Kahnawake Mohawk nation is the only indigenous American sovereign nation to have deep-sea foreign-going vessels flying its flag. Since December 2007, the Sea Shepherd vessels have been registered in the

1684:

is held every summer on the second weekend of July at the Kateri Tekakwitha Island. It is a social event open to everyone to share the Native American culture such as traditional foods, hand made crafts, singing and traditional dancing.

771:

As a result, Kahnawake today has only 13,000 acres (5,300 ha). In the late 20th century, the Mohawk Nation was pursuing land claims with the Canadian government to regain lost land. The modern claim touches the municipalities of

796:. Led by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake and the reserve's Inter-governmental Relations Team, the community has filed claims with the government of Canada. It is seeking monetary compensation and symbolic recognition of its claim. 829:

held for ransom, and European families and communities worked to buy them back. In some cases, families of the indigenous communities kept captives for adoption. For instance, more than 100 captives were taken during the 1704

961:

The election of council chiefs began in 1889, but the influence of Kahnawake's shadow government of traditional clan chiefs persisted. This lasted into the 1920s, when the traditional seven-clan system became absorbed in the

694:, also related to the rapids). This term refers to their village being located along the natural rapids of the St. Lawrence. But in the mid-20th century, the path of the river was changed with construction of the 952:

Because the Indian Department did not provide adequate support to the reserve, the community continued to struggle financially. At one point, the Kahnawake chiefs suggested selling the reserve to raise money for

2225: 1175:

In September 2014, the council revived the issue of non-Native residents, announcing community meetings for discussion and plans to issue a new regulation. It barred non-Kahnawake residents from the meeting.

1056:

in 1907, one of the worst construction failures of all time. The small community was devastated by the loss of so many men. They erected crosses of steel girders at both ends of the reserve to honour them.

1389:

is explored. Deer lived the crisis as a child and show it through the eyes of a preteen girl named Tekehentahkhwa (nicknamed "Beans"). Beans’ perspective on life is radically changed by these events.

920:

In the 1870s and 1880s, land and resource pressures renewed local concern about ethnic Europeans living at Kahnawake. In addition, the national government's passage of legislation, from

2346:

D. McDonald, "All bets are off: A tsunami hit the online gambling industry this month and it washed right up to the doors of a building on Highway 138 on the Kahnawake Mohawk reserve"

1578:(Mohawk/Algonquian, 1656–1680), born in a village in New York, but lived in Kahnawake later in life. She was canonized as the first Native American Catholic saint on October 21, 2012. 721:

to administer to local Mohawk and other First Nations. This was also a base for those missionary priests who were sent to the west. Jesuit records give a settlement date of 1719.

860:

descendants of European trappers and indigenous women, gradually developed what has become a separate, recognized ethnic group, based on a distinct hunting and trading culture.

1789: 836:

As a result of this history, many Kahnawake people have been of mixed ancestry but identify as Mohawk. Backgrounds may include ancestry of other Iroquois tribes, such as the

1915: 946: 3746: 556:

Kahnawake's territory totals an area of 48.05 km (18.55 sq mi). Its resident population numbers slightly above 8,000, with a significant number living off

2969: 662:

in what is today central New York. When converted Catholic Mohawk moved to the Montréal area, they named the new settlement after their former one. The proximity of the

2222: 925: 3150: 1086:(MCK) have generally established predominance in governing the reserve. This elected government is the only body with which the Canadian government will deal. 768:

by the government to make numerous land cessions to enable construction of railway, hydro-electric, and telephone company industrial projects along the river.

3135: 3160: 1725: 963: 2579: 3145: 3120: 2317: 2333: 1275:

While working to strengthen their culture and language, the people of Kahnawake have generally not had the political turmoil of the nearby, smaller

3180: 2283: 2560: 3140: 2833: 244: 58: 3165: 3130: 3125: 239: 3248: 3155: 2268:

Martin Patriquin, "Inside the Kahnawake Evictions: Editor of Kahnawake newspaper explains the Mohawk Council decision to evict non-natives"

226: 2999: 2063:

Gerald F. Reid, "It is Our Custom - The Persistence of Kahnawake’s Council of Chiefs in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"

2345: 1774: 144: 3238: 1124: 733:

Sault-Saint-Louis seigneury, 1829. The surveyor (McCarty) identifies the portion of land that is claimed by the people of Kahnawake as

75: 3442: 3271: 608:

in present-day New York, where they protected other parts of the confederacy to the west against invasion by tribes from present-day

1099:

married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the racially exclusive membership policy, the

564:, which governs individual land possession. It has rules that are different from those applying to Canadian non-reserve areas. Most 3756: 2991: 615:

Kahnawake is one of several self-governing Kanien’kehá:ka territories of the Mohawk Nation within the borders of Canada, including

3579: 1910: 3170: 3008: 2416: 232: 213: 2535: 2954: 3175: 2242: 2205: 1861: 1040: 2497: 2479: 2461: 1287:

to Montreal, which had an access road through their reserve. The Kanesatake reserve had been blockaded and isolated by the

914: 890: 2021: 3636: 184: 3736: 3115: 2826: 1103:

ruled that the Mohawk Kahnawake government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.

3341: 108: 2398: 2103: 1730: 1347: 1318: 863: 3761: 3646: 3436: 3190: 742: 405: 3346: 3431: 3264: 1537: 655: 1457: 600:

Confederacy) and are known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door". They controlled territory on both sides of the

3621: 3231: 3094: 2152: 1526:(born 1957), Kahnawá:ke Mohawk Olympic canoeist and kayaker, won a gold medal in canoe/kayak for Canada at the 1477: 1467: 1216: 1100: 632: 3609: 2819: 2806: 2492: 2474: 2456: 2432: 2314: 1302:

After some time, Kahnawake negotiated separately with the armed forces to remove the blockade to the bridge.

1196:

Many at Kahnawake and other First Nations communities believe their people are not being well served by the

3692: 2984: 1510:, Olympic water polo player, member of the Canadian women's water polo team, which won a Gold Medal at the 1489: 1423: 999: 749:

of the Sault, and permitted French and other European colonists to settle there and collected their rents.

208: 1517: 3626: 3594: 3421: 1587: 1248: 1083: 983: 620: 292: 3532: 2373: 760:, ordered the reserve to be entirely and exclusively vested in the Mohawk, under the supervision of the 3673: 3574: 2771: 1544: 580:

Although people of European descent traditionally refer to the residents of Kahnawake as Mohawk, their

570: 273: 3537: 3478: 3751: 3410: 3224: 2267: 756:

and took over their territory east of the Mississippi River in New France. The new British governor,

196: 3661: 3252: 3057: 2928: 2799: 2512: 1450: 1215:(to become peaceful again), the traditional justice system of the Iroquois. It wanted to create an 995: 777: 413: 2870: 1288: 1284: 511: 3336: 3304: 2977: 2185:

Susan Haslip, "The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: 'Beyond Indigenization'"

1946:

Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism

1933:

To Right Certain Wrongs: A Report on Research into Lands Known as the Seigneury of Sault St-Louis

1511: 1476:(Mohawk/Oneida, 1911–1996), champion of Native Women's rights, she played a major role in having 1003: 1002:. The masonry work was done by Reid & Fleming, and the steel superstructure was built by the 817: 640: 507: 3216: 2727: 1885: 3651: 3615: 3584: 3460: 3403: 3397: 3321: 3289: 3278: 3062: 3052: 2932: 2144: 886: 793: 773: 574: 2007:

Travels through the United-States and Upper and Lower Canada during the years 1795, 1796, 1797

3656: 3641: 3564: 3512: 3426: 3416: 3078: 2414:

Sea Shepherd – Sea Shepherd Receives the Flag of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy

1851: 1778: 1597: 1305:

Fifty men from Kahnawake volunteered to fight with the United States armed forces during the

1062: 899: 875: 781: 752:

The Jesuits managed the seigneury until April 1762, after the British defeated France in the

695: 546: 35: 3554: 2062: 1820: 3667: 3631: 3604: 2865: 2565: 2184: 1527: 1350:: Fort St-Louis, the Jesuit Mission of St-François-Xavier, and the Caughnawaga Presbytery. 1201: 982:

land because of its proximity to the Saint Lawrence River. The reserve is criss-crossed by

683: 549:

in the Mohawk Valley of New York). There are 17 European spelling variations of the Mohawk

515: 399: 384: 302: 3697: 2609: 1006:. In 1886 and 1887, the new bridge was built across the broad river from Kahnawake to the 8: 3559: 3507: 3468: 3316: 1473: 1444: 1189: 879: 753: 639:. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British considered Kahnawake one of the 3392: 1654:, print and online newspaper of the Kanien’kéhá:ka Nation found at www.kahnawakenews.com 994:, and vehicle highways and bridges. One of the first of such projects was the fledgling 3543: 3449: 3386: 3331: 3310: 3298: 3037: 2561:"VIFF review: Tracey Deer’s 'Beans' finds its hero coming of age during the Oka crisis" 2137: 1668:, Kahnawake's first community TV station, broadcasting on local cable in the community. 1662:, a weekly newspaper founded in 1992 that publishes each Friday and is available online 1507: 1007: 954: 871: 581: 503: 2413: 2298: 1706:

Karihwanoron Mohawk Immersion School, elementary school with Mohawk-language immersion

857: 3599: 3527: 3351: 2394: 2148: 2099: 1989: 1857: 1610: 1575: 1378: 1035: 975: 909: 830: 821: 761: 718: 588:(the "People of the Flint"). Another meaning is "those who speak Kanien'kéha"). The 534: 374: 2655: 1757: 3686: 3679: 3589: 3488: 3356: 2132: 1735: 1658: 1581: 1495: 1359:

Reaghan Tarbell, a native of Kahnawake, wrote and directed a one-hour documentary,

1334: 1112: 1017: 987: 853: 628: 531: 527: 451: 442: 433: 1535:(born 1972), actress featured in numerous TV and film roles, including two of the 1068:

Kahnawake high steel workers in New York were the subject of the 1966 documentary

3741: 3569: 3494: 3483: 3473: 3369: 3109: 3047: 3022: 2879: 2854: 2673: 2420: 2321: 2229: 2025: 1919: 1501: 1463: 1399: 1252: 1232:

The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: "Beyond Indigenization"

841: 789: 647: 495: 478: 201: 3549: 3042: 2745: 3522: 3517: 3380: 3032: 2811: 2787: 2624:"Echoes Of A Proud Nation – Renewing Our Spirits Through The Power Of The Drum" 2018: 1847: 1648:, a bi-weekly informational program produced by The Mohawk Council of Kahnawake 1548: 1414:(b. 1952), conductor, first Indigenous Canadian to conduct a symphony orchestra 1405: 1339: 991: 932: 907:

valuable firewood. The Kahnawake cooperated with the British Crown against the

816:

There was some European settlement after the reserve land was "donated" by the

806: 785: 663: 557: 283: 279: 3501: 3027: 2906: 2083:

Kahnawake: Factionalism, Traditionalism, And Nationalism In A Mohawk Community

1790:

Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Results: CHÂTEAUGUAY

3730: 2122:, National Film Board of Canada, Documentary, PBS, fall 2009, also on YouTube 1565: 1559: 1483: 1433: 1417: 1411: 1296: 1197: 1152:, the head of the Quebec Native Women's Association and a Mohawk resident at 1149: 1053: 849: 845: 837: 686:

narrows. The territory is described in the native language as "on, or by the

472: 418: 391: 370: 298: 159: 146: 3326: 2584: 1523: 1128: 659: 605: 601: 2044: 974:

Historically, the federal and Quebec governments have often located large

3375: 1438: 1429: 1371: 1323: 1306: 1263: 1259:. It has established Kahnawake as a substantial player in that business. 1131:

said there was nothing illegal about the band's eviction of non-members:

757: 609: 49: 969: 1553: 1448:. She was producer/director/writer to adapt it as a television series, 1386: 1382: 1375: 1280: 1276: 1256: 1153: 1070: 1045: 1011: 702: 616: 561: 1426:, Princess White Deer (1891–1992), Kahnawá:ke Mohawk dancer and singer 619:

on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River northwest of Montreal;

3362: 3200: 2750:Éducation des adultes Premières Nations First Nations Adult Education 1532: 966:, which was based on three clans. This was strong through the 1940s. 690:" (of the Saint Lawrence River) (in French, it was originally called 636: 624: 365: 2610:"Tekakwitha Island - Kahnawake Pow Wow - Kahnawake Mohawk Territory" 2334:"Eastern Door editor Steve Bonspiel kicked out of Kahnawake meeting" 2050:, McGill University, Master's Thesis in Anthropology, 1999: p. 82-85 1160:

defended its right to ask non-Natives to leave the small community:

674: 2883: 2875: 2536:"'A Mohawk Journey': How Tribe Kept Intact, Moving To N.Y. To Work" 2191:

Vol. 9 No. 1 (March 2002), Murdoch University, accessed 3 June 2011

2047:

The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Lower-Canadian Rebellions, 1837-1838

921: 746: 714: 597: 523: 490: 2299:

Graeme Hamilton, "Mohawk evictions legal: Indian Affairs Minister"

654:, meaning "place of the rapids", referring to their major village 3246: 1625: 1619: 1239:

build a future especially for the young people of the community.

560:. Its land base today is unevenly distributed due to the federal 355: 2691: 1709:

Kahnawake Learning Center, general education centre, high school

3002: 2859: 2793: 2766: 1681: 1591: 1569: 1044:

Mohawk skywalkers constructing Rockefeller Center, 1928, photo

687: 519: 189: 2623: 1975:

Mariages de Saint-François-Xavier du Sault St-Louis, 1735-1972

1957:

Rosenburg, Dan, 1999: "Land claims issue dragging its heels",

1715:

FNRAEC (First Nations Adult Education Center), Adult Education

1291:

in a conflict over use of lands the Mohawk considered sacred.

2597: 2780: 1694:

Step By Step Child and Family Center, early learning/nursery

1556:(born 1969), Kahnawà:ke Mohawk multimedia artist and curator 1120:

that year resulted in the council reversing their decision.

1110:

Steve Bonspiel, publisher and editor of Kahnawake newspaper

729: 461: 2637: 2580:"Singer Tom Wilson faces his voice and his story in memoir" 2284:"Kahnawake Weekly Wins Top Honors for Community Journalism" 1775:

Riding history for Châteauguay–Saint-Constant, Quebec

1547:, former professional ice hockey player who played for the 810: 2796:- A private club which leases land from the Mohawk Council 1089: 2709: 2058: 2056: 1994:

The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America

1801:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (13 March 2007).

820:

in the mid-17th century. The French government stationed

813:

of the mother and deriving their status from her family.

1600:, rock musician, parents were both Mohawk from Kahnawake 978:

projects benefiting the southern Quebec economy through

2364:

Dir. Alanis Obomsawin. National Film Board, 2000. Film.

2294: 2292: 2114: 2112: 1631:

Mohawk Radio, an Internet-based radio station (Defunct)

809:

kinship system, with children considered born into the

2805:, documentary aired 2 November 2009, PBS, produced by 2053: 1454:, which ran on CBC for five seasons from 2014 to 2017. 1402:(born 1964), Kahnawà:ke Mohawk, professor and activist 1312: 949:, were finally given permanent status at the reserve. 682:

Kahnawake is located on the southwest shore where the

1977:, Montréal: Société généalogique canadienne-française 970:

Effects of construction projects in/through community

627:, which straddles the borders of Quebec, Ontario and 2289: 2109: 1800: 3747:

Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River

2475:

Caughnawaga Mission / Mission of St-François-Xavier

1184:

Before European contact, the Iroquois Confederacy (

2136: 1480:implemented in Canada, and received major honours. 741:Kahnawake was created under what was known as the 592:were historically the most easterly nation of the 577:. They have since become mostly English speaking. 2788:"The Revival of the Mohawk Language in Kahnawake" 1211:Since 2000, Kahnawake has started to reintroduce 63:Location of Kahnawake, outside of Roussillon RCM. 3728: 2841: 2382: 2324:, CBC, Canada, 11 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2020 2085:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, p.? 1726:Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38 1353: 1074:, as seen through the story of Harold McComber. 936:An article on European-Mohawk conflict from the 1883: 1853:Native American placenames of the United States 1077: 698:canal and the people lost access to the river. 2199: 2197: 2139:Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture 3232: 2985: 2827: 2077: 2075: 1642:Kahnawake's first community channel (Defunct) 1279:reserve. In support of Kanesatake during its 1014:hundreds of feet above the water and ground. 2019:Darren Bonaparte, "The History of Akwesasne" 1856:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 84. 1803:"Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles" 1262:Mohawk Internet Technologies (MIT), a local 867:Charles-Gédéon Giasson & Agathe McComber 2194: 2040: 2038: 1969: 1967: 1393: 1283:in 1990, people from Kahnawake blocked the 799: 3239: 3225: 2992: 2978: 2834: 2820: 2513:"Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back" 2131: 2125: 2072: 1837:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 1622:89.9 FM known as 89.9 KiC Country Montreal 1486:, quilter, beadwork artist, textile artist 2802:Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back 2692:"mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake" 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 1840: 1700:Karonhianonhnha School, elementary school 631:across the Saint Lawrence River; and the 2710:"Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center" 2388: 2243:"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve" 2206:"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve" 2035: 2009:, Volume 2. New York: Augustus M. Kelley 1985: 1983: 1964: 1436:-winning filmmaker, for her documentary 1361:Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back 1333: 1039: 1016: 1010:. Kahnawake men worked as bridgemen and 931: 885: 862: 728: 724: 673: 3009:Roussillon Regional County Municipality 2510: 2240: 2203: 1935:, Kahnawake: Kahnawake Seigneury Office 1090:Membership and residency on the reserve 713:(later Montreal) and placed a military 666:also influenced their naming decision. 18:First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada 3729: 2638:"Step By Step Child and Family Center" 2553: 2431: 2315:"Kahnawake issues 2nd eviction notice" 2241:Brennan, Richard (February 21, 2010). 2171: 2120:To Brooklyn and Back: A Mohawk Journey 1846: 1755: 1712:Kahnawake Survival School, high school 1365:A Mohawk Journey: To Brooklyn and Back 1179: 1029: 900:agent of the British Indian Department 709:as part of a southwestern defence for 489: 43:Kahnawake First Nations Reserve No. 14 3220: 2973: 2815: 2533: 2527: 2515:. National Film Board of Canada (NFB) 2143:. Indiana University Press. pp. 2067:Kahnawake Branch of the Mohawk Nation 1980: 1877: 1794: 1615:Kahnawake has several media outlets: 1317:In 2007, two vessels operated by the 1165:said Mohawk Chief Michael Delisle Jr. 893:(Major de Lorimier), sketch, c. 1810. 678:Historic photo of Kahnawake, ca. 1860 318:50.41 km (19.46 sq mi) 2849: 2674:"Karonhianonhnha School - Kahnawake" 2642:Step By Step Child and Family Center 2498:Canadian Register of Historic Places 2480:Canadian Register of Historic Places 2462:Canadian Register of Historic Places 1973:Faribault-Beauregard, Marthe, 1993: 1703:Indian Way School, elementary school 915:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier 891:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier 3717:Does not belong to the Montreal CMA 2504: 2352:, 28 Oct 2006, accessed 16 Feb 2010 1675: 1628:103.7 FM branded as K1037 Kahnawake 1313:International use of Kahnawake flag 13: 3108:Regional County Municipalities in 2305:, 9 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2010 2098:(Indiana University Press (2001), 1948:, Toronto: Oxford University Press 1890:ICIHRP Roots of Resilience Project 1821:"Indigenous communities in Quebec" 1738:Jesuit missionary to the Kahnawake 1242: 735:"Morceau réclamé par les Sauvages" 14: 3773: 2760: 2286:, Indian Country TMN, 19 May 2011 1996:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994 1731:List of Indian reserves in Quebec 1635:Mohawk TV/Loud Spirit Productions 1348:National Historic Sites of Canada 1338:Kahnawake, Presbytery (1719) and 1329: 1319:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 115: 82: 3272:Urban agglomeration of Longueuil 3001: 2941: 2920: 2912: 2895: 2874: 2765: 1697:Kateri School, elementary school 1442:(2008). She also made the short 446: 437: 428: 114: 107: 81: 74: 57: 48: 3757:Catholic missions of New France 3265:Urban agglomeration of Montreal 2738: 2720: 2702: 2684: 2666: 2648: 2630: 2616: 2602: 2591: 2572: 2486: 2468: 2450: 2425: 2407: 2393:. Hellgate Press. p. 597. 2367: 2355: 2339: 2327: 2308: 2277: 2261: 2234: 2216: 2204:Brennan, Richard (2010-02-21). 2088: 2012: 1999: 1951: 1938: 1925: 1756:Kahnawá:ke, Mohawk Council of. 1520:, actress, writer, and director 903:invested in the maternal line. 743:Seigneurie du Sault-Saint-Louis 2746:"First Nation Adult Education" 1904: 1827: 1813: 1783: 1768: 1758:"Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke" 1749: 1584:, professional wrestler, actor 1468:American Wrestling Association 1217:alternative dispute resolution 1101:Canadian Human Rights Tribunal 633:Six Nations of the Grand River 483:Territoire Mohawk de Kahnawake 1: 2942: 2896: 2807:National Film Board of Canada 2336:, CBC News, 17 September 2014 1912:Kahnawake: Historique Foncier 1884:Kahentonni Phillips, Morgan. 1742: 1354:Representation in other media 1255:sites for poker, casino, and 1208:wanted further improvements. 717:there. The Jesuits founded a 646:The name is derived from the 2921: 2913: 2842:Places adjacent to Kahnawake 2534:Dunne, Susan (14 May 2010). 2389:Morrison, Wilbur H. (2001). 1835:Tuscarora English Dictionary 1470:champion as Chief Don Eagle. 1458:Marion Konwanénhon Delaronde 1424:Esther Louise Georgette Deer 1078:Late 20th century to present 1021:Kahnawake seen from Montreal 1000:Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge 537:, it has also been known as 218:Within RCM, but unassociated 95:Location in southern Quebec. 7: 3637:Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu 2501:. Retrieved 18 March 2012. 2483:. Retrieved 18 March 2012. 2465:. Retrieved 18 March 2012. 1719: 1270: 1249:Kahnawake Gaming Commission 1084:Mohawk Council of Kahnawake 669: 539:Seigneury Sault du St-Louis 98:Show map of Southern Quebec 10: 3778: 3711:Does not belong to the CMM 3580:Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot 3151:Les Jardins-de-Napierville 2391:The Elephant and the Tiger 1688: 1608: 1033: 571:American Revolutionary War 514:on the south shore of the 3737:Mohawk reserves in Quebec 3706: 3459: 3288: 3259: 3103: 3087: 3071: 3015: 2847: 2511:Tarbell, Reaghan (2021). 1518:Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs 1346:Kahnawake contains three 457: 424: 412: 398: 381: 364: 354: 346: 335: 327: 322: 314: 309: 290: 271: 263: 255: 250: 238: 223: 207: 195: 183: 175: 140: 68: 56: 47: 42: 33: 23: 3647:Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil 3437:Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac 2378:Retrieved March 19, 2016 2362:Rocks at Whiskey Trench. 1944:Alfred, Gerald R. 1995: 1671:Mohawk Princess Pictures 1604: 1460:, director and puppeteer 1394:Notable Kahnawake people 1267:profitable" enterprise. 1170:Michael Delisle Jr., CBC 996:Canadian Pacific Railway 800:Multi-cultural community 264: • Grand Chief 224:Electoral Districts 3432:Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines 1512:1999 Pan American Games 1253:Internet-based gambling 1198:Canadian justice system 1004:Dominion Bridge Company 658:near the rapids of the 641:Seven Nations of Canada 612:and the coastal areas. 3247:Municipalities of the 3136:La Vallée-du-Richelieu 3007: Subdivisions of 2794:The Kanawaki Golf Club 2493:Caughnawaga Presbytery 2350:The Gazette (Montreal) 2094:Middleton, William D. 2081:Gerald F. Reid, 2004: 2069:, accessed 22 Feb 2010 1545:Robert (Bobby) Simpson 1492:, woodcarver, sculptor 1343: 1236: 1173: 1147: 1125:Federal Indian Affairs 1048: 1022: 947:Charles Gédéon Giasson 941: 926:Indian Advancement Act 894: 868: 822:French colonial troops 738: 679: 575:Lower Canada Rebellion 522:, Canada, across from 482: 347: • Dwellings 336: • Pop 267:Kahsennenhawe Sky-Deer 3762:Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke 3610:Saint-Basile-le-Grand 3347:L'Épiphanie (V)¹ 3342:L'Épiphanie (P)¹ 3188:Urban Agglomerations: 3161:Marguerite-D'Youville 3146:Le Haut-Saint-Laurent 3121:Beauharnois-Salaberry 2774:at Wikimedia Commons 2678:monecole-myschool.com 2569:, September 16, 2020. 2376:Warrior Publications. 2032:, accessed 1 Feb 2010 2030:The Wampum Chronicles 1931:Gerald Alfred, 1995: 1886:"Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)" 1779:Library of Parliament 1490:Donald "Babe" Hemlock 1337: 1285:Honoré Mercier Bridge 1222: 1202:justices of the peace 1193:between the parties. 1162: 1133: 1063:Empire State Building 1043: 1020: 935: 889: 876:Groton, Massachusetts 866: 732: 725:Historical land claim 701:The French colony of 696:Saint Lawrence Seaway 677: 512:Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke 491:[ɡahnaˈwaːɡe] 383: • Summer ( 272: • Federal 36:First Nations reserve 3693:Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac 3627:Saint-Jean-Baptiste² 2866:Saint Lawrence River 2790:, Brandon University 2588:, November 18, 2017. 2566:The Georgia Straight 2374:"Oka Crisis, 1990." 2166:High Steel Don Owen. 2096:The Bridge at Québec 1420:, librarian, scholar 1340:Saint Francis Xavier 856:region in the west, 684:Saint Lawrence River 635:in Ontario north of 516:Saint Lawrence River 291: • Quebec 3595:Pointe-des-Cascades 3422:Saint-Joseph-du-Lac 3181:Vaudreuil-Soulanges 2045:Matthieu Sossoyan: 2005:Weld, Isaac, 1807: 1892:. McGill University 1807:www12.statcan.gc.ca 1562:, ice hockey player 1474:Mary Two-Axe Earley 1251:offers licenses to 1213:Skenn:en A'onsonton 1180:Restorative justice 1030:Working in New York 156: / 3674:Terrasse-Vaudreuil 3575:Mont-Saint-Hilaire 2419:2007-12-17 at the 2320:2011-07-14 at the 2228:2011-07-28 at the 2024:2011-10-08 at the 1918:2011-07-06 at the 1823:. 15 October 2021. 1508:Waneek Horn-Miller 1408:, fashion designer 1344: 1049: 1023: 1008:Island of Montreal 964:Longhouse Movement 942: 895: 872:Kahnawake surnames 869: 739: 680: 328: • Total 131:Show map of Quebec 128:Kahnawake (Quebec) 3724: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3560:Les Coteaux¹ 3214: 3213: 3141:Le Haut-Richelieu 2967: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2800:Reaghan Tarbell, 2770:Media related to 2439:. 29 October 2007 2133:Gravestock, Steve 2118:Reaghan Tarbell, 1863:978-0-8061-3598-4 1762:www.kahnawake.com 1611:Media in Montreal 1576:Kateri Tekakwitha 1498:, activist, model 1036:Mohawk skywalkers 976:civil engineering 831:Raid on Deerfield 762:Indian Department 692:Sault du St-Louis 526:. Established by 467: 466: 462:www.kahnawake.com 339: 315: • Land 256: • Type 219: 160:45.417°N 73.683°W 3769: 3752:Greater Montreal 3715: 3709: 3687:Vaudreuil-Dorion 3662:Sainte-Catherine 3479:Calixa-Lavallée² 3251:and/or Montreal 3241: 3234: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3198:Native Reserves: 3166:Pierre-De Saurel 3131:La Haute-Yamaska 3126:Brome-Missisquoi 3058:Sainte-Catherine 3006: 3005: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2945: 2944: 2929:Sainte-Catherine 2924: 2923: 2916: 2915: 2899: 2898: 2878: 2850: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2784: 2783: 2781:Official website 2769: 2754: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2598:The Eastern Door 2595: 2589: 2578:Deborah Dundas, 2576: 2570: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2540:Hartford Courant 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2508: 2502: 2490: 2484: 2472: 2466: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2433:"Neptune's Navy" 2429: 2423: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2312: 2306: 2296: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2238: 2232: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2201: 2192: 2182: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2142: 2129: 2123: 2116: 2107: 2092: 2086: 2079: 2070: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1987: 1978: 1971: 1962: 1959:The Eastern Door 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1798: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1753: 1736:Pierre de Lauzon 1676:Kahnawake powwow 1659:The Eastern Door 1582:Billy Two Rivers 1496:Kahn-Tineta Horn 1289:Sûreté du Québec 1234: 1171: 1145: 1113:The Eastern Door 880:Queen Anne's War 778:Sainte-Catherine 754:Seven Years' War 604:and west of the 528:French Canadians 493: 488: 450: 449: 441: 440: 432: 431: 388: 337: 217: 171: 170: 168: 167: 166: 161: 157: 154: 153: 152: 149: 132: 118: 117: 111: 99: 85: 84: 78: 61: 52: 21: 20: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3702: 3555:Les Cèdres 3544:La Prairie 3455: 3398:Saint-Colomban¹ 3305:Bois-des-Filion 3284: 3255: 3245: 3215: 3210: 3156:Les Maskoutains 3114: 3099: 3083: 3067: 3011: 3000: 2998: 2968: 2963: 2931: 2925: 2869: 2858: 2855:Lac-Saint-Louis 2843: 2840: 2779: 2778: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2577: 2573: 2559:Norman Wilner, 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2491: 2487: 2473: 2469: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2421:Wayback Machine 2412: 2408: 2401: 2387: 2383: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2322:Wayback Machine 2313: 2309: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2239: 2235: 2230:Wayback Machine 2221: 2217: 2202: 2195: 2183: 2172: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2130: 2126: 2117: 2110: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2073: 2061: 2054: 2043: 2036: 2026:Wayback Machine 2017: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1988: 1981: 1972: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1920:Wayback Machine 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1848:Bright, William 1845: 1841: 1832: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1773: 1769: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1722: 1691: 1678: 1640:CKER The Seeker 1613: 1607: 1502:Kaniehtiio Horn 1400:Taiaiake Alfred 1396: 1356: 1332: 1315: 1273: 1245: 1243:Gambling/gaming 1235: 1229: 1182: 1172: 1169: 1146: 1140: 1092: 1080: 1038: 1032: 972: 922:enfranchisement 878:in 1707 during 802: 727: 672: 510:reserve of the 496:Mohawk language 486: 447: 445: 438: 436: 429: 408: 382: 231: 225: 216: 165:45.417; -73.683 164: 162: 158: 155: 150: 147: 145: 143: 142: 136: 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 119: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 91: 90: 86: 64: 38: 29: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 3775: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3722: 3721: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3657:Saint-Zotique¹ 3654: 3652:Saint-Philippe 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3616:Saint-Constant 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3585:Otterburn Park 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3513:Coteau-du-Lac¹ 3510: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3443:Sainte-Thérèse 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3417:Saint-Placide¹ 3414: 3407: 3404:Saint-Eustache 3400: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3381:Pointe-Calumet 3378: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3322:Deux-Montagnes 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3191:Longueuil (TE) 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3072:Municipalities 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3063:Saint-Philippe 3060: 3055: 3053:Saint-Constant 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3012: 2997: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2933:Saint-Constant 2926: 2911: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2871:Mercier Bridge 2862: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2762: 2761:External links 2759: 2756: 2755: 2737: 2719: 2701: 2683: 2665: 2647: 2629: 2615: 2601: 2590: 2571: 2552: 2526: 2503: 2485: 2467: 2449: 2437:The New Yorker 2424: 2406: 2399: 2381: 2366: 2354: 2338: 2326: 2307: 2288: 2276: 2260: 2233: 2215: 2193: 2170: 2153: 2124: 2108: 2087: 2071: 2052: 2034: 2011: 1998: 1979: 1963: 1950: 1937: 1924: 1903: 1876: 1862: 1839: 1826: 1812: 1793: 1782: 1767: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1549:Atlanta Flames 1542: 1530: 1521: 1515: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1471: 1461: 1455: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1406:Tammy Beauvais 1403: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1368: 1355: 1352: 1342:mission (1845) 1331: 1330:Historic sites 1328: 1314: 1311: 1272: 1269: 1244: 1241: 1230:Susan Haslip, 1227: 1206:Kanien’kehá:ka 1181: 1178: 1167: 1141:Chuck Strahl, 1138: 1091: 1088: 1079: 1076: 1031: 1028: 971: 968: 938:Montreal Star, 801: 798: 794:Saint-Philippe 774:Saint-Constant 726: 723: 671: 668: 664:Lachine Rapids 590:Kanien’kehá:ka 586:Kanien’kehá:ka 547:Mohawk village 465: 464: 459: 455: 454: 426: 422: 421: 416: 410: 409: 404: 402: 400:Postal code(s) 396: 395: 389: 379: 378: 368: 362: 361: 360:Kahnawakeronon 358: 352: 351: 348: 344: 343: 340: 333: 332: 329: 325: 324: 320: 319: 316: 312: 311: 307: 306: 296: 288: 287: 280:Alain Therrien 277: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 229: 221: 220: 211: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 187: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 138: 137: 127: 121: 120: 113: 112: 106: 105: 104: 103: 94: 88: 87: 80: 79: 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 45: 44: 40: 39: 34: 31: 30: 27: 24: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3774: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3642:Saint-Mathieu 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622:Saint-Isidore 3620: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565:McMasterville 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3533:L'Île-Cadieux 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3427:Saint-Sulpice 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3411:Saint-Jérôme¹ 3408: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3095:Saint-Isidore 3093: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3079:Saint-Mathieu 3077: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2958: 2956: 2955:Saint-Isidore 2953: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2732:www.kecedu.ca 2729: 2723: 2715: 2714:www.kecedu.ca 2711: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2660:www.kecedu.ca 2657: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2457:Fort St-Louis 2453: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2400:1-55571-612-1 2396: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2303:National Post 2300: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2280: 2274:, 10 Feb 2010 2273: 2269: 2264: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2167: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2106:), pp. 99-101 2105: 2104:0-253-33761-5 2101: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1748: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566:Dexter Stacey 1564: 1561: 1560:Brooke Stacey 1558: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1528:1984 Olympics 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484:Carla Hemlock 1482: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418:A. Brian Deer 1416: 1413: 1412:John Kim Bell 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1349: 1341: 1336: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1297:Canadian Army 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1233: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1190:restore peace 1187: 1186:Haudenosaunee 1177: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1150:Ellen Gabriel 1144: 1143:National Post 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1087: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1054:Quebec Bridge 1047: 1042: 1037: 1027: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:hydroelectric 985: 981: 977: 967: 965: 959: 956: 950: 948: 939: 934: 930: 929:seven clans. 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 911: 904: 901: 892: 888: 884: 881: 877: 873: 865: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 826: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Saint-Mathieu 779: 775: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 736: 731: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 676: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 596:(Six Nations 595: 594:Haudenosaunee 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 533: 530:in 1719 as a 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:First Nations 505: 501: 497: 492: 484: 480: 476: 474: 463: 460: 456: 453: 444: 435: 427: 423: 420: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 401: 397: 393: 390: 386: 380: 376: 372: 369: 367: 363: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 334: 330: 326: 321: 317: 313: 308: 304: 300: 299:Pierre Moreau 297: 294: 289: 285: 281: 278: 275: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 246: 243: 241: 237: 234: 230: 228: 222: 215: 212: 210: 206: 203: 200: 198: 194: 191: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 141:Coordinates: 139: 110: 77: 67: 60: 55: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 22: 16: 3716: 3710: 3685: 3678: 3668:Sainte-Julie 3666: 3632:Saint-Lazare 3614: 3605:Saint-Amable 3542: 3538:L'Île-Perrot 3508:Contrecoeur² 3500: 3493: 3448: 3441: 3409: 3402: 3385: 3368: 3361: 3337:L'Assomption 3309: 3297: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3205: 3197: 3187: 3107: 2917: 2864: 2853: 2801: 2764: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2696:karihwanoron 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2618: 2604: 2593: 2585:Toronto Star 2583: 2574: 2564: 2555: 2543:. Retrieved 2539: 2529: 2517:. Retrieved 2506: 2496: 2488: 2478: 2470: 2460: 2452: 2441:. Retrieved 2436: 2427: 2409: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2341: 2329: 2310: 2302: 2279: 2271: 2263: 2253:February 21, 2251:. Retrieved 2246: 2236: 2218: 2209: 2188: 2165: 2158:. Retrieved 2138: 2127: 2119: 2095: 2090: 2082: 2066: 2046: 2029: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1993: 1974: 1958: 1953: 1945: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1911: 1906: 1896:16 September 1894:. Retrieved 1889: 1879: 1867:. Retrieved 1852: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1815: 1806: 1796: 1785: 1770: 1761: 1751: 1679: 1665: 1657: 1651: 1646:Kwatokent TV 1645: 1639: 1634: 1614: 1536: 1524:Alwyn Morris 1451:Mohawk Girls 1449: 1445:Mohawk Girls 1443: 1437: 1434:Gemini Award 1364: 1360: 1345: 1316: 1304: 1301: 1293: 1274: 1261: 1246: 1237: 1231: 1223: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1174: 1163: 1158: 1148: 1142: 1134: 1129:Chuck Strahl 1122: 1118:Eastern Door 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1082:The elected 1081: 1069: 1067: 1059: 1050: 1024: 979: 973: 960: 951: 943: 937: 919: 908: 905: 896: 870: 835: 827: 825:and nation. 818:French Crown 815: 803: 770: 766: 751: 740: 734: 710: 706: 700: 691: 681: 660:Mohawk River 651: 645: 623:in Ontario; 614: 606:Hudson River 602:Mohawk River 593: 589: 585: 579: 565: 555: 550: 542: 538: 499: 470: 468: 259:Band council 15: 3502:Châteauguay 3469:Beauharnois 3461:South Shore 3332:Kanesatake¹ 3317:Charlemagne 3290:North Shore 3028:Châteauguay 2907:Châteauguay 1588:Derek White 1514:in Winnipeg 1439:Club Native 1432:, two-time 1430:Tracey Deer 1381:, the 1990 1372:Tracey Deer 1324:Netherlands 1307:Vietnam War 1264:data centre 1012:ironworkers 984:power lines 807:matrilineal 758:Thomas Gage 711:Ville-Marie 656:Caughnawaga 610:New England 543:Caughnawaga 500:Kahnawáˀkye 245:Châteauguay 163: / 28:Caughnawaga 3731:Categories 3528:Kahnawake¹ 3450:Terrebonne 3387:Repentigny 3352:Lavaltrie¹ 3311:Boisbriand 3299:Blainville 3171:Roussillon 3110:Montérégie 3038:La Prairie 2443:2008-01-18 2212:. Toronto. 2154:0968913245 1990:John Demos 1833:Rudes, B. 1743:References 1609:See also: 1598:Tom Wilson 1554:Skawennati 1387:Kanesatake 1383:Oka Crisis 1376:drama film 1281:Oka Crisis 1277:Kanesatake 1257:sportsbook 1154:Kanesatake 1136:decisions. 1071:High Steel 1046:Lewis Hine 1034:See also: 703:New France 652:kahnawà:ke 621:Tyendinaga 617:Kanesatake 562:Indian Act 487:pronounced 471:Kahnawake 323:Population 251:Government 240:Provincial 233:La-Prairie 214:Roussillon 202:Montérégie 3698:Verchères 3600:Richelieu 3363:Mascouche 3206:Kahnawake 3201:Akwesasne 2918:Kahnawake 2772:Kahnawake 2249:. Toronto 1777:from the 1666:Mohawk TV 1652:Iorì:wase 1533:Alex Rice 1504:, actress 1478:Bill C-31 1464:Don Eagle 1127:Minister 980:Kahnawake 955:annuities 910:Patriotes 854:Red River 747:seigneurs 707:Kahnawake 637:Lake Erie 625:Akwesasne 566:Kahnawake 551:Kahnawake 545:(after a 504:Tuscarora 475:Territory 414:Area code 392:UTC−04:00 371:UTC−05:00 366:Time zone 338:2006-2011 122:Kahnawake 89:Kahnawake 25:Kahnawake 3680:Varennes 3590:Pincourt 3489:Carignan 3393:Rosemère 3357:Lorraine 3176:Rouville 3088:Parishes 2884:Montreal 2417:Archived 2318:Archived 2272:Macleans 2247:The Star 2226:Archived 2210:The Star 2135:(2005). 2022:Archived 1916:Archived 1869:11 April 1850:(2004). 1720:See also 1538:Twilight 1271:Politics 1228:— 1168:— 1139:— 992:railways 990:plants, 842:Onondaga 715:garrison 670:Location 629:New York 598:Iroquois 573:and the 524:Montreal 425:Highways 185:Province 3570:Mercier 3495:Chambly 3484:Candiac 3474:Beloeil 3370:Mirabel 3048:Mercier 3023:Candiac 2880:LaSalle 2728:"Index" 2656:"Index" 2545:7 March 2519:7 March 1689:Schools 1626:CKRK-FM 1620:CKKI-FM 1466:, 1950 1367:(2010). 1225:system. 924:to the 790:Candiac 719:mission 582:autonym 558:reserve 535:mission 506:) is a 494:in the 458:Website 356:Demonym 227:Federal 176:Country 151:73°41′W 148:45°25′N 3742:Mohawk 3523:Hudson 3518:Delson 3033:Delson 3016:Cities 2860:Dorval 2397: 2189:E Law, 2160:4 June 2151: 2102: 1860: 1682:powwow 1594:driver 1592:NASCAR 1572:driver 1570:NASCAR 1541:films. 850:Seneca 846:Cayuga 838:Oneida 786:Delson 688:rapids 648:Mohawk 541:, and 532:Jesuit 520:Quebec 479:French 473:Mohawk 406:J0L1B0 197:Region 190:Quebec 179:Canada 3327:Gore¹ 3279:Laval 3116:Acton 2147:–43. 1605:Media 1379:Beans 986:from 858:Métis 705:used 650:word 452:R-207 443:R-138 434:R-132 394:(EDT) 331:7,965 3550:Léry 3043:Léry 2873:to: 2547:2021 2521:2021 2395:ISBN 2255:2010 2162:2017 2149:ISBN 2100:ISBN 1961:8(4) 1898:2023 1871:2011 1858:ISBN 1680:The 1295:the 1247:The 1123:The 940:1907 811:clan 792:and 469:The 310:Area 3714:— ² 3376:Oka 3253:CMA 3249:CMM 2223:TVO 1385:at 1374:’s 1370:In 998:'s 584:is 518:in 502:in 419:450 385:DST 375:EST 350:N/A 342:N/A 303:PLQ 295:(s) 293:MNA 276:(s) 209:RCM 3733:: 2748:. 2730:. 2712:. 2694:. 2676:. 2658:. 2640:. 2582:. 2563:. 2538:. 2495:. 2477:. 2459:. 2435:. 2348:, 2301:, 2291:^ 2270:, 2245:. 2208:. 2196:^ 2187:, 2173:^ 2164:. 2145:41 2111:^ 2074:^ 2065:, 2055:^ 2037:^ 2028:, 1992:, 1982:^ 1966:^ 1888:. 1805:. 1760:. 1590:, 1568:, 1326:. 1309:. 848:, 844:, 840:, 788:, 784:, 780:, 776:, 764:. 643:. 553:. 498:, 485:, 481:: 284:BQ 274:MP 3708:¹ 3240:e 3233:t 3226:v 3112:: 2993:e 2986:t 2979:v 2886:) 2882:( 2835:e 2828:t 2821:v 2752:. 2734:. 2716:. 2698:. 2680:. 2662:. 2644:. 2626:. 2612:. 2549:. 2523:. 2446:. 2403:. 2257:. 1922:, 1900:. 1873:. 1809:. 1764:. 477:( 387:) 377:) 373:( 305:) 301:( 286:) 282:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.