Philo - Knowledge

2130:"De Vita Mosis", books i.-iii.; Schürer, l.c. p. 523, combines the three books into two; but, as Massebieau shows (l.c. pp. 42 et seq.), a passage, though hardly an entire book, is missing at the end of the present second book (Wendland, in "Hermes", xxxi. 440). Schürer (l.c. pp. 515, 524) excludes this work here, although he admits that from a literary point of view it fits into this group; but he considers it foreign to the work in general, since Moses, unlike the Patriarchs, can not be conceived as a universally valid type of moral action, and can not be described as such. The latter point may be admitted. but the question still remains whether it is necessary to regard the matter in this light. It seems most natural to preface the discussion of the law with the biography of the legislator, while the transition from Joseph to the legislation, from the statesman who has nothing to do with the divine laws to the discussion of these laws themselves, is forced and abrupt. Moses, as the perfect man, unites in himself, in a way, all the faculties of the patriarchal types. His is the "most pure mind" ("De Mutatione Nominum", 37 ), he is the "lover of virtue", who has been purified from all passions ("De Allegoriis Legum", iii. 45, 48 ). As the person awaiting the divine revelation, he is also specially fitted to announce it to others, after having received it in the form of the Commandments (ib. iii. 4 ). 2136:"De Specialibus Legibus", in which treatise Philo attempts to systematize the several laws of the Torah, and to arrange them in conformity with the Ten Commandments. To the first and second commandments he adds the laws relating to priests and sacrifices; to the third (misuse of the name of God), the laws on oaths, vows, etc.; to the fourth (on the Sabbath), the laws on festivals; to the fifth (to honor father and mother),the laws on respect for parents, old age, etc.; to the sixth, the marriage laws; to the seventh, the civil and criminal laws; to the eighth, the laws on theft; to the ninth, the laws on truthful testifying; and to the tenth, the laws on lust. The first book includes the following treatises of the current editions: "De Circumcisione"; "De Monarchia", books i. and ii.; "De Sacerdotum Honoribus"; "De Victimis". On the division of the book into these sections, the titles of the latter, and newly found sections of the text, see Schürer, l.c. p. 517; Wendland, l.c. pp. 136 et seq. The second book includes in the editions a section also entitled "De Specialibus Legibus" (ii. 270–277), to which is added the treatise "De Septenario", which is, however, incomplete in 481:, (29) who uttered many blasphemies against the Jews; and, among other things that he said, he charged them with neglecting the honors that belonged to Caesar; for that while all who were subject to the Roman empire built altars and temples to Gaius, and in other regards universally received him as they received the gods, these Jews alone thought it a dishonorable thing for them to erect statues in honor of him, as well as to swear by his name. Many of these severe things were said by Apion, by which he hoped to provoke Gaius to anger at the Jews, as he was likely to be. But Philo, the principal of the Jewish embassage, a man eminent on all accounts, brother to Alexander the Alabarch, (30) and one not unskillful in philosophy, was ready to betake himself to make his defense against those accusations; but Gaius prohibited him, and bid him begone; he was also in such a rage, that it openly appeared he was about to do them some very great mischief. So Philo being thus affronted, went out, and said to those Jews who were about him, that they should be of good courage, since Gaius's words indeed showed anger at them, but in reality had already set God against himself. 2469:", 24; "De Allegoriis Legum", ii. 24). It must furthermore be remembered that Philo in none of his other works mentions these colonies of allegorizing ascetics, in which he would have been highly interested had he known of them. But pupils of Philo may subsequently have founded near Alexandria similar colonies that endeavored to realize his ideal of a pure life triumphing over the senses and passions; and they might also have been responsible for the one-sided development of certain of the master's principles. While Philo desired to renounce the lusts of this world, he held fast to the scientific culture of Hellenism, which the author of this book denounces. Although Philo liked to withdraw from the world in order to give himself up entirely to contemplation, and bitterly regretted the lack of such repose ("De Specialibus Legibus", 1 ), he did not abandon the work that was required of him by the welfare of his people. 1816:(body), common to the Hellenistic view of mind-soul-body. In Philo's writings, however, mind and spirit are used interchangeably. It is the type; man is the copy. The similarity is found in the mind (νοῦς) of man. For the shaping of his nous, man (earthly man) has the Logos (the "heavenly man") for a pattern. The latter officiates here also as "the divider" (τομεύς), separating and uniting. The Logos as "interpreter" announces God's designs to man, acting in this respect as prophet and priest. As the latter, he softens punishments by making the merciful power stronger than the punitive. The Logos has a special mystic influence upon the human soul, illuminating it and nourishing it with a higher spiritual food, like the manna, of which the smallest piece has the same vitality as the whole. 1766:", in reference to the exalted position which the high priest occupied after the Exile as the real center of the Jewish state. The Logos, like the high priest, is the expiator of sins, and the mediator and advocate for men: ἱκέτης, and παράκλητος. Logos has the function of an advocate on behalf of humanity and also that of a God's envoy to the world. He puts human minds in order. The right reason is an infallible law, the source of any other laws. The angel closing Balaam's way (Numbers XXII, 31) is interpreted by Philo as manifestation of Logos, which acts as man's conscience. As such, the Logos becomes the aspect of the divine that operates in the world—through whom the world is created and sustained. 1718:

Divine Being the activity displayed in the world and to transfer it to the divine powers, which accordingly were sometimes inherent in God and at other times exterior to God. In order to balance these Platonic and Stoic conceptions, Philo conceived of these divine attributes as types or patterns of actual things ("archetypal ideas") in keeping with Plato, but also regarded them as the efficient causes that not only represent the types of things, but also produce and maintain them. Philo endeavored to harmonize this conception with the Bible by designating these powers as angels. Philo conceives the powers both as independent hypostases and as immanent attributes of a Divine Being.

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freedom of speech to kings and tyrants, at times daring to speak and to do things in opposition to their will? Do they not perceive that they have not only put their necks under the yoke like brute beasts, but that they have also surrendered and betrayed their whole bodies and souls likewise, and their wives and their children, and their parents, and all the rest of the numerous kindred and community of their other relations? ... when an opportunity offers, it is a good thing to attack our enemies and put down their power; but when we have no such opportunity, it is better to be quiet

751: 2429:("Die Therapeuten", etc., Leipsig, 1896) ascribe the entire work to Philo, basing their argument wholly on linguistic reasons, which seem sufficiently conclusive. But there are great dissimilarities between the fundamental conceptions of the author of the "De Vita Contemplativa" and those of Philo. The latter looks upon Greek culture and philosophy as allies, the former is hostile to Greek philosophy (see Siegfried in "Protestantische Kirchenzeitung", 1896, No.42). He repudiates a science that numbered among Its followers the sacred band of the 2415:' opinion particularly, that the Christian monkdom of the third century was here glorified in a Jewish disguise, was widely accepted ("Die Therapeuten", 1879). But the ritual of the society, which was entirely at variance with Christianity, disproves this view. The chief ceremony especially, the choral representation of the passage through the Red Sea, has no special significance for Christianity; nor have there ever been in the Christian Church nocturnal festivals celebrated by men and women together. 2398:

of a Scriptural passage. The feast of the fiftieth day is especially celebrated. The ceremony begins with a frugal meal consisting of bread, salted vegetables, and water, during which a passage of Scripture is interpreted. After the meal the members of the society in turn sing religious songs of various kinds, to which the assembly answers with a refrain. The ceremony ends with a choral representation of the triumphal festival that Moses and Miriam arranged after the passage through the

2594:. However, this was more likely due to his criticism of Rabbinic scholars, as Philo argued their works and ideas were "full of Sybaritic profligacy and licentiousness to their everlasting shame", "eager to give a specious appearance to infamous actions, so as to secure notoriety for disgraceful deeds", and ultimately, that he "disregards the envious disposition of such men, and shall proceed to narrate the true events of Moses' life," of which he felt were unjustly hidden. 1668:, or man; he affirmed a transcendent God without physical features or emotional qualities resembling those of human beings. Following Plato, Philo equates matter to nothingness and sees its effect in fallacy, discord, damage, and decay of things. Only God's existence is certain, no appropriate predicates can be conceived. In Philo, God exists beyond time and space and does not make special interventions into the world because he already encompasses the entire cosmos. 1758:

creation, Logos binds things together. As the receptacle and holder of ideas, Logos is distinct from the material world. At the same time, Logos pervades the world, supporting it. This image of God is the type for all other things (the "Archetypal Idea" of Plato), a seal impressed upon things. The Logos is a kind of shadow cast by God, having the outlines but not the blinding light of the Divine Being. He calls the Logos "second god " the "name of God,"

7880: 38: 2341:, one of the few events in his life which is known specifically. He relates that he was carrying a petition describing the sufferings of the Alexandrian Jews and asking the emperor to secure their rights. Philo gives a description of their sufferings, more detailed than Josephus's, to characterize the Alexandrian Greeks as the aggressors in the civil strife that had left many Jews and Greeks dead. 4200: 5394: 2308: 1832:, preferring a morality of virtues without passions, such as lust/desire and anger, but with a "common human sympathy". Commentators can also infer from his mission to Caligula that Philo was involved in politics. However, the nature of his political beliefs, and especially his viewpoint on the Roman Empire, is a matter of debate. 1934:

explain the Pentateuch catechetically, in the form of questions and answers ("Zητήματα καὶ Λύσεις, Quæstiones et Solutiones"). Only the following fragments have been preserved: abundant passages in Armenian – possibly the full work – in explanation of Genesis and Exodus, an old Latin translation of a

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and perfect Form, and Philo's conception of the Logos is directly related to the Middle Platonic view of God as unmoved and utterly transcendent, therefore intermediary beings were necessary to bridge the enormous gap between God and the material world. The Logos was the highest of these intermediary

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In the same way, Philo contrasts the two divine attributes of goodness and power (ἄγαθότης and ἀρχή, δίναμις χαριστική and συγκολαστική) as expressed in the names of God; designating "Yhwh" as Goodness, Philo interpreted "Elohim" (LXX. Θεός) as designating the "cosmic power"; and as he considered the

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God. He argued that God has no attributes (ἁπλοῡς), in consequence no name (ἅρρητος), and for that reason he cannot be perceived by man (ἀκατάληπτος). Further, God cannot change (ἅτρεπτος): He is always the same (ἀΐδιος). He needs no other being (χρῄζει γὰρ οὐδενὸς τὸ παράπαν), and is self-sufficient

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to be a provocation, asking, "Are you making war upon us, because you anticipate that we will not endure such indignity, but that we will fight on behalf of our laws, and die in defence of our national customs? For you cannot possibly have been ignorant of what was likely to result from your attempt

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he will of necessity take up caution as a shield, as a protection to prevent his suffering any sudden and unexpected evil; for as I imagine what a wall is to a city, that caution is to an individual. Do not these men then talk foolishly, are they not mad, who desire to display their inexperience and

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There are, in addition, Biblical elements: Philo, in connecting his doctrine of the Logos with Scripture, first of all bases on Gen. i. 27 the relation of the Logos to God. He translates this passage as follows: "He made man after the image of God," concluding therefrom that an image of God existed.

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At a very early stage, the use of Hebrew seems to have declined and the language of the Jews of Alexandria came to be Greek exclusively. The translation of the Torah (and in time the other books) allowed Greek to be a vehicle for Jewish culture. Indeed, there developed a very rich Jewish literature

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in Egypt, where each lives separately in his own dwelling. Six days of the week they spend in pious contemplation, chiefly in connection with Scripture. On the seventh day both men and women assemble together in a hall; and the leader delivers a discourse consisting of an allegorical interpretation

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in his "Philonea" (pp. 1–83). The third book is included under the title "De Specialibus Legibus" in ed. Mangey, ii. 299–334. The fourth book also is entitled "De Specialibus Legibus"; to it the last sections are added under the titles "De Judice" and "De Concupiscentia" in the usual editions;

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Philo endeavored to find the Divine Being active and acting in the world, in agreement with Stoicism, yet his Platonic conception of Matter as evil required that he place God outside of the world, in order to prevent God from having any contact with evil. Hence, he was obliged to separate from the

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This account, consisting originally of five books, has been preserved in fragments only (see Schürer, l.c. pp. 525 et seq.). Philo intended to show the fearful punishment meted out by God to the persecutors of the Jews (on Philo's predilection for similar discussions see Siegfried, "Philo von

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Similarly God cannot exist or change in space. He has no "where" (πού, obtained by changing the accent in Gen. iii. 9: "Adam, where art thou?"), is not in any place. He is Himself the place; the dwelling-place of God means the same as God Himself, as in the Mishnah = "God is" (comp. Freudenthal,

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Philo determines also the values of the numbers 50, 70, and 100, 12, and 120. There is also extensive symbolism of objects that is very extensive. Philo elaborates an extensive symbolism of proper names, following the example of the Bible and the Midrash, to which he adds many new interpretations.

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Philo's allegorical interpretation of scripture allows him to grapple with morally disturbing events and impose a cohesive explanation of stories. Specifically, Philo interprets the characters of the Bible as aspects of the human being, and the stories of the Bible as episodes from universal human

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was the first documented of its kind, and thereby often misunderstood. Many critics of Philo assumed his allegorical perspective would lend credibility to the notion of legend over historicity. Philo often advocated a literal understanding of the Torah and the historicity of such described events,

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tells of Philo's selection by the Alexandrian Jewish community as their principal representative before the Roman emperor Gaius Caligula. He says that Philo agreed to represent the Alexandrian Jews about the civil disorder that had developed between the Jews and the Greeks. Josephus also tells us

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attributes. God as such is untouched by unreasonable emotions, as appears, e.g., from Exodus ii. 12, where Moses, torn by his emotions, perceives God alone to be calm. He is free from sorrow, pain, and all such affections. But He is frequently represented as endowed with human emotions; and this

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with the demiurge's thoughts. These thoughts make the contents of Logos; they were the seals for making sensual things during world creation. Logos resembles a book with creature paradigms. An Architect's design before the construction of a city serves to Philo as another simile of Logos. Since

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On the parallel activity of the two powers and the symbols used therefor in Scripture, as well as on their emanation from God and their further development into new powers, their relation to God and the world, their part in the Creation, their tasks toward man, etc., see Siegfried, "Philo,"

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content from the 3rd and 4th centuries. Philo's ideas were further developed by later Judaism in the doctrines of the Divine Word creating the world, the divine throne-chariot and its cherub, the divine splendor and its shekinah, and the name of God as well as the names of the angels.

4762:) plays a prominent role in Philo as well and is yet another power among the divine powers that acts as an agent of creation. Whereas the Logos, as we have seen, is responsible for the intelligible world, Wisdom would seem to be responsible for the world perceived by the senses. 468:

Alexander. According to Josephus, Philo and the larger Jewish community refused to treat the emperor as a god, to erect statues in honour of the emperor, and to build altars and temples to the emperor. Josephus says Philo believed that God actively supported this refusal.

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basic idea that the world is eternal and indestructible contradicts all those Jewish teachings that were for Philo an indisputable presupposition. Bernays has proved at the same time that the text has been confused through wrong pagination, and he has cleverly restored

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in 1826. Comparison with surviving Greek and Latin fragments recommends the translation as literal and accurate so far as it goes, but suggests that some of the original content is missing. There are thought to be twelve original books, six on Genesis and six on

3809: 1742:' conception of the "dividing Logos" (λόγος τομεύς), which calls the various objects into existence by the combination of contrasts ("Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit," § 43 ), as well as the Stoic characterization of the Logos as the active and vivifying power. 2359:, who he says retaliated against the Jews when they refused to worship Caligula as a god. Daniel Schwartz surmises that given this tense background it may have been politically convenient for Philo to favor abstract monotheism instead of overt pro-Judeanism. 2402:, the voices of the men and the women uniting in a choral symphony until the sun rises. After a common morning prayer each goes home to resume his contemplation. Such is the contemplative life (βίος θεωρητικός) led by these Θεραπευταί ("servants of Yhwh"). 2537:

Although Philo was a Jewish Middle Platonist, his influence on both Platonism and Judaism was limited compared to his adaptation by the early Christian Church fathers. His influence on Platonism was mostly restricted to Christian Middle Platonists such as

2121:"De Opificio Mundi" (comp. Siegfried in "Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie", 1874, pp. 562–565; L Cohn's important separate edition of this treatise, Breslau, 1889, preceded the edition of the same in "Philonis Alexandrini", etc., 1896, i.). 2140:. The greater part of the missing portion was supplied, under the title "De Cophini Festo et de Colendis Parentibus", by Mai (1818), and was printed in Richter's edition, v. 48–50, Leipsic, 1828. The complete text of the second book was published by 476:

There was now a tumult arisen at Alexandria, between the Jewish inhabitants and the Greeks; and three ambassadors were chosen out of each party that were at variance, who came to Gaius. Now one of these ambassadors from the people of Alexandria was

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Some 50 works by Philo have survived, and he is known to have written some 20 to 25 further works which have been lost. The following list gives conventional Latin and English titles and abbreviations commonly used in reference works.

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legislation, which is in complete harmony with nature ("De Opificio Mundi", § 1 ). The exposition of the Law then follows in two sections. First come the biographies of the men who antedated the several written laws of the Torah, as

2124:"De Abrahamo", on Abraham, the representative of the virtue acquired by learning. The lives of Isaac and Jacob have been lost. The three patriarchs were intended as types of the ideal cosmopolitan condition of the world. 1709:"Hellenistische Studien," p. 73), corresponding to the tenet of Greek philosophy that the existence of all things is summed up in God. God as such is motionless, as the Bible indicates by the phrase "God stands". 681:

as a designation for God". According to David B. Capes, "the problem for this case, however, is that Christian scholars are responsible for copying and transmitting Philo's words to later generations", and adds,

1955:. According to Philo's original idea, the history of primal man is here considered as a symbol of the religious and moral development of the human soul. This great commentary included the following treatises: 1531:

Philo regards the Bible as the source not only of religious revelation but also of philosophic truth. By applying the Stoic mode of allegoric interpretation to the Old Testament, he interpreted the stories of

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Alexandria", p. 157). Philo says he was regarded by his people as having unusual prudence, due to his age, education, and knowledge. This indicates that he was already an older man at this time (40 CE).

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A "Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum", which was printed in the sixteenth century and then disappeared, has been discussed by Cohn in "J. Q. R." 1898, x. 277–332. It narrates Biblical history from Adam to Saul

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to introduce these innovations respecting our temple." In his entire presentation, he implicitly supports the Jewish commitment to rebel against the emperor rather than allow such sacrilege to take place.

2227:"On Providence", preserved only in Armenian, and printed from Aucher's Latin translation in the editions of Richter and others (on Greek fragments of the work see Schürer, l.c. pp. 531 et seq.). 2381:

This work describes the mode of life and the religious festivals of a society of Jewish ascetics, who according to the author, are widely scattered over the earth, and are found especially in every

2355:, Philo describes the situation of the Jews in Egypt, writing that they numbered not less than a million and inhabited two of the five districts in Alexandria. He recounts the abuses of the prefect 5018:, 1888, ii. 535-545; on Philo as influenced by the Halakah, see B Ritter, "Philo und die Halacha", Leipsic, 1879, and Siegfried's review of the same in the "Jenaer Literaturzeitung", 1879, No. 35. 2461:

a detestable, common drinking-bout. This can not be explained as a Stoic diatribe; for in this case Philo would not have repeated it. And Philo would have been the last to interpret the Platonic

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Although the names of his parents are unknown, it is known that Philo came from a family which was noble, honourable and wealthy. It was either his father or paternal grandfather who was granted

5168:"Gesammelte Abhandlungen", 1885, i. 283-290; "Abhandlung der Berliner Akademie", 1876, Philosophical-Historical Division, pp. 209–278; ib. 1882, sect. iii. 82; Von Arnim, l.c. pp. 1–52 2148:

The treatises "De Fortitudine", "De Caritate", and "De Pœnitentia" are a kind of appendix to "De Specialibus Legibus". combines them into a special book, which, he thinks, was composed by Philo.

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Then the laws are discussed in detail: first the chief ten commandments (the Decalogue), and then the precepts in amplification of each law. The work is divided into the following treatises:

417:. He accumulated an immense amount of wealth, becoming not only the richest man in that city but also in the entire Hellenistic world. Alexander was so rich that he gave a loan to the wife of 3977:

in Greek already in the second century BCE. By the time of the era of Philo, it is hardly surprising that he was a highly accomplished Greek stylist, and probably knew little to no Hebrew.

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and feet, eyes and ears, tongue and windpipe, as allegories. In Philo's interpretation, Scripture adapts itself to human conceptions; and so God is occasionally represented as a man for

449:. Some expatriate Hellenes (Greeks) in Alexandria condemned the Jews for a supposed alliance with Rome, even as Rome was seeking to suppress Jewish national and cultural identity in the 2465:

in the vulgar way in which it is explained in the "De Vita Contemplativa", 7 (ii. 480), as he repeatedly uses the myth of double man allegorically in his interpretation of Scripture ("

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surveys evidence and concludes: "Although it is improbable that Philo varied from the custom of writing the Tetragram when quoting from Scripture, it is likely that he used the word

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On the difference between the physical and ethical allegory, the first of which refers to natural processes and the second to the psychic life of man, see Siegfried, l.c. p. 197.

2605:(1575), one of the first Jewish commentaries on Philo, describes four "serious defects" of Philo: reading the Torah in Greek, not Hebrew; belief in primordial matter rather than 1959:"Legum allegoriae", books i.-iii., on Gen. ii. 1-iii. 1a, 8b-19 (on the original extent and contents of these three books and the probably more correct combination of i. and ii.) 1564:, § 8 . He did not reject the subjective experience of ancient Judaism; yet, he repeatedly explained that the Septuagint cannot be understood as a concrete, objective history. 1680:(ἑαυτῷ ἱκανός). God can never perish (ἅφθαρτος). He is the simply existent (ὁ ὤν, τὸ ὄν), and has no relations with any other being (τὸ γὰρ ὄν, ᾗ ὄν ἐστιν, οὐχὶ τῶν πρός τι). 1627:

Six, the product of the masculine and feminine numbers 3 × 2 and in its parts equal to 3+3, is the symbol of the movement of organic beings ("De Allegoriis Legum," i. 2 ).

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Three is the number of the body ("De Allegoriis Legum," i. 2 ) or of the Divine Being in connection with His fundamental powers ("De Sacrificiis Abelis et Caini," § 15 ).

425:. Due to his extreme wealth, Alexander was also influential in imperial Roman circles as a friend of emperor Claudius. Through Alexander, Philo had two nephews, 2488: 1901: 9041: 5488: 2054:(the dreams of Joseph, of the cupbearer, the baker, and Pharaoh). Philo's three other books on dreams have been lost. The first of these (on the dreams of 1692:

of the Bible to be a monstrous impiety that was incompatible with the Platonic opposition of God to matter, instead interpreting the ascription to God of

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Seven has the most various and marvelous attributes ("De Opiticio Mundi," §§ 30-43 ; comp. I. G. Müller, "Philo und die Weltschöpfung," 1841, p. 211).

7854: 2062:) preceded the present book i., and discussed the dreams in which God Himself spoke with the dreamers, this fitting in very well with Gen. xx. 3. 1943:. The explanation is confined chiefly to determining the literal sense, although Philo frequently refers to the allegorical sense as the higher. 350:

Philo's dates of birth and death are unknown but can be judged by Philo's description of himself as "old" when he was part of the delegation to

2457:, whom Philo prized ("Quod Omnis Probus", i., ii.; "Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit", 43; "De Providentia", ii. 42, 48, etc.). He considers the 2412: 1772:

argues that Philo's Logos was derived from his understanding of the "postbiblical Wisdom literature, in particular the Wisdom of Solomon". The

2141: 1784:, around the 1st century BCE, with the aim of bolstering the faith of the Jewish community in a hostile Greek world. It is one of the seven 2288: 1753:

Philo also adapted Platonic elements in designating the Logos as the "idea of ideas" and the "archetypal idea". Philo identified Plato's

9340: 7914: 1512:(holy word, godly word, righteous word), uttered sometimes directly and sometimes through the mouth of a prophet, and especially through 1459: 5384: 4286: 1621:," §§ 15, 16 , etc.); but in an evil sense four is the number of the passions, πάθη ("De Congressu Quærendæ Eruditionis Gratia." § 17 ). 4758:. and was influenced by it. The obvious identification of Logos and Wisdom in the Wisdom of Solomon is a case in point. Wisdom (Greek 629:, suggest some familiarity. Philo offers for some names three or four etymologies, sometimes including the correct Hebrew root (e.g., 4997:

On a doxographic source used by Philo in book i., § 4 , see Wendland in "Sitzungsbericht der Berliner Akademie". 1897. No. xlix. 1-6.

2264: 1911:– longer exegesis explaining esoteric meanings; the surviving text deals only with the Book of Genesis, with the notable omission of 1049: 1918:"Exposition of the Law" – more straightforward synthesis of topics in the Pentateuch, probably written for gentiles as well as Jews. 5791: 5098:

See also commentary by Pieter W. van der Horst, 'Philo's Flaccus: The First Pogrom. Introduction, Translation, and Commentary' 2005

2151:"De Præmiis et Pœnis" and "De Execratione". On the connection of both This is the conclusion of the exposition of the Mosaic law. 9345: 5558:. Extrait du tome I de la Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Section des Sceicne religieuses. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1889. 4262: 2583: 4934:, adds after No. 7 the lost books Περὶ Διαθηκῶν); ("Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes", p. 23, note 2, Paris, 1889) 2114:. These were the Patriarchs, who were the living impersonations of the active law of virtue before there were any written laws. 8552: 5781: 5597: 5570: 5366: 5341: 4747: 4123: 3969: 3939: 3861: 3731: 1633:

Eight, the number of the cube, has many of the attributes determined by the Pythagoreans ("Quæstiones in Genesin," iii. 49 ).

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still being developed by the rabbis of the period together serve as a blueprint for the pursuit of individual enlightenment.

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Albert Geljon and David Runia, "Philo of Alexandria On Planting: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary", 2019, p. 2

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translation. Exact date of writing and original plan of organization is not known for much of the text attributed to Philo.

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YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

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Some claimed this lack of credit or affinity for Philo by the Rabbinic leadership at the time was due to his adoption of

750: 8138: 7538: 6885: 1494:, which he considers the source and standard not only of religious truth but of all truth. Its pronouncements are the 9325: 7450: 5695: 5667: 5642: 5621: 5521: 5451: 4799: 3508: 358:

estimates his birth year as sometime between 15 and 10 BCE. Philo's reference to an event under the reign of Emperor

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The Old Rabbinic Doctrine of God, Two Volumes: I. The Names and Attributes of God and II, Essays in Anthropomorphism

9335: 9111: 9031: 9011: 7778: 1951:Νόμων Ἱερῶν Ἀλληγορίαι, or "Legum Allegoriæ", deals, so far as it has been preserved, with selected passages from 7907: 7508: 6512: 5723: 5632: 1452: 7102: 5771: 5747: 2494:"Interpretatio Hebraicorum Nominum", a collection, by an anonymous Jew, of the Hebrew names occurring in Philo. 9295: 7846: 6246: 3534: 3451: 2613:; unbelief in the Lord as evidenced by excessively allegorical interpretation of scripture; and neglect of the 1660:, he contrasted the nature of God with the nature of the physical world. Philo did not consider God similar to 9290: 9001: 8512: 7643: 7638: 7377: 6645: 3800: 1689: 1226: 715:

and that (2) he quotes scriptures in the same way he would have pronounced it, that is, by translating it as

215: 116: 5761: 5737: 2617:. Dei Rossi later gives a possible defense of Philo and writes that he can neither absolve nor convict him. 2127:"De Josepho", the life of Joseph, intended to show how the wise man must act in the actually existing state. 1857:), but also include histories and comments on philosophy. Most of these have been preserved in Greek by the 9320: 9071: 8940: 7577: 6702: 6613: 6289: 2072: 1231: 1044: 9305: 8373: 7761: 6622: 6462: 5843: 4217: 3989: 1656:

both through the negation of opposed ideas, and through detailed, positive explanations of the nature of

4988:

on the fragment "De Deo", which contains a commentary on Gen. xviii. 2, see Massebieau, l.c. p. 29;

1722:

Creation the most important proof of divine goodness, he found the idea of goodness especially in Θεός.

390:(from a priestly family). His ancestors and family had social ties and connections to the priesthood in 9310: 9254: 7900: 7826: 7097: 6786: 4815: 3500:

Philonis Alexandrini de animalibus: The Armenian Text with an Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

3489: 3467: 3384: 1912: 1580:

represents tranquility, a stage of "relative" (incomplete but progressing) righteousness. According to

1445: 1393: 1346: 1125: 588:

The extent of Philo's knowledge of Hebrew, however, is debated. Philo was more fluent in Greek than in

445:

Philo lived in an era of increasing ethnic tension in Alexandria, exacerbated by the new strictures of

160: 8517: 4281: 4234:

Engberg-Pedersen, Troels (2004). "Stoicism in the Apostle Paul". In Zupko, J.; Strange, S. K. (eds.).

3426: 9300: 9141: 9091: 8021: 7728: 6690: 6125: 6120: 3805: 1835:

Philo did suggest in his writings that a prudent man should withhold his true opinion about tyrants:

1585: 1378: 1256: 1160: 1034: 943: 807: 511: 491: 426: 2239:, viii. 6, 7. The meaning of the title is open to discussion; it may be identical with the following 2051: 1636:

Nine is the number of strife, according to Gen. xiv. ("De Congressu Qu. Eruditionis Gratia," § 17 ).

666:, and they tend to follow the translation of the Septuagint more closely than the Hebrew version. . 9131: 9081: 8890: 8180: 7859: 7808: 7653: 7292: 6502: 6316: 5896: 5866: 5374: 2095: 1672: 1221: 686: 2235: 9330: 9211: 8522: 7793: 7738: 7597: 7494: 7013: 6781: 6472: 6422: 6381: 6371: 5976: 5705: 5424: 5415: 5411: 4970:(on the work Περὶ Μισθῶν cited in this treatise see Massebieau, l.c. pp. 27 et seq., note 3) 4226: 4213: 3723: 3478:. Vol. 1–10. Translated by F.H. Colson. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1929–62. 1801: 1311: 830: 507: 455: 450: 430: 413:

Philo had one brother, Alexander Lysimachus, who was the general tax administrator of customs in

273: 8875: 6561: 422: 9280: 8497: 8409: 7543: 6878: 6825: 6331: 6301: 6211: 6000: 5995: 3587: 2302: 2091: 1341: 1281: 1251: 1011: 948: 704: 641: 609: 503: 403: 235: 206: 148: 63: 20: 4737: 4113: 362:

indicates that he died sometime between 45 and 50 CE. Philo also recounts that he visited the

9216: 9206: 9101: 8627: 8582: 8085: 7683: 7587: 7357: 7320: 7272: 7160: 6806: 6581: 6487: 6452: 6432: 6251: 6226: 6206: 6181: 6135: 6094: 6089: 5962: 5472: 4910: 4754:

It is more than likely that Philo knew the postbiblical Wisdom literature, in particular the

4276: 4204: 4081: 4033: 3957: 3391: 2539: 2356: 2230:"De Animalibus" (on the title see Schürer, l.c. p. 532; in Richter's ed. viii. 101–144). 2145:

and they include, also, as appendix, the sections "De Justitia" and "De Creatione Principum".

1291: 1261: 1155: 563: 315: 5554: 5466: 4917:, "Philonis Alexandrini", etc., ii., pp. xviii. et seq., 1-41; "Philologus", lvii. 248-288); 4854: 3340: 3321: 3283: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3197: 3178: 3159: 3156: 3137: 3118: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3071: 3052: 3014: 3011: 2992: 2954: 2916: 2897: 2878: 2840: 2821: 2802: 2783: 2764: 2709: 2690: 2671: 2652: 2291:

consider it genuine, with the exception of the partly interpolated passages on the Essenes.

9221: 9021: 8482: 7703: 7352: 6673: 6591: 6546: 6536: 6507: 6216: 6176: 5766: 5742: 4961:

on the lost second book see Schürer, l.c. p. 507, and Von Arnim, l.c. pp. 53–100)

3649: 3411: 3405: 3302: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3033: 2973: 2935: 2859: 2745: 2219: 2189:

Historical works (describing current events in Alexandria and the Roman Empire), including

1671:

Philo also integrated select theology from the rabbinic tradition, including God's sublime

1403: 1145: 1110: 993: 703:(1) the exegete knows and reads biblical manuscripts in which the tetragram is written in 8820: 8607: 8542: 5846:

at the University of Leipzig. English translations of Philo's writings are also available

2271:(in "Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie", 1888, pp. 49–71), and others. Now 1601: 8: 9285: 9061: 8622: 8567: 8487: 8429: 8312: 8207: 7937: 7798: 7429: 7367: 7277: 7214: 7124: 7112: 6744: 6712: 6566: 6556: 6447: 6201: 6055: 6040: 6025: 6020: 6005: 5986: 5981: 5967: 5889: 5847: 5480: 5403: 4624: 4522: 4205: 4047: 3994: 3604: 3417: 2587: 2320: 1952: 1408: 893: 761: 729: 653: 551: 311: 279:

The only event in Philo's life that can be decisively dated is his representation of the

129: 42:

Imaginative illustration of Philo made in 1584 by the French portrait artist André Thevet

5402: 287:

in 40 CE following civil strife between the Jewish and Greek communities of Alexandria.

9181: 8840: 8805: 8715: 8242: 8075: 8026: 7783: 7746: 7713: 7708: 7673: 7630: 7518: 7489: 7409: 7372: 6907: 6707: 6640: 6412: 6386: 6361: 6356: 6341: 6236: 6015: 5971: 5566: 5513:

From Logos to Trinity: The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian

5461: 5222: 4809: 4791: 3483: 3461: 3378: 3370: 2547: 2411:

as disguised Christian monks. This view has found advocates even in very recent times;

1861:; some survive only through an Armenian translation, and a smaller number survive in a 1624:

Five is the number of the senses and of sensibility ("De Opificio Mundi," § 20 , etc.).

1589: 1418: 1413: 1383: 1336: 1316: 1165: 1140: 918: 888: 845: 622: 502:

Philo along with his brothers received a thorough education. They were educated in the

355: 265: 99: 8790: 4258: 2502:

revised it. On the etymology of names occurring in Philo's exegetical works see below.

1544:

to demonstrate that Greek philosophers' ideas had already been laid out in the Bible:

8970: 8870: 8835: 8660: 8637: 8632: 8507: 8123: 8113: 7962: 7947: 7923: 7879: 7836: 7469: 7414: 7404: 7396: 7362: 7247: 7196: 7018: 6871: 6801: 6771: 6492: 6477: 6366: 6311: 6150: 6080: 6075: 5952: 5860: 5691: 5663: 5638: 5617: 5593: 5517: 5447: 5362: 5337: 4795: 4755: 4743: 4148: 4119: 4089: 4077: 3965: 3857: 3822: 3727: 3504: 3447: 2608: 2598: 2509: 2466: 2256: 2082: 2047: 1773: 1693: 1618: 1306: 1296: 1286: 1201: 1135: 1130: 963: 938: 898: 742: 569: 395: 375: 8740: 8434: 2550:, a 2nd Century CE Middle Platonist who also wrote on Judaism and was influenced by 2260: 9226: 8900: 8860: 8850: 8800: 8785: 8775: 8735: 8695: 8685: 8562: 8532: 8492: 8378: 8214: 8192: 7982: 7972: 7688: 7548: 7500: 7419: 7237: 6630: 6457: 6346: 6261: 6168: 6140: 6115: 6045: 5927: 5785: 5562: 5549: 5214: 3921:"On Consorting with the Preliminary Studies" 6 ; "De Specialibus Legibus," ii. 229; 3849: 2484:"De Mundo", a collection of extracts from Philo, especially from the preceding work 2314: 2155:

This exposition is more exoteric than allegorical and might have been intended for

1785: 1665: 1521: 1373: 1321: 1016: 958: 923: 913: 903: 870: 575: 519: 399: 338: 280: 182: 124: 8895: 4733: 2524: 2133:"De Decalogo", the introductory treatise to the chief ten commandments of the Law. 1889: 1769: 1520:. Although he distinguishes between the words uttered by God himself, such as the 9176: 9171: 8935: 8880: 8865: 8845: 8825: 8780: 8755: 8665: 8617: 8602: 8502: 8462: 8353: 8348: 8175: 8063: 7977: 7952: 7883: 7788: 7718: 7474: 7424: 7242: 7129: 6816: 6796: 6776: 6722: 6635: 6586: 6497: 6241: 6231: 5990: 5839: 5685: 5611: 5536: 5511: 5441: 5331: 5205:

N. A. Dahl and Alan F. Segal (1978). "Philo and the Rabbis on the Names of God".

5011: 3715: 3633: 3578: 3498: 3441: 2563: 2422: 1893: 1754: 1331: 1180: 1072: 988: 978: 635: 630: 589: 525:

In his works, Philo shows extensive influence not only from philosophers such as

226: 5673: 4874:

James R. Royse, with Adam Kamesar, "The Works of Philo", in Kamesar, ed. (2009).

4831:, "The Idea and the Reality of the City in the Thought of Philo of Alexandria"; 4455: 4325:("De Opificio Mundi, § 9 ; "De Allegoriis Legum," i. 2 ; "De Somaniis," ii. 10 ) 4027: 3364: 2307: 2280: 1922:

Philo's commentary on the Pentateuch is usually classified within three genres.

9275: 9231: 9121: 9051: 8950: 8925: 8795: 8765: 8725: 8690: 8547: 8472: 8457: 8452: 8343: 8333: 8043: 7994: 7648: 7315: 7139: 7134: 7107: 6976: 6843: 6838: 6811: 6680: 6658: 6596: 6571: 5957: 5795: 5419: 5407: 5054: 5007: 4828: 4221: 4209: 3657: 3637: 3629: 2551: 2021: 1897: 1858: 1825: 1553: 1398: 1266: 1236: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1170: 1150: 968: 708: 663: 5827: 5207:

Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period

3910: 3758:, III.13, section regarding the necessity of the literal six days of creation. 2487:"De Sampsone" and "De Jona", in Armenian, published with Latin translation by 1476:. His work attempts to combine Plato and Moses into one philosophical system. 545:. Philo's largest philosophical influence was Plato, drawing heavily from the 246: 9269: 9236: 8945: 8930: 8920: 8905: 8855: 8810: 8770: 8705: 8700: 8670: 8537: 8477: 8419: 8143: 7957: 7558: 7459: 7051: 6956: 6833: 6766: 6751: 6727: 6663: 6551: 6196: 5398: 5379: 4930:

iii. p. 506] correctly combines Nos. 6 and 7 into one book; Massebieau,

4914: 4152: 3641: 3524: 3395: 2520: 2426: 2394: 2363: 2272: 2137: 2059: 1970: 1730:

Philo also treats the divine powers of God as a single independent being, or

1701: 1388: 1271: 1246: 612:. His numerous etymologies of Hebrew names, which are along the lines of the 418: 379: 363: 6761: 5875: 5801: 5532: 5218: 4943:

Von Arnim, "Quellenstudien zu Philo von Alexandria", 1899, pp. 101–140)

3853: 2421:("Revue de l'Histoire des Religions", 1887, xvi. 170 et seq., 284 et seq.), 2407: 8915: 8910: 8885: 8815: 8750: 8710: 8680: 8675: 8587: 8577: 8467: 8202: 8197: 8185: 8106: 8092: 8016: 7773: 7678: 7668: 7568: 7533: 7513: 7454: 7382: 7267: 7170: 7117: 6717: 6417: 6336: 6276: 5585: 5074:, Chapters 6–9 (43, 53–56, 62, 66, 68, 71–72), Yonge's translation (online) 3653: 3645: 3529: 2591: 2478: 2442: 2430: 2382: 2242:Περὶ Ἰουδαίων an apology for the Jews (Schürer, l.c. pp. 532 et seq.). 1900:. All six books are preserved through an Armenian translation published by 1676: 1525: 1491: 1326: 1175: 908: 860: 605: 581: 5814: 5373: 3841: 3774:

Daniel R. Schwartz, "Philo, His Family, and His Times", in Kamesar (2009).

2597:

For a long time, Philo was read and analyzed mostly by Christian authors.

2251:

This is the second half of a work on the freedom of the just according to

1800:

The Logos has a special relation to man. Philo seems to look at man as a

9196: 8991: 8965: 8960: 8760: 8745: 8612: 8592: 8572: 8424: 8399: 8358: 8219: 8128: 8118: 8080: 8038: 8001: 7967: 7751: 7663: 7592: 7528: 7484: 7302: 7257: 7210: 7144: 6988: 6951: 6848: 6791: 6756: 6576: 2390: 2233:ϓποθετικά ("Counsels"), a work known only through fragments in Eusebius, 2171: 2007: 1781: 1763: 1276: 1241: 1054: 1039: 973: 933: 791: 601: 542: 446: 295: 109: 5397: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 5276: 5226: 4140: 1809: 695:

when making a secondary reference to the divine name in his exposition".

9201: 9161: 8730: 8720: 8597: 8527: 8414: 8383: 8363: 8307: 8302: 8257: 8152: 7816: 7723: 7698: 7658: 7252: 7023: 7008: 7003: 6971: 6946: 6685: 6306: 6070: 6030: 6010: 4592:

On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile, V, 14; On Dreams, XXXVII, 2.245

2614: 2450: 2438: 2434: 2418: 2284: 2268: 1854: 1789: 1777: 1739: 1545: 1517: 1473: 1301: 1087: 1077: 983: 953: 928: 850: 776: 613: 597: 414: 323: 319: 299: 269: 59: 3402:(The Surviving Works of Philo of Alexandria) . Berlin: George Reimer. 1611:

Two is the number of schism, of that which has been created, of death.

9241: 9191: 8955: 8830: 8557: 8328: 8252: 8159: 8133: 8053: 7479: 7310: 7201: 6998: 6983: 6966: 6961: 6941: 6541: 6482: 6391: 6321: 6266: 6130: 6110: 5947: 5912: 5855: 4022: 2571: 2515:

For a list of the lost works of Philo see Schürer, l.c. p. 534.

2458: 2446: 2055: 2046:"De Somniis", book i., on Gen. xxviii. 12 et seq., xxxi. 11 et seq. ( 1940: 1537: 1092: 855: 786: 781: 626: 538: 310:

in his time; specifically, he explored the connections between Greek

144: 7892: 2362:

Philo considers Caligula's plan to erect a statue of himself in the

1813: 464:

that Philo was skilled in philosophy and that he was brother to the

9166: 8642: 8368: 8338: 8297: 8292: 8058: 8033: 7831: 7464: 7046: 6993: 6894: 6427: 6396: 6351: 6326: 6284: 6221: 6191: 6085: 5655:. Number 1 in Philo of Alexandria Commentary Series. Brill, Leiden. 5465: 3565: 2567: 2338: 2252: 2014: 1987: 1980: 1963: 1936: 1829: 1731: 1697: 1653: 1581: 1557: 1185: 865: 486: 465: 460: 359: 351: 330: 307: 303: 284: 5867:

The Works of Philo - searchable text from University of the Aegean

669:

Philo identified the angel of the Lord (in the singular) with the

8404: 8267: 8048: 8006: 7989: 7821: 7523: 7434: 7282: 7229: 7165: 7059: 6442: 6437: 6376: 6296: 6035: 4547:"De Migratione Abrahami," § 18 ; "De Specialibus Legibus," § 36 . 4184: 2575: 2399: 2156: 2103: 2086: 2028: 1849:

The works of Philo are mostly allegorical interpretations of the

1541: 1082: 617: 515: 5590:

The Land of the Body: Studies in Philo's Representation of Egypt

1604:, explaining at length the importance of the first 10 numerals: 9186: 8277: 8247: 8099: 8011: 7942: 7769: 7332: 6919: 6467: 6256: 6145: 5496: 3795: 3610: 3594: 2543: 2499: 2495: 1661: 1617:

Four is potentially what ten is actually, the perfect number ("

1428: 676: 659: 593: 557: 530: 383: 5571:""Essai sur la Chronologie de la Vie et des Œuvres de Philon"" 4979:

This is often referred to nowadays as "De Fuga et Inventione".

2255:

principles. The genuineness of this work has been disputed by

1639:

Ten is the number of perfection ("De Plantatione Noë," § 29 ).

421:, as well as gold and silver to overlay the nine gates of the 37: 8287: 8262: 8070: 7325: 7175: 7066: 7041: 6936: 5942: 5881: 5561: 5428:. Vol. 10. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 11–13. 4794:. Foreword by David M. Scholer Yonge. Hendrickson Pub. 1993. 4775:

Resurrection in Paul: Cognition, Metaphor, and Transformation

3632:

cannot be exactly determined. He does not quote the Books of

3614: 2454: 2386: 2215:, the latter two surviving only through Armenian translation. 2111: 2107: 2078: 2037:"De Congressu Quærendæ Eruditionis Gratia", on Gen. xvi. 1–6; 1878: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1735: 1533: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1495: 690: 674: 670: 534: 526: 478: 391: 334: 164: 5204: 4026: 3558:"Philo" is the literal Greek translation of the Hebrew name 1935:

part of the "Genesis", and fragments from the Greek text in

433:. The latter was the first husband of the Herodian princess 8272: 7553: 7336: 7206: 6863: 3597: 2462: 2276: 2099: 1997: 1805: 1746: 1705:

serves to explain expressions referring to His repentance.

1577: 1569: 662:). However, his works do not display much understanding of 407: 220: 197: 191: 4259:"Jewish Hellenistic Philosopher Aristobolus of Alexandria" 2425:("Philo About the Contemplative Life", Oxford, 1895), and 2389:. The writer, however, confines himself to describing the 2085:". The Creation is, according to Philo, the basis for the 7693: 7180: 7080: 5678:

Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi

4172:"De Agricultura Noë," § 12 ; "De Somniis," i. 681, ii. 25 2081:

and his laws, which is usually prefaced by the treatise "

1939:, in the "Sacra Parallela", in the "Catena", and also in 1750:

beings, and was called by Philo "the first-born of God."

1657: 1573: 673:. In the text attributed to Philo, he "consistently uses 3929: 3927: 2523:

has argued convincingly that this work is spurious. Its

2508:

The pseudo-Philonic "Breviarium Temporum", published by

1892:") – short verse-by-verse exposition: four books on the 5613:

Exegesis and Philosophy: Studies on Philo of Alexandria

3842:"The Roman-Jewish Wars and Hebrew Cultural Nationalism" 1552:§ 43 ; and the conception of the wise man expounded by 518:, in the study of Jewish traditional literature and in 5171: 3982: 2562:

Though never properly attributed, Philo's marriage of

1946: 9042:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

4107: 4105: 3924: 2259:(in "Monatsschrift", ii. 30 et seq., 61 et seq.), by 485:

This event is also described in Book 2, Chapter 5 of

318:. For example, he maintained that the Greek-language 188: 16:

Hellenistic Jewish philosopher (c. 20 BCE – c. 50 CE)

5792:

Philo Judaeus of Alexandria: Jews in the Greek World

5055:"CHURCH FATHERS: Church History, Book II (Eusebius)" 3592: 3559: 1745:

But Philo followed the Platonic distinction between

1738:". Philo's conception of the Logos is influenced by 646: 342:

while at other times favoring allegorical readings.

240: 194: 5316:

Studia Philonica Annual, ISSN: 1052-4533 (1989 ff.)

3846:

Major Turning Points in Jewish Intellectual History

2034:"Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit", on Gen. xv. 2–18; 1700:reasons. The same holds good also as regards God's 604:translation of Hebraic texts later compiled as the 185: 5485:The Politics of Philo Judaeus: Practice and Theory 4102: 2263:("Gesch." iii. 464 et seq.), and more recently by 1608:One is God's number and the basis for all numbers. 6621: 4111: 4076: 3848:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 31–44, 1868: 9267: 5653:On the Creation of the Cosmos according to Moses 4233: 2472: 1472:Philo represents the apex of Jewish-Hellenistic 5683: 5491:and Erwin R. Goodenough. Yale University Press. 5281:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 4723:, J.N.D. Kelly, Prince Press, 2004, p. 20. 4684:Who is the Heir of Divine Things? XLII, 205-206 4418:, ed. P. Borgen, et al. (Bellingham, WA: 2005). 4402:, ed. P. Borgen et al. (Bellingham, WA: 2005)). 3840:Aberbach, David (2003), Aberbach, David (ed.), 3496: 2498:enlarged it by adding New Testament names; and 5509: 4711:On the Unchageableness of God, XXXVII, 181-182 4416:The Works of Philo: Greek Text with Morphology 4400:The Works of Philo: Greek Text with Morphology 4386:, ed. P. Borgen et al. (Bellingham, WA: 2005). 4384:The Works of Philo: Greek Text with Morphology 4269: 3897:, xviii.8, § 1, Whiston's translation (online) 1873:Most of Philo's surviving work deals with the 7908: 6879: 5897: 5634:Philo in Early Christian Literature: A Survey 5089:, Chapter 28-31, Yonge's translation (online) 4489:("De Gigantibus," § 2 ; "De Somniis," i. 22 ) 4112:Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; North, Wendy (2004). 3951: 3949: 3706:xviii.8, § 1; comp. ib. xix.5, § 1; xx.5, § 2 2337:), Philo describes his diplomatic mission to 2246: 1993:"Quod Deus sit immutabilis", on Gen. vi. 4-12 1479: 1453: 8150: 8104: 8090: 5630: 5609: 5604:Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato 5497:"Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 B.C.E.—40 C.E.)" 5487:. With a "General Bibliography of Philo" by 5443:Philo of Alexandria: An Exegete for His Time 5388:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5306:Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament 5194:. New York: JQR. pp. 41–45 and 295–306. 4343:Who is the Heir of Divine Things, XXXII, 160 3938:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDillon1996140 ( 3443:Philo of Alexandria: An Exegete for His Time 3357: 2574:provided a formula later picked up by other 2374: 1881:). Within this corpus are three categories: 658:'descend' as the origin of the name 366:in Jerusalem at least once in his lifetime. 5371: 5189: 4742:. Princeton University Press. p. 159. 4398:I, §44: "...ἱκανὸς αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ὁ θεός..." ( 4182: 3911:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm 3366:The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged 2606: 2328: 2043:"De Mutatione Nominum", on Gen. xvii, 1-22; 1548:' idea of binary oppositions, according to 258: 7915: 7901: 7345: 6886: 6872: 5904: 5890: 5333:The Middle Platonists, 80 B.C. to A.D. 220 5120:comp. Wendland, "Philo", ii., pp. vi.-x.). 4648:Compare "The Confusion of Tongues," § 11 . 4518: 4516: 3964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. 3946: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 1516:, whom Philo considers the real medium of 1460: 1446: 333:to harmonize Jewish scripture, mainly the 292:Hellenistic Jewish community in Alexandria 36: 5606:. Philosophia antiqua, 44. Brill, Leiden. 4529:, Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, pp. 458–462. 4070: 3933: 1976:"De eo quod deterius potiori insidiatur"; 533:, but also poets and orators, especially 472:Josephus' complete comments about Philo: 7629: 5926: 5516:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5277:Philo Judaeus and the True Torah Library 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4666:"Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres Sit," § 42 . 4501: 4352:On the Unchangeableness of God, XIII, 62 4218:"Philo Judaeus: His Methods of Exegesis" 4141:"Middle Platonism – Philo of Alexandria" 3990:"Philo Judaeus: His Knowledge of Hebrew" 3955: 3839: 3446:. by Peder Borgen. Leiden: Brill. 1997. 3400:Philonis Alexandrini Opera quæ supersunt 2306: 2066: 1584:, Philo was largely inspired in this by 5460: 4732: 4565:Allegorical Interpretation, I, VIII, 19 4513: 4460:Jahrbuch für Protestantische Theologie, 4145:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4008:Anthony Hanson, "Philo's Etymologies"; 3958:"1.1: Philo, His Family, and His Times" 3761: 2620: 1824:His ethics were strongly influenced by 1073:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean 9268: 6906: 6405: 5494: 5439: 5329: 5177: 5082: 5080: 4639:Questions and Answers on Genesis 2:62) 4118:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 122. 3564:'beloved of God', 'God loves me'; see 3299:Quod deterius potiori insidiari soleat 2974:On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile 2784:On Mating with the Preliminary Studies 1819: 514:and particularly in the traditions of 7922: 7896: 7618: 6905: 6867: 5885: 5372:Schürer, Emil; Bigg, Charles (1911). 5293:Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 4861: 4657:Questions and Answers on Genesis 2.62 4458:, "Der Begriff des Himmelreichs," in 4289:from the original on October 30, 2017 4138: 4115:Early Jewish and Christian Monotheism 2405:The ancient Church looked upon these 2393:, a colony of hermits settled on the 2167:Philo is also credited with writing: 283:in a delegation to the Roman emperor 5812: 5706:"Philo Judaeus (Jewish philosopher)" 5660:Philo of Alexandria: An Introduction 5530: 5361:. Cambridge University Press, 2009. 5107:regarding other titles see Schürer, 4054:, Volume 1, Continuum, 2003, p. 460. 4021: 3545: 2162: 1853:(known in the Hellenic world as the 1788:or wisdom books included within the 1712: 1486:Allegorical interpretations of Plato 5555:Le classement des oeuvres de Philon 5542:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5502:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5077: 4629:, P. Vallentine, 1912, pp. 114–115. 4601:On the Confusion of Tongues, XI, 41 4436:"Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis," § 11 . 3582: 2955:Concerning Noah's Work as a Planter 2294: 1947:Allegorical commentary of the Torah 1683: 1675:, and man's inability to behold an 634: 354:in 38 CE. Jewish history professor 230: 13: 9341:Philosophers in ancient Alexandria 5825: 5433: 4702:Every Good Man is Free, VII, 46-47 4508:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy 4480:("De Confusione Linguarum," § 34 ) 4067:, 5th ed., HarperOne, 1978, p. 11. 3259:Questions and Answers on Genesis I 2344: 2003:"De Plantatione", on Gen. ix. 20b; 290:Philo was a leading writer of the 14: 9357: 7451:Attributes of God in Christianity 5717: 5575:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 5531:Lévy, Carlos (February 6, 2018). 5495:Hillar, Marian (April 21, 2005). 4777:(Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016). p.100 4427:"De Confusione Linguarum," § 27 . 3476:Philo with an English Translation 3427:"Index of Philosophical Writings" 3420:(1926; indexed by Hans Leisegang) 2653:Hypothetica: Apology for the Jews 2554:, cannot be definitively proven. 2218:Works now lost, but mentioned by 2077:Philo wrote a systematic work on 2040:"De Profugis", on Gen. xvi. 6–14; 1762:The Logos is also designated as " 1550:Who is the Heir of Divine Things? 1490:Philo bases his doctrines on the 294:, Egypt. He wrote expansively in 9112:The Closing of the American Mind 9032:Civilization and Its Discontents 9012:A Vindication of Natural Society 7878: 5876:Works of Philo - searchable text 5842:have been made available by the 5392: 5359:The Cambridge Companion to Philo 5310: 5298: 5286: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5198: 5183: 5162: 5149: 5136: 5123: 5114: 5101: 5092: 4498:"De Migratione Abrahami," § 32 . 4445:"De Allegoriis Legum," iii. 12 . 4316:("De Allegoriis Legum," ii. 12 ) 4265:from the original on 2017-06-21. 4248:Sandmel (1979), p. 24–25; 84–85. 4230:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 4198: 3962:The Cambridge Companion to Philo 3284:Who is the Heir of Divine Things 2546:, even potential connections to 749: 181: 7509:Great Architect of the Universe 6513:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 5637:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 5065: 5047: 5034: 5021: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4920: 4903: 4890: 4877: 4847: 4838: 4833:Journal of the History of Ideas 4822: 4780: 4767: 4739:The Origins of Jewish Mysticism 4726: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4448: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4405: 4389: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4251: 4242: 4192: 4181:"De Specialibus Legibus", §§ 2 4175: 4166: 4139:Moore, Edward (June 28, 2005). 4132: 4057: 4041: 4015: 4002: 3915: 3900: 3888: 3875: 3833: 3815: 3663: 3622: 3571: 3241:Questions and Answers on Exodus 2780:De congressu eruditionis gratia 2519:"De Incorruptibilitate Mundi". 1602:Pythagorean-inspired numerology 9346:1st-century Greek philosophers 5911: 5806:Society of Biblical Literature 4610:On Flight and Finding, XX, 111 4583:On Flight and Finding, XX, 112 4510:(2nd ed): Philo Judaeus, 1999. 4236:Traditions and Transformations 4010:Journal of Theological Studies 3789: 3777: 3749: 3737: 3709: 3697: 3684: 3552: 3535:Elephantine papyri and ostraca 3322:On the Unchangeableness of God 3303:Worse is Wont to Attack Better 3280:Quis rerum divinarum heres sit 3030:De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini 2199:Philosophical works including 2050:); "De Somniis", book ii., on 1925: 1869:Commentaries on the Pentateuch 1017:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari 621:to Genesis and of the earlier 1: 9002:Oration on the Dignity of Man 7288:Trinity of the Church Fathers 6646:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 5323: 4189:; "De Præmiis et Pœnis", § 1 4082:"2: The Use of the Name YHWH" 3503:. Chico, CA: Scholars Press. 3497:Terian, Abraham, ed. (1981). 2473:Other works ascribed to Philo 1877:(the first five books of the 1776:is a Jewish work composed in 1595: 723: 625:, although not modern Hebrew 81: 74: 51: 9072:The Society of the Spectacle 7619: 6893: 5844:Open Greek and Latin Project 5838:Open source XML versions of 5772:Resources in other libraries 5748:Resources in other libraries 5569:(1906). Jean Réville (ed.). 5336:. Cornell University Press. 5016:Geschichte des Volkes Israel 4693:On the Creation, LI, 145-146 4088:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 60. 3956:Schwartz, Daniel R. (2009). 3677: 3217:Allegorical Interpretation I 2691:On the Eternity of the World 2205:On the Eternity of the World 2073:Moses in rabbinic literature 1600:Philo frequently engages in 1232:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi 497: 440: 221: 7: 7539:Phenomenological definition 5856:Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria 5662:. Oxford University Press. 5357:Kamesar, Adam, ed. (2009). 5295:(1909ff., 4th ed. 1998 ff.) 4844:Goodenough (1983), pp. 1–3. 4538:On the Confusion of Tongues 4261:. earlyjewishwritings.com. 3746:, JQR 22 (1931) pp. 295-306 3720:On the Historicity of Jesus 3593: 3560: 3518: 3337:Quod omnis probus liber sit 2898:On the Migration of Abraham 2765:On the Confusion of Tongues 1647: 647: 437:. Marcus died in 43 or 44. 241: 10: 9362: 9316:Hellenistic Jewish writers 4675:"De Vita Mosis," iii. 14 . 4627:Hellenism and Christianity 4556:On the Creation, XLIV, 129 4307:Sandmel (1979), p. 22–23. 3960:. In Kamesar, Adam (ed.). 3829:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3744:Philo and the Names of God 3615: 3577:The Septuagint translates 2993:On Rewards and Punishments 2557: 2476: 2300: 2247:That all good men are free 2070: 1966:", on Gen. iii. 24, iv. 1; 1508: 1502: 1496: 1483: 1480:Allegorical interpretation 1347:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 1227:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm 727: 691: 675: 378:from Roman dictator Gaius 210: 161:Allegorical interpretation 18: 9250: 9154: 9142:Intellectuals and Society 9092:The Culture of Narcissism 8983: 8651: 8443: 8392: 8321: 8235: 8228: 8168: 7930: 7876: 7845: 7807: 7760: 7737: 7625: 7614: 7567: 7443: 7395: 7301: 7228: 7189: 7153: 7090: 7079: 7032: 6927: 6918: 6914: 6901: 6824: 6743: 6736: 6672: 6612: 6605: 6529: 6275: 6167: 6121:Metrodorus of Stratonicea 6103: 6063: 6054: 5935: 5919: 5828:"Philo Resource Page 3.1" 5802:"Studia Philonica Annual" 5767:Resources in your library 5743:Resources in your library 5658:Sandmel, Samuel. (1979). 4721:Early Christian Doctrines 4471:Deut. v. 31; Ex. xvii. 6. 4065:Early Christian Doctrines 3434:Documenta Catholica Omnia 3358:Editions and translations 3318:Quod Deus sit immutabilis 3138:On the Contemplative Life 2532: 2376:On the Contemplative Life 2184:On the Contemplative Life 1586:Aristobulus of Alexandria 1568:experience. For example, 1257:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa 1050:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat 808:Aristobulus of Alexandria 512:Ancient Egyptian religion 427:Tiberius Julius Alexander 369: 268:philosopher who lived in 259: 170: 154: 138: 115: 105: 95: 91: 70: 47: 35: 28: 9326:Jews of Roman Alexandria 9132:The Malaise of Modernity 9082:The History of Sexuality 8181:Catholic social teaching 7293:Trinitarian universalism 6317:Eustathius of Cappadocia 5872:(site currently offline) 5684:Sly, Dorothy I. (1996). 5602:Runia, David T. (1986). 5592:Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck. 5330:Dillon, John M. (1996). 5190:Marmorstein, A. (1920). 4773:Frederick S. Tappenden, 3540: 2603:Me'or Enayim: Imre Binah 1844: 1725: 1572:represents the mind and 1222:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo 451:Roman province of Judaea 9336:Philosophers of Judaism 9212:Philosophy of education 7495:Godhead in Christianity 6382:Gaius Marius Victorinus 5977:Demetrius of Amphipolis 5782:Works by or about Philo 5710:Encyclopædia Britannica 5690:. New York: Routledge. 5510:Hillar, Marian (2012). 5425:The Jewish Encyclopedia 5412:Jacob Zallel Lauterbach 5385:Encyclopædia Britannica 5219:10.1163/157006378X00012 4574:On the Creation, VI, 24 4527:A History of Philosophy 4282:Encyclopædia Britannica 4277:"Aristobulus of Paneas" 4227:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4214:Jacob Zallel Lauterbach 4052:A History of Philosophy 3895:Antiquities of the Jews 3854:10.1057/9781403937339_3 3724:Sheffield Phoenix Press 3198:On the Embassy to Gaius 2761:De confusione linguarum 2588:literal interpretations 2052:Gen. xxxvii. 40 et seq. 2013:"Resipuit; Noë, seu De 1795: 1734:, which he designates " 1528:, as the special laws. 508:culture of ancient Rome 456:Antiquities of the Jews 431:Marcus Julius Alexander 345: 298:on the intersection of 274:Roman province of Egypt 8151: 8105: 8091: 6001:Lastheneia of Mantinea 5996:Hestiaeus of Perinthus 5440:Borgen, Peder (1997). 5422:; et al. (eds.). 5031:pp. 519 , 520-522 4814:: CS1 maint: others ( 4224:; et al. (eds.). 4183: 4012:18, 1967; pp. 128–139. 3488:: CS1 maint: others ( 3466:: CS1 maint: others ( 3383:: CS1 maint: others ( 3341:Every Good Man is Free 3255:Quaestiones in Genesim 3157:On the Life of Moses I 3087:De specialibus legibus 2917:On the Change of Names 2894:De migratione Abrahami 2607: 2329: 2324: 2303:Alexandrian riots (38) 2201:Every Good Man Is Free 2174:for Judaism including 1909:Allegorical Commentary 1842: 1562:Every Good Man is Free 1282:Isaac Orobio de Castro 1252:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 949:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera 721: 711:and not translated by 699:James Royse concludes: 697: 610:deuterocanonical books 506:of Alexandria and the 483: 404:Julio-Claudian dynasty 386:wrote that Philo came 329:Philo's deployment of 149:philosophy of religion 21:Philo (disambiguation) 9296:1st-century BC Romans 9217:Philosophy of history 9207:Philosophy of culture 9102:A Conflict of Visions 7321:Fate of the unlearned 7273:Shield of the Trinity 6807:Nicholas Wolterstorff 6582:Theodoric of Freiberg 6252:Clement of Alexandria 6182:Eudorus of Alexandria 6136:Aeschines of Neapolis 5815:"Philo of Alexandria" 5651:Runia, D. T. (2001). 5631:Runia, D. T. (1993). 5610:Runia, D. T. (1990). 5533:"Philo of Alexandria" 5473:Catholic Encyclopedia 4370:Ex. xxxii. 20 et seq. 4034:Catholic Encyclopedia 3934:Dillon & 1996 140 3238:Quaestiones in Exodum 3134:De vita contemplativa 2989:De praemiis et poenis 2841:On Flight and Finding 2837:De fuga et inventione 2615:Jewish oral tradition 2540:Clement of Alexandria 2357:Aulus Avilius Flaccus 2310: 2236:Præparatio Evangelica 2195:De legatione ad Gaium 2067:Exposition of the Law 2017:", on Gen. ix. 24–27; 1837: 1688:Philo considered the 1292:Samuel David Luzzatto 1262:Samson Raphael Hirsch 883:Spanish and European: 851:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) 701: 684: 474: 316:Second Temple Judaism 9291:1st-century BCE Jews 9222:Political philosophy 9022:Democracy in America 6592:Berthold of Moosburg 6537:John Scotus Eriugena 6508:David the Invincible 6217:Alexander Peloplaton 5481:Goodenough, Erwin R. 5467:"Philo Judæus" 5129:Further down in the 5044:pp. 522 et seq. 4625:Gerald Friedlander, 4412:De mutatione nominum 3801:De Viris Illustribus 3034:On the Birth of Abel 2970:De posteritate Caini 2913:De mutatione nominum 2687:De aeternitate mundi 2649:Apologia pro Judaeis 2621:List of extant works 2489:Jean-Baptiste Aucher 2433:, inspired men like 2220:Eusebius of Caesarea 2176:On the Life of Moses 2031:", on Gen. xii. 1–6; 2022:Confusione Linguarum 1983:", on Gen. iv. 16-25 1902:Jean-Baptiste Aucher 1534:the first five books 994:Judah Leon Abravanel 555:, and also from the 388:de genere sacerdotum 19:For other uses, see 9321:Jewish philosophers 9062:One-Dimensional Man 7855:Slavic Native Faith 7278:Trinitarian formula 7215:Father of Greatness 7098:Abrahamic religions 6713:Ralph Waldo Emerson 6187:Philo of Alexandria 6026:Menedemus of Pyrrha 6021:Heraclides Ponticus 6006:Timolaus of Cyzicus 5982:Euaeon of Lampsacus 5404:Crawford Howell Toy 5131:Jewish Encyclopedia 4736:(24 January 2011). 4523:Frederick Copleston 4206:Crawford Howell Toy 4048:Frederick Copleston 3995:Jewish Encyclopedia 3810:English translation 2321:Nuremberg Chronicle 2024:", on Gen. xi. 1–9; 1990:", on Gen. vi. 1–4; 1973:", on Gen. iv. 2–4; 1820:Ethics and politics 1424:Microcosm–macrocosm 1342:Joseph Soloveitchik 1012:Natan'el al-Fayyumi 813:Philo of Alexandria 737:Part of a series on 730:Hellenistic Judaism 504:Hellenistic culture 423:temple in Jerusalem 312:Platonic philosophy 177:Philo of Alexandria 130:Hellenistic Judaism 9306:1st-century Romans 9182:Cultural pessimism 9177:Cultural criticism 8076:National character 7817:Abrahamic prophecy 7747:Ayyavazhi theology 7519:Apophatic theology 6908:Conceptions of God 6708:Emanuel Swedenborg 6641:Cristoforo Landino 6623:Florentine Academy 6413:Plutarch of Athens 6362:Eusebius of Myndus 6357:Maximus of Ephesus 6342:Theodorus of Asine 6237:Numenius of Apamea 6016:Axiothea of Phlius 5972:Erastus of Scepsis 5819:EarlyChurch.org.uk 5796:Dr. Henry Abramson 5687:Philo's Alexandria 5489:Howard L. Goodhart 5146:iii., p. 542. 4788:The Works of Philo 3827:www.britannica.com 3628:The extent of his 3609:'Messenger of 3414:(1902, 1906, 1915) 3408:(1896, 1897, 1898) 3371:Charles Duke Yonge 3091:The Special Laws I 2548:Numenius of Apamea 2325: 2000:", on Gen. ix. 20; 1590:Alexandrian school 1337:Abraham Isaac Kook 1317:Monsieur Chouchani 919:Joseph ibn Tzaddik 889:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 856:Ismaili philosophy 846:Brethren of Purity 492:Historia Ecclesiae 419:king Herod Agrippa 356:Daniel R. Schwartz 266:Hellenistic Jewish 254: 50 CE 250: 20 BCE 100:Ancient philosophy 9311:Middle Platonists 9263: 9262: 8979: 8978: 8124:Spontaneous order 8114:Social alienation 7963:Cultural heritage 7924:Social philosophy 7890: 7889: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7501:Latter Day Saints 7470:Divine simplicity 7391: 7390: 7248:Consubstantiality 7224: 7223: 7075: 7074: 7019:Theistic finitism 6861: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6802:Peter van Inwagen 6772:Roderick Chisholm 6698: 6697: 6654: 6653: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6367:Priscus of Epirus 6169:Middle Platonists 6163: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6151:Dio of Alexandria 6076:Diocles of Cnidus 5861:Project Gutenberg 5724:Library resources 5598:978-3-16-149250-1 5550:Massebieau, Louis 5446:. Leiden: Brill. 5367:978-0-521-86090-1 5343:978-0-8014-8316-5 5283:41(3), Fall 2008. 5275:Naomi G. Cohen, " 5059:www.newadvent.org 4835:61(3), July 2000. 4756:Wisdom of Solomon 4749:978-0-691-14215-9 4125:978-0-567-42917-9 4078:Sean M. McDonough 3971:978-0-521-86090-1 3863:978-1-4039-3733-9 3756:De Opificio Mundi 3732:978-1-909697-49-2 3670:pp. 214–218. 3608: 3591: 3546:Explanatory notes 3355: 3354: 2932:De opificio mundi 2609:creatio ex nihilo 2599:Azariah dei Rossi 2510:Annius of Viterbo 2467:De Opificio Mundi 2163:Independent works 2083:De Opificio Mundi 2010:", on Gen. ix. 21 1981:posteritate Caini 1774:Wisdom of Solomon 1713:Divine attributes 1652:Philo stated his 1619:De Opificio Mundi 1556:, the founder of 1470: 1469: 1307:Eliezer Berkovits 1297:Elijah Benamozegh 1287:Moses Mendelssohn 1202:Francisco Sanches 1161:Reconstructionist 964:Isaac ben Sheshet 959:Moses of Narbonne 939:Samuel ibn Tibbon 899:Abraham bar Hiyya 743:Jewish philosophy 657: 645: 596:chiefly from the 594:Jewish Scriptures 510:, to a degree in 396:Hasmonean dynasty 376:Roman citizenship 239: 219: 174: 173: 9353: 9301:1st-century Jews 9227:Social criticism 9147: 9137: 9127: 9117: 9107: 9097: 9087: 9077: 9067: 9057: 9047: 9037: 9027: 9017: 9007: 8997: 8233: 8232: 8215:Frankfurt School 8193:Communitarianism 8156: 8110: 8096: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7894: 7893: 7882: 7627: 7626: 7616: 7615: 7503: 7343: 7342: 7238:Athanasian Creed 7088: 7087: 6925: 6924: 6916: 6915: 6903: 6902: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6865: 6864: 6741: 6740: 6619: 6618: 6610: 6609: 6458:Ammonius Hermiae 6403: 6402: 6262:Origen the Pagan 6141:Philo of Larissa 6116:Hagnon of Tarsus 6061: 6060: 6046:Crates of Athens 5933: 5932: 5924: 5923: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5871: 5863: 5835: 5826:Seland, Torrey. 5822: 5809: 5786:Internet Archive 5713: 5701: 5648: 5627: 5582: 5563:Louis Massebieau 5546: 5537:Zalta, Edward N. 5527: 5506: 5477: 5469: 5457: 5429: 5396: 5395: 5389: 5377: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5273: 5267: 5264:De Vita Mosis, I 5261: 5255: 5252:De Vita Mosis, I 5249: 5243: 5240:De Vita Mosis, I 5237: 5231: 5230: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5087:Embassy to Gaius 5084: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5032: 5025: 5019: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4924: 4918: 4907: 4901: 4900:iii. p. 504 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4805: 4790:. Translated by 4784: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4409: 4403: 4396:Legum Allegoriae 4393: 4387: 4380:Legum Allegoriae 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095:978-31-6147055-4 4074: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3931: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3692:Embassy to Gaius 3688: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3603: 3601: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3514: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3437: 3431: 3388: 3382: 3374: 3369:. Translated by 3213:Legum allegoriae 3194:Legatio ad Gajum 2644:Stud. Philonica 2629: 2628: 2612: 2335:Embassy to Gaius 2332: 2330:Legatio ad Gaium 2296:Embassy to Gaius 1996:"De Agricultura 1969:"De sacrificiis 1747:imperfect matter 1690:anthropomorphism 1684:Anthropomorphism 1522:Ten Commandments 1511: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1365: 1322:Emmanuel Levinas 1113: 944:Joseph ben Judah 924:Abraham ibn Ezra 914:Abraham ibn Daud 904:Bahya ibn Paquda 871:Rabbinic Judaism 833: 764: 753: 734: 733: 694: 693: 680: 679: 652: 650: 640: 638: 520:Greek philosophy 400:Herodian dynasty 339:Greek philosophy 281:Alexandrian Jews 262: 261: 255: 251: 244: 234: 232: 224: 214: 212: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 125:Middle Platonism 86: 83: 79: 76: 56: 53: 40: 26: 25: 9361: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9246: 9172:Critical theory 9150: 9145: 9135: 9125: 9115: 9105: 9095: 9085: 9075: 9065: 9055: 9045: 9035: 9025: 9015: 9005: 8995: 8975: 8653: 8647: 8445: 8439: 8388: 8317: 8224: 8176:Budapest School 8164: 7953:Cosmopolitanism 7926: 7921: 7891: 7886: 7884:Religion portal 7864: 7841: 7803: 7784:Holy Scriptures 7756: 7733: 7621: 7602: 7563: 7499: 7475:Divine presence 7439: 7387: 7341: 7297: 7243:Comma Johanneum 7220: 7185: 7149: 7083: 7071: 7028: 6910: 6897: 6892: 6862: 6853: 6820: 6817:Edward N. Zalta 6797:Alvin Plantinga 6777:Michael Dummett 6732: 6723:Bernard Bolzano 6694: 6668: 6650: 6636:Marsilio Ficino 6601: 6587:Meister Eckhart 6517: 6498:John Philoponus 6401: 6271: 6242:Ammonius Saccas 6232:Maximus of Tyre 6155: 6099: 6050: 5991:Python of Aenus 5915: 5910: 5869: 5853: 5813:Bradshaw, Rob. 5800: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5753: 5752: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5704: 5698: 5645: 5624: 5524: 5476:. Vol. 12. 5454: 5436: 5434:Further reading 5420:Singer, Isidore 5393: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5203: 5199: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159:iii. note 168). 5154: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5012:Oskar Holtzmann 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4925: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4896:comp. Schürer, 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4862: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4827: 4823: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4768: 4750: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4410: 4406: 4394: 4390: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4222:Singer, Isidore 4199: 4197: 4193: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4075: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3972: 3954: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3908:Church History, 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3838: 3834: 3823:"Philo Judaeus" 3821: 3820: 3816: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3716:Richard Carrier 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3627: 3623: 3583:מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה 3576: 3572: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3521: 3511: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3440: 3429: 3425: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3360: 3012:On Providence I 2936:On the creation 2746:On the Cherubim 2623: 2564:Jewish exegesis 2560: 2535: 2481: 2475: 2379: 2353:Against Flaccus 2349: 2346:Against Flaccus 2305: 2299: 2249: 2165: 2075: 2069: 2027:"De Migratione 1971:Abelis et Caini 1949: 1928: 1896:and two on the 1894:Book of Genesis 1871: 1847: 1822: 1798: 1728: 1715: 1686: 1650: 1598: 1560:, according to 1526:edicts of Moses 1488: 1482: 1466: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1366: 1363: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1332:Gershom Scholem 1312:Eliyahu Dessler 1191: 1190: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1060: 1059: 1022: 1021: 999: 998: 989:Isaac Abarbanel 979:Elia del Medigo 876: 875: 834: 829: 822: 821: 818: 817: 797: 796: 765: 760: 732: 726: 500: 443: 372: 348: 256:), also called 253: 249: 184: 180: 157: 141: 134: 84: 77: 66: 57: 54: 43: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9359: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9331:Metaphysicians 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9232:Social science 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9138: 9128: 9122:Gender Trouble 9118: 9108: 9098: 9088: 9078: 9068: 9058: 9052:The Second Sex 9048: 9038: 9028: 9018: 9008: 8998: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8102: 8097: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8044:Invisible hand 8041: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7920: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7888: 7887: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7794:Predestination 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7766: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7743: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7649:Biblical canon 7646: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7623: 7622: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7574: 7572: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7444:Other concepts 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7340: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7316:Apocalypticism 7313: 7307: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7230:Trinitarianism 7226: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7145:Zoroastrianism 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7094: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6977:Urmonotheismus 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6922: 6912: 6911: 6899: 6898: 6891: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6868: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6844:Roman Ingarden 6841: 6839:Edmund Husserl 6836: 6830: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6814: 6812:Crispin Wright 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6782:W. V. O. Quine 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6681:Ralph Cudworth 6678: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6659:Giordano Bruno 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6597:Paul of Venice 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572:Henry of Ghent 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6281: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5965: 5960: 5958:Philip of Opus 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5930: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5873: 5864: 5851: 5836: 5823: 5810: 5798: 5788: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718:External links 5716: 5715: 5714: 5702: 5696: 5681: 5671: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5607: 5600: 5583: 5559: 5547: 5528: 5522: 5507: 5492: 5478: 5462:Bréhier, Émile 5458: 5452: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5416:"Philo Judæus" 5408:Carl Siegfried 5390: 5380:Chisholm, Hugh 5369: 5355: 5342: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5197: 5182: 5180:, p. 144. 5170: 5161: 5148: 5135: 5122: 5113: 5111:, p. 535. 5100: 5091: 5076: 5064: 5046: 5033: 5020: 5008:Bernhard Stade 4999: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4919: 4902: 4889: 4876: 4860: 4846: 4837: 4829:David T. Runia 4821: 4800: 4779: 4766: 4748: 4734:Schäfer, Peter 4725: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4512: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4404: 4388: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4268: 4250: 4241: 4210:Carl Siegfried 4191: 4174: 4165: 4131: 4124: 4101: 4094: 4069: 4063:J.N.D. Kelly, 4056: 4040: 4037:. Vol. 1. 4014: 4001: 3981: 3970: 3945: 3923: 3914: 3899: 3887: 3874: 3862: 3832: 3814: 3788: 3776: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3708: 3696: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3662: 3621: 3616:ἄγγελος Κυρίου 3570: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3494: 3472: 3452: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3389: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3119:On the Virtues 3116: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3072:On Dreams I-II 3069: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3009: 3008:De providentia 3005: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2951:De plantatione 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2822:On Drunkenness 2819: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2706:De agricultura 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2622: 2619: 2559: 2556: 2552:Pythagoreanism 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2492: 2485: 2474: 2471: 2378: 2373: 2348: 2343: 2339:Gaius Caligula 2298: 2293: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2197: 2187: 2164: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2048:Jacob's dreams 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1948: 1945: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1906: 1898:Book of Exodus 1870: 1867: 1859:Church Fathers 1846: 1843: 1826:Pythagoreanism 1821: 1818: 1797: 1794: 1727: 1724: 1714: 1711: 1702:anthropopathic 1685: 1682: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1597: 1594: 1481: 1478: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1267:Jacob Abendana 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237:Tzvi Ashkenazi 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217:Salomon Maimon 1214: 1212:Baruch Spinoza 1209: 1207:Uriel da Costa 1204: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1156:Existentialist 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 969:Hasdai Crescas 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 885: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 842: 840:Influenced by: 838: 835: 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 810: 804: 800: 798: 795: 794: 789: 784: 779: 773: 769: 766: 759: 758: 755: 754: 746: 745: 739: 738: 725: 722: 709:Aramaic script 664:Hebrew grammar 499: 496: 442: 439: 371: 368: 352:Gaius Caligula 347: 344: 172: 171: 168: 167: 158: 155: 152: 151: 142: 140:Main interests 139: 136: 135: 133: 132: 127: 121: 119: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 88: 72: 68: 67: 58: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9358: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9281:20s BC births 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237:Social theory 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9119: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Radhakrishnan 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8652:20th and 21st 8650: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8444:18th and 19th 8442: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7827:Denominations 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7799:Last Judgment 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7617: 7613: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7559:Unmoved mover 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7460:Binitarianism 7458: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7181:Supreme Being 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052:Gender of God 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6957:Kathenotheism 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834:Henri Bergson 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Alonzo Church 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:Gottlob Frege 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6728:Aleksei Losev 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6703:Thomas Taylor 6701: 6700: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6664:Blaise Pascal 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Peter Abelard 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463:Asclepiodotus 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6277:Neoplatonists 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:Justin Martyr 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5877: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5840:Philo's works 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5697:9780415096799 5693: 5689: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5674:Schürer, Emil 5672: 5669: 5668:0-19-502514-8 5665: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5644:9789023227137 5640: 5636: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5623:9780860782872 5619: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5586:Pearce, Sarah 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567:Émile Bréhier 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5523:9781107013308 5519: 5515: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5453:9789004103887 5449: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5399:public domain 5391: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5375:"Philo" 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5142:see Schürer, 5139: 5132: 5126: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4803: 4801:9780943575933 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4462:1876, i. 170. 4461: 4457: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4245: 4238:. p. 58. 4237: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4216:(1901–1906). 4215: 4211: 4207: 4195: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4169: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4066: 4060: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4028:"Angel" 4024: 4018: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3808:), Caput XI ( 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3784:On Providence 3780: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3589: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3525:Land of Onias 3523: 3522: 3512: 3510:9780891304722 3506: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3396:Paul Wendland 3393: 3392:Cohn, Leopold 3390: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3153:De vita Mosis 3152: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115:De virtutibus 3114: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049:De sobrietate 3048: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2860:On the Giants 2858: 2856:De gigantibus 2855: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803:The Decalogue 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2725:De animalibus 2724: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2635:English title 2634: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2526: 2522: 2521:Jakob Bernays 2518: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2396: 2395:Lake Mareotis 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2364:Second Temple 2360: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2311:Woodcut from 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2213:On Providence 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1841: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:Peter Schäfer 1767: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1673:transcendence 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536:as elaborate 1535: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1493: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1429:Righteousness 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1379:Chosen people 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1359: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1272:Isaac Cardoso 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1247:Samuel Hirsch 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1035:Isaac Israeli 1033: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 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7014:Spiritualism 6787:David Kaplan 6737:Contemporary 6718:Josiah Royce 6503:Olympiodorus 6418:Asclepigenia 6337:Chrysanthius 6186: 5878:(in Russian) 5854: 5831: 5818: 5805: 5762:Online books 5755: 5738:Online books 5728: 5709: 5686: 5677: 5659: 5652: 5633: 5616:. Variorum. 5612: 5603: 5589: 5578: 5574: 5553: 5540: 5512: 5500: 5484: 5471: 5442: 5423: 5383: 5358: 5347:. Retrieved 5332: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5191: 5185: 5173: 5164: 5156: 5151: 5143: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5094: 5086: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5041: 5036: 5028: 5023: 5015: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4884: 4879: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4832: 4824: 4787: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4759: 4753: 4738: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4620: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4526: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4459: 4456:Emil Schürer 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4280: 4271: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4225: 4194: 4177: 4168: 4158:December 20, 4156:. Retrieved 4144: 4134: 4114: 4085: 4072: 4064: 4059: 4051: 4043: 4032: 4017: 4009: 4004: 3998:. 1901–1906. 3993: 3984: 3975: 3961: 3917: 3907: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3885:xviii. 8. 1. 3882: 3877: 3867:, retrieved 3845: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3799: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3665: 3654:Ecclesiastes 3650:Lamentations 3624: 3573: 3554: 3530:Cairo Geniza 3499: 3475: 3442: 3433: 3399: 3373:. 1854–1855. 3365: 3348:Omn Prob Lib 3272:Quaest in Gn 3247:Quaest in Ex 2818:De ebrietate 2710:On Husbandry 2624: 2602: 2596: 2592:Hebrew Bible 2581: 2561: 2536: 2514: 2479:Pseudo-Philo 2431:Pythagoreans 2417: 2406: 2404: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2361: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2334: 2326: 2312: 2295: 2250: 2234: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2154: 2116: 2076: 1950: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1908: 1885: 1872: 1848: 1838: 1834: 1823: 1799: 1768: 1760: 1752: 1744: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1707: 1687: 1670: 1651: 1642: 1599: 1576:the senses. 1566: 1561: 1549: 1530: 1492:Hebrew Bible 1489: 1471: 1327:Martin Buber 1195: 1146:Conservative 1119: 1066: 1028: 1005: 909:Judah Halevi 882: 861:Jewish Kalam 839: 812: 801: 770: 716: 712: 702: 698: 685: 668: 616: 606:Hebrew Bible 587: 580: 574: 568: 562: 556: 550: 546: 524: 501: 490: 484: 475: 471: 454: 444: 412: 387: 373: 349: 328: 289: 278: 260:Philō Judæus 257: 176: 175: 78: 50 CE 9197:Historicism 9026:(1835–1840) 8992:De Officiis 8716:de Beauvoir 8686:Baudrillard 8638:Vivekananda 8628:Tocqueville 8543:Kierkegaard 8359:Ibn Khaldun 8329:Alpharabius 8220:Personalism 8129:Stewardship 8086:Reification 8081:Natural law 8002:Familialism 7968:Culturalism 7752:Krishnology 7729:Soteriology 7684:Eschatology 7664:Christology 7529:Open theism 7485:Exotheology 7383:Zoroastrian 7346:By religion 7303:Eschatology 7258:Homoiousian 7211:Ahura Mazda 6989:Panentheism 6952:Hermeticism 6849:Leo Strauss 6826:Continental 6792:Saul Kripke 6757:G. E. Moore 6691:Anne Conway 6614:Renaissance 6577:Bonaventure 6126:Clitomachus 5963:Aristonymus 5832:torreys.org 5790:Lecture on 5680:(1886–1890) 5213:(1): 1–28. 5178:Dillon 1996 4623:, cited in 4621:De Profugis 4361:Isa. lv. 9. 3883:Antiquities 3704:Antiquities 3436:(in Greek). 3406:Volumes 1–3 3310:Det Pot Ins 3291:Rer Div Her 3053:On Sobriety 2799:De decalogo 2742:De Cherubim 2668:De Abrahamo 2632:Latin title 2586:instead of 2584:allegorical 2525:Peripatetic 2391:Therapeutae 2317:Weltchronik 2315:Schedelsche 2180:On the Jews 2159:audiences. 2142:Tischendorf 1932:Quaestiones 1926:Quaestiones 1886:Quaestiones 1764:high priest 1509:ὀρθὸς λόγος 1503:θεῖος λόγος 1497:ἱερὸς λόγος 1384:Eschatology 1277:David Nieto 1242:Jacob Emden 1176:Neo-Hasidic 1055:Ibn Kammuna 1045:al-Mukkamas 1040:Saadia Gaon 974:Joseph Albo 934:Nachmanides 894:Ibn Gabirol 762:Hellenistic 602:Koine Greek 543:Demosthenes 296:Koine Greek 110:Roman Egypt 64:Roman Egypt 9286:50s deaths 9270:Categories 9202:Humanities 9162:Agnotology 8821:Kołakowski 8384:Ibn Tufayl 8364:Maimonides 8308:Thucydides 8303:Tertullian 8258:Lactantius 8153:Volksgeist 8134:Traditions 7948:Convention 7837:Philosophy 7724:Sophiology 7704:Philosophy 7699:Messianism 7659:Paterology 7263:Hypostasis 7253:Homoousian 7084:theologies 7024:Theopanism 7009:Polytheism 6972:Monotheism 6947:Henotheism 6762:Kurt Gödel 6686:Henry More 6488:Simplicius 6307:Iamblichus 6071:Arcesilaus 6031:Xenocrates 6011:Speusippus 5987:Heraclides 5913:Platonists 5870:(in Greek) 5324:References 5157:Geschichte 5144:Geschichte 5109:Geschichte 5042:Geschichte 5029:Geschichte 4932:Classement 4928:Geschichte 4898:Geschichte 4885:Geschichte 4883:Schürer, 4855:De somniis 4792:C.D. Yonke 4023:Pope, Hugh 3906:Eusebius, 3881:Josephus, 3869:2023-12-20 3453:9004103880 3412:Voumes 4–6 3175:In Flaccum 3148:Contempl. 3068:De somniis 3000:Praem Poen 2875:De Josepho 2728:On Animals 2672:On Abraham 2477:See also: 2451:Heraclitus 2439:Empedocles 2435:Parmenides 2419:Massebieau 2408:Therapeutæ 2301:See also: 2285:Massebieau 2269:Hilgenfeld 2209:On Animals 2191:Ad Flaccum 2071:See also: 2015:Sobrietate 1988:gigantibus 1855:Pentateuch 1802:trichotomy 1790:Septuagint 1786:Sapiential 1778:Alexandria 1740:Heraclitus 1596:Numerology 1546:Heraclitus 1524:, and the 1518:revelation 1484:See also: 1474:syncretism 1302:Moses Hess 1120:Positions: 1067:Positions: 984:Judah Minz 954:Gersonides 929:Maimonides 792:Boethusian 771:Positions: 728:See also: 724:Philosophy 614:etymologic 598:Septuagint 564:Theaetetus 415:Alexandria 324:Jewish law 320:Septuagint 300:philosophy 270:Alexandria 252: – c. 231:יְדִידְיָה 60:Alexandria 9242:Sociology 9192:Historism 8901:Santayana 8871:Oakeshott 8841:MacIntyre 8826:Kropotkin 8801:Heidegger 8654:centuries 8568:Nietzsche 8533:Jefferson 8518:Helvétius 8483:Condorcet 8446:centuries 8430:Montaigne 8253:Confucius 8243:Augustine 8160:Worldview 8054:Modernity 8027:Formation 7714:Practical 7709:Political 7674:Cosmology 7631:Christian 7490:Holocaust 7480:Egotheism 7435:Goddesses 7430:Mormonism 7358:Christian 7311:Afterlife 7197:Sustainer 7004:Polydeism 6999:Pantheism 6984:Mysticism 6967:Monolatry 6962:Nontheism 6942:Dystheism 6674:Cambridge 6542:Al-Farabi 6483:Damascius 6473:Zenodotus 6423:Hierocles 6392:Macrobius 6387:Augustine 6372:Antoninus 6322:Sosipatra 6267:Calcidius 6177:Antiochus 6131:Charmadas 6111:Carneades 6095:Hegesinus 5948:Aristotle 5928:Academics 5155:Schürer, 5040:Schürer, 5027:Schürer, 4926:Schürer, 4858:ii, 82–92 4810:cite book 4153:2161-0002 3734:. p. 304. 3678:Citations 3642:Canticles 3613:' as 3588:romanized 3484:cite book 3462:cite book 3379:cite book 2879:On Joseph 2772:Conf Ling 2572:Platonism 2459:symposium 2447:Cleanthes 2423:Conybeare 2172:Apologies 2056:Abimelech 2008:Ebrietate 1941:Ambrosius 1913:Genesis 1 1890:Inquiries 1698:pedagogic 1677:ineffable 1538:metaphors 1414:Holocaust 1404:Happiness 1186:Rambamist 1166:Holocaust 1141:Chassidic 1131:Sephardic 1078:Kabbalist 1006:Yemenite: 782:Sadducean 777:Hasmonean 642:romanized 627:philology 623:rabbinism 570:Symposium 539:Euripides 498:Education 441:Diplomacy 314:and late 272:, in the 236:romanized 216:romanized 145:Cosmology 85: 75 9255:Category 9167:Axiology 9155:See also 8946:Voegelin 8936:Spengler 8911:Shariati 8866:Nussbaum 8851:Maritain 8811:Irigaray 8791:Habermas 8756:Foucault 8741:Durkheim 8643:Voltaire 8608:de Staël 8583:Rousseau 8508:Franklin 8369:Muhammad 8354:Gelasius 8339:Avempace 8322:Medieval 8298:Polybius 8293:Plutarch 8059:Morality 8034:Ideology 8022:Identity 7931:Concepts 7832:Kabbalah 7779:Prophets 7654:Glossary 7620:By faith 7583:Hinduism 7465:Demiurge 7455:in Islam 7415:Hinduism 7405:Buddhism 7397:Feminist 7353:Buddhist 7161:Absolute 7154:Concepts 7130:Hinduism 7125:Buddhism 7091:By faith 7055:and gods 7047:Divinity 7033:Concepts 6994:Pandeism 6895:Theology 6745:Analytic 6530:Medieval 6493:Priscian 6428:Syrianus 6397:Boethius 6352:Salutius 6332:Dexippus 6327:Aedesius 6302:Porphyry 6290:Students 6285:Plotinus 6247:Longinus 6222:Apuleius 6212:Alcinous 6192:Plutarch 6086:Telecles 6056:Skeptics 5968:Coriscus 5756:By Philo 5581:: 25–64. 5483:(1938). 5464:(1911). 5414:(1905). 5304:Kittel, 5227:24656850 5133:article. 5006:Compare 4915:Wendland 4887:iii. 503 4454:Compare 4382:II, §2; 4287:Archived 4263:Archived 4080:(1999). 4025:(1907). 3718:(2014). 3566:Jedediah 3561:Yəḏīḏyāh 3519:See also 3418:Volume 7 3329:Deus Imm 3145:Vit Cont 3107:Spec Leg 2981:Poster C 2905:Migr Abr 2698:Aet Mund 2663:Hypoth. 2568:Stoicism 2427:Wendland 2273:Wendland 2267:(1887), 2029:Abrahami 1964:cherubim 1937:Eusebius 1830:Stoicism 1812:(soul), 1808:(mind), 1732:demiurge 1654:theology 1648:Theology 1588:and the 1582:Josephus 1558:Stoicism 1409:Holiness 1126:Orthodox 1093:Tosafist 1088:Talmudic 866:Kabbalah 831:Medieval 787:Pharisee 608:and the 576:Republic 552:Phaedrus 549:and the 529:and the 487:Eusebius 466:alabarch 461:Josephus 435:Berenice 402:and the 360:Claudius 331:allegory 322:and the 308:religion 304:politics 285:Caligula 264:, was a 242:Yəḏīḏyāh 8996:(44 BC) 8926:Sombart 8921:Skinner 8906:Scruton 8886:Polanyi 8861:Niebuhr 8846:Marcuse 8781:Gramsci 8776:Gentile 8736:Du Bois 8726:Deleuze 8696:Benoist 8666:Agamben 8623:Thoreau 8613:Stirner 8603:Spencer 8553:Le Play 8503:Fourier 8488:Emerson 8473:Carlyle 8458:Bentham 8435:Müntzer 8405:Erasmus 8379:Plethon 8374:Photios 8334:Aquinas 8268:Mencius 8236:Ancient 8169:Schools 8049:Loyalty 8007:History 7995:Counter 7990:Culture 7958:Customs 7822:Aggadah 7770:Oneness 7762:Islamic 7644:Outline 7639:History 7598:Judaism 7593:Jainism 7549:Process 7524:Olelbis 7425:Judaism 7368:Islamic 7283:Trinity 7166:Brahman 7140:Sikhism 7135:Jainism 7108:Judaism 7060:Goddess 6631:Plethon 6567:Thierry 6562:Gilbert 6557:Bernard 6478:Agapius 6453:Isidore 6448:Marinus 6443:Proclus 6438:Aedesia 6433:Hermias 6406:Academy 6377:Hypatia 6312:Sopater 6297:Amelius 6227:Atticus 6207:Albinus 6090:Evander 6081:Lacydes 6041:Polemon 6036:Crantor 5953:Eudoxus 5920:Ancient 5784:at the 5588:(2007) 5539:(ed.). 5401:: 5382:(ed.). 5349:23 June 5072:Flaccus 4619:Philo, 4414:, §27; 4293:Aug 19, 4185:et seq. 3634:Ezekiel 3607: 3590:: 3230:Leg All 3208:Legat. 3205:Leg Gaj 3189:Flacc. 3179:Flaccus 3167:Vit Mos 3041:Sacr AC 3003:Praem. 2965:Plant. 2943:Op Mund 2924:Mut Nom 2813:Decal. 2794:Congr. 2590:of the 2576:Midrash 2558:Judaism 2400:Red Sea 2281:Schürer 2265:Ansfeld 2257:Frankel 2157:gentile 2104:Abraham 1953:Genesis 1905:Exodus. 1542:symbols 1419:Messiah 1196:People: 1171:Renewal 1083:Karaism 802:People: 656: 644:: 618:midrash 547:Timaeus 516:Judaism 337:, with 238:: 218:: 163:of the 9187:Ethics 9146:(2010) 9136:(1991) 9126:(1990) 9116:(1987) 9106:(1987) 9096:(1979) 9086:(1976) 9076:(1967) 9066:(1964) 9056:(1949) 9046:(1935) 9036:(1930) 9016:(1756) 9006:(1486) 8951:Walzer 8941:Taylor 8931:Sowell 8916:Simmel 8881:Pareto 8876:Ortega 8786:Guénon 8771:Gehlen 8766:Gandhi 8721:Debord 8706:Butler 8701:Berlin 8691:Bauman 8681:Badiou 8671:Arendt 8661:Adorno 8593:Ruskin 8548:Le Bon 8523:Herder 8498:Fichte 8493:Engels 8463:Bonald 8453:Arnold 8425:Milton 8420:Luther 8400:Calvin 8278:Origen 8248:Cicero 8208:Social 8144:Family 8139:Values 8100:Rights 8064:Public 8012:Honour 7943:Anomie 7938:Agency 7860:Wiccan 7809:Jewish 7789:Angels 7719:Public 7689:Ethics 7378:Taoist 7373:Jewish 7333:Heaven 7190:God as 6920:Theism 6606:Modern 6547:Anselm 6468:Hegias 6347:Julian 6257:Origen 6146:Cicero 6064:Middle 5726:about 5694: 5666: 5641: 5620: 5596: 5520: 5450: 5365: 5340: 5225: 4798: 4760:sophia 4746: 4203: 4151: 4122: 4092: 3968: 3860: 3806:e-text 3796:Jerome 3730: 3658:Esther 3638:Daniel 3611:Yahweh 3595:Malakh 3579:Hebrew 3507: 3450: 3394:& 3351:Prob. 3202:legat. 3183:Flacc. 3129:Virt. 3110:Spec. 3082:Somn. 3063:Sobr. 3044:Sacr. 3025:Prov. 2997:praem. 2984:Post. 2959:plant. 2946:Opif. 2908:Migr. 2807:decal. 2788:congr. 2775:Conf. 2756:Cher. 2737:Anim. 2641:Kittel 2544:Origen 2533:Legacy 2500:Jerome 2496:Origen 2453:, and 2413:Lucius 2287:, and 2211:, and 2182:, and 2138:Mangey 2110:, and 2087:Mosaic 1810:psyche 1664:, the 1662:heaven 1506:, and 1389:Ethics 1364:Topics 1181:Mussar 1151:Reform 1136:Chabad 1111:Modern 1029:Other: 717:kurios 713:kyrios 692:Κύριος 677:Κύριος 660:Jordan 631:Hebrew 590:Hebrew 579:, and 558:Phaedo 541:, and 531:Stoics 398:, the 394:, the 384:Jerome 370:Family 306:, and 227:Hebrew 222:Phílōn 211:Φίλω-ν 117:School 106:Region 9276:Philo 8984:Works 8971:Žižek 8956:Weber 8896:Röpke 8856:Negri 8836:Lasch 8806:Hoppe 8761:Fromm 8751:Evola 8731:Dewey 8711:Camus 8618:Taine 8598:Smith 8588:Royce 8578:Renan 8513:Hegel 8478:Comte 8468:Burke 8415:Locke 8349:Dante 8344:Bruni 8313:Xunzi 8288:Plato 8283:Philo 8263:Laozi 8071:Mores 7983:Multi 7973:Inter 7847:Pagan 7739:Hindu 7588:Islam 7420:Islam 7363:Hindu 7326:Fitra 7176:Logos 7118:Islam 7067:Numen 7042:Deity 6937:Deism 6928:Forms 6202:Gaius 5943:Plato 5729:Philo 5535:. In 5418:. In 5378:. In 5266:, I.4 5254:, I.3 5242:, I.1 5223:JSTOR 4220:. In 3786:2.64. 3656:, or 3630:canon 3541:Notes 3430:(PDF) 3345:prob. 3332:Deus 3313:Det. 3294:Her. 3233:Leg. 3186:Flacc 3170:Mos. 3142:cont. 3123:virt. 3104:spec. 3076:somn. 3057:sobr. 3038:sacr. 3019:prov. 2978:post. 2962:Plant 2940:opif. 2927:Mut. 2902:migr. 2889:Ios. 2870:Gig. 2851:Fug. 2832:Ebr. 2810:Decal 2791:Congr 2769:conf. 2750:Cher. 2731:anim. 2720:Agr. 2717:Agric 2701:Aet. 2682:Abr. 2657:apol. 2566:with 2455:Plato 2387:Egypt 2289:Krell 2261:Grätz 2253:Stoic 2112:Jacob 2108:Isaac 2096:Enoch 2079:Moses 2060:Laban 1879:Bible 1875:Torah 1863:Latin 1851:Torah 1845:Works 1782:Egypt 1755:Ideas 1736:Logos 1726:Logos 1694:hands 1666:world 1514:Moses 1394:Faith 1374:Anger 671:Logos 648:yāraḏ 636:יָרַד 535:Homer 527:Plato 479:Apion 453:. 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