276:(11th–13th centuries) discusses the connection between the obligations of Jews and non-Jews. Follows the Talmudic principle that there is nothing that is prohibited to the Noahide that is permissible to Jews, Tosafot concluded abortion must in general be prohibited to Jews also, though the (theoretical) punishment for violations would apply only to gentiles. Conversely, Tosafot suggests that perhaps, since Jews are permitted therapeutic abortions for the sake of maternal life, Noahide law likewise allows non-Jews to undergo therapeutic abortion. Given this near parity, rabbinic law prohibits Jews from assisting gentiles with forbidden abortions, for which the gentiles would be culpable of bloodshed. Viewing Noahide law as a universalizing ethics, Sinclair states: "it is evident that the halakhah in the area of foeticide is shaped by a combination of legal doctrine and moral principle."
393:, when genetic testing has determined that a child would be born with a disease that would cause death or severe disability and the parents believe that the impending birth will be an impossible situation for them" and for several other reasons. More generally, the "Reform perspective on abortion can be described as follows: Abortion is an extremely difficult choice faced by a woman. In all circumstances, it should be her decision whether or not to terminate a pregnancy, backed up by those whom she trusts (physician, therapist, partner, etc.). This decision should not be taken lightly (abortion should never be used for birth control purposes) and can have life-long ramifications. However, any decision should be left up to the woman within whose body the fetus is growing."
494:(NCJW) has been a progressive supporter of abortion access and reproductive freedom. NCJW has been a leader in the reproductive health and rights movement so that every person can make "moral and faith-informed decisions about their body, health, and family." NCJW has created resources that explain misconceptions, Hebrew scriptures, and Jewish support regarding Judaism and abortion and their work makes clear that abortion access is an issue of religious freedom. In their work, they advocate for reproductive justice for all people, including marginalized groups who are affected the most by limiting abortion access.
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100:, this verse is one of several key texts that substantiate the later rabbinic prohibition on most cases of abortion. However, others have argued that abortion is not considered murder and that "Jewish law does not consider a fetus to be alive." To support such a view, it is suggested that this verse shows "that the fetus is not a person. The primary concern is the well-being of the person who was injured." According to many
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that the child may be aborted so as to save the mother's life: "If a woman is in hard travail, one cuts up the offspring in her womb and brings it forth member by member, because her life comes before the life of her foetus. But if the greater part has proceeded forth, one may not set aside one person for the sake of saving another." According to the text this can be done until the point of
321:. R. Bachrach distinguishes early stage from later stage abortions. His reasoning is based on a Talmudic commentary to the effect that Sabbath laws may be violated for a fetus, but only for a later-stage embryo. Several authorities say that Jewish law is less strict for terminating embryos before 40 days. He also concludes that the embryo may be treated as a pursuer
204:
The fetus however, though considered "alive" to the extent that its life is protected, is not considered fully alive to the extent that if it endangered the mother's life it takes precedence. Thus if a pregnancy risks the life of the mother, the Rabbis rule that the mother's life takes precedence and
147:
Rabbinic
Judaism does not regard the fetus as a full human being. The Mishnah declares that one who kills a one-day-old baby is criminally liable and deserves a penalty the same as that of the death of the mother. Until it has been established that the pregnancy has been completed and life is formed,
365:
Committee on Jewish Law and
Standards has ruled that an abortion is justifiable if a continuation of pregnancy might cause the woman severe physical or psychological harm, or if the fetus is judged by competent medical opinion as severely defective; a fetus is a life in the process of development,
497:
In 2020, the NCJW started a group within their organization called Rabbis for Repro. Rabbis for Repro was created as an avenue for Jewish leadership to speak up for reproductive health, rights, and justice. "Reproductive freedom is a Jewish value" as stated by Rabbis for Repro who call for Jewish
396:
The Reform
Movement has actively opposed legislation to restrict the right of women to choose to abort a fetus, especially in situations in which the health of the woman is endangered by continued pregnancy. This pro-abortion rights position has been linked by some Reform authorities to the value
81:
as a result of a violent altercation where a pregnant woman is injured, either intentionally or unintentionally, causing her to either give birth prematurely or to miscarry. It reads: "And if men strive together, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart (i.e., stillbirth), and yet no
474:
Catholic and
Evangelical Christian theologies that promote the idea of the personhood of a fetus dominate political discussion of abortion in the US; however, this is not a concern in Judaism. Some modern Jewish scholars draw a sharp contrast between Christian theologies that oppose abortion and
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Tosafot is referring to a case in Talmud Erchin 7a where the mother was executed by a court and the fetus remained alive after its mother's death. The Talmud says that executing a pregnant woman is permissible because the sentence applies to the fetus along with its mother since its part of its
168:
law. In even more evocative language, the Talmud states in a passage on priestly rules that the fetus "is considered to be mere water" until its 40th day. Elsewhere, the Talmud speaks of a "moment of determination" and a "moment of creation" in regard to different stages of the fetus.
475:
Jewish thought about the moral and ontological status of gestation. Feldman highlights that
Talmudic debate over whether the soul achieves immortality upon conception, or at a far later stage, has little bearing on halakhic protections for the fetus because, absent a doctrine of
188:(anniversary of a death), or other mourning riguals do not apply in the case of aborted or miscarried fetuses. In recent years, a variety of new types of observances are arising to give individuals and families sacred paths to mourning and remembrance in accordance with
307:
Later authorities have differed as to how far one might go in defining the peril to the woman in order to justify abortion, and at what stage of gestation a fetus is considered as having a soul, at which point one life cannot take precedence over another.
104:, this verse proves that the fetus does not have the status of a human life. To gain the status of human life, the Mishnah states that the head or a greater portion of the fetus must exit the birth canal. Before then, the fetus is not considered a person.
745:
Jubilee Volume in Honor of Simon
Federbush, Jerusalem 1961, pp. 251–260. Similarly, the death penalty is carried out on a pregnant woman even though the innocent fetus will be killed, on the basis that the fetus is an appendage of the mother (Arakhin
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mother's body. Tosafot questions whether it would be allowable to kill it even after the mother already died, because of the death sentence that applied to it. See also Igrot Moshe: Yoreh Deah Vol.2:60 that
Tosafot does not mean to permit foeticide.
471:. Orthodox organizations such as the Orthodox Union and Agudas Yisrael have occasionally partnered with pro-abortion rights organizations in order to ensure that abortions will be available to women whose lives are endangered by the fetus.
232:
or pursuer, "pursuing her to kill her." Schiff argues that the
Maimonidean view is "unprecedented" and "without doubt, this hitherto unexpressed insight had dramatic potential ramifications for the parameters of permissible abortion."
283:
text that applies
Noahide law to forbid abortion does not go unchallenged. Another commentary in Tosafot (Niddah 44b) appears to question whether foeticide is permitted; however, this is not the plain interpretation of that Tosafot.
455:). In the U.S., a few politically-conservative Republican Jews also have been pro-abortion rights. A few Jewish groups concentrate on abortion issues, both anti-abortion and pro-abortion rights. In the United States,
325:, in a case where the mother's life is at risk. Bachrach then offers a novel rationale for denying the requested abortion. He argues the abortion, like certain forms of contraception, frustrates the
267:, and is liable for the death penalty. The penalty of having his blood spilt, is interpreted by Maimonides as referring to a punishment by the hands of heaven, and not by the courts or man to man.
401:—the right of individuals to act as moral agents on their own behalf. In writing against a legal ban on so-called "partial birth abortion," Rabbi David Ellenson, president of the Reform Movement's
353:
allowed abortion for people who develop a mental illness due to pregnancy, saying "since emotional illness is generally considered a threat to life, she may abort her fetus to protect her life".
300:, explains that abortion does not trade off one life for another life because the embryo is "not a person" prior to birth. An ordinary abortion is a violation Jewish Law, as emphasized by R.
270:
According to many authorities, this prohibition of murder does not apply throughout the pregnancy, but only (depending on the source) after the 8th, 13th, or 22nd to 23rd week of pregnancy.
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Schiff, p.76, who points out that
Bachrach includes women on the ban on destroying seed and he applies it to every stage of pregnancy, regardless of the early embryos' differential status.
164:
rites do not apply to an unborn child. The status of the embryo is also indicated by its treatment as "an appendage of its mother" for such matters as ownership, maternal conversion and
405:, has written, "This law as it has been enacted unquestionably diminishes the inviolable status and worth that ought to be granted women as moral agents created in the image of God."
93:
and other Talmudic commentators, the term "harm" refers only to the mother, and traditionally, unless the mother was harmed too, only a fine was imposed for causing a miscarriage.
89:
taught that the term "harm" refers exclusively to the child, and whether a fine is imposed or capital punishment depends on whether the fetus has sufficiently formed. According to
341:
opposes most abortion, but permits it when the pregnancy endangers the woman's life. However, some rabbis have allowed abortions in other circumstances. For example, the Rabbi
296:, abortion in the case where it would be a risk to the woman is permitted; Maimonides's language, speaking of the fetus as pursuer, is included verbatim. A key commentator, R.
71:, which has been interpreted by some biblical commentators as an ordeal that produces a miscarriage in an unfaithful wife, thus verifying or falsifying a charge of adultery.
148:
the fetus is not included as a life deserving of another life. In the reading of Biblical homicide laws, rabbinic sages argue that homicide concerns an animate human being (
613:
377:
Before reaching her final decision, conservative Judaism holds that a woman should consult with the biological father, other members of her family, her physician, her
315:
found it permissible to perform an abortion on a woman who became pregnant after an affair, causing the child resulting from this pregnancy to be classified as a
999:
Tosafot on Sanhedrin 59a, trans. Schiff, p.62: "A gentile is culpable for the death of a fetus, while a Jew is forbidden to cause its death but is not culpable."
119:
Most Rabbinic interpretations even insist on abortion in order to the save the pregnant woman's life. The fetus is viewed as valuable, but not considered human.
82:
harm follow, he shall be surely fined whatever the woman's husband demands and the court allows. But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life."
252:
says, "Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed..." The Talmud understands this verse as alluding to a fetus ("Whoever sheds the blood of
1300:
173:
explains that the moment of creation is when bones and arteries begin to form and in other places he says that the "moment of creation" is at the 40th day.
482:
In 2022, PRRI's poll of Abortion Attitudes in a Post-Roe World found that 79% of Jewish Americans held that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.
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allow or encourage abortion in order to save the life of a pregnant woman, authorities differ on when and whether it is permitted in other cases.
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wrote that there is room for leniency if there is a danger to maternal health or severe pain, and permitted abortion of an abnormal fetus before
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1100:, III, 65:14) even entertains the possibility that there may be no Biblical prohibition of abortion before forty days. See also:
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to prevent loss of life; later authorities debate whether the situation described involves danger to the fetus, mother, or both.
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allows violating nearly all laws in order to save a human life, many laws may be violated in order to save the life of a fetus.
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209:(יָצָא רֻבּוֹ), that "the majority has exited". This is taken to refer to the emergence of the baby during childbirth.
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Reform Judaism permits abortion when the woman's life is at stake as well as when a pregnancy is "a result of rape or
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must be violated to save the life of a fetus. A pregnant woman who develops a ravenous hunger must be fed even on
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and its more liberal counterparts. By the 20th century, liberal-minded Jews were among those most active in the
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1941:
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1112:, Even Ha'ezer, 42:33 all of whom discuss the decreased stringency of abortion within the first forty days."
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in the late 18th century, Jewish views on abortion have bifurcated along movement lines, especially between
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allows abortion in certain circumstances. Some authorities permitted abortion in cases of 'great need.'
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263:, a non-Jew who kills "even one unborn in the womb of its mother" is guilty of murder according to the
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40:
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leadership to educate communities and act as an ally for communities who need abortion access.
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1301:"Abortion Attitudes in a Post-Roe World: Findings From the 50-State 2022 American Values Atlas"
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Sanhedrin 59a; Rashi (on Sanhedrin 59a) explains that Jews never lost their status as Noahides
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1374:"More than 1,000 'Rabbis for Repro' work for abortion rights. Their fight just got tougher"
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381:, and any other person who can help her in assessing the legal and moral issues involved.
8:
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1210:"My Body, My Choice: Biblical, Rabbinic, and Contemporary Halakhic Responses to Abortion"
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479:, "abortion would not interfere with the immortal rights or destiny of the foetus."
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who permit an abortion in case of acute potential emotional and psychological harm.
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Clarifying Abortion In Halacha – And Reasons Not To Favor Overturning Roe V. Wade
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accuracy by Rabbi Sholom Kaminetsky of the Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia."
528:
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312:
301:
293:
238:
128:
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Eisenberg, Daniel, M.D. "Stem Cell Research in Jewish Law" 2001. Published at
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of reproduction and destroys the "seed" needed to be "fruitful and multiply."
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Eisenberg compares the prohibition, without punishment, to the status of the
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from Lev. 24:17) alone, not an embryo... because the embryo is not a person (
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228:(human being), as the Talmud held, but rather through the principle of the
160:), but rather a being of "doubtful viability". Hence, for instance, Jewish
58:
28:
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1523:(translation by Fred Rosner) 2003. Jerusalem: Feldheim, pp. 1–29 (
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Feldman 253f. who also cites Y.K. Miklishanski in "Mishpat ha-Ubar" in
346:
260:
256:, his blood shall be shed") and thus prohibiting abortion to non-Jews.
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220:) until it is born, and killing it to save the woman is permitted.
216:, the reason behind this law is that a fetus is not a viable soul (
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36:
24:
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224:, though, justified the law not because the fetus is less than a
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20:
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1970:
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Feldman 264f. on Havvot Ya'ir 31 and Tosafot. See Schiff, too.
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Life & Death Responsibilities in Jewish Biomedical Ethics
1399:"Rabbis & Jewish Clergy for Repro | Resources for Clergy"
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and the decision to abort should never be taken lightly. The
229:
213:
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90:
86:
1452:
Marital Relations, Birth Control, and Abortion in Jewish Law
581:
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3971:
2505:
27:
draw primarily upon the legal and ethical teachings of the
626:"Mishneh Torah, Murderer and the Preservation of Life 1:9"
546:
544:
408:
1096:
Eisenberg, note 41 states: "Rabbi Chaim Ozer Grodzinski (
541:
1480:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
1350:"National Council of Jewish Women | Action Resources"
505:
1474:
Meacham (leBeit Yoreh), Tirzah. 27 February 2009. "
810:"How Jewish Rituals Helped Me Mourn My Miscarriage"
713:
For rabbinic sources, see Feldman 254f. notes 17-19
244:
562:
199:
156:). An embryo is not deemed a fully viable person (
53:Christianity and abortion § Biblical passages
142:
39:, and other rabbinic literature. While all major
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1207:
122:
1443:with note that "This article was reviewed for
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914:
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349:and within three months of conception. Rabbi
4170:
2490:
1586:
883:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 178pp.
648:
447:(however, later in life Nathanson became an
61:to an intentional termination of pregnancy.
3979:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
911:
469:Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
4177:
4163:
2497:
2483:
1593:
1579:
872:
870:
531: – The time the soul enters the body
2526:Index of Jewish history-related articles
604:
602:
467:are usually aligned with the interfaith
292:In the standard code of Jewish law, the
4025:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2662:
1432:. "Abortion in halakhic literature" in
1130:
409:Judaism and abortion politics in the US
356:
176:Many Jewish traditions therefore state
5487:
1673:
1231:
1229:
1176:
876:
867:
794:"Why Are Stillborns' Graves Unmarked?"
4158:
2478:
2321:Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (UK)
1574:
1521:Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics
1492:. New York: Yeshiva University Press.
599:
127:In halakha, just as the principle of
4339:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
2504:
2449:
1600:
1515:. 1998. "Abortion and Miscarriage,"
1290:Feldman p.271, 274 Cp. Schiff p.41f.
649:Lichtenstein, Aharon (Summer 1991).
419:With the emergence of modern Jewish
57:There is no direct reference in the
4414:Societal attitudes towards abortion
4334:Legalized abortion and crime effect
2459:
1499:. 2002. Cambridge University Press.
1226:
1062:Feldman 256 on S.A. HM 425.2, Falk
840:. 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
370:position thus follows those of the
332:
107:
46:
13:
4364:Misinformation related to abortion
4274:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
3972:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
3952:American Jewish Historical Society
1133:"An Halachic Overview of Abortion"
651:"Abortion: A Halakhic Perspective"
582:National Council of Jewish Women.
14:
5506:
4279:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
2389:Orthodox Jewish schools for women
1531:
1490:Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics
1423:
1179:"Abortion in Halakhic Literature"
1025:, Responsa Maharit I:97 and I:99.
680:
384:
5469:
5468:
4136:
4123:
4122:
2458:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2316:League of Jewish Women (Germany)
1546:Biomedical Ethics and Jewish Law
1354:National Council of Jewish Women
1330:National Council of Jewish Women
1177:Bleich, J. David (Winter 1968).
880:Biomedical ethics and Jewish law
852:Oholot 7:6, trans. Sinclair p.12
592:National Council of Jewish Women
508:
492:National Council of Jewish Women
397:that Reform Judaism places upon
287:
245:Noachide prohibition on abortion
35:, the case-by-case decisions of
4424:Termination for medical reasons
1391:
1366:
1342:
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1293:
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1201:
1170:
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843:
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777:
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759:
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737:
725:
716:
707:
200:Precedence of the mother's life
4044:Relations with other religions
2326:Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz
1712:World Congress of Jewish Women
1702:1907 New York City Rent Strike
1692:1904 New York City Rent Strike
1434:Contemporary halakhic problems
698:
689:
642:
618:
575:
556:
194:Jewish Community Memory Garden
143:Fetus as less than fully human
1:
4269:Beginning of human personhood
4031:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
1517:Encyclopedia Hilchatit Refuit
1467:Mackler, Aaron L., ed. 2000.
1464:. New York: Bloch Publishing.
1137:Suffolk University Law Review
904:Rashi to Sanhedrin 72b, s.v.
756:Yevamot 69b, e.g. Schiff 33f.
535:
85:The ancient Jewish historian
4379:Paternal rights and abortion
4184:
3962:Leo Baeck Institute New York
3957:American Sephardi Federation
123:Importance of saving a fetus
7:
4304:Ethical aspects of abortion
2785:Constantinopolitan Karaites
1454:. New York: Schocken Books.
1326:"Expanding Abortion Access"
501:
486:Jewish support for abortion
10:
5511:
4264:Abortion and mental health
4013:National Library of Israel
2654:Zionism, race and genetics
834:"A Jewish Way to Remember"
704:Schiff p.27 on mNiddah 5:3
451:activist and converted to
412:
192:. An example would be the
69:Ordeal of the bitter water
50:
41:Jewish religious movements
5464:
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4243:Abortion-rights movements
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3967:Yeshiva University Museum
3947:Center for Jewish History
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2040:Rabbis and Torah scholars
2025:
1962:
1894:
1823:
1774:
1737:
1663:Gender and Jewish studies
1648:Matrilineality in Judaism
1608:
1482:. Jewish Women's Archive.
1131:Shuster, Kenneth (1992).
461:Reconstructionist Judaism
429:abortion-rights movements
4504:Central African Republic
4289:Abortion under communism
2559:Ancient Israel and Judah
2280:Women's Rabbinic Network
1687:1902 Kosher Meat Boycott
1418:
1403:Jews for Abortion Access
1208:Adena Berkowitz (2021).
1166:Jewish Views on Abortion
783:Yevamot 69b; Pesachim 9a
563:Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki.
550:Jewish Virtual Library,
5339:Dilation and evacuation
5288:Conscientious objection
5273:History of abortion law
4299:Crisis pregnancy center
4248:Anti-abortion movements
2935:North African Sephardim
2908:Jewish tribes of Arabia
2250:Women of Reform Judaism
2145:Haifa Women's Coalition
1681:Jewish Women's Congress
1538:The Fetus in Jewish Law
1108:, Choshen Mishpat 162;
799:. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
311:In a key responsum, R.
241:reaffirm Rashi's view.
96:In mainstream rabbinic
5344:Dilation and curettage
5308:Late-term restrictions
4828:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4404:Sex-selective abortion
4284:Anti-abortion violence
4038:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4008:Jewish Virtual Library
2414:Tomb of the Matriarchs
2195:League of Jewish Women
2150:Israel Women's Network
1895:Practices and concepts
1707:1909 Shirtwaist Strike
1507:Jewish biomedical law.
1450:Feldman, David. 1974.
1021:Feldman 260 citing R.
968:, Hilchot Melachim 9:4
584:"Judaism and Abortion"
5401:Self-induced abortion
4399:Self-induced abortion
4324:Genetics and abortion
4220:Philosophical aspects
3985:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3767:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
2952:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
2702:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
2240:Union of Jewish Women
2165:Women Artists' Circle
1718:Women's Torah Project
1462:Jewish Medical Ethics
877:Rosner, Fred (2001).
765:Talmud, Sanhedrin 92b
77:refers to a birth or
5495:Judaism and abortion
5364:Menstrual extraction
5313:Parental involvement
4775:United Arab Emirates
4389:Prenatal development
2564:Second Temple period
2306:Clara de Hirsch Home
1724:Women's Siyum HaShas
1458:Jakobovits, Immanuel
1106:Responsa Bet Shlomah
981:, Laws of Murder 2:3
774:Rashi, Sanhedrin 92b
457:Conservative Judaism
403:Hebrew Union College
357:Conservative Judaism
5374:Abortifacient drugs
5094:Trinidad and Tobago
4409:Sidewalk counseling
4394:Reproductive rights
4359:Minors and abortion
4002:Jewish Encyclopedia
3747:Hekhalot literature
3558:Religious movements
3093:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2368:The American Jewess
1626:Early modern period
1497:Abortion in Judaism
1273:E.g., Jews for Life
1162:Immanuel Jakobovits
552:Abortion in Judaism
435:activists included
433:reproductive rights
363:Rabbinical Assembly
5268:Constitutional law
5059:Dominican Republic
4384:Post-abortion care
4344:Limit of viability
4329:Late-term abortion
4143:Judaism portal
4079:Jews and Halloween
4074:Jews and Christmas
3464:Rabbinic authority
3216:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2649:Xueta Christianity
2554:Origins of Judaism
2521:Outline of Judaism
2434:Judaism portal
2299:Historic / defunct
2013:Court of the Women
1643:Gender and Judaism
1519:. English edition
1278:2008-02-20 at the
1260:2008-07-08 at the
1241:2008-03-23 at the
529:Ensoulment#Judaism
524:Abortion in Israel
415:Abortion in Israel
343:Eliezer Waldenberg
184:, recognizing the
16:Aspect of religion
5482:
5481:
5334:Vacuum aspiration
5249:
5248:
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4151:
4118:extinct languages
4019:YIVO Encyclopedia
3794:Hebrew literature
3762:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
3602:Reconstructionist
3280:Judaeo-Portuguese
2969:
2968:
2925:Eastern Sephardim
2569:Synagogal Judaism
2472:
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2354:Hadassah Magazine
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2185:Kohenet Institute
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2020:
1902:Gender separation
1890:
1889:
1841:Marriage contract
1775:Life cycle events
1770:
1769:
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1697:1906 Tonsil Riots
1098:Responsa Achiezer
792:Shurpin, Yehuda.
441:Bernard Nathanson
5502:
5472:
5471:
5369:Medical abortion
5303:Informed consent
5293:Fetal protection
5145:Papua New Guinea
5135:Marshall Islands
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3258:Judeo-Golpaygani
2859:Palestinian Jews
2834:Alexandrian Jews
2790:Crimean Karaites
2707:Unterlander Jews
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2574:Rabbinic Judaism
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1960:
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1631:In the Holocaust
1616:Women in Judaism
1602:Women in Judaism
1595:
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1503:Sinclair, Daniel
1495:Schiff, Daniel.
1430:Bleich, J. David
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425:Orthodox Judaism
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333:Orthodox Judaism
112:Rabbinic law or
108:Rabbinic sources
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5318:Spousal consent
5278:Laws by country
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4948:North Macedonia
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4740:Northern Cyprus
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4434:Unsafe abortion
4319:Forced abortion
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3228:Judeo-Malayalam
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2053:Yoetzet halacha
2026:Religious roles
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3238:Judaeo-Occitan
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3179:Jewish English
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3107:
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3098:Judeo-Tunisian
3095:
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3088:Judeo-Moroccan
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3081:Judeo-Baghdadi
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2230:Philomath Club
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1609:General topics
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1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:978-0881257014
1533:
1532:External links
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1143:(3): 641–651.
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1034:Sinclair 44ff.
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920:Schiff p.60-61
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565:"Exodus 21:23"
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516:Judaism portal
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465:Reform Judaism
445:Gloria Steinem
410:
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385:Reform Judaism
383:
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313:Yair Bacharach
304:among others.
302:Ezekiel Landau
294:Shulchan Aruch
289:
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254:man within man
246:
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239:Menachem Meiri
201:
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129:pikuach nefesh
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67:refers to the
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5298:Six-week bans
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4349:Malthusianism
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4294:Birth control
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4069:Protestantism
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3757:Sefer HaBahir
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3684:Sifrei Kodesh
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3540:Who is a Jew?
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3469:Chosen people
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3398:Klezmer-loshn
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3243:Judeo-Persian
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3233:Judeo-Marathi
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3211:Judeo-Italian
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3066:Judeo-Amazigh
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2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Hadhrami Jews
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Mountain Jews
2852:
2850:
2849:Egyptian Jews
2847:
2845:
2844:Bukharan Jews
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Lists of Jews
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Rachel's Tomb
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:N'shei Chabad
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:Organizations
2096:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1952:Homosexuality
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Birth control
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:Ritual purity
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Head covering
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
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1779:
1777:
1773:
1761:
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1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
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1664:
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1622:
1619:
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1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
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1573:
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1563:
1559:
1555:
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1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1005:
996:
987:
980:
979:Mishneh Torah
974:
967:
966:Mishneh Torah
962:
955:
950:
936:
932:
931:"Genesis 9:6"
926:
917:
915:
908:
907:
900:
892:
890:9780881257014
886:
882:
881:
873:
871:
863:
858:
851:
846:
839:
835:
830:
815:
811:
805:
798:
795:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
747:
740:
733:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
631:
627:
621:
615:
611:
610:Jeremy Wieder
605:
603:
594:
593:
585:
578:
570:
566:
559:
553:
547:
545:
540:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
506:
499:
495:
493:
483:
480:
478:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:anti-abortion
446:
442:
438:
437:Betty Friedan
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
406:
404:
400:
394:
392:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
364:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
288:Legal rulings
285:
282:
277:
275:
271:
268:
266:
262:
259:According to
257:
255:
251:
242:
240:
236:
235:Meir Abulafia
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:lav nefesh hu
215:
212:According to
210:
208:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:public burial
179:
178:sitting shiva
174:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:lav nefesh hu
151:
140:
138:
134:
130:
120:
117:
115:
105:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
60:
54:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5450:
5429:Christianity
5384:Mifepristone
5379:Methotrexate
5359:Instillation
5283:Buffer zones
4755:Saudi Arabia
4584:South Africa
4579:Sierra Leone
4484:Burkina Faso
4354:Men's rights
4314:Fetal rights
4227:Abortion law
4134:
4127:
4113:
4036:
4029:
4017:
4000:
3983:
3817:perspectives
3651:Samaritanism
3612:Neo-Hasidism
3592:Conservative
3506:Names of God
3415:
3396:
3206:Judaeo-Greek
3201:Judeo-Gascon
3140:Lishán Didán
3135:Lishana Deni
3103:Judeo-Yemeni
3071:Judeo-Arabic
2945:Meshuchrarim
2864:Persian Jews
2797:Kurdish Jews
2775:Kaifeng Jews
2724:Beta Abraham
2687:Galitzianers
2642:Antisemitism
2617:Israeli Jews
2602:Assimilation
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2339:Publications
2235:Pi Alpha Tau
2082:
2058:
2051:
2032:
2005:
1998:
1985:
1984:Partnership
1976:
1969:
1929:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1877:
1813:Chag habanot
1812:
1811:Girls' Day (
1797:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1714:(1923, 1929)
1621:In the Bible
1545:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1489:
1486:Rosner, Fred
1479:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1444:
1436:. KTAV, 1977
1433:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1380:. 2021-09-02
1377:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1307:. 2023-02-23
1304:
1295:
1286:
1268:
1249:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1182:
1172:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1117:
1110:Torat Chesed
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1023:Joseph Trani
1017:
1004:
995:
986:
977:Maimonides,
973:
961:
949:
938:. Retrieved
934:
925:
905:
899:
879:
857:
845:
837:
829:
818:. Retrieved
816:. 2019-10-25
813:
804:
796:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
744:
739:
734:, Hullin 58a
731:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
670:. Retrieved
658:
654:
644:
633:. Retrieved
629:
620:
590:
577:
568:
558:
496:
489:
481:
477:original sin
473:
418:
395:
388:
376:
368:Conservative
360:
337:In general,
336:
322:
316:
310:
306:
291:
278:
272:
269:
265:Noahide Laws
258:
253:
248:
225:
217:
211:
206:
203:
180:, holding a
175:
157:
153:
149:
146:
126:
118:
111:
95:
84:
73:
63:
59:Hebrew Bible
56:
29:Hebrew Bible
18:
5456:Scientology
5434:Catholicism
5389:Misoprostol
5354:Hysterotomy
5140:New Zealand
5064:El Salvador
5008:Switzerland
4943:Netherlands
4745:Philippines
4715:South Korea
4710:North Korea
4625:Afghanistan
4200:Definitions
4193:Main topics
4059:Catholicism
3641:Hellenistic
3479:Eschatology
3417:Lachoudisch
3342:Lotegorisch
3320:Lachoudisch
3310:Koiné Greek
3223:Judeo-Latin
3160:Palestinian
3054:Palestinian
2903:Mustaʿravim
2829:Afghan Jews
2817:Berber Jews
2741:Bene Israel
2729:Falash Mura
2719:Beta Israel
2637:Persecution
2579:Middle Ages
2464:WikiProject
1978:Tseno Ureno
1836:Matchmaking
1798:bat mitzvah
1787:Simchat bat
1783:Zeved habat
1720:(2003–2010)
1378:The Forward
906:yatza rosho
814:The Forward
661:(4): 3–12.
569:Sefaria.org
453:Catholicism
298:Joshua Falk
250:Genesis 9:6
158:bar kayyama
150:nefesh adam
79:miscarriage
23:, views on
5120:Micronesia
5049:Costa Rica
4978:San Marino
4938:Montenegro
4918:Luxembourg
4898:Kazakhstan
4705:Kazakhstan
4675:East Timor
4645:Bangladesh
4635:Azerbaijan
4554:Madagascar
4524:The Gambia
4499:Cape Verde
4448:By country
4054:Anabaptism
3996:Jew (word)
3863:Leadership
3676:Literature
3661:Secularism
3607:Humanistic
3474:Conversion
3444:Philosophy
3285:Judeo-Urdu
3049:Babylonian
2894:Saada Jews
2879:Adeni Jews
2672:Ashkenazim
2627:Samaritans
2594:Population
2549:Israelites
2084:Firzogerin
1804:For adults
1566:088125701X
1408:2024-04-30
1384:2024-04-30
1359:2024-04-30
1335:2024-04-30
1311:2024-08-04
1219:2024-07-29
940:2019-01-03
820:2024-03-27
722:Niddah 44b
686:Arakhin 7a
635:2024-04-25
536:References
413:See also:
347:quickening
261:Maimonides
222:Maimonides
207:yatza rubo
137:Yom Kippur
51:See also:
5241:Venezuela
5186:Argentina
5115:Australia
5084:Nicaragua
5069:Guatemala
4913:Lithuania
4760:Singapore
4419:Socialism
4236:Movements
4116:indicate
4064:Mormonism
4049:Christian
3929:Symbolism
3917:Synagogue
3897:Mythology
3858:Education
3829:Astronomy
3812:Astrology
3629:relations
3434:Zarphatic
3382:Galitzish
3184:Yeshivish
3061:Catalanic
3024:Samaritan
2999:Ashkenazi
2980:Diasporic
2975:Languages
2920:Sephardim
2915:Romaniote
2802:Krymchaks
2736:Desi Jews
2612:Buddhists
2225:Nivcharot
2115:B'not Esh
2034:Rebbetzin
1947:Sexuality
1935:In Israel
1856:Homemaker
1653:Bat-Kohen
1636:In Israel
1542:F. Rosner
1078:II:HM 59.
954:Sanhedrin
655:Tradition
372:Acharonim
5489:Category
5474:Category
5441:Hinduism
5424:Buddhism
5416:Religion
5394:Oxytocin
5263:Case law
5231:Suriname
5221:Paraguay
5206:Colombia
5130:Kiribati
5074:Honduras
4993:Slovenia
4988:Slovakia
4963:Portugal
4833:Bulgaria
4730:Malaysia
4660:Cambodia
4609:Zimbabwe
4589:Tanzania
4519:Eswatini
4494:Cameroon
4479:Botswana
4369:Natalism
4309:Eugenics
4186:Abortion
4129:Category
4099:Hinduism
4089:Buddhism
3991:Genetics
3907:Politics
3880:Marriage
3839:Holidays
3834:Calendar
3715:Rabbinic
3691:/Hebrew
3636:Haymanot
3563:Orthodox
3550:Branches
3523:Kabbalah
3518:Haskalah
3496:Holiness
3372:dialects
3352:Shassagh
3315:Krymchak
3295:Kayliñña
3189:Yinglish
3165:Galilean
3155:Talmudic
3150:Biblical
3125:Betanure
3044:Biblical
3039:Mishnaic
3034:Medieval
3019:Tiberian
3014:Yemenite
3004:Sephardi
2940:Paradesi
2884:Ḥabbanim
2874:Teimanim
2839:Baghdadi
2812:Maghrebi
2780:Karaites
2758:Gruzínim
2746:Kochinim
2664:Diaspora
2622:Karaites
2607:Atheists
2544:Timeline
2444:Category
2135:Hadassah
2105:Aminadav
2076:Timeline
2045:Timeline
2007:Mechitza
2000:Midrasha
1930:Abortion
1831:Marriage
1824:Marriage
1750:Orthodox
1738:Feminism
1658:Bat Levi
1552:(2001).
1527:source).
1488:. 1986.
1476:Abortion
1460:. 1959.
1445:halachic
1441:Jlaw.com
1276:Archived
1258:Archived
1239:Archived
1149:11656331
695:Yoma 82a
667:11656098
502:See also
431:. These
421:identity
399:autonomy
186:yartzeit
162:mourning
114:halakhah
102:rishonim
37:responsa
25:abortion
5451:Judaism
5327:Methods
5236:Uruguay
5211:Ecuador
5191:Bolivia
5170:Vanuatu
5108:Oceania
5034:Bahamas
5013:Ukraine
4968:Romania
4928:Moldova
4888:Ireland
4883:Iceland
4878:Hungary
4868:Germany
4858:Finland
4853:Estonia
4848:Denmark
4838:Croatia
4823:Belgium
4818:Belarus
4813:Austria
4808:Andorra
4803:Albania
4780:Vietnam
4725:Lebanon
4680:Georgia
4640:Bahrain
4630:Armenia
4574:Senegal
4569:Nigeria
4564:Namibia
4549:Liberia
4544:Lesotho
4489:Burundi
4464:Algeria
4210:Methods
4205:History
4114:Italics
3939:Studies
3885:Divorce
3851:Kashrut
3846:Cuisine
3804:Culture
3735:Midrash
3730:Tosefta
3720:Mishnah
3708:Ketuvim
3703:Nevi'im
3666:Schisms
3656:Science
3646:Karaite
3617:Renewal
3578:Litvaks
3573:Hasidic
3528:Sefirot
3513:Halakha
3484:Messiah
3457:Mitzvah
3452:Beliefs
3406:Western
3392:Poylish
3387:Litvish
3377:Eastern
3367:Yiddish
3362:Shuadit
3347:Qwareña
3335:Tetuani
3330:Haketia
3305:Knaanic
3300:Kivruli
3248:Bukhori
3194:Heblish
3130:Hulaulá
3120:Barzani
3076:Yahudic
3009:Mizrahi
2869:Urfalim
2824:Mizrahi
2768:Neofiti
2763:Italkim
2692:Lita'im
2584:Zionism
2536:History
2510:Judaism
2454:Commons
2382:Schools
2290:Vocolot
2215:Na'amat
2200:Maharat
2110:Bat Kol
1873:Divorce
1760:Mizrahi
1755:Israeli
1674:History
1193:26 June
1010:treifah
850:Mishnah
672:26 June
327:mitzvah
281:Tosafot
274:Tosafot
190:halakah
133:Shabbat
98:Judaism
21:Judaism
5216:Guyana
5196:Brazil
5165:Tuvalu
5089:Panama
5079:Mexico
5044:Canada
5039:Belize
5003:Sweden
4983:Serbia
4973:Russia
4958:Poland
4953:Norway
4933:Monaco
4903:Latvia
4873:Greece
4863:France
4795:Europe
4770:Turkey
4765:Taiwan
4695:Israel
4670:Cyprus
4655:Brunei
4650:Bhutan
4604:Zambia
4599:Uganda
4559:Malawi
4534:Guinea
4469:Angola
4456:Africa
4257:Issues
3922:Hazzan
3912:Prayer
3789:Siddur
3725:Talmud
3689:Tanakh
3624:Neolog
3597:Reform
3585:Modern
3568:Haredi
3491:Ethics
3357:Shassi
3325:Ladino
3290:Karaim
3273:Juhuri
3115:Targum
3029:Signed
2994:Modern
2989:Hebrew
2957:Xuetes
2753:Dönmeh
2712:Yekkes
2402:Places
2361:Lilith
2205:Ma'yan
2190:Kolech
2140:Hadran
2071:Cantor
2066:Scribe
1986:minyan
1971:Tkhine
1922:Yichud
1915:Negiah
1908:Tzniut
1879:Agunah
1726:(2020)
1683:(1893)
1564:
1556:
1525:online
1509:Oxford
1471:. JTS.
1147:
887:
862:Oholot
797:Chabad
665:
608:Rabbi
443:, and
391:incest
318:mamzer
226:nefesh
166:purity
33:Talmud
31:, the
5446:Islam
5201:Chile
5160:Tonga
5150:Samoa
4998:Spain
4923:Malta
4893:Italy
4785:Yemen
4750:Qatar
4735:Nepal
4700:Japan
4685:India
4665:China
4539:Kenya
4529:Ghana
4514:Egypt
4474:Benin
4094:Islam
3902:Names
3892:Music
3873:Rebbe
3868:Rabbi
3822:Monen
3777:Zohar
3698:Torah
3693:Bible
2807:Lemba
2682:Chuts
2347:Binah
2175:JWCIF
2170:JWCEO
2130:Eshel
1544:. In
1419:Notes
587:(PDF)
379:Rabbi
323:rodef
230:rodef
214:Rashi
171:Rashi
91:Rashi
87:Philo
5226:Peru
5125:Fiji
5054:Cuba
4720:Laos
4690:Iran
4618:Asia
4594:Togo
4509:Chad
2508:and
2506:Jews
2270:WLCJ
2265:WIZO
2220:NCJW
2155:JOFA
1796:and
1562:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1550:Ktav
1305:PRRI
1195:2022
1145:PMID
1104:59;
885:ISBN
674:2022
663:PMID
490:The
463:and
361:The
279:The
237:and
5255:Law
3501:God
2275:WLI
2260:W4W
2255:WoW
2180:JWI
2160:JWA
2120:CWJ
1794:Bar
1548:,
1540:,
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1236:URJ
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