573:
633:, and asserted that the texts clearly state that it is indeed Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal entombed within, and that he did in fact die at the advanced age of 80, after reigning for 68 years. More recent morphometric analysis of the rest of the skeleton demonstrates that the entombed individual could not have lived less than fifty years and most likely died in their eighth or ninth decade of life, consistent with the textual evidence rather than the younger age estimates of early researchers. The disparity between the dental wear and the skeletal morphology is likely due to Pakal's aristocratic status, which would have allowed him access to a softer, less abrasive diet than the average Maya person so that his teeth naturally acquired less wear. Unusually large accumulations of
609:
669:. Around the edges of the lid is a band with cosmological signs, including those for sun, moon, and star, as well as the heads of six named noblemen of varying rank. The central image is that of a cruciform world tree. Beneath Pakal is one of the heads of a celestial two-headed serpent viewed frontally. Both the king and the serpent head on which he seems to rest are framed by the open jaws of a funerary serpent, a common iconographic device for signalling entrance into, or residence in, the realm(s) of the dead. The king himself wears the attributes of the
231:
404:
1907:
307:
650:
515:
530:"White Skin House" in Classic Maya for its white coat of paint rather than the red used elsewhere in the palace. The east court of the palace is a ceremonial area marking military triumphs. Houses B and C were built in 661 and house A in 668. House A is covered with frescos of prisoners captured in 662. The monuments and text associated with Pakal are: Oval Palace Tablet, Hieroglyphic Stairway, House C texts, Subterranean Thrones and Tableritos, Olvidado piers and sarcophagus texts.
318:
51:
526:(The Forgotten) in Spanish due to its distance from Lakamhaʼ. Of all Pakal's construction projects, perhaps the most accomplished is the Palace of Palenque. The building was already in existence, but Pakal enlarged it greatly by adding monument rooms onto the old level of the building. He then constructed Building E, called
711:
influence on the ancient Maya. Such an interpretation is almost universally denounced by archaeologists, epigraphers, and art historians of the Maya, who point out that von Däniken's claim relies solely upon visual inspection, paying heed neither to the broader archaeological context nor to a wealth
600:
in 1948. It took four years to clear the rubble from the stairway leading down to Pakal's tomb, but it was finally uncovered in 1952. His skeletal remains were still lying in his sarcophagus, wearing a jade mask and bead necklaces, surrounded by sculptures and stucco reliefs depicting the ruler's
620:
Initially, it was hotly debated whether the bones in the tomb were really those of Pakal. The skeleton's comparatively minor degree of dental wear suggested the owner's age as some 40 years younger than the age recorded for Pakal in the inscriptional texts, leading some—including the tomb's
284:
of any sovereign monarch in history, the longest in world history for more than a millennium, and still the longest reign of any monarch in the history of the
Americas. During his long rule, Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving
640:
Further archaeological explorations have continued to shed light on Pakal's burial site. In 2016 an underground water tunnel was discovered under the Temple of
Inscriptions; a stucco mask depicting an elderly Pakal was subsequently found in August 2018.
596:. Though Palenque had been examined by archaeologists before, the secret to opening his tomb—closed off by a stone slab with stone plugs in the holes, which had until then escaped the attention of archaeologists—was discovered by Mexican archaeologist
452:(Pakal's maternal grandfather and namesake) triggered a crisis of succession; eventually Pakal ascended to the rulership of Palenque on 9.9.2.4.8 (July 615), at the age of twelve, after an interim regency by his mother Lady Sak Kʼukʼ.
533:
Pakal was widowed when Tzʼakbu Ajaw, his wife of 47 years, died on 9.12.0.6.18 (November 672). Eight years later, Pakal also saw the death of Tiwol Chan Mat (his third son), and presided over his burial ceremony.
1288:
Turner, Derek D.; Turner, Michelle I. (2021). ""I'm not saying it was aliens": an archaeological and philosophical analysis of a conspiracy theory". In Killin, Anton; Allen-Hermanson, Sean (eds.).
1647:
281:
1524:
Tiesler, V.; Cucina, A.; Pacheco, A. Romano (2004-10-18). "Who was the Red Queen? Identity of the female Maya dignitary from the sarcophagus tomb of Temple XIII, Palenque, Mexico".
503:
at the age of twelve, Pakal's mother was a regent to him. Over the years she slowly ceded power until she died in
September 640. In 659 Pakal captured six prisoners; one of them,
369:, to distinguish him from other rulers with this name who either preceded or followed him in the dynastic lineage of Palenque. Confusingly, he has at times been referred to as
1692:
1123:
Buikstra, Jane E.; Milner, George R.; Boldsen, Jesper L. (2006). "Janaab' Pakal: the age-at-death controversy revisited". In
Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
621:
discoverer
Alberto Ruz Lhuillier—to contend that the texts must have referred to two people with the same name or used a non-standard method of recording time.
549:
as one of the patron gods of
Palenque. He was survived at least by his two sons Kan Bahlam and Kʼan Joy Chitam—each of whom subsequently also became Palenque's
1148:
Stout, Sam D.; Streeter, Margaret (2006). "A histomorphometric analysis of the cortical bone of Janaab' Pakal's rib". In
Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
673:—in particular a turtle ornament on the breast—and is shown in a peculiar posture that may denote rebirth. Interpretation of the lid has raised controversy.
1590:
465:
504:
481:
469:
171:
1207:
1685:
1678:
2658:
2663:
566:
523:
460:
Pakal expanded
Palenque's power in the western part of the Maya states and initiated a building program at his capital that produced some of
1654:
1225:
854:
707:
astronauts in the 1960s; he interpreted drawings underneath Pakal as rockets, and offered the sarcophagus lid as possible evidence of an
430:
Pakal's birth came during a particularly turbulent time in
Palenque's history. Palenque had been sacked by the powerful Maya state of
2307:
1990:
1182:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In
Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
1044:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
984:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
923:
Tiesler, Vera (2006). "Life and death of the ruler: recent bioarchaeological findings". In Tiesler, Vera; Cucina, Andrea (eds.).
285:
inscriptions and monumental architecture. He is perhaps best known in popular culture for his depiction on the carved lid of his
373:"Pakal I" or "Pakal II". Reference to him as Pakal II alludes to his maternal grandfather (died c. 612), who also bore the name
1495:
1331:
1297:
1191:
1157:
1132:
1053:
993:
932:
625:, on the other hand, insisted that allowing for such possibilities would go against everything else that is known about the
805:
Maya rulership titles and name glyphs themselves do not use regnal numbers; they are a convenience only of modern scholars.
572:
230:
464:'s finest art and architecture. On 9.9.13.0.7 (March 626), he married Ix Tzʼakbu Ajaw, a descendant of the former ruling
1514:
1398:
1368:
499:
of Santa Elena, was captured and taken to Palenque. Santa Elena became a tributary of Palenque. Having been appointed
1078:
577:
1980:
1854:
1797:
1782:
1777:
763:
416:
2557:
2547:
2116:
558:
554:
477:
187:
2572:
1835:
1574:
1447:
1894:
511:. Another lord of Pipaʼ was slain by Pakal in 663; at this time he also captured six people from Santa Elena.
2653:
1884:
605:. Traces of pigment show that these were once colorfully painted, common of much Maya sculpture at the time.
2582:
2532:
1874:
542:
Pakal died on 9.12.11.5.18 (August 683), at the age of 80, having ruled Palenque for 68 years and 33 days.
1889:
783:: acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etzʼnab 11 Yax (Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162).
1879:
1640:
1465:
1437:
662:
1417:
712:
of additional research on Classic Maya artistic conventions, symbolism, cosmology, and written history.
2296:
1985:
1941:
699:
Von Däniken reproduced a drawing of the sarcophagus lid (though incorrectly labelling it as being from
613:
593:
492:
155:
1787:
388:
2552:
2212:
2111:
2094:
2084:
1792:
2517:
1772:
387:
is used, this serves to distinguish him from two later known successors to the American rulership,
1624:
657:
The large carved stone sarcophagus lid in the Temple of Inscriptions is a unique piece of Classic
473:
183:
103:
2012:
1378:
441:
during Pakal's early childhood in 611. The deaths the following year of both the ruling Palenque
277:
608:
695:
20:
2282:
522:
In 647, at the age of 44, Pakal began his first construction project, the temple today called
2507:
2415:
2089:
2002:
1953:
1869:
1719:
708:
597:
585:
335:
280:. He acceded to the throne in July 615 and ruled until his death. Pakal reigned 68 years—the
2542:
2385:
2275:
2237:
1970:
1936:
1734:
1729:
1709:
2567:
2527:
690:
8:
2648:
2643:
2487:
2244:
2185:
2128:
1724:
1714:
720:
2522:
2350:
2289:
2121:
2049:
1828:
1390:
1357:
2390:
1921:
1844:
1570:
1563:
1549:
1541:
1510:
1491:
1443:
1404:
1394:
1387:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
1364:
1293:
1187:
1153:
1128:
1074:
1049:
989:
928:
716:
686:
634:
461:
424:
290:
266:
199:
178:
2562:
2592:
2365:
1948:
1802:
1533:
732:
661:. Iconographically, however, it is closely related to the large wall panels of the
653:
Carved lid of the tomb of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I in the Temple of the Inscriptions.
403:
392:
1906:
1339:
727:" as an incarnation named "Valum Votan," who would act as a "closer of the cycle"
2617:
2472:
2345:
2330:
2140:
2106:
1997:
1931:
1864:
1762:
1614:
1019:
728:
704:
508:
2268:
1226:"This Haunting Mask Could Be The Face of The Longest-Reigning Ancient Maya King"
55:
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal's portrait on occasion of ascension from Oval Palace Tablet
2612:
2380:
2034:
1744:
1607:
1537:
767:
670:
602:
438:
420:
383:
ranking, he does not himself appear to have been a king. When instead the name
247:
209:
93:
2622:
1020:"The Tomb of K'inich Janaab Pakal: The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque"
569:, a royal official inaugurated under the reign of Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II.
2637:
2602:
2597:
2230:
2150:
2101:
2059:
2039:
2024:
1960:
1821:
1749:
1545:
1408:
1382:
780:
759:
626:
514:
445:
434:
just four years earlier, and another catastrophic attack was led by Calakmul
366:
274:
219:
1184:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
1150:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
1125:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
1046:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
986:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
925:
Janaab' Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler
584:
Pakal was buried in a colossal sarcophagus within the largest of Palenque's
306:
2482:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2225:
2219:
2074:
2064:
2044:
1755:
1739:
1663:
1553:
855:"Believe in Atlantis? These archaeologists want to win you back to science"
674:
649:
449:
374:
592:"House of the Nine Sharpened Spears" in Classic Maya and now known as the
354:, Pakal had been known by various nicknames and approximations, including
2457:
2375:
2251:
2054:
2007:
770:; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etzʼnab 11 Yax (Tiesler & Cucina 2004, p. 40).
630:
622:
351:
286:
2190:
2029:
1975:
1073:. The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute. pp. 117–119, 152–153.
666:
546:
80:
2370:
1439:
The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs
731:(an event that is also significant on Argüelles' "13 Moon" calendar).
2340:
2261:
1965:
1632:
793:
2175:
1813:
1422:
Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)
1208:"Incredible Maya discovery: Ancient king's mask uncovered in Mexico"
2607:
2467:
2452:
2435:
2430:
2019:
658:
431:
412:
270:
159:
119:
65:
2170:
700:
2497:
2462:
2355:
1926:
365:
In modern sources Pakal's name is also sometimes appended with a
124:
2180:
677:
saw Pakal falling down the Milky Way into the southern horizon.
2447:
2395:
2360:
2165:
1490:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
317:
128:
637:
on his teeth are also consistent with such an interpretation.
2492:
2477:
2425:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2195:
724:
2160:
2133:
379:
261:
61:
35:
1377:
50:
472:; during their long marriage, they had at least two sons—
377:. However, although his grandfather was a personage of
1591:
Mesoweb's description of the discovery of Pakal's tomb
1359:
Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path
1355:
Freidel, David A.; Schele, Linda; Parker, Joy (1993).
350:. Before his name was securely deciphered from extant
1565:
Chariots of the Gods?: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past
1122:
1523:
739:(2006), also uses the name "Pacal Votan" for Pakal.
1354:
796:
of France; Louis's record still stands as of today.
715:Another example of this carving's manifestation in
407:
Mounted funerary jewelry of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I.
334:("Radiant Corn-Flower (?) Shield"), is rendered in
1562:
1356:
2635:
395:, the last-known Palenque ruler (ruled c. 799).
1186:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
1152:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 60–67.
1127:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 48–59.
1048:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
988:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
927:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 21–47.
423:of the ruling Palenque dynasty and her husband
792:Pakal's record was surpassed in June 1711, by
1829:
1648:
1435:
1147:
754:
752:
1504:
1287:
1260:Freidel, Schele & Parker 1993, pp. 76–77
1071:The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque
507:, was from Pipaʼ, generally associated with
19:"Pakal" redirects here. For other uses, see
663:temples of the Cross and the Foliated Cross
1836:
1822:
1655:
1641:
1290:Explorations in Archaeology and Philosophy
749:
49:
895:Skidmore 2010, pp. 56–57, 71–73, 83, 91.
1485:
1463:
648:
607:
601:transition to divinity and figures from
576:A reconstruction of Pakal's tomb in the
571:
513:
468:from Palenque's satellite settlement of
402:
1560:
1242:Schele & Mathews 1998, pp. 111–112.
1181:
1094:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
1043:
1017:
983:
922:
703:) and compared Pakal's pose to that of
2636:
1662:
1505:Stuart, David; Stuart, George (2008).
1436:Schele, Linda; Mathews, Peter (1998).
1068:
644:
259:(March 24, 603 – August 29, 683), was
246:
2659:7th-century monarchs in North America
1843:
1817:
1636:
1418:"Who's Who in the Classic Maya World"
1389:(2nd ed.). London and New York:
1251:Stuart & Stuart 2008, pp. 174–177
956:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–168.
913:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–168.
904:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–165.
843:Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–168.
689:speculations since its appearance in
685:Pakal's tomb has been the subject of
2664:7th century in the Maya civilization
1473:(5th ed.). Mesoweb Publications
852:
680:
553:in his own right—and two grandsons,
282:fifth-longest verified regnal period
1415:
1363:. New York: William Morrow and Co.
537:
13:
1507:Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya
1329:
495:. Six days later Nuun Ujol Chaak,
487:In 628, one of Pakal's officials (
289:, which has become the subject of
14:
2675:
1584:
1008:Tiesler & Cucina 2004, p. 40.
1905:
1314:2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl
974:Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162.
886:Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162.
737:2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl
588:structures, the building called
323:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I's glyphs.
316:
305:
229:
16:Ajaw of Palenque from 615 to 683
1306:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1218:
1200:
1175:
1166:
1141:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1087:
1062:
1037:
1011:
1002:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
916:
907:
898:
889:
799:
480:(b. 644)—and probably a third,
1619:July 27, 615 – August 29, 683
1332:"Von Daniken's Maya Astronaut"
880:
871:
846:
837:
828:
819:
786:
773:
578:Museo Nacional de Antropología
273:in the Late Classic period of
1:
1323:
1025:. Mesoweb Articles. p. 5
398:
812:
248:[kʼihniʧχanaːɓpakal]
7:
1561:Däniken, Erich von (1969).
1292:. Springer. pp. 7–24.
853:Wade, Lizzie (2019-04-09).
545:After his death, Pakal was
411:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal was a
75:27 July 615 – 29 August 683
10:
2680:
2558:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1783:K'inich Ahkal Mo' Nahb III
1778:K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II
1538:10.1016/j.jchb.2004.01.003
1486:Stokstad, Marilyn (2008).
614:Temple of the Inscriptions
594:Temple of the Inscriptions
559:Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II
188:Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II
156:Temple of the Inscriptions
18:
2581:
2506:
2306:
2213:Annals of the Cakchiquels
2204:
2149:
2073:
1914:
1903:
1853:
1702:
1670:
1621:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1278:von Däniken, pp. 100–101.
1093:
1018:Guenter, Stanley (2007).
965:Skidmore 2010, pp. 71–73.
947:Skidmore 2010, pp. 71–73.
877:Skidmore 2010, pp. 71–73.
719:is the identification by
348:KʼINICH-ja-na-bi-pa-ka-la
225:
215:
205:
195:
191:Tiwol Chan Mat (probable)
177:
166:
150:
136:
113:
109:
99:
89:
79:
71:
60:
48:
44:(Divine Lord of Palenque)
33:
28:
1442:. New York: Touchstone.
742:
455:
2573:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
2533:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
1798:K'inich K'uk' Bahlam II
1788:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II
1509:. Thames & Hudson.
1464:Skidmore, Joel (2010).
518:The Palace of Palenque.
389:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II
344:KʼINICH-JANA꞉B-pa-ka-la
340:KʼINICH-JANA꞉B-PAKAL-la
296:
278:Mesoamerican chronology
1793:K'inich Kan Bahlam III
1768:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I
1467:The Rulers of Palenque
1069:Stuart, David (2005).
654:
617:
581:
519:
408:
240:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I
29:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I
21:Pakal (disambiguation)
2548:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
2538:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2297:Título de Totonicapán
1870:Classic Maya collapse
1773:K'inich Kan Bahlam II
1625:Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II
825:Skidmore 2010, p. 71.
696:Chariots of the Gods?
652:
611:
598:Alberto Ruz Lhuillier
575:
517:
406:
184:Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II
170:Lady Tzʼakbu Ajaw of
104:Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II
2654:Monarchs of Palenque
2553:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
2276:Ritual of the Bacabs
1937:Twin-pyramid complex
834:Skidmore 2010, p. 7.
693:'s 1968 best-seller
631:Maya written history
419:(March 603) to Lady
332:Kʼinich Janaab Pakal
291:pseudoarchaeological
244:Mayan pronunciation:
2518:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
2488:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
2283:Songs of Dzitbalché
1671:Mythological rulers
1391:Thames & Hudson
645:Pakal's sarcophagus
590:Bʼolon Yej Teʼ Naah
491:), was captured by
391:(ruled c. 742) and
330:Pakal's full name,
2543:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
2351:Howler monkey gods
1720:B'utz Aj Sak Chiik
1664:Rulers of Palenque
671:Tonsured Maize God
655:
618:
582:
520:
409:
38:Kʼuhul Baakel Ajaw
2631:
2630:
2568:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
2528:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
1846:Maya civilization
1811:
1810:
1735:Ahkal Mo' Nahb II
1730:K'an Joy Chitam I
1631:
1630:
1622:Succeeded by
1593:(via Archive.org)
1497:978-0-205-74422-0
1342:on April 12, 2008
1330:Finley, Michael.
1312:Daniel Pinchbeck
1299:978-3-030-61051-7
1232:. 30 August 2018.
1214:. 29 August 2018.
1193:978-0-8165-2510-2
1159:978-0-8165-2510-2
1134:978-0-8165-2510-2
1113:Stokstad, p. 388.
1055:978-0-8165-2510-2
995:978-0-8165-2510-2
934:978-0-8165-2510-2
717:pseudoarchaeology
691:Erich von Däniken
687:ancient astronaut
681:Pseudoarchaeology
565:of Palenque) and
462:Maya civilization
352:Maya inscriptions
251:), also known as
237:
236:
132:
2671:
2593:Lady Eveningstar
2585:
2510:
2310:
2153:
2077:
1909:
1875:Spanish conquest
1857:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1803:Janaab Pakal III
1725:Ahkal Mo' Nahb I
1703:Palenque dynasty
1657:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1615:King of Palenque
1605:Preceded by
1597:
1596:
1580:
1569:. Bantam Books.
1568:
1557:
1520:
1501:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1416:Mathews, Peter.
1412:
1374:
1362:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1338:. Archived from
1317:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
938:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
806:
803:
797:
790:
784:
777:
771:
756:
733:Daniel Pinchbeck
709:extraterrestrial
538:Death and burial
415:native, born on
393:Janaab Pakal III
320:
309:
250:
245:
233:
143:
122:
53:
26:
25:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2618:Wak Chanil Ajaw
2583:
2577:
2508:
2502:
2308:
2302:
2200:
2151:
2145:
2117:Human sacrifice
2075:
2069:
1932:Triadic pyramid
1910:
1901:
1865:Preclassic Maya
1855:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1812:
1807:
1698:
1666:
1661:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1587:
1577:
1517:
1498:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1426:
1424:
1401:
1371:
1345:
1343:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
996:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
935:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
863:
861:
851:
847:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
820:
815:
810:
809:
804:
800:
791:
787:
778:
774:
757:
750:
745:
705:Project Mercury
683:
647:
635:dental calculus
586:stepped pyramid
540:
478:Kʼan Joy Chitam
466:Toktahn dynasty
458:
401:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
321:
312:
311:
310:
299:
257:Pacal the Great
243:
190:
186:
162:
145:
141:
118:
56:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Yoʼnal Ahk III
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2129:Social classes
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:Maritime trade
1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:K'uk' Bahlam I
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:Regnal titles
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:External links
1583:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1558:
1521:
1516:978-0500051566
1515:
1502:
1496:
1483:
1461:
1448:
1433:
1413:
1400:978-0500287262
1399:
1375:
1370:978-0688100810
1369:
1352:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:(2006), p. 226
1305:
1298:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1217:
1199:
1192:
1174:
1172:Mathews, p. 1.
1165:
1158:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1106:
1104:Mathews, p. 1.
1097:
1086:
1079:
1061:
1054:
1036:
1010:
1001:
994:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
933:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
859:Science | AAAS
845:
836:
827:
817:
816:
814:
811:
808:
807:
798:
785:
772:
747:
746:
744:
741:
735:, in his book
721:José Argüelles
682:
679:
646:
643:
603:Maya mythology
557:(successor of
555:Ahkal Moʼ Nahb
539:
536:
505:Ahiin Chan Ahk
493:Piedras Negras
482:Tiwol Chan Mat
457:
454:
439:Scroll Serpent
400:
397:
322:
315:
314:
313:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
298:
295:
293:speculations.
269:city-state of
235:
234:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
181:
175:
174:
168:
164:
163:
154:
152:
148:
147:
144:(aged 80)
138:
134:
133:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Lady of Tikal
2601:
2599:
2598:Lady of Itzan
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:Título Cʼoyoi
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:Death rituals
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:Ajen Yohl Mat
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:Nikolai Grube
1380:
1379:Martin, Simon
1376:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1336:Shaw Webspace
1333:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1230:Science Alert
1227:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1080:0-93-405110-0
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1021:
1014:
1005:
997:
991:
987:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
936:
930:
926:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
860:
856:
849:
840:
831:
822:
818:
802:
795:
789:
782:
781:Maya calendar
776:
769:
768:8 Ajaw 13 Pop
765:
761:
760:Maya calendar
755:
753:
748:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
651:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:Maya calendar
624:
615:
610:
606:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
535:
531:
529:
525:
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
476:(b. 635) and
475:
471:
467:
463:
453:
451:
448:and his heir
447:
446:Ajen Yohl Mat
444:
440:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
405:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
372:
368:
367:regnal number
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
319:
308:
294:
292:
288:
283:
279:
276:
275:pre-Columbian
272:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
249:
241:
232:
228:
224:
221:
220:Maya religion
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
140:29 August 683
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
43:
41:
40:
39:
32:
27:
22:
2537:
2483:Vucub Caquix
2442:
2411:Ah-Muzen-Cab
2402:Post-Classic
2391:Moon goddess
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2269:Rabinal Achí
2267:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2220:Chilam Balam
2218:
2211:
1922:Architecture
1767:
1756:Janahb Pakal
1754:
1740:Kan Bahlam I
1691:
1684:
1679:?-Muwaan Mat
1677:
1613:
1564:
1532:(1): 65–76.
1529:
1525:
1506:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1453:. Retrieved
1438:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1386:
1358:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1335:
1313:
1308:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1269:Finley, p. 1
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1149:
1143:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1045:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1013:
1004:
985:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
924:
918:
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
862:. Retrieved
858:
848:
839:
830:
821:
801:
788:
775:
736:
714:
694:
684:
675:Linda Schele
665:centered on
656:
639:
619:
589:
583:
562:
550:
544:
541:
532:
528:Sak Nuk Naah
527:
521:
500:
496:
488:
486:
459:
450:Janahb Pakal
442:
435:
429:
425:Kʼan Moʼ Hix
410:
384:
378:
375:Janahb Pakal
370:
364:
359:
355:
347:
343:
339:
336:Classic Maya
331:
329:
260:
256:
252:
239:
238:
200:Kʼan Moʼ Hix
117:24 March 603
37:
36:
34:
2623:Yohl Ikʼnal
2458:Hun Hunahpu
2376:Kinich Ahau
2366:Jaguar gods
1759:(uncertain)
1745:Yohl Ik'nal
1488:Art History
1029:2 September
667:world trees
623:Epigraphers
567:Janaab Ajaw
563:kʼuhul ajaw
551:kʼuhul ajaw
524:El Olvidado
287:sarcophagus
142:(683-08-29)
90:Predecessor
85:27 July 615
2649:683 deaths
2644:603 births
2638:Categories
2473:Qʼuqʼumatz
2346:Hero Twins
2331:Death gods
2205:Literature
2141:Households
2107:Priesthood
1686:Uk'ix Chan
1576:0285502565
1477:12 October
1455:17 October
1449:068480106X
1427:18 October
1346:18 October
1324:References
864:2019-04-14
764:9.8.9.13.0
723:of "Pacal
489:aj kʼuhuun
484:(b. 648).
474:Kan Bahlam
417:9.8.9.13.0
399:Early life
356:Sun Shield
81:Coronation
2613:Sak Kʼukʼ
2443:Popol Vuh
2381:Maize god
2341:Goddess I
2262:Popol Vuh
2112:Sacrifice
2095:Midwifery
2085:Childhood
2035:Mythology
1998:Languages
1885:Guatemala
1763:Sak K'uk'
1608:Sak Kʼukʼ
1546:0018-442X
1409:191753193
813:Footnotes
794:Louis XIV
470:Uxteʼkʼuh
421:Sak Kʼukʼ
226:Signature
210:Sak Kʼukʼ
172:Uxteʼkʼuh
100:Successor
94:Sak Kʼukʼ
2608:Lady Xoc
2468:Jacawitz
2453:Camazotz
2436:Yum Kaax
2431:Kukulkan
2191:Tzolkʼin
2152:Calendar
2102:Religion
2060:Textiles
2040:Numerals
2025:Medicine
2020:Mayanist
1961:Ceramics
1954:Graffiti
1554:15553269
1385:(2008).
1212:Fox News
659:Maya art
432:Calakmul
413:Palenque
271:Palenque
216:Religion
160:Palenque
146:Palenque
123:(now in
120:Palenque
66:Palenque
2498:Zipacna
2463:Huracan
2371:Kʼawiil
2356:Itzamna
2317:Classic
2309:Deities
2239:Grolier
2232:Dresden
2226:Codices
2076:Society
2065:Warfare
2003:Classic
1981:Economy
1971:Cuisine
1942:Revival
1927:E-Group
1895:Yucatán
1880:Chiapas
1856:History
779:In the
762:: born
758:In the
729:in 2012
547:deified
385:Pakal I
265:of the
125:Chiapas
2584:Queens
2448:Awilix
2396:Yopaat
2361:Ixchel
2246:Madrid
2176:Kʼatun
2166:Baktun
2055:Stelae
2045:People
2008:Script
1966:Cities
1915:Topics
1715:Casper
1693:Casper
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509:Pomona
371:either
360:8 Ahau
206:Mother
196:Father
167:Spouse
151:Burial
129:Mexico
2509:Kings
2493:Xquic
2478:Tohil
2426:Ixtab
2336:God L
2326:Chaac
2321:Bacab
2253:Paris
2196:Winal
2171:Haabʼ
2090:Women
2050:Sites
2030:Music
1986:Trade
1976:Dance
1890:Petén
1471:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
743:Notes
725:Votan
701:Copán
456:Reign
346:, or
253:Pacal
179:Issue
72:Reign
2421:Chin
2416:Akna
2406:Acat
2181:Kʼin
2161:Ajaw
2134:Ajaw
2013:List
1571:ISBN
1550:PMID
1542:ISSN
1526:HOMO
1511:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1479:2015
1457:2015
1444:ISBN
1429:2015
1405:OCLC
1395:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1348:2015
1294:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1031:2022
990:ISBN
929:ISBN
629:and
612:The
501:ajaw
497:ajaw
443:ajaw
436:ajaw
380:ajaw
358:and
297:Name
267:Maya
262:ajaw
137:Died
114:Born
62:King
2386:Mam
2186:Tun
1949:Art
1534:doi
561:as
338:as
255:or
64:of
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