898:
814:
appointed eight governments. These were mostly coalitions of the
Agrarians and the National Progressive, National Coalition and Swedish People's parties, although Ståhlberg also appointed two caretaker governments. Importantly, Ståhlberg generally supported all the governments that he nominated, although he also sometimes disagreed with them. He forced Kyösti Kallio's first government to resign in January 1924, when he demanded early elections to restore the full membership of Parliament – 200 deputies – and Kallio disagreed. The Parliament had lacked 27 deputies since August 1923, when the Communist deputies had been arrested on suspicions of treason.
1004:
844:
1622:
235:
394:
379:
733:
44:
476:
968:
950:
1021:
986:
594:
634:." He also remained active in politics, being elected to the central committee of the Young Finnish Party. In 1908, Ståhlberg was elected as a member of Parliament for the Southern Häme constituency, which he represented until 1910. He also served as a member for the Southern Oulu constituency from 1913 until his appointment as President of the Supreme Administrative Court in 1918. Ståhlberg also served as
690:
After
Finland gained its independence in December 1917, the Constitutional Committee drafted new proposals for a form of government of an independent Republic of Finland. As chairman of the council, Ståhlberg was involved in the drafting and re-drafting of constitutional proposals during 1918, when
813:
As the first
President of the Republic, Ståhlberg had to form various presidential precedents and interpretations of how the office of President should be conducted. His term in office was also marked by a succession of short-lived governments. During his time as president, Ståhlberg nominated and
932:
Among
Finnish Presidents, Ståhlberg has retained a remarkably impeccable reputation. He is generally regarded as a moral and principled defender of democracy and of the rule of law, and as the father of the Finnish Constitution. His decision to voluntarily give up the presidency is also generally
817:
Ståhlberg supported moderate social and economic reforms to make even the former Reds accept the democratic republic. He pardoned most of the Red prisoners, despite the strong criticism that this aroused from many right-wing Finns, especially the White veterans of the Civil War and several senior
855:
Ståhlberg did not seek re-election in 1925, finding his difficult term of office a great strain. He also believed that the right-wing and the monarchists would become more reconciled to the republic if he stepped down. According to the longtime late
Agrarian and Centrist politician Johannes
703:
which was supported by more conservative victors of the civil war. Ståhlberg's appointment as the first
President of the Supreme Administrative Court in 1918 meant that he relinquished his role as a member of Parliament, and was therefore not involved in the election by the Parliament of
875:
He was offered the post of
Chancellor of the University of Helsinki, but declined it, instead becoming a member of the government's Law Drafting Committee. He also served as a National Progressive member of Parliament again, as a member for the Uusimaa constituency from 1930 to 1933.
1194:
see, for example, Virkkunen, "The
Finnish Presidents I"; "Forum IV: Turning Points of the Finnish History from the Autonomy to the Present" / Forum IV. Suomen historian käännekohtia autonomiasta nykypäivään (an upper-secondary school history textbook), Helsinki: Otava,
589:
Ståhlberg was opposed to. Ståhlberg was elected in 1901 as a member of
Helsinki City Council, serving until 1903. In 1902, he was dismissed as Protocol Secretary, due to his strict legalist views, and his opposition to legislation on compulsory military service.
654:
was elected, with Ståhlberg being appointed as chairman of the
Constitutional Council. This body had been set up earlier to draw up plans for a new form of government for Finland, in light of the events surrounding the February Revolution and the abdication of
629:
The following year he resumed his academic career and was appointed as Professor of Administrative Law at the University of Helsinki, a position he retained until 1918. During his time in that post he wrote his most influential piece of work,
695:, and debates between republicans and monarchists on the future constitution, all led to various proposals. His proposals would eventually be enacted as the Constitution of Finland in 1919. In 1918, Ståhlberg supported the idea of
569:
In 1893, Ståhlberg married his first wife, Hedvig Irene Wåhlberg (1869–1917). They had six children together: Kaarlo (1894–1977), Aino (1895–1974), Elli (1899–1986), Aune (1901–1967), Juho (1907–1973), and Kyllikki (1908–1994).
256:
360:” until his death. He was asked for advice and opinions, which were also followed. Paasikivi highly valued Ståhlberg, and even described his predecessor in exaggerated words: “Ståhlberg was a man who never made mistakes”.
645:
in 1917, Ståhlberg was backed by the majority of the non-socialists members of Parliament as a candidate to become Vice-Chairman of the Economic Department of the Senate. However, he did not receive the support of the
829:, which marked the early years of his presidency. He was also cautious towards Germany, and generally unsuccessful in his attempts to establish closer contacts with Poland, the United Kingdom and France.
818:
army officers. He signed into law bills that gave the trade unions an equal power with the employers' organizations to negotiate labour contracts, a bill to improve the public care for the poor, and the
254:
1051:
255:
1185:
Sakari Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents I: Ståhlberg – Relander – Svinhufvud" / Suomen presidentit I: Ståhlberg – Relander – Svinhufvud, Helsinki: Otava Publications Ltd., 1994
333:, and embarked on internal reforms. In implementing the form of government of 1919, Ståhlberg piloted an independent Finland towards acting in world politics; in presidential-led
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1661:
491:, where the children entered school. Kaarlo's mother Amanda worked to support the family until her death in 1879. Ståhlberg's family had always spoken and supported the
539:" – supporting the already existing Finnish constitutional framework and constitutional legislative policies, including legislative resistance, against the attempted
1676:
767:
Ståhlberg was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic on the following day, and reluctantly moved out of his home in Helsinki to take up residence in the
1282:
487:, where he also went for grammar school. Ståhlberg's father died when he was a boy, leaving his family in a difficult financial position. The family moved to
1731:
1651:
1071:"War or Peace for Finland? Neoclassical Realist Case Study of Finnish Foreign Policy in the Context of the Anti-Bolshevik Intervention in Russia 1918–1920"
921:"If the Finnish people cannot and do not bother to elect a head of state once every six years, it will not really deserve an independent democratic state."
786:, which is why, despite invitations and exhortations, he made no visits abroad during his presidency and received only one guest, Estonian President
1094:
George Maude: Aspects of the Governing of the Finns (Studies in Modern European History). Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers, 2010.
917:
an emergency plan was planned to extend Paasikivi's term in parliament as president, which Ståhlberg condemned angrily in his letter to Paasikivi:
1492:
1691:
622:
and, although initially sceptical about some of the proposal, Ståhlberg played a role in the drafting of the legislation which created the
925:
Their last discussion occurred less than two weeks before Ståhlberg died. He died on 22 September, 1952, and was buried in Helsinki's
856:
Virolainen, he believed that the incumbent president was too much favoured over the other candidates while standing for re-election.
1390:
1235:
see, for example, "J.K. Paasikivi's Diaries I-II" / J.K. Paasikiven päiväkirjat I-II, edited and published in Finland around 1985–86
782:, wrote everything he had to say in public beforehand. He also had a distaste for official occasions, and he did not like travel or
1671:
234:
1746:
573:
In 1898, Ståhlberg was appointed as Protocol Secretary for the Senate's civil affairs subdepartment. This was the second-highest
1055:
577:
position in the Finnish government. This appointment to a senior position in the Finnish administration was approved by the new
1751:
712:
in October of that year. As it became clear that Finland would be a republic, Stålberg also championed direct election of the
1266:
635:
1621:
626:. Ståhlberg resigned from the Senate in 1907, due to Parliament's rejection of a Senate bill on the prohibition of alcohol.
247:
1423:
1368:
1244:
see, for example, "The Republic's Presidents 1919–1931" / Tasavallan presidentit 1919–1931, published in Finland in 1993–94
1485:
761:
610:(1904–1905) as a member of the Estate of Burgesses. In 1905, he was appointed as a Senator in the newly formed Senate of
558:'s finance committee in 1891 before being appointed as an assistant professor of Administrative Law and Economics at the
1099:
977:
959:
914:
749:
647:
1385:
17:
822:
law which distributed land from the wealthy landowners to the former tenant farmers and other landless rural people.
705:
585:, whose term in office saw the beginning of the period of Russification, and whose policies represented all that the
426:, an assistant pastor, and Amanda Gustafa Castrén. On both sides of his family, Ståhlberg's male forebears had been
1656:
678:, and was then left largely forgotten for a time due to the confusion and urgency of the situation surrounding the
1756:
1736:
894:
by only two votes in the third ballot. He was also a candidate in the 1937 election, eventually finishing third.
1726:
1681:
1478:
863:, at all, because Relander was the almost complete opposite of Ståhlberg. He would have preferred to have seen
675:
890:
Ståhlberg was a National Progressive Party candidate in the 1931 Presidential election, eventually losing to
798:, repeatedly offered Ståhlberg a visit to its western neighbor Sweden, but Ståhlberg maintained his position:
768:
757:
671:
897:
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753:
578:
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in 1894. It was at this time that he began his active involvement in politics, becoming a member of the
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806:
The first official visit of the President of Finland abroad was made only by his successor, President
423:
384:
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204:
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825:
In foreign policy Ståhlberg was markedly reserved towards Sweden, largely as a consequence of the
1520:
1462:
901:
Finnish ex-president Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg's birthday reception in 1950. The President-in-office
860:
794:'s visit was the first official visit to independent Finland. Finland's Ambassador to Stockholm,
700:
322:
124:
838:
774:
Ståhlberg had been a widower since 1917, but in 1920, as president, he married his second wife,
745:
559:
508:
415:
164:
1204:
see Virolainen, "The Last Electoral Term" / Viimeinen vaalikausi, published in Finland in 1991
674:, dating from the period of Swedish rule. The proposed form of government was rejected by the
1528:
1394:
1176:, p. 9–28. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2002. ISBN 951-746-386-3. (in Finnish)
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614:, with responsibility for trade and industry. One of the most important tasks facing the new
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after kidnapping. In the middle of picture his daughter Elli Ståhlberg stands behind them.
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8:
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752:, he was elected by Parliament as President of the Republic on 25 July 1919, defeating
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650:, which he had made a precondition of his being elected. Instead, the Social Democrat
215:
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Ståhlberg emerged as a candidate for president, with the support of the newly formed
721:
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499:, where he would excel, and was the primus of his class. In 1889 he graduated as a
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The new form of government approved by the council was largely based on the 1772
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that it was realized that Ståhlberg had a very significant political role as an “
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speaking admired as a sign that he was not a power-hungry career politician.
307:
43:
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1141:
see, for example, Sakari Virkkunen, "Finland's Presidents I," Helsinki, 1994
523:
Ståhlberg soon began a very long career as the presenter and planner of the
1416:
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Ståhlberg was an important figure in the drafting of Finland's republican
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In 1946, Ståhlberg retired and became the legal adviser of President
724:
system, although the first President would be elected by Parliament.
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418:, back when Finland was an autonomous state under the rule of the
1026:
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887:, but the incident merely hastened the Lapua Movement's demise.
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913:. Paasikivi often consulted Ståhlberg; for example, under the
411:
352:
It was only after the opening of private archives of President
299:
160:
867:
as his successor; but when Relander was elected, he muttered:
484:
883:
kidnapped him and his wife, attempting to send them to the
532:
488:
859:
Ståhlberg did not appreciate his presidential successor,
504:
685:
1259:
Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ja Suomen Leijonan ritarikunnat
618:
Senate was to consider proposals for the reform of the
518:
1338:(in Estonian). Vabadussõja Ajaloo Seltsist. p. 1
871:
May those take care of him who have hired him for it.
778:(1870–1950). He was also very formal and, due to his
298:; 28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was a Finnish
1252:
1250:
1110:
1108:
802:"Let my followers then travel as much as they want."
399:
Amanda Gustafva Castrén (1841–1907), Kaarlo's mother
1662:People from Oulu Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
1313:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava. 1933. p. 646.
1217:, p. 33. Porvoo-Helsinki: WSOY, 2000. (in Finnish)
1163:, p. 24. Porvoo-Helsinki: WSOY, 2000. (in Finnish)
527:legislation, during the period when Finland was a
1283:"Ar Triju zvaigžņu ordeni apbalvoto: 1. sarakstu"
1247:
1105:
1722:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1930–1933)
1717:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1917–1919)
1712:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1916–1917)
1707:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1913–1916)
1702:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1909–1910)
1697:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1908–1909)
1677:National Progressive Party (Finland) politicians
1633:
1361:Newspaper clippings about Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
682:and the declaration of Finland's independence.
1123:(in Finnish). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura
632:Finnish administrative law, volumes I & II
306:who was one of the most important pioneers of
1486:
1226:Jouslehto & Okker, p. 88–90. (in Finnish)
727:
1732:People of the Finnish Civil War (White side)
1652:Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
1261:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Edita. p. 488.
597:K. J. Ståhlberg on a 50 mark note from 1963.
1493:
1479:
736:President Ståhlberg in his office in 1919.
495:, and the young Ståhlberg was enrolled in
42:
1500:
1256:
958: : Grand Cross, with Collar, of the
941:
832:
896:
847:President Ståhlberg and his wife at the
842:
731:
592:
474:
438:
325:. As a jurist, he anchored the state in
284:
1114:
1068:
879:In 1930, activists from the right-wing
601:
543:. He also came to support the call for
225:Lawyer; Civil servant; Professor; Judge
14:
1634:
1391:Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland
27:President of Finland from 1919 to 1925
1692:Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
1474:
686:Architect of the Finnish constitution
554:Ståhlberg served as secretary of the
455:
293:
1424:Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
1213:Olavi Jouslehto & Jaakko Okker:
1117:"Ståhlberg, Kaarlo Juho (1865–1952)"
744:, of which he was a member, and the
519:Career as academic and civil servant
72:26 July 1919 – 2 March 1925
24:
1289:. No. 260. 17 November 1926.
978:Order of the White Rose of Finland
960:Order of the White Rose of Finland
750:1919 Finnish presidential election
483:Ståhlberg and his family lived in
329:, guarded the fragile germ of the
25:
1768:
1354:
1159:Olavi Jouslehto ja Jaakko Okker:
1069:Mononen, Juha (2 February 2009).
706:Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse
310:in the country. He was the first
1620:
1150:see, for example, Virkkunen 1994
1019:
1002:
984:
966:
948:
756:(the candidate supported by the
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377:
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233:
1672:Young Finnish Party politicians
1386:Biografiskt lexikon för Finland
1325:
1301:
1275:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1115:Tyynilä, Markku (7 June 2000).
424:Johan (Janne) Gabriel Ståhlberg
214:Hedvig Irene Wåhlberg (desc.);
205:National Progressive Party (ED)
1747:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
1179:
1166:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1088:
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1044:
676:Russian Provisional Government
606:Ståhlberg participated in the
13:
1:
1752:University of Helsinki alumni
1399:NBN:fi:sls-4133-1416928956739
1037:
764:parties) by 143 votes to 50.
547:, and had a moderate line on
430:clergymen. He was christened
422:. He was the second child of
368:
1457:26 July 1919 – 2 March 1925
1376:in The Presidents of Finland
497:Oulu's private Finnish lycee
387:(1832–1873), Kaarlo's father
363:
7:
1444:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
1389:(in Swedish). Helsingfors:
1365:20th Century Press Archives
1054:. Eduskunta. Archived from
976: : Grand Cross of the
638:of the Parliament in 1914.
579:Governor General of Finland
10:
1773:
1215:Tamminiemestä Mäntyniemeen
1161:Tamminiemestä Mäntyniemeen
1014:Order of Polonia Restituta
936:
915:1950 presidential election
836:
742:National Progressive Party
728:First President of Finland
1618:
1508:
1459:
1450:
1440:
1430:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1333:"Vabaduse Risti diplomid"
1257:Matikkala, Antti (2017).
998:, 1st Class (15 May 1926)
479:Young Kaarlo in the 1880s
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1033:III/1 (14 December 1920)
996:Order of the Three Stars
849:Helsinki Central Station
672:Instrument of Government
541:Russification of Finland
464:(i.e. the supporters of
1657:People from Suomussalmi
1463:Lauri Kristian Relander
1381:"Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg"
861:Lauri Kristian Relander
701:constitutional monarchy
468:and culture instead of
385:Johan Gabriel Ståhlberg
248:K. J. Ståhlberg's voice
125:Lauri Kristian Relander
1757:Swedish-speaking Finns
1737:Finnish legal scholars
942:Awards and decorations
923:
906:
873:
852:
833:Post-presidential life
804:
792:Estonian head of state
754:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
737:
598:
560:University of Helsinki
509:University of Helsinki
480:
457:[ˈkɑːrloˈjuho]
440:[kɑːrlˈjuːhɑn]
416:Grand Duchy of Finland
406:Ståhlberg was born in
262:Recorded July 26, 1919
165:Grand Duchy of Finland
1727:Kidnapped politicians
1682:Presidents of Finland
1502:Presidents of Finland
1121:Kansallisbiografia.fi
1075:University of Tampere
919:
900:
892:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
869:
846:
800:
735:
665:Grand Duke of Finland
624:Parliament of Finland
596:
478:
278:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
36:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
1453:President of Finland
1447:as Regent of Finland
1058:on 12 February 2012.
1052:"Edustajamatrikkeli"
839:Ståhlberg kidnapping
714:President of Finland
602:Career as politician
312:president of Finland
295:[ˈstoːlbæri]
286:[ˈstoːlbærj]
144:Carl Johan Ståhlberg
95:Aimo Kaarlo Cajander
60:President of Finland
1553:C. G. E. Mannerheim
1012:Grand Cross of the
929:with full honours.
927:Hietaniemi cemetery
769:Presidential Palace
643:February Revolution
564:Young Finnish Party
316:liberal nationalist
195:Hietaniemi Cemetery
1521:Lauri Kr. Relander
1409:Political offices
1310:Aikalaiskirja 1934
1287:Valdības Vēstnesis
907:
905:congratulates him.
853:
758:National Coalition
738:
691:the impact of the
680:October Revolution
599:
481:
314:(1919–1925) and a
114:Office established
1667:Finnish Lutherans
1629:
1628:
1469:
1468:
1460:Succeeded by
1431:Succeeded by
1268:978-951-37-7005-1
1174:Vuoroin vieraissa
796:Werner Söderhjelm
790:in May 1922. The
722:electoral college
693:Finnish Civil War
661:Emperor of Russia
616:constitutionalist
587:constitutionalist
537:constitutionalist
447:his forenames to
343:international law
327:liberal democracy
275:
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174:22 September 1952
48:Ståhlberg in 1919
16:(Redirected from
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1687:Finnish senators
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1585:Martti Ahtisaari
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1414:Preceded by
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1031:Cross of Liberty
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762:Swedish People's
718:Council of State
648:Social Democrats
583:Nikolai Bobrikov
545:women's suffrage
535:rule. He was a "
515:in Law in 1893.
511:. He gained his
501:Bachelor of Arts
493:Finnish language
466:Finnish language
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436:Finland Swedish:
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1561:J. K. Paasikivi
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1513:K. J. Ståhlberg
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1434:Kullervo Manner
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87:Juho Vennola
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1647:1952 deaths
1642:1865 births
1604:(2012–2024)
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657:Nicholas II
549:Prohibition
529:Grand Duchy
449:Kaarlo Juho
408:Suomussalmi
331:rule of law
157:Suomussalmi
110:Preceded by
1742:Liberalism
1636:Categories
1545:Risto Ryti
1038:References
865:Risto Ryti
837:See also:
820:Lex Kallio
720:chose the
716:, but the
641:After the
575:Rapporteur
453:pronounced
445:Finnicized
432:Carl Johan
369:Early life
222:Profession
150:1865-01-28
1295:927071142
1195:2005–2006
1127:25 August
1080:25 August
748:. In the
513:Doctorate
507:from the
462:Fennomans
410:, in the
364:Biography
347:diplomacy
230:Signature
211:Spouse(s)
68:In office
1319:29172397
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697:republic
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428:Lutheran
304:academic
291:Finnish:
181:Helsinki
1367:of the
1363:in the
1027:Estonia
974:Finland
956:Finland
937:Honours
780:shyness
636:Speaker
533:Czarist
470:Swedish
335:foreign
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531:under
412:Kainuu
300:jurist
161:Kainuu
1428:1914
1342:8 May
1336:(PDF)
485:Lahti
1344:2023
1315:OCLC
1291:OCLC
1263:ISBN
1129:2020
1096:ISBN
1082:2020
760:and
663:and
489:Oulu
345:and
337:and
302:and
171:Died
140:Born
58:1st
1395:urn
1369:ZBW
708:as
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505:Law
503:in
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