569:
803:
330:
656:
question on poetry was moved to the first session and the question on Song Neo-Confucian rationalism was moved to the second session. In 1787, the candidate’s option of choosing any one of the Five
Classics to discuss in the exam was changed so that a particular book from the Five Classics was set for candidates to compulsorily answer. In the same year, the question on Neo-Confucian rationalism was removed from the
585:
allowed in enter the hall once their name was called. Each candidate was given a roll of paper which identified the examination cell the candidate was to occupy in the exam. The examination hall was divided into long alleys lined with open cells, in which candidates took their exam. At one time, there could be up to ten or twelve thousand individuals in the same examination hall, from day to night.
37:
952:
584:
The provincial examination took place over three sessions with each session of the exam being held on a separate day. Three days would pass between each day of examination. The examination process started early in the day, Candidates assembled by the gates of the examination hall and candidates were
564:
and showing favourable treatment to particular candidates. As many as eight examiners would grade one candidate’s exam, whose name was concealed. Examiners would be removed from office if it was found that they had favoured a particular candidate during the grading of the exams. During the period
655:
books. In 1767, the first session was changed to consist of only three questions on the Four Books while the discussion on the Five
Classics was moved to the second session. Writing verdicts and addresses to the emperor were also abolished. Instead, a poetry question was introduced. In 1782, the
647:
writing in the eight-legged essay form; however, the form was reintroduced in 1668. In 1687, the imperial declaration and decree were removed as possible political forms of writing for candidates in the second session. In 1758, the first session was changed to include a question on Song dynasty
454:). The qualifying exam was held in each provincial capital, once every three years. Candidates were required to take the examination in their registered province and sitting the examination in unregistered provinces was prohibited. This process was called the
818:
rank brought degree-holders and their families such substantial privileges that it was not uncommon for families to pool their resources to support promising individuals from poor families during the examination process. Only those awarded with the
790:
from the residents of their county. Additionally, magistrates were responsible for maintaining law, order, and the moral and ethical standards in the areas under their control. However, by the end of the Ming dynasty and into the Qing dynasty,
1784:
517:
degree in China’s imperial civil examination system. There was no limit on a candidate’s age or on the number of times a candidate could sit the exam and candidates did not require a reference from officials to participate. However, women,
976:
examination system was introduced, which continued until the Qing dynasty. The military examinations were modelled on the civil examination system, held once every three years, with successful candidates being awarded the title of military
1564:
493:
degree through the civil examination pathway was a difficult process, with competition notably increasing during the Ming dynasty. By 1630, there were approximately 49200 candidates from across China competing for 1279
1005:. Aside from the need for candidates to satisfactorily demonstrate their physical abilities, the military exams had written components that required candidates to master military or classic texts, such as
700:, instead of through successfully passing the civil examinations. The practice was formally introduced in the Ming dynasty and continued to exist through the Qing dynasty as a common practice. This was a
723:
degree through office purchase enjoyed the same benefits, privileges and opportunity for career advancement as those who obtained the degree through the civil examinations. Men could register for the
565:
that the
Imperial Commissioner was in the province to overlook the examinations, his residence was guarded to prevent any candidates or friends or family of candidates from approaching him.
866:
also gained a higher social status. In imperial China, examinations and merit were strongly associated with social status, wealth, prestige, and political power. This is reflected in how
893:
at their residences to announce their achievements. Their families were referred to as "flagpole families", which was an honour and symbolised the higher social status of the family.
605:. The particular Classic on which the four questions were answered on was chosen by the candidate. In the second session, the candidate was required to write a discussion of the
485:
which occurred in three stages. Candidates were required to participate in all three stages of the examination. A quota system at the provincial level controlled the number of
2801:
643:
Throughout the use of the civil examination system, there were minor changes to the provincial examination format and curriculum. In 1663, the imperial examination
3113:
778:
degree were immediately eligible to become education officials and act as directors and subdirectors of prefectural and county schools. In the late-Ming dynasty,
640:
involving strict enforcement of rigid parallel-prose styles. Candidates were rejected for writing in any structure which diverged from this standardised form.
632:
was an examinable aspect of the candidate’s submission. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, all candidates’ essays were required to be composed in the form of
2158:
498:
degrees, with only 2.6% of candidates successfully obtaining the degree. From the period of 1800 to 1905, around 1500 men throughout China were awarded the
283:
rank, had to pass the provincial qualifying examination, held every three years in the provincial capital. A second, less widespread pathway to gaining the
2900:
541:
degree holders were required to travel to their respective provincial capitals to take three written examinations which were conducted over a week. An
530:
were excluded from participating. It was only during the Ming dynasty when sons of merchants were first legally allowed to take any civil examination.
1948:"From the imperial examination to the national college entrance examination: The dynamics of political centralism in China's educational enterprise"
568:
2811:
758:
degree-holders were eligible for official positions. However, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, passing the provincial examination and obtaining the
3144:
3129:
660:. By 1793, candidates were expected to write essays on all Five Classics. After 1793, the syllabus of the provincial examination remained fixed.
1430:
625:. In the third session, five essay questions on problems concerning the Five Classics, history and administrative affairs were to be answered.
2569:
2430:
2337:
900:
include exemption from labour services required of all commoners except civil examination degree-holders. They were also exempt from normal
3206:
2707:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2594:
2465:
3295:
1256:
3241:
3108:
3039:
2913:
2589:
2543:
2151:
436:
rank was awarded for candidates who passed the provincial level of the civil examination system in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The
2771:
3134:
3259:
3246:
2791:
1019:
title could participate in the metropolitan military exam, with successful candidates of this exam being awarded the military
2006:
1899:
1682:
1507:
1467:
1406:
1351:
2493:
2478:
2228:
2144:
3098:
2948:
2971:
2963:
762:
degree entitled the degree-holder to obtain a lower-level government official role. In the early- and mid-Ming dynasty,
2844:
2498:
782:
were placed in posts of county magistrates, as well as directors and subdirectors of schools. Those who were appointed
1492:
Mechanical
Analysis of China's Macro Economic Structure: Fundamentals Behind Its Macro Investment Strategy Formulation
715:
to the government. Through office purchase, men did not need to meet any eligibility requirements to be appointed the
3287:
3273:
3252:
3233:
3093:
2387:
1720:
2700:
2488:
3291:
3266:
2880:
2761:
404:
was the title awarded to candidates who had successfully passed the provincial examinations. The awarding of the
2925:
560:
were first transcribed in red ink before marking, to prevent examiners from identifying the candidates by their
3201:
3154:
2849:
2674:
2636:
2619:
2370:
1662:
986:
474:
241:
225:
165:
57:
878:
rank brought the degree-holder social privileges such as improved prospects for good marriages. Additionally,
3320:
3216:
3026:
2908:
2821:
2816:
2733:
2654:
2584:
2528:
2240:
1028:
689:
677:
542:
459:
447:
267:
73:
1987:"Heritage of the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China: Replacement of Old Education by New Education"
3103:
2938:
2574:
2332:
602:
598:
400:
dynasties, the civil examination system matured and became well-established. During these later dynasties,
2028:
2933:
2839:
2693:
597:. During the Qing dynasty, the first session required candidates to answer three questions based on the
3221:
3191:
3170:
2786:
2766:
2413:
2221:
1844:
1434:
1149:"Elite Recruitment and Political Stability: The Impact of the Abolition of China's Civil Service Exam"
912:
households also had economic privileges in the local community, such as a guaranteed minimum level of
295:
3315:
3067:
3009:
3004:
2981:
2943:
2631:
2327:
2029:"Farewell to Confucianism: The modernizing effect of dismantling China's imperial examination system"
770:, and department education officials. This entitled them to act as provincial examination officials.
1785:"Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China"
593:
Each of the three sessions of the provincial examination tested candidates on separate areas of the
3062:
2994:
2365:
2256:
2211:
3034:
2796:
2454:
606:
1881:
1617:
3014:
943:
ceremonies than commoners. For example, degree-holders were entitled to wear a scholar's robe.
672:
degree was through office purchase. Obtaining degrees through office purchase was known as the
1216:
3186:
2890:
2746:
2473:
2375:
2297:
2261:
823:
degree had the opportunity to obtain the highest degree of the civil examination system, the
839:
rank to have a father who had passed the provincial examination and had acquired at least a
802:
3211:
3139:
2999:
2741:
832:
807:
724:
506:
441:
249:
8:
3149:
2806:
2538:
2523:
2317:
1991:
A School in Ren
Village: A Historical-Ethnographical Study of China's Educational Changes
1565:"Syllabus of the Provincial Examination (hsiang-shih) under the Early Ch'ing (1644–1795)"
905:
1306:
260:
is also known, in
English, as the provincial examination. It was a rank higher than the
3049:
2716:
2646:
2189:
2095:
2056:
1928:
1820:
1812:
1592:
1513:
1424:
1365:
1284:
633:
358:
350:
201:
193:
3057:
2781:
2548:
2533:
2483:
2292:
2201:
2184:
2087:
2048:
2002:
1967:
1895:
1824:
1804:
1762:
1716:
1678:
1674:
1596:
1584:
1517:
1503:
1463:
1412:
1402:
1369:
1357:
1347:
1288:
1276:
1170:
618:
482:
424:
rank: one, through the civil examination system; the other, through office purchase.
409:
149:
141:
2060:
1845:"Milestones on the Road to Maturity: Growing up with the Civil Service Examinations"
3077:
2831:
2751:
2282:
2266:
2206:
2176:
2040:
1994:
1959:
1887:
1796:
1752:
1670:
1629:
1576:
1495:
1455:
1339:
1268:
1160:
955:
Military examination in Qing dynasty, China. Examinees are being tested on mounted
882:
gave their family the ability to gain or maintain their elite status. For example,
649:
613:
and attempt any one of the following political forms of writing: an address to the
519:
106:
2044:
3072:
2553:
731:
556:
The examination was governed by strict rules to ensure the process was fair. All
1998:
1633:
1499:
80:
64:
2443:
2438:
2380:
2312:
2194:
2168:
2136:
1011:
545:, also known as the Grand Examiner, was sent to overlook the examinations from
253:
127:
1986:
1963:
1580:
1487:
1343:
3309:
2518:
2216:
2091:
2052:
1971:
1808:
1766:
1588:
1416:
1361:
1280:
1174:
1085:
1056:
998:
993:). Military examinations involved various physical tests, such as ability in
917:
847:
degree was that the title was awarded for life, unlike the lower prefectural
629:
609:. Additionally, the candidate was required to compose five essays on writing
368:
The civil service examination system was first officially established in the
354:
329:
1947:
1741:"Long Live Keju! The Persistent Effects of China's Civil Examination System"
1331:
1257:"Legacy of Success: Office Purchase and State-Elite Relations in Qing China"
1088:, Chinese official, scholar, and writer, active during the late Qing dynasty
2885:
2599:
2448:
1091:
1073:
1067:
751:
711:
During the Qing dynasty, men could become officials by making a payment in
550:
420:
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were two pathways to gaining the
397:
393:
381:
377:
334:
113:
45:
1459:
1396:
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2875:
2870:
2624:
2408:
2287:
2233:
1757:
1740:
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561:
373:
369:
346:
2099:
2076:"Chinese military institutions in the mid-nineteenth century, 1850—1860"
2075:
1932:
1449:
684:), or the irregular path to gaining a degree. Office purchase, known as
2579:
1916:
1816:
913:
901:
783:
705:
697:
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357:. Those who were recommended for civil service were required to pass a
1891:
1165:
1148:
2776:
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2322:
2307:
1079:
1051:
969:
951:
835:. In the Qing dynasty, it became a requirement for candidates of the
644:
573:
389:
262:
158:
1800:
2953:
2865:
2418:
2403:
2114:
1061:
1002:
973:
932:
928:
657:
577:
527:
440:
who came first in the examination process was awarded the title of
362:
318:
303:
179:
41:
1448:
Cheung, Siu-Keung; Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei; Nedilsky, Lida V. (2009).
1117:
The
Chinese Imperial Examination System: An Annotated Bibliography
886:
degree-holders were eligible to erect flagpoles with red and gold
1217:"The Chinese Imperial Examination System (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1006:
994:
956:
936:
750:
rank enabled degree-holders to obtain official positions. In the
614:
610:
546:
307:
2115:"Survey of the Legitimate and Illegitimate Dynasties in History"
1618:"The Civil Examination System in Late Imperial China, 1400–1900"
738:
degree-holders to use office purchase to further their careers.
236:'recommended man') was a rank achieved by people who passed the
2989:
2756:
2302:
767:
712:
622:
534:
523:
299:
3019:
2342:
1739:
Chen, Ting; Kung, James Kai-sing; Ma, Chicheng (2020-10-16).
940:
862:
Aside from the possibility of gaining higher official roles,
696:), was the practice of obtaining degrees and offices through
637:
557:
1917:"Perceptions of Provincial Officialdom in Early T'ang China"
1332:"Merits and Demerits of Political Systems in Dynastic China"
908:, and could not be arrested without special imperial order.
2347:
890:
887:
36:
572:
Chinese civil service examination hall with 7500 cells in
3196:
2802:
Challenge Cup
Competition of Science Achievement in China
1669:. Harvard University Press. 2013-11-01. pp. 95–125.
1667:
787:
701:
198:
184:
170:
1488:"The History of China's Economic Structure Management"
927:
rank included the right of having different clothing,
1715:. United States: 1st World Publishing, Incorporated.
146:
132:
118:
741:
1486:Zhang, Xiaojiang (2020), Zhang, Xiaojiang (ed.),
1447:
1082:, anarchist writer and Republic of China official
799:degree-holders in high-level official positions.
3307:
2166:
513:degree, which was the degree directly below the
3145:International Alliance of Research Universities
3130:Association of East Asian Research Universities
279:rank, candidates, who had to already hold the
2701:
2570:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
2152:
576:, 1873. These cells were designed to prevent
78:
62:
3207:Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers
3296:Types of universities and colleges in China
1985:Si, Hongchang (2018), Si, Hongchang (ed.),
727:entrance examination and then purchase the
533:The provincial examination occurred in the
502:degree after every provincial examination.
233:
2708:
2694:
2159:
2145:
1738:
1429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1401:. David Pong. Farmington Hills, MI. 2009.
1329:
874:("your honour") by commoners. Gaining the
35:
3040:Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations
2914:National Education Examinations Authority
2544:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
1993:, Singapore: Springer, pp. 125–172,
1842:
1756:
1164:
505:The examination was open to men from all
2772:Burning of books and burying of scholars
1094:, politician and collaborator with Japan
950:
801:
628:In addition to the content of the exam,
567:
361:examination before they were awarded an
328:
3135:Association of Pacific Rim Universities
3114:Schools of Journalism and Communication
1914:
1883:The Ladder of Success in Imperial China
916:and pay, as well as tax reductions and
410:the abolition of the civil examinations
3308:
2715:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1852:Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies
1838:
1836:
1834:
1778:
1776:
1734:
1732:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1494:, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–16,
1146:
509:, as long as they were holders of the
321:examination system in imperial China.
200:
148:
2689:
2140:
2073:
1782:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1485:
1254:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1110:
1108:
795:degree-holders had begun to displace
392:of the state examination. During the
2112:
1945:
1783:Elman, Benjamin A. (February 1991).
1663:"3. Circulation of Ming-Qing Elites"
1481:
1479:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1304:
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1248:
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1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
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1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1114:
896:The legal privileges experienced by
668:The second pathway to obtaining the
469:The provincial examinations, called
427:
272:rank, which was the highest degree.
2562:
2106:
2026:
1862:
1831:
1773:
1729:
1562:
843:rank. An additional benefit of the
13:
2845:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
1984:
1879:
1691:
1646:
1603:
1529:
1307:"juren 舉人 (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
1261:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1105:
663:
287:rank was through office purchase.
14:
3332:
3288:Rankings of universities in China
3242:List of universities and colleges
1563:Lui, Adam Yuen-Chung (May 1974).
1476:
1376:
1295:
1233:
1181:
1123:
1047:as their highest degree include:
1038:
601:and four questions on one of the
2033:Journal of Development Economics
1675:10.4159/harvard.9780674726048.c5
786:were responsible for collecting
704:process and was overseen by the
3292:Science and technology in China
2881:Double First-Class Construction
2762:Academies of Classical Learning
2067:
2020:
1978:
1939:
1908:
1147:Bai, Ying; Jia, Ruixue (2016).
742:Responsibilities and privileges
353:level who were recommended for
349:to refer to individuals at the
199:
185:
171:
3202:Common Recruitment Examination
3155:Worldwide Universities Network
2850:Chinese Academy of Engineering
2371:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
1915:Herbert, Penelope Ann (1989).
1441:
1323:
1032:
990:
946:
693:
681:
489:titles awarded. Obtaining the
478:
463:
451:
415:
317:title was also awarded in the
245:
229:
147:
133:
119:
79:
63:
1:
3217:Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi
2822:Education inequality in China
2585:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2045:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.102382
1952:Journal of Contemporary China
1886:. Columbia University Press.
1622:Frontiers of History in China
1098:
870:were distinctly addressed as
774:who had failed to obtain the
719:rank. Those who obtained the
588:
16:Former rank in Imperial China
1789:The Journal of Asian Studies
1398:Encyclopedia of Modern China
1043:Notable people who achieved
1015:. Only individuals with the
7:
2840:Chinese Academy of Sciences
1999:10.1007/978-981-10-7225-3_5
1843:Weightman, Frances (2004).
1634:10.3868/s020-002-013-0003-9
1500:10.1007/978-981-15-3840-7_1
1119:. Rowman & Littlefield.
963:
10:
3337:
3285:
3222:Public English Test System
3192:Putonghua Proficiency Test
2949:Private and public schools
2787:Hundred Schools of Thought
2414:Bureau of Military Affairs
2338:Territorial administration
2222:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
2074:Smith, Richard J. (1974).
1880:Ho, Ping-Ti (1962-03-02).
1711:Giles, Herbert A. (2004).
1628:(1): 32–50. 5 March 2013.
507:socio-economic backgrounds
333:Civil examination hall in
324:
266:rank, but lower than the
3283:
3232:
3179:
3163:
3122:
3086:
3068:National Library of China
3048:
3010:Academic grading in China
3005:National Key Universities
2980:
2962:
2924:
2899:
2858:
2830:
2732:
2723:
2645:
2632:Embroidered Uniform Guard
2612:
2511:
2464:
2429:
2396:
2358:
2275:
2249:
2175:
1964:10.1080/10670569508724213
1946:Feng, Yuan (1995-01-01).
1713:The Civilization of China
1581:10.1017/S0026749X00014694
1344:10.1007/978-3-662-58514-6
1064:, scholar and secretariat
806:The hierarchy of China's
734:. It was also common for
213:
192:
178:
164:
157:
140:
126:
112:
105:
100:
96:
88:
72:
56:
34:
30:
23:
3197:Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì
3109:Foreign-language schools
3063:Book collecting in China
2995:National Key Disciplines
2595:Administrative divisions
2080:Journal of Asian History
2027:Bai, Ying (2019-11-01).
1451:Marginalization in China
1255:Zhang, Lawrence (2013).
1076:, scholar and politician
923:Other privileges of the
808:civil examination system
466:), or the regular path.
310:privileges accordingly.
58:Traditional Chinese
3035:Academic ranks in China
2797:Digital divide in China
2455:Secretariat-Chancellery
607:Classic of Filial Piety
298:status and experienced
74:Simplified Chinese
3015:State Key Laboratories
1336:China Academic Library
960:
811:
766:served as prefecture,
636:, which was a form of
581:
553:of China at the time.
345:was first used in the
338:
3187:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi
2909:Ministry of Education
2891:Thousand Talents Plan
2747:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
2529:Imperial Commissioner
2474:Ministry of Personnel
2376:Three Ducal Ministers
2298:Imperial examinations
2262:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
2119:World Digital Library
1460:10.1057/9780230622418
1433:) CS1 maint: others (
1311:www.chinaknowledge.de
1273:10.1353/jas.2013.0020
1221:www.chinaknowledge.de
954:
805:
621:, or another form of
571:
543:Imperial Commissioner
537:of every third year.
388:was used to refer to
332:
3321:Imperial examination
3212:College English Test
3140:Global U8 Consortium
3000:College English Test
2742:Imperial examination
2637:Qing Imperial Guards
2620:Tang Imperial Guards
1745:The Economic Journal
1569:Modern Asian Studies
855:degree could not be
833:national examination
250:imperial examination
2939:Secondary education
2812:1952 reorganization
2807:May Fourth Movement
2752:Scholar-bureaucrats
2539:Imperial Clan Court
2524:Remonstrance Bureau
2494:Ministry of Justice
2479:Ministry of Revenue
2333:Historical capitals
2318:Academies (Shuyuan)
2113:Shen, Defu (1578).
1330:Ch'ien, Mu (2019).
906:corporal punishment
634:eight-legged essays
2972:Vocation education
2817:Simplified Chinese
2717:Education in China
1935:– via JSTOR.
1758:10.1093/ej/ueaa043
1751:(631): 2030–2064.
1305:Theobald, Ulrich.
1215:Theobald, Ulrich.
1115:Wang, Rui (2013).
961:
812:
582:
359:central government
339:
3303:
3302:
3171:English education
3123:Int'l cooperation
3058:Archives in China
2934:Primary education
2792:Scouting in China
2782:Beijing Guozijian
2767:Chinese educators
2683:
2682:
2608:
2607:
2549:Viceroys in China
2534:Grand Secretariat
2507:
2506:
2499:Ministry of Works
2484:Ministry of Rites
2431:Three Departments
2388:Translated titles
2293:Five Directorates
2008:978-981-10-7225-3
1901:978-0-231-89496-8
1892:10.7312/ho--93690
1684:978-0-674-72604-8
1509:978-981-15-3840-7
1469:978-1-349-37844-9
1408:978-0-684-31571-3
1353:978-3-662-58513-9
1166:10.3982/ecta13448
428:Civil examination
408:title ended with
217:
216:
209:
208:
166:Yale Romanization
107:Standard Mandarin
3328:
3316:Academic degrees
3099:Business schools
3078:Shanghai Library
2944:Boarding schools
2726:Education system
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2560:
2559:
2427:
2426:
2328:Tributary system
2283:Nine-rank system
2267:Scholar-official
2257:Grand Chancellor
2161:
2154:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1877:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1840:
1829:
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1780:
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1760:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1708:
1689:
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1659:
1644:
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1614:
1601:
1600:
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1527:
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1445:
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1420:
1393:
1374:
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1327:
1321:
1320:
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1317:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1252:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1144:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1034:
992:
725:prefecture-level
695:
683:
480:
465:
453:
247:
235:
231:
205:
204:
203:
188:
187:
174:
173:
153:
152:
151:
136:
135:
122:
121:
98:
97:
84:
83:
68:
67:
39:
21:
20:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3279:
3228:
3175:
3159:
3118:
3094:Medical schools
3082:
3073:Nanjing Library
3044:
2976:
2958:
2920:
2895:
2854:
2826:
2728:
2719:
2714:
2684:
2679:
2641:
2613:Imperial guards
2604:
2558:
2554:Mandarin square
2503:
2489:Ministry of War
2460:
2425:
2397:Middle Imperial
2392:
2354:
2271:
2245:
2171:
2165:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2111:
2107:
2072:
2068:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1983:
1979:
1944:
1940:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1878:
1863:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1801:10.2307/2057472
1781:
1774:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1709:
1692:
1685:
1661:
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1647:
1638:
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1484:
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1395:
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1354:
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1315:
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1296:
1253:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1182:
1145:
1124:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1041:
1001:, and handling
966:
949:
744:
666:
664:Office purchase
623:imperial decree
591:
430:
418:
327:
290:Those with the
275:To achieve the
92:recommended man
89:Literal meaning
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3301:
3300:
3284:
3281:
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3177:
3176:
3174:
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3167:
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3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3150:Universitas 21
3147:
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3137:
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3126:
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3120:
3119:
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3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
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3060:
3054:
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3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:HKSAR students
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
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2922:
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2905:
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2901:Administration
2897:
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2557:
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2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
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2496:
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2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2466:Six Ministries
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2444:Zhongshu Sheng
2441:
2439:Shangshu Sheng
2435:
2433:
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2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
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2393:
2391:
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2383:
2381:Nine Ministers
2378:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2359:Early Imperial
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Hanlin Academy
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
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2243:
2238:
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2236:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2169:Imperial China
2167:Government of
2164:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2105:
2086:(2): 122–161.
2066:
2019:
2007:
1977:
1938:
1907:
1900:
1861:
1830:
1772:
1728:
1721:
1690:
1683:
1645:
1602:
1575:(3): 391–396.
1528:
1508:
1475:
1468:
1440:
1407:
1375:
1352:
1322:
1294:
1267:(2): 259–297.
1232:
1180:
1159:(2): 677–733.
1122:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1040:
1039:Notable people
1037:
1012:The Art of War
965:
962:
948:
945:
754:dynasty, only
746:Obtaining the
743:
740:
665:
662:
617:, an imperial
590:
587:
429:
426:
417:
414:
363:official title
326:
323:
254:imperial China
248:) exam in the
215:
214:
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190:
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176:
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162:
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159:Yue: Cantonese
155:
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144:
138:
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109:
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101:Transcriptions
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54:
53:
40:
32:
31:
28:
27:
15:
9:
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2:
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3314:
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3311:
3297:
3293:
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3269:
3268:
3264:
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3261:
3257:
3255:
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3248:
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3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:Subject areas
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
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3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
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3047:
3041:
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3028:
3023:
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3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
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2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
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2955:
2952:
2950:
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2937:
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2927:
2923:
2915:
2912:
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2907:
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2898:
2892:
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2879:
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2864:
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2813:
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2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2706:
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2699:
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2692:
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2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Grand Council
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Three Bureaus
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:Late Imperial
2510:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
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2428:
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2417:
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2299:
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2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Son of Heaven
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
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2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:
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1798:
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1733:
1724:
1722:9781595406514
1718:
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1301:
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1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:Huang Zunxian
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Yang Shoujing
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:equestrianism
996:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
958:
953:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
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842:
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834:
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800:
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777:
773:
769:
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761:
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753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
671:
661:
659:
654:
651:
650:Neo-Confucian
646:
641:
639:
638:prose-writing
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:Five Classics
600:
596:
586:
579:
575:
570:
566:
563:
559:
554:
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544:
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536:
531:
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2276:Institutions
2123:. Retrieved
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2036:
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2012:, retrieved
1990:
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1074:Liang Qichao
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3104:Law schools
2876:Project 985
2871:Project 211
2625:Shence Army
2409:Jimi system
2288:Nine Courts
2234:Consort kin
2039:: 102–382.
1795:(1): 7–28.
947:Other usage
902:penal codes
653:rationalist
619:declaration
562:calligraphy
416:Appointment
384:dynasties,
370:Sui dynasty
347:Han Dynasty
3310:Categories
3286:See also:
3260:Wu Shulian
3087:Specialist
2964:Vocational
2580:Lifan Yuan
2014:2021-05-15
1921:Asia Major
1858:: 113–135.
1639:2021-05-15
1523:2021-05-15
1316:2021-05-15
1226:2021-05-15
1099:References
931:, guards,
918:exemptions
914:employment
784:magistrate
706:government
599:Four Books
595:curriculum
589:Curriculum
390:candidates
351:provincial
252:system of
128:Wade–Giles
3050:Libraries
2832:Academies
2777:Guozijian
2647:Dynasties
2323:Censorate
2308:Guozijian
2092:0021-910X
2053:0304-3878
1972:1067-0564
1825:154406547
1809:1752-0401
1767:0013-0133
1597:144974513
1589:1469-8099
1518:216386846
1425:cite book
1417:432428521
1370:202313120
1362:2195-1853
1289:154135928
1281:1944-6454
1175:0012-9682
1080:Wu Zhihui
1070:, general
1052:Shen Defu
1035:) title.
1025:wu jinshi
970:Wu Zetian
929:carriages
857:inherited
849:shengyuan
580:in exams.
574:Guangdong
539:Shengyuan
528:merchants
511:shengyuan
412:in 1904.
341:The term
304:political
281:shengyuan
263:shengyuan
172:géoi-yàhn
3234:Rankings
2954:Zhongkao
2866:Plan 111
2859:Projects
2419:Shumishi
2404:Jiedushi
2185:Monarchy
2177:Nobility
2100:41930145
2061:14938561
1933:41645430
1062:Wei Yuan
1017:wu juren
1003:polearms
983:wu juren
974:military
964:Military
933:servants
698:purchase
658:syllabus
611:verdicts
578:cheating
520:Buddhist
481:), were
471:xiangshi
319:military
308:economic
258:xiangshi
238:xiangshi
186:geoi-jan
180:Jyutping
42:Wei Yuan
2734:History
2250:Offices
2229:Empress
2207:Emperor
2190:Dynasty
1817:2057472
1029:Chinese
1007:Sun Tzu
995:archery
987:Chinese
968:During
957:archery
937:funeral
690:Chinese
678:Chinese
615:emperor
551:capital
547:Beijing
475:Chinese
460:Chinese
456:zhengtu
448:Chinese
443:jieyuan
325:History
242:Chinese
226:Chinese
134:chü-jen
51:scholar
3294:, and
3274:Netbig
2990:Gaokao
2982:Higher
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768:county
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686:juanna
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300:social
296:gentry
269:jinshi
256:. The
244::
228::
3180:Exams
3020:JUPAS
2926:Basic
2590:Ranks
2343:Yamen
2241:Harem
2195:Cycle
2096:JSTOR
2057:S2CID
1929:JSTOR
1848:(PDF)
1821:S2CID
1813:JSTOR
1593:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1285:S2CID
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2003:ISBN
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1504:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1435:link
1431:link
1413:OCLC
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814:The
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