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309:. One early review of the group's performance was headlined "Negro Minstrelsy in Church--Novel Religious Exercise," while further reviews highlighted the fact that this group of Negro minstrels were, oddly enough, "genuine negroes." "Those who have only heard the burnt cork caricatures of negro minstrelsy have not the slightest conception of what it really is," Doug Seroff quotes one review of a concert by the group as saying. This was not a uniquely American response to the group's performance, but was typical in audience receptions in Europe as well: "From the first the Jubilee music was more or less of a puzzle to the critics; and even among those who sympathised with their mission there was no little difference of opinion as to the artistic merit of their entertainments. Some could not understand the reason for enjoying so thoroughly as almost everyone did these simple unpretending songs."
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with his wife, Agnes. Ella (Sheppard) Moore assisted, and also directed the
Jubilee Club on campus. In Folk Song of the American Negro, Work proclaimed, “Mrs. Ella Sheppard Moore…has been so closely connected with the presentation of to the world, so intimately associated with their preservation that it is impossible to think of the one separate and apart from the other.” Due to budgetary constraints, it operated as Fisk University Jubilee Quartet from 1909–1916 in which Work sang First Tenor. It is this group that made the first sound recordings of spirituals in authentic rendering, including the 1909 recording of Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, which was added to the United States National Recording Registry in 2002.
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427:. In July 2007, the Fisk Jubilee Singers went on a sacred journey to Ghana at the invitation of the U.S. Embassy. It was a history making event, as it was their first time visit to Ghana. In 2008, the Fisk Jubilee Singers were selected as a recipient of the 2008 National Medal of Arts, the nation's highest honor for artists and patrons of the arts. The award was presented by President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush during a ceremony at the White House.
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213:) to go on tour to earn money for the university. On October 6, 1871, the group of students, consisting of two quartets and a pianist, started their U.S. tour under White's direction. They first performed in Cincinnati, Ohio. Over the next 18 months, the group toured through Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.
320:; "they were sacred to our parents, who used them in their religious worship and shouted over them...It was only after many months that gradually our hearts were opened to the influence of these friends and we began to appreciate the wonderful beauty and power of our songs. After the rough start, the first United States tours eventually earned $ 40,000 for Fisk University.
177:. In 1871, the five-year-old university was facing serious financial difficulty. To avert bankruptcy and closure, Fisk's treasurer and music director, George Leonard White, a white Northern missionary dedicated to music and proving African Americans were the intellectual equals of whites, gathered a nine-member student chorus, consisting of four black men (
277:, expressed "thanks to these young colored people for their liberality in giving the proceeds of last evening’s concert to our relief fund for the Chicago sufferers." The group traveled on to Columbus, Ohio, where lack of funding, poor hotel conditions, and overall mistreatment from the press and audiences left them feeling tired and discouraged.
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many times, when we didn’t have place to sleep or anything to eat. Mr. White went out and brought us some sandwiches and tried to find some place to put us up." Other times while the singers would wait in the railway station, White "and some other man of the troupe waded through sleet or snow or rain from hotel to hotel seeking shelter for us".
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1889–1898, the group was named Loudin’s Fisk
Jubilee Singers. In 1884, Maggie Porter, who had sung in both the original group and Loudin’s group, and her new husband, singer Daniel Cole, formed their own separate company, calling it Fisk Jubilee Singers and toured the U.S., Canada and Europe during the 1880s and 90s.
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The original
Jubilee Singers introduced slave songs to the world in 1871 and were instrumental in preserving this unique American musical tradition known today as Negro spirituals. They influenced many other troupes of jubilee singers who would go on to make their own contributions to the genre, such
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1899–1923 — John Wesley Work, Jr. (a.k.a. John W. Work II) championed “Jubilee music” at Fisk
University since joining the faculty in 1896. In 1899, University President E. M. Cravath, who had dissolved the group 20 years earlier, commissioned Work with re-instituting it. He shared directorship
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The original
Jubilee Singers disbanded in 1878 because of their grueling touring schedule. As Ella Sheppard, one of the original Jubilee Singers recalled, "our strength was failing under the ill treatment at hotels, on railroads, poorly attended concerts, and ridicule." Porter also said, "There were
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1879–1898 — George
Leonard White and Frederick Loudin established a group in September 1879—not associated with Fisk University—and shared the musical directorship for about two years. Frederick Loudin continued as sole director, with some organizational and musical involvement by White. From
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1871–1878 — George
Leonard White, founding director. White had organized groups of singers with Ella Sheppard under the Fisk name since 1866. White asked Ella Sheppard to help prepare the group for its inaugural tour in 1871. Fisk University President E. M. Cravath disbanded the original Fisk
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Noted as the premier carriers of the Negro spirituals, the Fisk
Jubilee Singers were selected in November 2008 as one of nine recipients of the 2008 National Medal of Arts. The award, which is the highest recognition for artistic excellence given by the United States Government, was presented by
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1928–1947 — Henrietta
Crawley Myers (a.k.a. Mrs. James A. Myers), a singer under John W. Work II, took directorship of the group after her husband passed. During these years, The Jubilee Singers, as she called it, was made up of former members of the Fisk University Jubilee Singers. Despite
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The group and their pastor, Henry
Bennett, prayed about whether to continue with the tour. White went off to pray as well; he believed that they needed a name to capture audience attention. The next morning, he met with the singers and said "Children, it shall be Jubilee Singers in memory of the
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The Jubilee Singers continue to perform as a touring ensemble of Fisk University students. As of 2000, the group had 14 members who sang without instrumental accompaniment and with their director offstage. They also have appeared with popular performers including
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in April. They returned the following year, they sailed to Europe again, touring from May 1875 to July 1878 and drawing rave reviews. This tour raised an estimated $ 150,000 for the university, funds used to construct Fisk's first permanent building. Named
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and lyricist Justin Butcher, wrote "The Year of Jubilee", a piece for soloists and choir telling the story of the Fisk Jubilee Singers. It was first performed at St. Luke's Church, Holloway, London in April 2013 and also with the university of
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in Manhattan. They garnered national attention and generous donations. Staying in the New York area for six weeks, by the time they returned to Nashville, they had raised the full $ 20,000 White had promised the university.
1101:(1858−1900) was an African-American singer and minstrel show impresario. He toured extensively in Britain, South Africa and Australia, first with Frederick Loudin's Jubilee Singers and then with his own minstrel companies.
419:. They broke racial barriers in the US and abroad in the late 19th century. They raised money in support of their beloved school due to it failing. In 1999, the Fisk Jubilee Singers were featured in the documentary
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was followed by a "year of jubilee" in which all slaves would be set free. Since most of the students at Fisk University and their families were newly freed slaves, the name "Jubilee Singers" seemed fitting.
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serving on the Fisk University faculty and the group maintaining their international prominence under her direction, it is not clear whether this group was directly affiliated with Fisk University.
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Jubilee Singers in July 1878. It would not re-form under the auspices of Fisk University for 20 years, until 1899. However, groups independent of Fisk University carried on the name and legacy.
601:. (The poet, playwright and human rights campaigner died in 2008.) It portrayed the relationship between the singers and a Welsh journalist who admired them and later acted as their publicist.
1141:, one of the original members of the Jubilee singers who served as a leader and director of the group. She was a trusted confidante and friend of Booker T. Washington and Frederick Douglass.
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tradition among white and northern audiences in the late 19th century; many were previously unaware of its existence. At first the slave songs were never sung in public, according to
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1923–1927 — Rev. James A. Myers, second tenor in the Fisk University Jubilee Quartet, took leadership of that group and the Fisk Jubilee Singers after John W. Work II resigned.
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As the tour continued, audiences came to appreciate the singers' voices, and the group began to be praised. The Jubilee Singers are credited with the early popularization of the
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In 2016, Tyehimba Jess published a book of poems entitled "Olio" that includes a crown of sonnets which follows the lives of the first troupe of Fisk Jubilee Singers.
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Ward, A. (2001). Dark midnight when I rise: The story of the jubilee singers, who introduced the world to the music of Black America. Amistad Press.
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Bracks, L. L., DeGregory, C. A., & Giovanni, N. (2022). Heritage & Honor: 150-year Story of the Fisk Jubilee Singers. TL Scott Publishing.
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In a tour of Great Britain and Europe in 1873, the group, by then with 11 members, performed "Steal Away to Jesus" and "Go Down, Moses" for
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1309:"About This Program | National Recording Preservation Board | Programs at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress"
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Massified Illusions of Difference: Photography and the Mystique of the American Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)
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114:. The first group was organized in 1871 to tour and raise funds for college. Their early repertoire consisted mostly of traditional
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and members of the U.S. Congress. They traveled next to New York, where they performed before enthusiastic audiences at preacher
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638:. The latter performance was relevant in that the Fisk Jubilee Singers performed in Southampton 140 years prior to the concert.
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The Jubilee Singers' performances were a departure from the familiar "black minstrel" genre of white musicians performing in
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Fisk University commemorates the anniversary of the singers' first tour by celebrating Jubilee Day on October 6 each year.
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path in the United States, as well as performing in England and Europe. Later 19th-century groups also toured in Europe.
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recalled, "We had thirty dollars and sent every penny to Chicago and didn't have anything for ourselves." The mayor of
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at the White House in March of that year. They gave a separate performance in Washington, D.C., for Vice President
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Dark Midnight When I Rise: The Story of the Jubilee Singers Who Introduced the World to the Music of Black America
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The Fisk Jubilee Singers have produced vast numbers of recordings over their 150-year history. For example, the
1119:(1870s−1924), alto on the 1890-1891 tour; taught at American Missionary Association schools throughout the South
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1080:(1865-1941), later a music educator and civil rights activist in Los Angeles, and mother of operatic soprano
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The Fisk Jubilee Singers' performance at the Dixie Carter Performing Arts and Academic Enrichment Center in
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lists 82 master recordings just from the period 1909 - 1927, made for four major early record companies (
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A new Jubilee Singers choir was formed in 1879 under the direction of George L. White and singer
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released a three-episode saga entitled "The Jubilee Singers." In this saga, listeners can hear
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1583:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Fisk University - Jubilee Hall"
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After a concert in Cincinnati, the group donated their small profit to the victims of the
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Seroff, Doug (1990). "The Original Fisk Jubilee Singers and the Spiritual Tradition".
1224:(2020), which was awarded "Best Roots Gospel Album" at the 63rd Grammy Awards in 2021.
666:"Jubilee", an a cappella musical based on the Jubilee singers written and directed by
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Johnson, Aisha M., "Jubilee Singers Archives 1858-1924", Fisk University, 2013
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The singers were organized as a fundraising effort for Fisk University. The
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category.The album won the Grammy - the first for the Fisk Jubilee Singers.
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656:" that featured the Fisk Jubilee Singers. It reached the top 20 of the
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Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890-1919
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Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890-1919
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2014:"Paul T. Kwami, Fisk Jubilee Singers' Longtime Director, Dies at 70"
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honored the Singers with a Presidential Lifetime Achievement Award.
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in 2007. The Fisk Jubilee Singers performed at the world premiere.
1242:(2009), a remastered collection of recordings from the early 1980s
529:. The group was also inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
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Jubilee Songs: as sung by the Jubilee Singers, of Fisk University
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2004, the song "Poor Man Lazarus" on the Singers' 2003 recording
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Notable people who were members of the Jubilee Singers include:
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In 2021, the Fisk Jubilee Singers won their first Grammy at the
752:, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Gospel Performance.
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from 1915, and directed the Jubilee Singers from 1928 to 1947.
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1571:, Ed. Hollis Robbins and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. 2017, p. 230
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Spirituals and the Birth of a Black Entertainment Industry,
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Gospel Music Hall of Fame Series - The Fisk Jubilee Singers
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1919:"The Jubilee Singers, Part 1 - Adventures in Odyssey Wiki"
1888:"Fisk Jubilee Singers win first Grammy in 150-year career"
1634:"German Concert Review of the Fisk Jubilee Singers (1878)"
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Portable Nineteenth Century African American Women Writers
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Silveri, L. D. (1989). G. R. Keck and S. V. Martin (ed.).
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746:, released the song "I Believe" on the compilation album
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tell the story of George Leonard White, Benjamin Holmes,
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about the Fisk Jubilee Singers' European Tour of 1873 by
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https://www.setlist.fm/search?query=fisk+jubilee+singers
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The Singing Tours of the Fisk Jubilee Singers: 1871-1874
325:
World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival
411:. A. Cushing was the agent who managed their bookings.
1131:, contralto, sang with the Fisk Jubilee Singers under
1981:"'Jubilee' makes a star of the chorus at Arena Stage"
1780:"Music Review: Ambassadors Transcending Time and Race
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on the life of former Fisk Jubilee Singers director
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President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush.
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2024 - Dr. G. Preston Wilson, Jr., Current Director
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1632:Bowersox, Jeff; Thurman, Kira (January 29, 2016).
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604:From 8 May to 22 May 2010, the radio drama series
2064:"Jon Bon Jovi, Queen Latifah go gospel for 'Day'"
1528:The Story of the Jubilee Singers with their Songs
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1254:(2007), produced by the Tennessee Arts Commission
281:Jewish year of Jubilee." This was a reference to
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327:in Boston, and they were invited to perform for
2970:United States National Medal of Arts recipients
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2211:Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project
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2225:Discography of American Historical Recordings
2169:Bruce Makoto Arnold, Roland W. Mitchell, and
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1222:Celebrating Fisk: the 150th Anniversary Album
1193:Discography of American Historical Recordings
757:Celebrating Fisk! The 150th Anniversary Album
371:. This troupe, formed by White, consisted of
1947:
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1211:). The group's releases since then include:
165:in Nashville, Tennessee, was founded by the
1530:. London: Hodder and Staughton. p. 69.
749:Oh Happy Day: An All-Star Music Celebration
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2240:, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 15 May 2010.
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1252:The Fisk Jubilee Singers: Singing Our Song
169:and local supporters after the end of the
696:2000, the singers were inducted into the
569:, with repeat airings as recent as 2021.
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323:In early 1872 the group performed at the
139:United States National Recording Registry
2207:Fisk Jubilee Singers cylinder recordings
2043:Fisk Jubilee Singers: In Bright Mansions
1978:
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2229:University of California, Santa Barbara
2215:University of California, Santa Barbara
2024:from the original on September 16, 2022
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1276:Fisk Jubilee Singers Vol. 1 (1909-1911)
1270:Fisk Jubilee Singers Vol. 2 (1915-1920)
1264:Fisk Jubilee Singers Vol. 3 (1924-1940)
469:1986–1987 — Horace Clarence Boyer
248:" performed by the Fisk Jubilee Singers
14:
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2062:Deborah Evans Price (March 27, 2009).
1948:Simms-Burton, Michele (May 20, 2019).
1929:from the original on November 15, 2015
1730:from the original on February 27, 2020
1720:"Jubilee Singers: Sacrifice and Glory"
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780:First Tour October 1871 to March 1872:
481:2022–2023 — Dr. Anthony Williams
454:1947–1956 — John Wesley Work III
339:’s Plymouth Church in Brooklyn and at
122:. The original group toured along the
2622:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
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2175:Journal of American Studies of Turkey
2158:, New York: Biglow & Main, 1872,
2011:
1525:
948:Third Tour January 1875 to July 1878:
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558:Jubilee Singers: Sacrifice and Glory
421:Jubilee Singers: Sacrifice and Glory
173:to educate freedmen and other young
102:ensemble, consisting of students at
27:African-American a cappella ensemble
2190:University of Illinois Press, 2018.
2074:from the original on March 31, 2009
1644:from the original on August 9, 2020
1592:from the original on March 11, 2021
1545:The Fisk University Jubilee Singers
1534:
1500:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
1044:- soprano, piano, organ, and guitar
963:) - voice and/or instrument unknown
929:- soprano, piano, organ, and guitar
827:- soprano, piano, organ, and guitar
703:2006, the group was honored on the
547:Fisk Jubilee Singers 12 13 Ensemble
478:1994–2022 — Dr. Paul T. Kwami
24:
2965:Musical groups established in 1871
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2012:Risen, Clay (September 15, 2022).
1950:"Review: 'Jubilee' at Arena Stage"
1862:"Fisk Jubilee Singers - Our Music"
1836:"Fisk Jubilee Singers - Our Music"
1408:Jubilee Singers Timeline 1869-1874
574:Matthew Kennedy: One Man's Journey
552:Representation in arts and culture
218:
25:
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2281:National Medal of Arts recipients
2194:
1993:from the original on May 22, 2019
1979:Pressley, Nelson (May 20, 2019).
1960:from the original on June 5, 2019
1556:Middle Tennessee State University
1477:from the original on May 21, 2022
852:Second Tour May 1872 to May 1874:
742:2009, Fisk Jubilee Singers, with
157:Fisk Jubilee Singers, circa 1870s
133:honored their 1909 recording of "
2243:List of concerts on setlist.fm:
2125:. University of Illinois Press.
1455:. University of Illinois Press.
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1105:Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones
735:2008, the group was awarded the
475:1990-1994 — Delise P. Hall
472:1987–1990 ― Anthony E. Williams
356:, the building was designated a
256:Problems playing this file? See
234:
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2668:Interlochen Center for the Arts
2333:, cultural programming division
2221:Fisk University Jubilee Singers
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730:Best Recording Package category
463:1968-1972 — Richard Turner III
301:Jubilee Hall at Fisk University
167:American Missionary Association
2227:created and maintained by the
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674:in Washington, D.C., in 2019.
636:Southampton Voices in May 2014
487:
141:. In 2008 they were awarded a
13:
1:
2886:Oberlin Conservatory of Music
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785:(Phoebe Anderson) - contralto
118:, but included some songs by
2744:Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival
2368:Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation
1667:Fisk Jubilee Singers (1871–)
670:, had its world premiere at
430:
289:in the Bible. Each fiftieth
269:of October 1871. As soprano
7:
2815:José Limón Dance Foundation
2678:Preservation Hall Jazz Band
2536:Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
2119:; Spottswood, Dick (2004).
2093:"Grammy Gospel Nominations"
1816:Fisk Jubilee Singers: Music
466:1973-1975 — Oscar M. Henry
417:Original Nashville Students
10:
2991:
1785:February 14, 2017, at the
1706:, accessed August 4, 2009.
1688:February 11, 2017, at the
1673:. Accessed 31 August 2006.
1671:Tennessee State University
1581:James Sheire (July 1974).
1558:. Accessed 5 January 2009.
1449:; Dick Spottswood (2004).
1431:, accessed August 4, 2009.
1145:Aldena Windham Davis Smith
652:released a single titled "
459:Matthew Washington Kennedy
360:in 1975 and still stands.
358:National Historic Landmark
329:President Ulysses S. Grant
230:"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot"
163:historically black college
148:
48:Fisk Jubilee Singers, 1875
2899:
2891:School of American Ballet
2828:
2762:
2701:
2640:
2579:
2528:
2467:
2459:William "Smokey" Robinson
2411:
2360:
2288:
2052:, accessed August 5, 2009
1825:, accessed August 5, 2009
1795:, Thursday, March 9, 2000
1588:. National Park Service.
1068:
724:also was nominated for a
698:Gospel Music Hall of Fame
538:63rd Annual Grammy Awards
285:described in the book of
68:
58:
53:
41:
34:
2945:African-American singers
2234:Play by Adrian Mitchell
1526:Marsh, J. B. T. (1875).
1413:January 3, 2017, at the
654:Caught Up in the Country
246:Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
193:) and five black women (
135:Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
1907:Nashville Film Festival
1695:The American Experience
1420:The American Experience
1288:The Gold and Blue Album
765:Best Roots Gospel Album
705:Music City Walk of Fame
582:Nashville Film Festival
2820:The Presser Foundation
2800:Ford's Theatre Society
2429:Philippe de Montebello
2419:Florence Knoll Bassett
2098:July 24, 2015, at the
1613:Cite journal requires
1378:. 2006. Archived from
737:National Medal of Arts
548:
509:
496:Recent accomplishments
423:, which aired on PBS'
302:
223:
158:
143:National Medal of Arts
137:" by adding it in the
54:Background information
2975:Topic Records artists
2950:American vocal groups
2876:Michael Tilson Thomas
2331:National Public Radio
1954:DC Metro Theater Arts
1346:Ward, Andrew (2000),
1082:Florence Cole Talbert
607:Adventures in Odyssey
546:
506:Huntingdon, Tennessee
503:
300:
222:
156:
2960:Grammy Award winners
2805:Fisk Jubilee Singers
2688:Viktor Schreckengost
2201:Fisk Jubilee Singers
2177:, 41 (2015): 69–94.
1868:on February 21, 2017
1842:on February 23, 2017
1683:George Leonard White
1638:Black Central Europe
1376:Fisk Jubilee Singers
1319:on February 8, 2007.
1234:Fisk Jubilee Singers
1173:adding missing items
1133:John Wesley Work Jr.
1099:Orpheus Myron McAdoo
759:was nominated for a
124:Underground Railroad
93:Fisk Jubilee Singers
36:Fisk Jubilee Singers
2866:Joseph P. Riley Jr.
2785:Olivia de Havilland
2748:University of Idaho
2663:Wilhelmina Holladay
2388:Helen Frankenthaler
2306:Mikhail Baryshnikov
2237:The Jubilee Singers
2141:10.5406/j.ctt2jcc81
1724:American Experience
1471:10.5406/j.ctt2jcc81
1313:Library of Congress
1129:Mrs. James A. Myers
1117:Alice Vassar LaCour
1093:Frederick J. Loudin
1078:Sadie Chandler Cole
1030:America W. Robinson
1004:Frederick J. Loudin
954:Hinton D. Alexander
714:was honored with a
594:The Jubilee Singers
563:American Experience
425:American Experience
369:Frederick J. Loudin
131:Library of Congress
2775:Richard M. Sherman
2475:Austin City Limits
2184:Sandra Jean Graham
2048:2009-08-13 at the
2018:The New York Times
1821:2009-08-12 at the
1792:The New York Times
1550:2006-08-23 at the
1258:In Bright Mansions
1216:I Want to Be Ready
1171:; you can help by
1048:Benjamin W. Thomas
755:2021: Their album
722:In Bright Mansions
712:In Bright Mansions
691:National Arts Club
644:In 2018, American
629:In 2013, composer
612:Frederick Douglass
549:
510:
397:Benjamin W. Thomas
337:Henry Ward Beecher
303:
267:Great Chicago Fire
224:
171:American Civil War
159:
2932:
2931:
2780:Robert B. Sherman
2734:Henry Z. Steinway
2587:Louis Auchincloss
2132:978-0-252-02850-2
1462:978-0-252-02850-2
1382:on March 21, 2007
1189:
1188:
1061:Edmund W. Watkins
1013:) - mezzo-soprano
772:Singers and tours
728:that year in the
684:Legacy and honors
668:Tazewell Thompson
661:Hot Country Songs
591:broadcast a play
580:premiered at the
519:Hank Williams Jr.
457:1957–1986 —
409:George E. Barrett
275:Chillicothe, Ohio
239:
175:African Americans
86:
85:
16:(Redirected from
2982:
2714:N. Scott Momaday
2709:Morten Lauridsen
2597:Paquito D'Rivera
2505:Tabernacle Choir
2439:Lawrence Halprin
2352:Barbra Streisand
2274:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2203:official website
2171:Noelle W. Arnold
2166:
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1864:. Archived from
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1838:. Archived from
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1315:. Archived from
1305:
1228:Roll Jordan Roll
1184:
1181:
1163:
1162:
1156:
572:The documentary
560:, aired on PBS'
556:The documentary
399:, and newcomers
393:Hinton Alexander
241:
240:
221:
97:African-American
81:
79:
71:
46:
32:
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21:
2990:
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2955:Fisk University
2935:
2934:
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2928:
2895:
2824:
2809:Fisk University
2758:
2697:
2683:Gregory Rabassa
2636:
2617:Wynton Marsalis
2607:Leonard Garment
2575:
2524:
2510:Leonard Slatkin
2490:Suzanne Farrell
2463:
2407:
2356:
2337:Claes Oldenburg
2284:
2278:
2197:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2133:
2112:
2110:Further reading
2107:
2106:
2102:, cbnmusic.com.
2100:Wayback Machine
2091:
2087:
2077:
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2060:
2056:
2050:Wayback Machine
2041:
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2010:
2006:
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1977:
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1552:Wayback Machine
1543:Ben S. Austin,
1542:
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1324:
1307:
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1297:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1160:
1154:
1125:, mezzo-soprano
1123:Patti J. Malone
1111:Matthew Kennedy
1071:
1066:
944:
902:Josephine Moore
877:Benjamin Holmes
858:Isaac Dickerson
848:
801:Benjamin Holmes
789:Isaac Dickerson
774:
686:
663:chart in 2019.
599:Adrian Mitchell
587:On 15 May 2010
578:Matthew Kennedy
554:
498:
490:
433:
405:Mattie Lawrence
333:Schuyler Colfax
314:Negro spiritual
263:
262:
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252:
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179:Isaac Dickerson
151:
104:Fisk University
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28:
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18:Jubilee Singers
15:
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2841:Clint Eastwood
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2648:William Bolcom
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2612:Ollie Johnston
2609:
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2592:James DePreist
2589:
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2577:
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2574:
2573:
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2566:Vincent Scully
2563:
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2551:Frederick Hart
2548:
2546:Carlisle Floyd
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2195:External links
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1893:The Tennessean
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1246:Sacred Journey
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1036:Thomas Rutling
1033:
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1018:Gabriel Ousley
1014:
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1001:
998:Mabel R. Lewis
995:
989:
986:Jennie Jackson
983:
980:Ella Hildridge
976:
973:Georgia Gordon
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939:Edmund Watkins
936:
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883:Jennie Jackson
880:
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871:Georgia Gordon
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819:Thomas Rutling
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381:Georgia Gordon
373:Jennie Jackson
349:Queen Victoria
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191:Thomas Rutling
150:
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120:Stephen Foster
88:Musical artist
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2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Complete list
2902:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:John Williams
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
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2861:Jessye Norman
2859:
2857:
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2795:Jesús Moroles
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2739:George Tooker
2737:
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2724:Roy Neuberger
2722:
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2556:Anthony Hecht
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2527:
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2515:George Strait
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2444:Al Hirschfeld
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2028:September 16,
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2019:
2015:
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1400:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:"Our History"
1367:
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1363:
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1357:
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2653:Cyd Charisse
2632:Dolly Parton
2627:Tina Ramirez
2561:John Ruthven
2541:Ray Bradbury
2485:Rafe Esquith
2454:Ming Cho Lee
2449:George Jones
2424:Trisha Brown
2403:Mike Nichols
2383:Kirk Douglas
2321:Horton Foote
2311:Benny Carter
2296:Maya Angelou
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2571:Twyla Tharp
2378:Johnny Cash
2316:Chuck Close
2301:Eddy Arnold
2209:, from the
1923:Aiowiki.com
1152:Discography
1032:- contralto
1000:- contralto
994:- contralto
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935:- contralto
933:Minnie Tate
897:- contralto
895:Mabel Lewis
891:- contralto
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833:- contralto
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672:Arena Stage
589:BBC Radio 4
488:Jubilee Day
385:Mabel Lewis
203:Minnie Tate
2939:Categories
2790:Hank Jones
2719:Craig Noel
2520:Tommy Tune
2500:Ron Howard
2117:Tim Brooks
1648:August 11,
1513:Keskidee 2
1447:Tim Brooks
1295:References
1282:Spirituals
1169:incomplete
744:Jonny Lang
716:Dove Award
689:1996, the
523:Faith Hill
401:R. A. Hall
258:media help
183:Ben Holmes
116:spirituals
100:a cappella
63:A cappella
2836:Bob Dylan
2495:Buddy Guy
2434:Uta Hagen
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1596:March 10,
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431:Directors
307:blackface
291:Pentecost
287:Leviticus
112:Tennessee
108:Nashville
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2217:Library.
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1686:Archived
1642:Archived
1590:Archived
1567:Penguin
1548:Archived
1481:March 1,
1475:Archived
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2283:(2000s)
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2078:July 1,
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