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Junkers G.38

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249: 150: 314: 449: 482: 460: 199: 26: 222:. The plane was unique in that passengers were seated in the wings, which were 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) thick at the root. There were also two seats in the extreme nose. The leading edge of each wing was fitted with sloping windscreens giving these passengers the forward-facing view usually available only to pilots. There were three 11-seat cabins, plus smoking cabins and washrooms. 266:
mid-1932, during which a second deck was built within the D-2000's fuselage—enabling an increased cargo capacity and seating for up to 30 passengers. Additionally the D-2000's engines were again upgraded to four L88s, giving a total power of 2352 kW (3154 hp). Also at this time the D-2000's registration was changed to D-AZUR.
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made several attempts to produce a large scale commercial transport. His initial attempt, the four-engined JG1, was developed during 1921-1922; but Junkers was forced to destroy the incomplete airplane based on post-WWI Allied demands citing the Treaty of Versailles. Later in the decade, in 1925, he
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Structurally the G.38 conformed to standard Junkers' practice, with a multi-tubular spar cantilever wing covered (like the rest of the aircraft) in stressed, corrugated duraluminium. The biplane tail, found in other large aircraft of the time, was intended to reduce rudder forces; initially there
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On 1 July 1931 Luft Hansa initiated regularly scheduled service between Berlin and London on flights carrying up to 13 passengers. This London-Berlin service was halted in October 1931 to retrofit the aircraft and expand the passenger cabin of the D-2000. Construction lasted from this time until
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project. Then again, towards the end of the decade, the G.40 project was started by the Junkers design team as a trans-Atlantic mail plane. From the G.40 design, which was a seaplane configuration, Junkers also developed a landplane design, designated the G.38. Despite interest from the German
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were three rudders with only a central fixed fin. The undercarriage was fixed, with double tandem main wheels that were initially enclosed in very large spats. The wing had the usual Junkers "double wing" form, the name referring to the full span movable flaps which served also as
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and capacity for 34 passengers. Six passengers were carried three per wing in each leading edge, the remaining 22 on two levels in the fuselage. Luft Hansa used D-APIS on a scheduled service covering the cities Berlin, Hanover, Amsterdam, and London. This aircraft was named
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purchased the D-2000 for demonstration flights, and took delivery on 27 March 1930. In flight tests, the G.38 set four world records including speed, distance and duration for airplanes lifting a 5000 kg payload. On 2 May 1930
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On 2 February 1931 the Leipzig-based Junkers' yard re-engined the D-2000 with two Junkers L8 and two L88 engines, giving a total power rating of 1764 kW (2366 hp) and increasing passenger capacity from 13 to 19.
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during a post-maintenance test flight. Luft Hansa had to write off this aircraft due to the extensive damage, but test pilot Wilhelm Zimmermann survived the crash, and there were no other casualties.
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fleet for nearly a decade. With the outbreak of World War II the D-2500/D-APIS was pressed into military service as a transport craft by the Luftwaffe. It was destroyed on the ground during an
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G38 Special, translated: "ten hour flight with press on board over Germany; a round Europe flight to eleven capitals and showing the airplane to prominent business people and politicians"
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During its early life the G.38 was the largest landplane in the world. Passenger accommodation was sumptuous by today's standards and was meant to rival that found on the competing
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which first flew in 1929. Two examples were constructed in Germany. Both aircraft flew as a commercial transport within Europe in the years leading up to
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showing spatted tandem main wheels, the aileron section of the "double wing" and—most unusually—retractable oil and water radiators
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designs, and even later considered by both NASA and Boeing as an alternative to traditional tube and wing aircraft configurations.
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Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.
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armed forces in the G.40 variant, Junkers pushed forward with the landplane design which, having received financing from the
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six-cylinder, water-cooled, in-line gasoline piston engines, 308 kW (413 hp) each at take-off, outboard
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The G.38 carried a crew of seven. Onboard mechanics were able to service the engines in flight due to the G.38's
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Meanwhile, a second G.38—factory number 3302 and c/n D-2500, later changed to D-APIS—was built with a
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2-bladed wooden fixed pitch propellers outboard, 4-bladed wooden fixed pitch propellers inboard
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The first Junkers prototype—3301 and marked as D-2000—first flew on 6 November 1929 with four
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published design specifications for a proposed eighty passenger trans-Atlantic aircraft - the
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put the D-2000 into commercial service for both scheduled and chartered flights.
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Both planes were in service simultaneously until 1936, when D-AZUR crashed in
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The second G.38—marked D-2500 and later D-APIS—flew successfully within the
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engines, giving a total power rating of 2208 kW (2960 hp).
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In 1934 D-2000/D-AZUR had its engines upgraded, this time with
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Junkers G 38 3-view drawing from NACA Aircraft Circular No.116
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The G.38 was featured in the 2013 semi-fictional movie ''
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design, which provided access to all four power plants.
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Deutsche Lufthansa poster featuring the D-2500 airliner
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30 (D-2000/D-AZUR) and 34 (D-2500/D-APIS) passengers
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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
705:"ZOOM Plane and not so simple - The Boston Globe" 3858: 858:cutaway drawing of G.38 better than 1931 article 837:"Passengers Ride in Wings of Biggest Land Plane" 822:Movie of the first test flight of the G38 D-2000 390:V12 water-cooled gasoline piston engines inboard 3835:Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved 785:G38 Special: Fliegendes Hotel: Die Junkers G 38 1472:Reich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations 433:3,460 km (2,150 mi, 1,870 nmi) 1456: 882: 677:"Longer Range of Diesel Plane Cuts Fuel Cost" 308: 126:During the 1930s, the design was licensed to 3872:World War II transport aircraft of Germany 1463: 1449: 889: 875: 852:article includes photo and cutaway drawing 810:. MĂĽnchen, Germany: Curt Pechstein Verlag. 421:225 km/h (140 mph, 121 kn) 659: 657: 655: 653: 144: 827:"Huge Plane Carries Passengers In Wings" 756:translated by Dr. Oliver Schnaedelbach. 447: 427:175 km/h (109 mph, 94 kn) 312: 247: 206:, showing the windows of the wing cabins 197: 148: 3859: 650: 605: 603: 601: 599: 597: 595: 593: 591: 589: 587: 260: 225:In design terms the G-38 followed the 1444: 870: 805: 502: 896: 667:(1971). New York:Arco Publishing Inc 344:23.21 m (76 ft 2 in) 276:General Feldmarschall von Hindenburg 663:Turner, P. St.J, & Nowarra, H. 634: 632: 630: 628: 626: 624: 584: 362:290 m (3,100 sq ft) 305:air raid on Athens on 17 May 1941. 13: 799: 356:7.2 m (23 ft 7 in) 14: 3903: 862:Photo of D-APIS in Greece in 1941 815: 688: 536:List of RLM aircraft designations 350:44 m (144 ft 4 in) 621: 612: 480: 458: 380:21,240 kg (46,826 lb) 368:14,920 kg (32,893 lb) 24: 808:Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure 725: 374:24,000 kg (52,911 lb) 697: 670: 641: 439:3,690 m (12,110 ft) 1: 3882:Four-engined tractor aircraft 3838:Assigned to captured aircraft 760:. The 20-2-40 Style Syndicate 572: 3892:Four-engined piston aircraft 3887:Aircraft first flown in 1929 3844:Propaganda/cover designation 740:. 2007-10-11. Archived from 443: 7: 524: 10: 3908: 665:Junkers: an aircraft album 309:Specifications (G.38 1929) 3825: 3595:Post-349 (non-sequential) 3594: 3315: 2732: 2118: 1483: 1292: 1246: 1146: 905: 95: 87: 82: 74: 57: 45: 37: 32: 23: 18: 577: 513:'' by Japanese director 254:Berlin Tempelhof Airport 1150:(experimental aircraft) 1147:Company EF designations 842:Popular Science Monthly 323:General characteristics 3867:1930s German airliners 806:Zuerl, Walter (1941). 453: 318: 257: 207: 154: 145:Design and development 451: 316: 251: 201: 152: 906:Company designations 845:: 43. February 1930. 694:Junkers, G38 Special 271:double deck fuselage 233:, later followed by 229:design pioneered by 3832:Unofficial/proposed 794:junkers.de (German) 781:junkers.de (German) 542:Related development 472:Deutsche Luft Hansa 378:Max takeoff weight: 298:Deutsche Luft Hansa 261:Operational history 252:First prototype at 218:service offered by 195:in the outer part. 33:General information 1008:H 21 / J 21 / T 21 790:2018-09-05 at the 777:2018-09-05 at the 503:In popular culture 454: 319: 258: 208: 180:Reich Air Ministry 169:Reich Air Ministry 157:During the 1920s, 155: 117:transport aircraft 3854: 3853: 1438: 1437: 830:Popular Mechanics 682:Popular Mechanics 227:blended wing body 105: 104: 3899: 3877:Junkers aircraft 3647: 3627: 3582: 3528: 3523: 3504: 3464: 3459: 3450: 3426: 3406: 3396: 3386: 3381: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3303: 3264: 3245: 3201: 3191: 3176: 3161: 3156: 3126: 3076: 3066: 3051: 2999: 2989: 2979: 2959: 2944: 2939: 2853: 2838: 2809: 2771: 2761: 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813: 812: 801: 798: 796: 795: 782: 769: 758:"Junkers G-38" 753: 734:"Junkers G 38" 729: 727: 724: 721: 720: 696: 687: 669: 649: 640: 620: 611: 582: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 568: 567: 565:Burnelli CBY-3 562: 560:Tupolev ANT-20 551: 550: 539: 538: 533: 526: 523: 515:Hayao Miyazaki 510:The Wind Rises 504: 501: 500: 499: 498: 497: 477: 476: 475: 445: 442: 441: 440: 434: 428: 422: 419:Maximum speed: 408: 407: 401: 391: 381: 375: 369: 363: 357: 351: 345: 339: 333: 310: 307: 262: 259: 231:Louis de Monge 153:Junkers G 38s. 146: 143: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 64: 59: 55: 54: 49: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 30: 29: 21: 20: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3904: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 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Retrieved 746:. Retrieved 742:the original 726:Bibliography 712:. Retrieved 708: 699: 690: 680: 672: 664: 643: 614: 569: 553: 552: 541: 540: 519:Hugo Junkers 508: 506: 492: 488:Nazi Germany 470: 436: 430: 424: 418: 411: 409: 403: 393: 383: 377: 371: 365: 359: 353: 347: 341: 335: 329: 322: 320: 296: 294: 287: 280: 275: 268: 264: 224: 213: 209: 189: 173: 159:Hugo Junkers 156: 139:blended wing 136: 125: 121:World War II 111:was a large 109:Junkers G.38 108: 106: 88:First flight 75:Number built 65: 47:Manufacturer 3841:Unconfirmed 2784:Me 209 (II) 1028:F 24 / G 24 772:Junkers-G38 412:Performance 404:Propellers: 398:Junkers L8a 394:Powerplant: 388:Junkers L88 384:Powerplant: 3861:Categories 3316:301 to 349 2780:Me 209 (I) 2733:201 to 300 2119:101 to 200 764:2007-11-26 748:2007-11-26 714:2017-05-05 573:References 360:Wing area: 241:and later 202:D-2500 at 185:Luft Hansa 128:Mitsubishi 62:Luft Hansa 517:, as was 494:Luftwaffe 444:Operators 348:Wingspan: 336:Capacity: 67:Luftwaffe 41:Transport 3368:Zwilling 1484:1 to 100 900:aircraft 788:Archived 775:Archived 525:See also 216:Zeppelin 204:Schiphol 193:ailerons 96:Variants 3770:ZSO 523 3730:DFS 468 3715:DFS 446 3681:ZMe 423 3571:DFS 346 3547:WNF 342 3493:DFS 332 3488:DFS 331 3444:ZMe 323 3323:DFS 301 3084:Me 261w 2913:DFS 230 2895:DFS 228 2890:FGP 227 2750:DFS 203 2686:DFS 194 2681:DFS 193 2195:He 111U 2181:Bf 109R 1279:E.I (2) 1249:Idflieg 898:Junkers 638:Junkers 531:Junkers 354:Height: 342:Length: 237:in his 83:History 52:Junkers 3817:Ju 635 3813:He 635 3809:Do 635 3804:Ar 632 3799:Me 609 3794:Me 600 3789:He 535 3785:Do 535 3775:Ar 532 3760:He 519 3755:Me 510 3750:Me 509 3745:He 500 3740:Fw 491 3735:Ju 488 3725:Me 462 3720:Ju 452 3705:Ar 440 3700:Do 435 3695:Ar 432 3690:Ka 430 3686:Ar 430 3676:He 419 3671:Do 417 3666:Me 410 3661:Me 409 3656:Ta 400 3651:Ar 396 3646:Ar 393 3641:Fw 391 3636:Ju 390 3631:Ju 388 3626:Me 368 3621:Me 364 3616:Me 362 3611:Ju 356 3607:Fi 356 3602:Ju 352 3586:Ba 349 3576:Rk 347 3566:Go 345 3561:So 344 3557:Rk 344 3552:He 343 3537:Ar 340 3532:Fl 339 3522:Ju 337 3517:Fa 336 3512:Do 335 3507:Me 334 3503:Ar 334 3498:Fi 333 3483:Fa 330 3478:Me 329 3473:Me 328 3468:Me 327 3458:Fw 325 3454:Fa 325 3440:Me 323 3435:Ju 322 3430:Me 321 3425:Me 320 3420:He 319 3415:Do 318 3410:Do 317 3400:Hs 315 3375:Me 310 3363:Me 309 3307:Fw 300 3302:Ju 299 3297:Hs 298 3292:Hs 297 3287:Hs 296 3283:Ar 296 3278:Hs 295 3273:Hs 294 3268:Hs 293 3263:Hs 292 3259:As 292 3254:Hs 291 3249:Ju 290 3244:Ju 289 3239:Ju 288 3235:Do 288 3230:Ju 287 3225:Ju 286 3220:Fl 285 3215:Fa 284 3210:Fa 283 3205:Fl 282 3200:He 281 3195:He 280 3190:He 279 3185:He 278 3180:He 277 3175:He 276 3170:He 275 3165:He 274 3160:He 273 3155:He 272 3150:We 271 3145:He 270 3140:Fa 269 3135:Ju 268 3130:Ho 267 3125:Go 266 3121:Fa 266 3116:Me 265 3112:Fl 265 3107:Me 264 3089:Me 262 3080:Me 261 3070:Fw 259 3060:SK 257 3055:Fi 256 3045:Ta 254 3041:Ho 254 3036:Ho 253 3032:Fi 253 3027:Ju 252 3022:Ho 252 3017:Ho 251 3012:Ho 250 3008:BV 250 3003:Ju 248 2993:BV 246 2988:Go 245 2983:Go 244 2978:Me 243 2973:Go 242 2968:Go 241 2963:Ar 240 2953:BV 238 2948:BV 237 2943:Fa 236 2938:Do 235 2933:Ar 234 2928:Ar 233 2923:Ar 232 2918:Ar 231 2904:Ho 229 2900:Go 229 2885:Ho 226 2881:BV 226 2876:Fa 225 2872:Ao 225 2867:Fa 224 2862:Fa 223 2857:BV 222 2852:Do 221 2847:He 220 2842:He 219 2837:Do 218 2832:Hs 217 2828:Do 217 2823:Do 216 2818:Do 215 2813:Do 214 2803:Do 212 2794:HĂĽ 211 2789:Me 210 2775:Me 208 2765:Fw 206 2755:Si 204 2745:Si 202 2740:Si 201 2724:Fw 200 2720:Do 200 2715:Ar 199 2710:Ar 198 2705:Ar 197 2700:Ar 196 2695:Ar 195 2690:Me 194 2677:Ao 193 2672:Ao 192 2667:Fw 191 2662:Fw 190 2657:Fw 189 2652:Ju 188 2648:Fw 188 2643:Ju 187 2639:Fw 187 2634:Ju 186 2630:Fw 186 2625:Fl 185 2620:Fl 184 2615:Ta 183 2611:BĂĽ 183 2606:BĂĽ 182 2601:BĂĽ 181 2596:He 180 2592:BĂĽ 180 2587:He 179 2582:He 178 2577:He 177 2572:He 176 2562:He 174 2557:He 173 2552:He 172 2547:He 171 2542:He 170 2537:Fi 169 2532:Fi 168 2527:Fi 167 2522:FK 166 2518:Fi 166 2513:Bf 165 2503:Me 163 2499:Li 163 2495:Bf 163 2490:He 162 2486:Bf 162 2481:Bf 161 2476:Ju 160 2471:Fw 159 2466:Fi 158 2461:Fi 157 2456:Fi 156 2451:Me 155 2447:Kl 155 2443:BV 155 2438:Ta 154 2434:Kl 154 2429:Ta 153 2425:Kl 153 2420:Ta 152 2416:Kl 152 2411:Kl 151 2406:Go 150 2401:Go 149 2396:Go 148 2391:Ju 147 2387:Go 147 2382:Go 146 2377:Go 145 2372:BV 144 2367:BV 143 2362:BV 142 2357:BV 141 2352:Ha 140 2347:Ha 139 2342:BV 138 2337:Ha 137 2332:HĂĽ 136 2328:Ha 136 2323:Ha 135 2318:BĂĽ 134 2313:BĂĽ 133 2308:Hs 132 2304:BĂĽ 132 2299:BĂĽ 131 2294:Hs 130 2289:Hs 129 2284:Hs 128 2279:Hs 127 2274:Hs 126 2269:Hs 125 2264:Hs 124 2259:Hs 123 2254:Hs 122 2249:Hs 121 2244:He 120 2239:He 119 2234:He 118 2229:Hs 117 2225:He 117 2220:He 116 2215:He 115 2210:He 114 2205:He 113 2200:He 112 2191:He 111 2186:Bf 110 2177:Bf 109 2172:Bf 108 2167:Kl 107 2162:Kl 106 2157:Kl 105 2152:Fh 104 2140:Fi 103 2136:Al 103 2131:Al 102 2126:Al 101 2110:He 100 2106:Fi 100 1986:FZG 76 1820:DFS 54 1726:DFS 40 1717:DFS 39 1430:Ju 635 1425:Ju 488 1420:Ju 452 1415:Ju 390 1410:Ju 388 1405:Ju 352 1400:Ju 322 1395:Ju 290 1390:Ju 288 1385:Ju 287 1380:Ju 268 1375:Ju 252 1370:Ju 248 1365:Ju 188 1360:Ju 187 1355:Ju 160 1238:EF 150 1233:EF 140 1228:EF 132 1223:EF 131 1218:EF 130 1213:EF 128 1208:EF 127 1203:EF 126 485:  463:  431:Range: 290:Dessau 283:Jumo 4 164:J.1000 113:German 3780:8-534 3765:8-520 3710:8-445 3581:8-348 3542:8-341 3527:8-338 3463:8-326 3449:8-324 3405:8-316 3395:8-314 3390:8-313 3385:8-312 3380:8-311 3358:8-308 3353:8-307 3348:8-306 3343:8-305 3338:8-304 3333:8-303 3328:8-302 3075:8-260 3065:8-258 3050:8-255 2998:8-247 2958:8-239 2909:8-230 2808:8-213 2799:8-212 2770:8-207 2760:8-205 2567:8-175 2101:Fi 99 2096:Fi 98 2091:Fi 97 2086:Ar 96 2081:Ar 95 2076:Ju 94 2071:Ju 93 2066:Ju 92 2061:Ju 91 2056:Ju 90 2051:Ju 89 2046:Ju 88 2041:Ju 87 2036:Ju 86 2031:Ju 85 2026:Al 84 2011:Ar 81 2006:Ar 80 2001:Ar 79 1996:Ar 78 1991:Ar 77 1982:Ar 76 1977:Al 75 1972:He 74 1967:He 73 1962:He 72 1957:He 71 1948:He 70 1943:Ar 69 1938:Ar 68 1933:Ar 67 1928:He 66 1924:Ar 66 1919:He 65 1915:Ar 65 1910:He 64 1906:Ar 64 1901:He 63 1892:He 62 1888:Fw 62 1883:He 61 1879:Fw 61 1875:Fa 61 1870:Ju 60 1866:He 60 1861:He 59 1856:He 58 1852:Fw 58 1847:Fw 57 1838:Fw 56 1833:NR 55 1829:Fw 55 1824:NR 54 1815:Ju 53 1810:Ju 52 1806:He 52 1801:He 51 1796:Ju 50 1792:He 50 1787:Ju 49 1783:He 49 1778:Ju 48 1773:He 47 1769:Fw 47 1764:Ju 46 1760:He 46 1755:He 45 1750:Fw 44 1745:Fw 43 1740:He 42 1736:Fw 42 1731:He 41 1722:BV 40 1712:Ju 38 1708:He 38 1703:He 37 1698:Kl 36 1693:Kl 35 1688:Ju 34 1683:Ju 33 1678:Kl 32 1673:Kl 31 1668:Fw 30 1663:Do 29 1649:Kl 27 1645:Do 27 1636:Kl 26 1632:Do 26 1627:Kl 25 1623:Do 25 1618:Do 24 1613:Do 23 1608:Do 22 1598:Do 20 1593:Do 19 1588:Do 18 1583:Do 17 1578:Wn 16 1574:Do 16 1569:Do 15 1564:Do 14 1559:Do 13 1554:Do 12 1545:Wn 11 1541:Do 11 1536:Do 10 1516:DFS 6 1350:Ju 90 1345:Ju 89 1340:Ju 88 1335:Ju 87 1330:Ju 86 1325:Ju 85 1320:Ju 60 1315:Ju 52 1310:Ju 49 1305:Ju 46 1264:CLS.I 1198:EF 94 1193:EF 77 1188:EF 74 1183:EF 73 1178:EF 72 1173:EF 61 1168:EF 52 1163:EF 31 1158:EF 29 578:Notes 330:Crew: 243:CBY-3 220:DELAG 132:Ki-20 2021:8-83 2016:8-82 1953:8-71 1897:8-63 1843:8-57 1659:8-29 1654:8-28 1641:8-27 1603:8-21 1550:8-12 1531:Gö 9 1526:Gö 8 1511:Fi 5 1496:Fi 2 1476:list 1259:CL.I 1138:K 85 1133:K 53 1128:K 51 1123:A 50 1118:J 49 1113:A 48 1108:K 47 1103:K 39 1098:G 38 1093:K 37 1088:S 36 1083:A 35 1078:W 34 1073:W 33 1068:A 32 1063:G 31 1058:K 30 1053:T 29 1048:J 28 1043:T 27 1038:T 26 1033:A 25 1023:G 23 1018:T 23 1013:J 22 1003:A 20 998:T 19 993:J 18 988:K 17 983:K 16 978:J 15 973:F 13 968:J 12 963:J 11 958:J 10 738:EADS 609:EADS 396:2 Ă— 386:2 Ă— 239:UB14 107:The 38:Type 19:G.38 1521:8-7 1506:8-4 1501:8-3 1491:8-1 1295:RLM 1284:J.I 1274:E.I 1269:D.I 953:J 9 948:J 8 943:J 7 938:J 6 933:J 5 928:J 4 923:J 3 918:J 2 913:J 1 303:RAF 3863:: 839:. 736:. 707:. 679:. 652:^ 623:^ 586:^ 521:. 278:. 134:. 123:. 3815:/ 3811:/ 3787:/ 3688:/ 3609:/ 3559:/ 3505:/ 3456:/ 3442:/ 3285:/ 3261:/ 3237:/ 3123:/ 3114:/ 3100:/ 3096:/ 3082:/ 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Index


Manufacturer
Junkers
Luft Hansa
Luftwaffe
Mitsubishi Ki-20
German
transport aircraft
World War II
Mitsubishi
Ki-20
blended wing

Hugo Junkers
J.1000
Reich Air Ministry
gasoline engines
Reich Air Ministry
Luft Hansa
ailerons

Schiphol
Zeppelin
DELAG
blended wing body
Louis de Monge
Vincent Burnelli
UB14
CBY-3

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