José de San Martín

1999: 2224:, Chile. Several reasons influenced him to resign. The military discipline of the Army of the Andes was compromised, but San Martín was reluctant to take drastic action against his officers. The authority of San Martín and Bolívar, and the local rivalry of their respective countries Peru and Colombia, limited their options for joint work: Colombians would not have liked Bolívar to give many of his forces to San Martín, whilst Peruvians would not have liked their Protector to be second in command to Bolívar, and a joint command would complicate the maintenance of military discipline. Unlike Bolívar, backed up by the Colombian government, San Martín did not have more resources than those he already had: Buenos Aires denied him any support, the other Argentine governors (such as 59: 747: 1840:

against Peru, not Buenos Aires. San Martín discussed with him and finally got financing of 500,000 pesos. He returned to Mendoza with his wife and daughter and received a letter from Pueyrredón, who said that Buenos Aires could only deliver one-third of the promised funds. This complicated the project, as neither Santiago de Chile nor Mendoza had the resources needed. San Martín resigned from the Army, but it is unclear whether his decision to resign was sincere or was to apply pressure to his backers. The government of Buenos Aires still considered San Martín vital to the national defense, so Pueyrredón agreed to pay the 500,000 pesos requested, and encouraged San Martín to withdraw his resignation.

1880:(led by Belgrano) to aid Buenos Aires in the conflict. Guido noted to San Martín that if both armies did that, the north of Argentina and Chile would be easily reconquered by the royalists. San Martín also knew that most of the soldiers of the Army of the Andes would not be willing to aid Buenos Aires in the civil war, as most were from other provinces or from Chile. San Martín had doubts as well about the projected arrival of a large military expedition from Spain, as the absolutist restoration of Ferdinand VII had met severe resistance in Spain. San Martín finally kept the Army in Chile when Belgrano's lieutenant Viamonte signed an armistice with López; he thought that the conflict had ended. 1420: 6141: 2618: 2479: 4794: 1767: 2631: 1815: 1060: 515: 2063: 298: 1750:, in a plain known as "Cancha rayada". As the patriots had a numeric advantage, 7,000 against 4,600, Osorio tried to avoid open battle, and tried instead a stealth operation. A spy informed San Martín that Osorio would make a surprise attack in the night, but the army could not be prepared in time. 1,000 soldiers fled, 120 died, and San Martín's assistant was killed. O'Higgins tried to resist with his unit, but retired when he was shot in the arm. Las Heras managed to retire his army in order, saving his 3,500 men. The patriots escaped to Santiago. 1861: 1260: 1144: 2189: 1711: 1550: 869: 2390: 2247: 4808: 2205:

San Martín returned to Lima, but still left Tagle in government. Bolívar moved from Quito to Guayaquil, which secured its independence from Spain. There were discussions on the future of the region: some factions wanted to join Colombia, others to join Peru, and others to become a new nation. Bolívar ended the discussion by annexing Guayaquil into Colombia. There was Peruvian pressure on San Martín to do a similar thing, to annex Guayaquil to Peru.

4822: 5172: 4836: 1610: 4491: 4780: 1251:, San Martín came up with a plan: organize an army in Mendoza, cross the Andes to Chile, and move to Peru by sea; all while Güemes defended the north frontier. This would place him in Peru without crossing the harsh terrain of Upper Peru, where two campaigns had already been defeated. To advance this plan, he requested the governorship of the Cuyo province, which was accepted. He took office on 6 September. 897:

in the military conflict. The second explanation suggests that Britain, which would benefit from the independence of the South American countries, sent San Martín to achieve it. The third suggests that both wars were caused by the conflicts between Enlightenment ideas and absolutism, so San Martín still waged the same war; the wars in the Americas only developed separatist goals after the Spanish

4850: 1696:. San Martín did not obtain the ships and interrupted the correspondence with Bowles for some months. He returned to Chile; his wife Remedios stayed in Buenos Aires with her daughter Mercedes because of her health problems. Unable to get help from either Buenos Aires or foreign powers, San Martín promoted a more decisive commitment from Chile to finance the navy. 2381:, a small city in northern France. He was almost blind and had many health problems because of his advanced age, but continued to write letters and keep in touch with the news from South America. Shortly after receiving the news of the Argentine victory against the Anglo-French blockade, he died, three o'clock on 17 August 1850. 1302:. They ignored the local laws of Cuyo, and their soldiers committed acts of vandalism. San Martín imprisoned them and sent them to Buenos Aires. They proposed a plan to liberate Chile, different to the one outlined by San Martín, who rejected it as impractical. This initiated a rivalry between the Carreras and San Martín. 1789:

fired on the royalist infantry on the left. Manuel Escalada led mounted grenadiers to capture the royalist artillery, turning them against their owners. Burgos' regiment severely punished the patriot left wing, mainly composed of emancipated slaves, and took 400 lives. San Martín ordered the mounted grenadiers led by

926:, American-born Spaniards. They agreed to return to their home lands and join the local revolutionary movements. San Martín asked for his retirement from the military, and moved to Britain. He stayed in the country for a short time, and met many other South Americans at a lodge held at the house of Venezuelan general 2606:

The statue was erected through purely private initiative, with the support of national government of Argentina, the municipal council of Buenos Aires and a public funding campaign. The statue is 10m high, on a 4m by 6m base; it is well known to locals. Located on the beach, it was virtually untouched

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had deposed Dorrego, and when he reached Montevideo he was informed that Lavalle had captured and executed Dorrego and begun a campaign of terror against all federals in the country. The ship arrived in Buenos Aires, but San Martín did not leave it, instead returning to Montevideo. Lavalle was unable

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San Martín thought that if he joined forces with Bolívar he would be able to defeat the remnant royalist forces in Peru. Both liberators would meet in Quito, so San Martín appointed Torre Tagle to manage the government during his absence. Bolívar was unable to meet San Martín at the arranged date, so

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However, the plans did not fully work as intended. The native populations that joined Arenales could not resist the royalist counter-attacks, and the slaves did not join the army in the expected numbers. The Argentine provinces could not send the supporting army that San Martín had requested earlier,

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was appointed to lead it. But it was not sent to Peru immediately: there were still rumors of an attack from Spain, and if needed the navy would move to Buenos Aires and fight the Spanish ships. The civil war resumed and San Martín attempted once more to mediate, to no effect. Rondeau again requested

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as its leader, displacing San Martín. San Martín resigned again, and observed that the Army would not be able to cross the Andes from Chile to Buenos Aires because the winter snow was blocking the trails. All the leaders of the military units of the Army of the Andes refused to go to Buenos Aires, as

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When the regiment of Burgos realized that their line was broken, they stopped resisting, and the soldiers began to disperse. The cavalry pursued and killed most of them. At the end of the battle, the royalists had been trapped among the units of Las Heras in the west, Alvarado in the middle, Quintana

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in an attempt to reconquer Chile. The royalists would then advance by land from south to north towards Santiago. San Martín thought that it was not possible to defend Concepción, so he ordered O'Higgins to leave the city. 50,000 Chileans took cattle and grain and moved north, burning everything else,

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had obtained his own ships after the disaster of Rancagua which he intended to use to liberate Chile, however, as this had already been achieved by San Martín, he subsequently refused to place his fleet under the Army of the Andes. Carrera was an enemy of O'Higgins and sought to navigate to Chile and

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menaced Buenos Aires. Incapable of financial support, Buenos Aires sent lawyer Manuel Aguirre to the United States, to request aid and acknowledge the declaration of independence. However, the envoy failed, as the United States stayed neutral in the conflict as they were in the process of negotiating

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allowed the country to provision the army: gunpowder, pieces of artillery, mules and horses, food, military clothing, etc. Mining increased, with increased extraction of lead, copper, saltpeter, sulfur and borax, which had several uses and improved local finances. Hundreds of women wove clothing used

2154:, but disagreed on the type of government: Bolívar proposed a republic, and San Martín a constitutional monarchy, reasoning that it would be easier to receive international recognition for the now-independent South American nations. Peru and Colombia signed a treaty of integration, to be proposed to 2126:

Without resources, El Callao surrendered in a few days. Both armies took inadvisable actions: San Martín allowed Canterac to receive reinforcements, and Canterac left a key military objective incapable to resist. There is no known documentation that provides a reasonable explanation of those events.

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The royalist armies that stayed in the Peruvian countryside headed to Lima, led by Canterac. In a confusing episode, there was no battle, as neither one attacked. Canterac changed his path to El Callao, took resources from it, and returned to his base. There was no battle during their return either.

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led by Artigas. He thought that the civil war was counter-productive to national unity, and that an end to hostilities would free resources needed for the navy. He calculated that Artigas might condition the peace on a joint declaration of war to colonial Brazil; so San Martín proposed to defeat the

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The battle ended in the afternoon. O'Higgins, still injured by the wound received in Cancha Rayada, arrived during the final action at the hacienda. He claimed "Glory to the savior of Chile!", in reference to San Martín, who praised him for going to the battlefield with his unhealed wound. They made

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San Martín made a brief reconnaissance of the royalist army, and noticed several flaws in their organization. Feeling secure of victory, he claimed that "Osorio is clumsier than I thought. Today's triumph is ours. The sun as witness!". The battle began at 11:00 am. The patriot artillery on the right

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Contrary to the common understanding, the crossing of the Andes was not the first time that a military expedition crossed the mountain range. The difference from previous operations was the size of the army, and that it had to be ready for combat right after the crossing. The army was divided in six

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The army was not ready as of the summer of 1815, delaying the crossing. Given the harsh conditions on the mountains, the crossing could only be done in the summer season, when there is less snow. Buenos Aires did not send more provisions after the ousting of Alvear. San Martín proposed to resign and

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to promote rebellions among the natives. The Army of the Andes moved north of Lima by sea. San Martín and Arenales besieged the city from two directions, and Cochrane attacked the port of El Callao. Cochrane captured the ship "Esmeralda", and the royalist regiment Numancia. Nearly 700 expeditionary

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and 6,000 in the Upper Peru; nearly 23,000 soldiers in total. The Army of the Andes had 4,000 soldiers instead, and Cochrane's navy another 1,600. With this disparity of forces, San Martín tried to avoid battles. He tried instead to divide the enemy forces in several locations, as he did during the

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The battle of Maipú secured Chilean independence. Except for Osorio, who escaped with 200 cavalry, all top royalist military leaders were captured. All their armed forces were either killed or captured, and all their artillery, weapons, military hospitals, money and resources were lost. The victory

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Despite the defeat, the soldiers were received as heroes in Santiago. Thanks to Las Heras, a potential disaster for the patriot armies turned into a minor setback. The army was reorganized again, but the deaths, injuries and desertions caused by the defeat at Cancha Rayada reduced its size to 5,000

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against the royalists, in support of the upcoming army. He was supported in the south of the city and the countryside. The strategy was to occupy nearby villages, seize the royalists' weapons and flee. The attacks on Melipilla and San Fernando, and a failed one at Curicó, demoralized the royalists.

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San Martín's horse was killed during the battle, and his leg was trapped under the corpse of the animal after the fall. A royalist, probably Zabala himself, attempted to kill San Martín while he was trapped under his dead horse where he suffered a saber injury to his face, and a bullet wound to his

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for this action: the common ones are that he missed his native land, that he was in the employ of the British and the congruence of the goals of both wars. The first explanation suggests that when the wars of independence began San Martín thought that his duty was to return to his country and serve

636:, Ecuador, Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. San Martín unexpectedly left the country and resigned the command of his army, excluding himself from politics and the military, and moved to France in 1824. The details of that meeting would be a subject of debate by later historians. 2049:

became the new viceroy. De la Serna called San Martín to negotiate an end of hostilities. The result was the same than with Pezuela: De la Serna proposed to enact the 1812 Spanish constitution (Perú inside Spain), and San Martín demanded the independence of Peru (with an independent monarchy). The

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San Martín was not well received in Buenos Aires. Pueyrredón initially declined to give further help, citing the conflicts with the federal caudillos and the organization of a huge royalist army in Cádiz that would try to reconquer the La Plata basin. He thought that Chile should organize the navy

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San Martín left O'Higgins in charge of the Army, and returned to Buenos Aires to request resources for the campaign to Peru. He did not receive a good reception, as Pueyrredón thought that Chile should compensate Buenos Aires for the money invested in their liberation, as the support to San Martín

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The battle began on 12 February. San Martín organized a pincer movement, with Soler leading the west column and O'Higgins the east one. O'Higgins, eager to avenge the defeat at Rancagua, rushed to the attack, instead of coordinating with Soler. This gave the royalists a brief advantage. San Martín

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to the ages from 14 to 55, and even allowed them to be promoted to higher military ranks. He proposed a similar measure at the national level, but Pueyrredón encountered severe resistance. He included as well the Chileans who escaped Chile after the disaster of Rancagua, and organized them in four

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The navy sailed from Chile on 20 August 1820. It was composed of eight warships, eleven gunboats, 247 cannons and a crew of 1,600, most of them Chileans. There were 12 frigates, and a brig with the 4,000 soldiers of the Army of the Andes. San Martín was the leader of the military expedition. They

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A few days after his arrival in Buenos Aires in the United Provinces (formally named the Argentine Republic in 1826), San Martín was interviewed by the First Triumvirate. They appointed him a lieutenant colonel of cavalry, and asked him to create a cavalry unit, as Buenos Aires did not have good

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took place on 26 July 1822. They had two private meetings, on that day and the following one. As there were no witnesses or minutes, the content of their discussions can only be inferred from their later actions and their letters to other people. Some likely topics of discussion may have been a

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As hostilities renewed, San Martín organized several guerrilla groups in the countryside, and laid siege to Lima, but did not force his entry, as he did not want to appear as a conqueror to the local population. However, De la Serna suddenly left the city with his army, for unknown reasons. San

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converged his armies on that location as well. Maroto had 2,450 men and 5 pieces of artillery, San Martín had 3,600 men and 9 pieces of artillery. The misdirection that concealed the path of the bulk of the Army allowed San Martín this advantage, as other royalist forces were scattered in other

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Cochrane had several disputes with San Martín. He discussed several of his actions and tried to bypass his authority. During the blockade of El Callao, he proposed that O'Higgins take control of the mission and send any spoils of battle to Chile. As San Martín was appointed Protector of Peru,

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to reinforce them. Sucre's forces were not enough, and requested help from San Martín. Peru sent a military force of 1,300 men. Bolívar entered the city a month later, and claimed that for historical reasons Quito should be part of Colombia. San Martín and Bolívar sought to generate

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indicts San Martín, while J. C. Raffo de la Reta blames O'Higgins instead. Manuel Rodríguez was also imprisoned and then killed in prison; this death may have been decided by the Lautaro lodge. San Martín could not have taken part in it, as he was already on the way to Buenos Aires.

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to discuss the independence of the country, which was agreed. With this approval, the authority in Lima, the support of the northern provinces and the port of El Callao under siege, San Martín declared the independence of Peru on 28 July 1821. The war, however, had not ended yet.

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against Rosas. San Martín offered his military services to Rosas, which was declined because of San Martín's advanced age, and condemned the role of the unitarians in that conflict, as they had allied themselves with France against their own nation. San Martín bequeathed his

713:, as there are no records of his baptism. Later documents formulated during his life, such as passports, military career records and wedding documentation, gave him varying ages. Most of these documents point to his year of birth as either 1777 or 1778. The family moved to 1267:

The absolutist restoration in Spain and the growing influence of Artigas generated a political crisis in Buenos Aires, forcing Posadas to resign. Alvear became the new Supreme Director, but had to resign after three months. San Martín's plan was complicated as well by the

1372:(modern Argentina). General Manuel Belgrano, who had made a diplomatic mission to Europe, informed them that independence would be more easily acknowledged by the European powers if the country established a monarchy. For this purpose, Belgrano proposed a 1793:

to charge against the regiment. The firing suddenly ended and royalists began to fight with sword bayonets, under the cries "Long live the king!" and "Long live the homeland!" respectively. Finally, the royalists ended their cries and began to disperse.

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instructed Soler to rush the attack as well. The combined attack was successful and San Martín's column secured the final victory. The battle ended with 600 royalists dead and 500 prisoners, with only 12 deaths and 120 injuries in the Army of the Andes.

677:, in Spain) and was lieutenant governor of the department. He served as a military man to the Spanish Crown and in 1774 he was appointed Governor of the Yapeyú Department, part of the Government of the Guaraní Missions, created to administer the thirty 2098:. As Peruvian society was highly conservative, San Martín did not take the liberal ideas too far immediately. The provisional statutes contained few changes and ratified several existing laws. All the types of servitude imposed on the natives, such as 2587:

of General San Martín in Washington D.C. along NW Virginia Street. It is a copy of a statue in Buenos Aires. It was “presented by the Argentine people to the people of the United States (...) unveiled with appropriate ceremony on October 28, 1925.”

2118:. His appeal to subaltern groups extended towards women. San Martín promoted "female patriotism" as the Protector of Peru, as a means of recruiting a force to spread his independence ideals. During his stay in Peru, San Martín had a romance with 2449:, dominated by Unitarians who despised San Martín. Thus, the move of his remains was postponed indefinitely. Aware that there were no favorable conditions for the project, Balcarce arranged a creation of a tomb in the Boulogne-sur-Mer cemetery. 4466:"[Inauguration de la statue équestre du général argentin San Martin], cavaliers argentins, [détachement du régiment des grenadiers à cheval,] Boulogne[-sur-Mer, 24 octobre 1909] : [photographie de presse] /" 1969:

from the North. He also tried to promote rebellions and insurrection within the royalist ranks, and promised the emancipation of any slaves that deserted their Peruvian masters and join the army of San Martín. The spreading of the news of the

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in the east and the cavalries of Zapiola and Freire. Osorio tried to fall back to the hacienda "Lo Espejo" but could not reach it, so he tried to escape to Talcahuano. Ordóñez made his last stand at that hacienda, where 500 royalists died.

1636:. He declined the offer and proposed O'Higgins in his stead: he recommended that the Supreme Director should be someone from Chile. San Martín would instead organize the navy to take the fight to Peru. He established a local chapter of the 2228:) supported him but did not have resources to provide, O'Higgins was about to be deposed in Chile, and Cochrane took the navy and left him without naval power. Finally, he felt that only a very strong authority would be able to prevent 2318:, and the war ended in the interim. He intended to return anyway, as a federal government would spare him the persecution he would otherwise have received from the unitarians. He was unable to do as he planned. When his ship docked in 2303:, where he settled. He intended to live there until Mercedes completed her education and then return to Argentina. Rivadavia visited Brussels and San Martín intended to challenge him to a duel, but was dissuaded by Diego Paroissien. 853:, a Spanish victory that allowed the Army of Andalusia to attack and seize Madrid. For his actions during this battle, San Martín was awarded a gold medal, and his rank raised to lieutenant colonel. On 16 May 1811, he fought in the 516: 2591:

There is also an equestrian statue of General San Martín in New York City, on the southern side of Central Park. It was dedicated in 1951 and was donated by the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The neighbourhood of San Martín in

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their soldiers would mutiny or desert. Facing both the resignation of San Martín and the refusals to obey the orders, the Supreme Director canceled the orders, and the Army of the Andes stayed in Chile. With the sanction of the

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rejection of the Spanish constitution was motivated by the disproportional representation of the Americas in the Constituent Assembly that wrote it. Both armies agreed a temporary armistice. San Martín proposed to establish a

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San Martín immediately began to organize the Army of the Andes. He drafted all the citizens who could bear arms and all the slaves from ages 16 to 30, requested reinforcements to Buenos Aires, and reorganized the economy for

2014:. The viceroy's deputies proposed to adopt the liberal Spanish constitution if San Martín left the country, but the patriots requested instead that Spain grant the independence of Peru. The negotiations did not bear fruit. 1600:

and sail to Peru, but he was captured on 22 February and returned to Santiago. Several other officials were captured as well and sent as prisoners to San Luis, Argentina. San Martín sent Marcó del Pont prisoner to Mendoza.

1360:, a soldier from Salta who was against the policies of Buenos Aires, as he feared Moldes would break national unity. He rejected proposals to be appointed Supreme Director himself. He supported his friend and lodge member 728:. Once in the city, San Martín enrolled in Málaga's school of temporalities, beginning his studies in 1785. It is unlikely that he finished the six-year-long elementary education, before he enrolled in the Regiment of 2444:

and the resulting chaos delayed the move of San Martín's remains to Buenos Aires. Still, both Rosas and Urquiza organized public homages to San Martín, despite the conflict. Buenos Aires seceded from Argentina as the

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dynasty had been dethroned in the 16th century). San Martín supported this proposal, as well as Güemes and most deputies, except for those from Buenos Aires, who undermined the project and prevented its approval.

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The columns that crossed the Andes began to take military actions. The column in the north led by Cabot defeated the royalists in Salala, seized Coquimbo and then Copiapó. In the south, Ramón Freire captured

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San Martín proposed that the country declare independence immediately, before the crossing. That way, they would be acting as a sovereign nation, and not as a mere rebellion. He had great influence over the

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so that they did not leave supplies for the royalists. As he had done with the Tucumán Congress, San Martín urged a declaration of independence, to legitimize the government and the military actions. The

1692:. He wrote from Chile and expected to find him in Buenos Aires, but Bowles had embarked for Rio de Janeiro. Bowles considered that San Martín was more trustworthy than Alvear, and praised his support for 1822:

San Martín made a new request for ships to Bowles, but received no answer. He moved again to Buenos Aires, to make a similar request. He arrived to Mendoza a few days after the execution of the Chileans

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with Alvear and Zapiola. As Buenos Aires lacked professional military leaders, San Martín was entrusted with the protection of the whole city, but kept focused in the task of building the military unit.

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to the United Provinces. O'Higgins recommended caution, fearing that San Martín might be captured. Pueyrredón rejected the mediation, as he did not recognize Artigas as an equal to negotiate with him.

4512: 1572:. Las Heras routed royalist outposts in Juncalito and Potrerillos. Bernardo O'Higgins, who came from Los Patos pass, defeated the royalists at Las Coimas. This allowed the main columns to gather at 824: 1104:. San Martín watched the enemy ships from the top of the convent during the night. The royalists disembarked at dawn, ready to pillage and the regiment charged into battle. San Martín employed a 693:, a few kilometres from where Juan de San Martin was born and the daughter of Domingo Matorras and María del Ser. In 1806 she eventually settled after the death of her daughter Elena and died in 942:, along with the South Americans Alvear, Francisco José de Vera and Matías Zapiola, and the Spaniards Francisco Chilavert and Eduardo Kailitz. They arrived on 9 March 1812, to serve under the 2553:

of Argentina, but his work introduced several inaccuracies to make San Martín's campaign support Mitre's political project. These inaccuracies were detected and fixed by later historians.

2580:. An equestrian statue of the General was erected in Boulogne-sur-Mer; the statue was inaugurated on 24 October 1909, at a ceremony attended by several units from the Argentine military. 1888: 1232: 2508: 1921: 5665: 5650: 1278:

period. San Martín initially proposed a regular-sized army, simply to reinforce Chile, but changed to propose a larger one, to liberate the country from the occupation. Chileans

893: 885: 1171:, with San Martín also attending, but there is no documentary evidence of that. The lyrics of the new anthem included several references to the secessionist will of the time. 6285: 5323: 2521: 2094:

Unlike Chile, Peru had no local politicians of the stature of O'Higgins, so San Martín became the leader of the government, even though he did not want to. He was appointed

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Although they were still allies, San Martín began to distance himself from Alvear, who controlled the Assembly and the lodge. Alvear opposed the merchants and the Uruguayan

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the return of the Army of the Andes, without success. San Martín returned to Chile and prepared to take part in the naval actions against Peru, ignoring Buenos Aires. The

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units, each one of infantry, cavalry, artillery and dragoons. At the end of 1816, the Army of the Andes had 5,000 men, 10,000 mules and 1,500 horses. San Martin organized

1790: 1208:. The army was in poor condition, and San Martín initially refused to remove Belgrano from the army, as it would hurt the soldiers' morale. However, the supreme director 1021:, by preventing the vote of three deputies and thus achieving a majority. As this caused a commotion, San Martín and Alvear intervened with their military force, and the 1332:

headed a military factory of 700 men, which produced rifles and horseshoes. San Martín stayed on good terms with both the government of Buenos Aires and the provincial

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Cochrane reasoned that San Martín was no longer under Chilean command, and took the navy away. In later years Cochrane made accusations against San Martín in Chile.

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with a European monarch, with a regency ruling in the interim. The proposal was rejected, on the grounds that they could not accept it without Ferdinand's approval.

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Peru had armed forces nearly four times the strength of those of San Martín: 6,244 soldiers in Lima, 8,000 at the northern provinces, 1,263 in the coast, 1,380 in

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to confuse the royalist armies (such as the specific routes taken in the Andes), boost the national fervor of his army and promote desertion among the royalists.

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The victory in Chacabuco did not liberate the entirety of Chile. Royalist forces still resisted in southern Chile, allied with local Mapuche chiefs. Las Heras

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San Martín is regarded as a national hero of Argentina, Chile, and Peru, a great military commander, and one of the Liberators of Spanish South America. The

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was removed from office by a Peruvian rebellion, during San Martín's absence. San Martín resigned as Protector of Peru a few days later and returned to

1336:, without fully allying with either one. He was able to receive provisions from both. He considered that the war of independence took priority over the 1109: 6200: 6170: 2343: 1452: 1344:

serve under Balcarce, if they would support the campaign. San Martín and Guido wrote a report in the autumn of 1816, detailing to the Supreme Director

710: 73: 4440:"[Inauguration de la statue équestre du général argentin San Martin], marins argentins [du navire Presidente Sarmiento], 24 oct. 1909" 2417:

José de San Martín died on 17 August 1850, in his house at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Between 1850 and 1861, his corpse was buried in the crypt of the

2296:, died in 1823, so he returned to Buenos Aires. He took his daughter Mercedes Tomasa, who was living with her mother's family, and sailed to Europe. 2027: 1939: 1164: 1014: 2642:

There is a memorial featuring a bust of General San Martín in Beverly Hills, CA. The bust was designed by Fernando Di Zitti and dedicated in 2001.

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against the royalists, similar to the Peninsular War. It was a defensive war, and San Martín trusted that they could prevent a royalist advance in

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made the first portrait of San Martín, and several other artists made works about him. The most important films featuring San Martín are the 1970

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during 1814, he organized a plan to defeat the Spanish forces that menaced the United Provinces from the north, using an alternative path to the

2359: 2007: 1294:, the leaders of the deposed Chilean rule, sought refugee in Cuyo, along with their armies. O'Higgins and Rodríguez were well received, but the 2603:

Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic has an avenue named Jose de San Martin in his honor that connects the colonial zone to the west of the city.

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to it, but the Montevidean navy eluded it by pillaging nearby cities. San Martín was sent with the new Regiment to watch the activities in the

833:, was killed by a popular uprising which overran the barracks and dragged his corpse in the streets. San Martín was appointed to the armies of 2106:, were abolished, and the natives received citizenship. He did not abolish slavery completely, as Peru had 40,000 slaveowners, and declared " 2716: 2026:

deserted and joined the patriots. Several populations in the north of Peru supported San Martín, and Arenales defeated the royalists at the

1439:, the Army of the Andes did not use it, choosing a banner with two columns, light blue and white, and a coat of arms roughly similar to the 6225: 6140: 5611: 640: 6280: 5384: 2110:" instead, which emancipated the sons of slaves; he emancipated as well the slaves of the royalists who left Lima. He also abolished the 4746: 1247:

returned to the throne, began the absolutist restoration and began to organize an attack on the rogue colonies. After an interview with

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had begun to pacify the civil war started by Lavalle and earned San Martín's admiration. They began to exchange friendly letters. The

2159: 1369: 1127:

The battle did not have a notable influence on the war and did not prevent further pillage. Montevideo was finally subdued by Admiral

561: 330: 6270: 858: 2350: 2327:

to put down the federal rebellion against him, and offered San Martín the government. San Martín declined and returned to Brussels.

1876:

continued hostilities against Buenos Aires for its inactivity against the invasion. Pueyrredón called the Army of the Andes and the

5475: 2634:

In 1959 the US Government issued two postage stamps in honor of José de San Martín, part of the "Champion of Liberty" postal issues

1663:. The royalist resistance lasted for several months, and Talcahuano was only captured when most of the continent was already free. 601: 1924:

were dissolved and the country turned into a confederation of 13 provinces, without a central state. This period is known as the

1904: 1212:(who replaced the triumvirate in government) insisted, and San Martín acted as instructed. San Martín stayed only a few weeks in 5123: 297: 6260: 6205: 6195: 5377: 2610:

Several countries have commemorated San Martin on their postage stamps, including Argentina, Chile, Peru and the United States.

556:

against France, San Martín contacted South American supporters of independence from Spain in London. In 1812, he set sail for

6180: 5301: 5286: 4943: 4892: 4735: 4709: 4097: 2861: 2241: 2200:

and José de San Martín. The real conference took place inside an office, and not in the countryside as the portrait suggests.

1365: 889: 660: 526: 459: 1135:. Antonio Zabala, the leader of the Montevidean army, served under San Martín during the crossing of the Andes years later. 542: 209: 5007: 2213:

request of reinforcements, and an offer to combine the armies into a single one, with San Martín ranked second to Bolívar.

1998: 774:

in 1791, among others. His rank was raised to Sub-Lieutenant in 1793, at the age of 15. He began a naval career during the

5357: 5291: 2576: 2293: 991: 678: 250: 2584: 2457: 2394: 2342:

made San Martín leave Brussels and move to Paris, where both San Martín and his daughter became ill. They were helped by

2167: 1736: 1715: 1689: 2018: 665:

José de San Martín's father, Juan de San Martín, son of Andrés de San Martín and Isidora Gómez, was born in the town of

6230: 6220: 4329: 2418: 1942:

invested San Martín with the full authority over the Army of the Andes, as it now lacked a national authority over it.

732:

in 1789, when he reached the required age of 11. He began his military career as a cadet in the Murcian Infantry Unit.

5334: 2473: 2358:

to Rosas, because of his successful defense of the country. The conflict between France and Argentina renewed in the

2010:

had instructions from Spain to negotiate with the patriots. Under an armistice the opponents celebrated a meeting in

5690: 521:; 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), nicknamed "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru", was an 6215: 6160: 5700: 5640: 5604: 5035: 4976: 1831:, brothers of José Miguel Carrera. The specific initiative of those executions is controversial. Chilean historian 5317: 4750: 1356:, a Congress with deputies from the provinces, which was established in March 1816. He opposed the appointment of 1216:, reorganizing the army and studying the terrain. He also had a positive impression of the guerrilla war waged by 1124:

of San Martín's regiment intervened and saved his life; Cabral was mortally wounded, and died shortly afterwards.

1730:

The failure to liberate Talcahuano was followed by naval reinforcements from the North. The viceroy of Peru sent

2299:

After a failed attempt to settle in France, he moved to Britain and then to the capital of present-day Belgium,

1873: 1345: 6210: 6185: 5880: 5265: 5240: 4884: 2658: 2142: 1893: 1719: 1705: 1361: 1132: 1026: 1010: 987: 967: 474: 401: 6240: 5990: 5980: 5072: 4635: 2046: 1034: 808:

with the rank of Second Captain of light infantry. He continued to fight Portugal on the side of Spain in the

167: 6235: 5400: 5151: 2538: 1832: 1632:

Three deputies from Coquimbo, Santiago and Concepción organized a new government, and proposed San Martín as

1291: 998: 960: 943: 6065: 5680: 5296: 2877: 2355: 2314:, but received no response. He sailed to the country when Rivadavia was deposed and replaced by the federal 812:

in 1801. He was promoted to captain in 1804. During his stay in Cádiz he was influenced by the ideas of the

5935: 4923:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Comisión Nacional Ejecutiva del 150 Aniversario de la Revolución de Mayo. 2600:

area is named for the large equestrian statue of the General situated in a small plaza also named for him.

2433:

of his remains and their temporary stay in a chapel of the city. He also sent San Martin's saber to Rosas.

2275: 1975: 1951: 1472: 1456: 1217: 612: 6005: 5985: 1518:

for the horses, because of the inhospitable conditions. They also consumed garlics and onions, to prevent

1181:, San Martín thought that it was risky to open such conflicts when the royalists were still a threat. The 6275: 6190: 5920: 5905: 5890: 5655: 5597: 5003: 2546: 1539: 1209: 775: 597: 432: 6020: 5910: 5116: 2533:). By that time, several accounts of San Martín were under way in many countries: Valentín Ledesma from 1593: 1323:, drafted by Mariano Moreno at the beginning of the war. A combination of incentives, confiscations and 842: 611:

On 12 July 1821, after seizing partial control of Lima, San Martín was appointed Protector of Peru, and

6050: 5025: 2367: 2151: 2095: 2023: 1961:

Crossing of the Andes, and trap the royalists with a pincer movement with either reinforcements of the

1500: 1419: 1086: 746: 6070: 6055: 5735: 4872:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano and Museo Histórico Nacional. 1953. 4686: 2691:"Historia del Libertador Don José de San Martín de Pacífico Otero. Capítulo 1. El padre de San Martín" 1159:

Once again in Buenos Aires, San Martín and his wife attended to the first official performance of the

6030: 5865: 5860: 5750: 5715: 5437: 5421: 2374: 2363: 2011: 1637: 1633: 1621: 1440: 1160: 1042: 905: 783: 909: 873: 849:, but was saved by Sergeant Juan de Dios. On 19 July 1808, Spanish and French forces engaged in the 106: 5553: 5523: 5483: 2398: 2339: 5790: 5705: 5660: 2437: 2146: 1673: 1310:. He took another leave to restore his health four months after taking power, so Alvear appointed 1178: 1038: 5930: 5875: 5740: 5577: 5415: 2311: 2051: 1917: 1492: 1128: 1121: 685:

in 1767 based in Yapeyú reduction. His mother Gregoria Matorras del Ser was Spanish born 1738 in

58: 5970: 5950: 5720: 5710: 5675: 4534: 2621:

In 1887, the government of Argentina issued a postage stamp depicting San Martin in elder years.

2617: 2031: 6040: 6015: 5960: 5885: 5855: 5527: 5509: 5503: 5493: 5489: 2425:, and to be moved to Buenos Aires thereafter. Balcarce informed Rosas and the foreign minister 2307: 1443:. The army did not use the flag of Argentina because it was not exclusively an Argentine army. 917: 898: 813: 789: 720:

Juan requested to be transferred to Spain, leaving the Americas in 1783. The family settled in

230: 6045: 5800: 5449: 5109: 5045: 4609: 1681: 1353: 1283: 1167:. Oral tradition has it that the premiere took place on 14 May 1813 at the home of aristocrat 913: 6105: 6060: 5870: 5835: 5820: 5350: 5230: 5209: 5062: 4754: 2851: 2570: 2500: 2446: 1938:

in the punitive expedition organized in Cádiz ended the royalist threat to Buenos Aires. The

1916:

and disbanding. Without either reinforcements, Rondeau was defeated by federal forces in the

1771: 1656: 1613: 1428: 1424: 1414: 1394: 1279: 1101: 1064: 1054: 585: 565: 484: 464: 6010: 5965: 5915: 2630: 2565: 2453: 2138: 1884: 1240: 698: 538: 205: 89: 6255: 6250: 6000: 5850: 5469: 5426: 5161: 4799: 2478: 2331: 2289: 2259: 2225: 2209: 2193: 2183: 1685:

depose him, which led to his imprisonment by Pueyrredón and the confiscation of his ships.

1337: 1269: 1190: 1117: 1068: 1022: 927: 690: 682: 670: 666: 616: 342: 6085: 5975: 5955: 5573: 1828: 1766: 1168: 651:), created in his honor, is the highest decoration conferred by the Argentine government. 8: 5499: 5235: 5079: 2217: 1625: 1562: 1554: 1525:

Manuel Rodríguez had returned to Chile before the crossing, and began a guerrilla war in

1299: 1236: 589: 573: 469: 19:"General San Martín" and "General José de San Martín" redirect here. For other uses, see 5945: 4587: 1869: 1213: 850: 751: 447: 5840: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5810: 5670: 5343: 4935: 4691: 2493: 2484: 2452:

San Martín's remains were finally repatriated on 29 May 1880, during the presidency of

2335: 2197: 2134: 2039: 1966: 1488: 1448: 1097: 1006: 1002: 809: 629: 437: 379: 367: 93: 6110: 6035: 6025: 5995: 5780: 5770: 5730: 5725: 5695: 5245: 2516: 1783: 1775: 1723: 1079: 982:. This lodge sought to promote liberal ideas; its secrecy hides whether it was a real 837:, and led a battalion of volunteers. In June 1808 his unit became incorporated into a 674: 593: 479: 6120: 5620: 5460: 5411: 5270: 5093: 4939: 4929: 4888: 4878: 4731: 4705: 4093: 2857: 2512: 2489: 2441: 2115: 1962: 1909: 1877: 1617: 1589: 1526: 1519: 1496: 1436: 1364:

for the office. Pueyrredón resumed the military aid to Cuyo. The Congress of Tucumán

1194: 1182: 862: 854: 838: 779: 702: 577: 569: 534: 452: 411: 406: 125: 5805: 5795: 5785: 5760: 5685: 5645: 4492:"[Smithsonian Inventory-Liberador: General Jose de San Martin, (sculpture)]" 1986:, 200 km to the south of Lima, on 7 September, and occupied the nearby city of 1522:. Only 4,300 mules and 511 horses survived, less than half the original complement. 1096:

The Regiment followed the navy from a distance, avoiding detection. They hid in the

1030: 706: 6090: 6080: 4855: 4813: 4719: 2526: 2378: 2255: 2171: 2107: 1931: 1573: 1314:. This appointment was resisted by the Mendoza Cabildo, which ratified San Martín. 509: 226: 5765: 1814: 1754:

soldiers, which was closer to the royalist forces. They took position next to the

800:

for some time. Soon afterward, he continued to fight in southern Spain, mainly in

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Andrés Bello: Scholarship and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-Century Latin America

2504: 2263: 2062: 2002:

The Numancia battalion, formerly a royalist unit, joins the forces of San Martín.

1971: 1913: 1324: 1319: 1198: 1148: 1105: 797: 686: 373: 5369: 4535:"[Central Park Monuments – General Jose de San Martin : NYC Parks]" 4090:

Women and gender in modern Latin America: historical sources and interpretations

1897: 1480: 1090: 1083: 118: 6125: 6100: 5940: 5925: 5900: 5549: 5543: 5519: 2319: 2315: 2119: 1849: 1731: 1504: 1402: 1295: 1221: 979: 922: 820: 762:

San Martín took part in several Spanish campaigns in North Africa, fighting in

755: 553: 530: 442: 324: 6095: 6075: 1357: 1248: 6154: 6130: 6115: 5755: 5567: 5533: 5513: 5214: 5146: 5083: 2267: 2229: 1860: 1641: 1577: 1511: 1244: 1205: 1152: 1143: 1018: 975: 938:

with Miranda's name). Then he sailed to Buenos Aires aboard the British ship

581: 385: 144: 5845: 4142: 3985: 3925: 2654: 2221: 1597: 5052: 4957: 4827: 4785: 3877: 3853: 3769: 3514: 3490: 3382: 3346: 2550: 2323: 2271: 2087: 2079: 1935: 1844: 1824: 1287: 1274: 714: 623: 557: 416: 336: 27: 4226: 4118: 4045: 4021: 3973: 3949: 3262: 3238: 3165: 3069: 2928: 2661:, served in the Philippines from 1801 to 1822 and left descendants there. 2188: 1059: 754:

was one of the most important battles fought by José de San Martín in the

4841: 3334: 2461: 2111: 2099: 1987: 1983: 1755: 1377: 1307: 1228: 983: 935: 868: 829: 3745: 3733: 3706: 3646: 3298: 2556:

Statues of San Martín appear in most cities of Argentina, as well as in

1739:

was issued on 18 February 1818, one year after the battle of Chacabuco.

1317:

The government of San Martín repeated some of the ideas outlined in the

1259: 5431: 3550: 3129: 2646: 2279: 1868:

Although Artigas was defeated by the Luso-Brazilian armies, his allies

1693: 1660: 1398: 1389: 1186: 1075: 931: 793: 4636:"Of conquistadores and libertadores: the case of Intramuros monuments" 3538: 3478: 3454: 3406: 3394: 3189: 3105: 3081: 3011: 3009: 2499:

San Martín was first acclaimed as a national hero of Argentina by the

2038:

and the Army of the North no longer existed. As a result, he wrote to

1549: 1464: 778:, when Spain was allied with France against Great Britain, during the 5589: 5156: 5101: 2430: 2402: 2389: 2346:. Mariano married Mercedes, and they had a daughter, María Mercedes. 2246: 2103: 1887:

ordered once more the return of the Army of the Andes, and appointed

1381: 1373: 834: 805: 633: 576:. This objective first involved the establishment of a new army, the 522: 3658: 3622: 3574: 2593: 2017:

San Martín isolated Lima from the surrounding countryside, and sent

1743: 1710: 725: 546: 525:

general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of

3466: 3430: 3006: 2979: 2967: 2557: 2421:. He requested in his will to be taken to the cemetery without any 2300: 2284: 2163: 1957: 1476: 1272:, a royalist victory that restored absolutism in Chile, ending the 1175: 5171: 801: 2549:. With Mitre's book, San Martín was universally acclaimed as the 2464:, the mausoleum was placed in an expanded wing of the cathedral. 2422: 1903:

The navy was finally completed in Chile, and the British captain

1802:

an embrace on their horses, now known as the "Embrace of Maipú".

1677: 1649: 1645: 1368:

on 9 July 1816. Congress discussed the type of government of the

1227:

San Martín had health problems in April 1814, probably caused by

974:

San Martín, Alvear and Zapiola established a local branch of the

763: 694: 31: 4695:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: TEA (Tipográfica Editora Argentina). 2258:. Although the war of independence had ended in the region, the 1896:, Pueyrredón ended his mandate as Supreme Director, replaced by 1197:, so the triumvirate appointed San Martín to head it, replacing 5479: 2650: 1922:

Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

1515: 1487:

led two columns in the south. The bulk of the armies left from

729: 721: 4336:(in French). Conseil départemental du Pas-de-Calais. 1844–1852 2362:, which San Martín condemned as well. During this time he met 1718:

took place on 18 February 1818, shortly before the battles of

1231:. He temporarily delegated the command of the Army to colonel 5563: 5559: 5454: 4866:

Documentos para la historia del Libertador General San Martín

2542: 2406: 2282:

of provinces. San Martín had good relations with the federal

2155: 1747: 1569: 994:, a 14-year-old girl from one of the local wealthy families. 771: 2503:, both during his life and immediately after his death. The 1843:

San Martín proposed to mediate between Buenos Aires and the

1806:

was praised by Güemes, Bolívar and the international press.

1435:

Although the Congress of Tucumán had already formalized the

1063:

José de San Martín, trapped under his dead horse during the

724:, but as Juan was unable to earn a promotion, they moved to 681:. After the order he was expelled from Hispanic America by 5624: 5539: 4650: 4564:[José de San Martín : History of a monument]. 4408: 4384: 4360: 4348: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4130: 4106: 4069: 4057: 4033: 4009: 3961: 2607:

by the numerous bombings campaigns during both world wars.

2561: 2534: 2410: 2071: 2067: 1609: 767: 615:

was officially declared on 28 July. On 26 July 1822, after

605: 3901: 3889: 3865: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3757: 3694: 3634: 3598: 3586: 3562: 3502: 3442: 3418: 3370: 3358: 3322: 3310: 3286: 3274: 3250: 3226: 3201: 3177: 3117: 3093: 3057: 3045: 978:, along with morenists, the former supporters of the late 4870:

Documents for the history of Liberator General San Martín

4514:

Bulletin Of The Pan American Union 1925-12: Vol 59 Iss 12

3723: 3721: 2531:

History of San Martín and the South American emancipation

2066:

José de San Martín's proclamation of the independence of

2030:. More than 300 royalists joined the patriots, including 1576:, meeting at the slopes of Chacabuco. Royalist commander 1557:

between the Army of the Andes and Spanish forces in 1817.

1510:

The whole operation took nearly a month. The armies took

986:, or a lodge with political goals. It had no ties to the 604:

rule. Then he sailed to attack the Spanish stronghold of

5324:

Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana

3021: 2996: 2994: 2957: 2955: 2940: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2831: 2819: 2522:

Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sudamericana

2133:

Bolívar took control of Caracas with his victory at the

4396: 4372: 3997: 3937: 2795: 2783: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2537:

wrote in 1853 about San Martín's campaign in Peru, and

1025:

disestablished the triumvirate. It was replaced by the

4971:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial El Ateneo. 3913: 3718: 3682: 3670: 3610: 3526: 3153: 3141: 3033: 2250:

Photograph of General San Martín taken in Paris, 1848.

1770:

The "Embrace of Maipú" between José de San Martín and

717:

in 1781, when San Martín was three or four years old.

4954:

The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts

4931:

Liberators: Latin America's Struggle For Independence

4699: 3751: 3739: 3712: 3664: 3652: 3628: 3580: 3556: 3544: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3436: 3412: 3400: 3015: 2991: 2985: 2973: 2952: 2807: 2254:

After his retirement, San Martín intended to live in

1263:

Training of the Army of the Andes at camp Plumerillo.

1082:, was still a royalist stronghold. Argentine general 16:

Argentine general and independence leader (1778–1850)

4775: 4541:. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation 2771: 2045:

Pezuela was deposed by a military-liberal coup, and

1388:

Needing even more soldiers, San Martín extended the

527:

South America's successful struggle for independence

4987:] (in Spanish). Mexico: Editorial Perspectivas. 2306:Despite his feud with Rivadavia, who was appointed 1974:, a liberal rebellion in Spain that reinstated the 861:. By this time, the French armies held most of the 6286:People from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 4910:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Círculo Militar. 4749:[San Martín saw by artists] (in Spanish). 4562:"José de San Martín : histoire d'un monument" 2653:, which was erected in 1950 at the request of the 2310:, San Martín offered his military services in the 1848:royalists first and then demand the return of the 888:, and moved to South America, where he joined the 6266:Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 5399: 4917:San Martín en el Ejército Español en la península 4685: 4232: 4148: 4124: 4051: 4027: 3991: 3979: 3955: 3931: 3883: 3859: 3775: 3520: 3496: 3388: 3352: 3340: 3304: 3268: 3244: 3195: 3171: 3135: 3111: 3087: 3075: 2934: 2515:and his constant support to Rosas. The unitarian 1669:Portuguese-Brazilian invasion of the Eastern Bank 1243:where he slowly recovered. During this time King 6152: 4975: 4700:Camogli, Pablo; de Privitellio, Luciano (2005). 4420: 2292:, but tried to stay neutral. San Martín's wife, 1920:. The Congress of Tucumán and the office of the 4921:San Martín in the Spanish Army in the peninsula 1688:San Martín requested help from British Admiral 884:San Martín resigned from the Spanish army, for 251:María de los Remedios de Escalada y la Quintana 38: and the second or maternal family name is 6246:Burials at Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral 1818:San Martín before the Congress of Buenos Aires 742:Military career of José de San Martín in Spain 5605: 5385: 5117: 2232:, but refused to rule as a dictator himself. 1978:, also sought to undermine royalist loyalty. 1108:to trap the royalists. He led one column and 645: 621: 5000:Newspaper clippings about José de San Martín 4674:San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero 2678:San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero 2440:against Rosas in 1851, Rosas' defeat at the 2429:of San Martín's death. Balcarce oversaw the 2360:Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata 1864:Parade of the Army of the Andes in Rancagua. 1235:and requested leave to recover. He moved to 735: 6166:People of the Argentine War of Independence 4730:] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. 930:at 27 Grafton Street (now 58 Grafton Way), 157:10 August 1814 – 24 September 1816 21:General José de San Martín (disambiguation) 6176:People of the Peruvian War of Independence 5612: 5598: 5392: 5378: 5124: 5110: 4901: 4680:The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826 3221:The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826 2856:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 2645:There is also a bust of San Martin at the 2288:and a personal feud with unitarian leader 1742:San Martín, Las Heras and Balcarce met in 1699: 1001:when the terms of office of the triumvirs 823:in 1808, San Martín was named adjutant of 57: 6201:Governors of San Juan Province, Argentina 6171:People of the Chilean War of Independence 4914: 4334:Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais 2657:as a reminder that San Martin's brother, 2460:. As San Martín was suspected of being a 2042:, trying to coordinate actions with him. 1667:reduced the support to Belgrano, and the 641:Order of the Liberator General San Martín 138:28 July 1821 – 20 September 1822 4958:https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu 4724:Seamos libres y lo demás no importa nada 2629: 2616: 2477: 2388: 2245: 2187: 2061: 1997: 1990:, which was abandoned by the royalists. 1859: 1813: 1765: 1709: 1608: 1548: 1451:, each taking a different path. Colonel 1418: 1408: 1258: 1142: 1058: 990:. In September 1812, San Martín married 867: 745: 5053:Commander-in-Chief of the Army of Chile 4728:Let us be free and nothing else matters 4718: 4656: 4633: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4136: 4112: 4075: 4063: 4039: 4015: 4003: 3967: 3943: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3871: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3763: 3727: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3640: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3568: 3532: 3508: 3448: 3424: 3376: 3364: 3328: 3316: 3292: 3280: 3256: 3232: 3207: 3183: 3159: 3147: 3123: 3099: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3000: 2961: 2946: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2177: 2160:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1809: 1423:Generals José de San Martín (left) and 1370:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 865:under their control, except for Cádiz. 647:Orden del Libertador General San Martín 562:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 541:, in modern-day Argentina, he left the 502:José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras 6153: 5619: 5131: 4962: 4927: 4559: 4087: 2849: 2507:still resented his refusal to aid the 2456:. The mausoleum was placed inside the 2141:issued laws similar to those in Perú. 1912:refused to join the conflict as well, 1544: 1495:and O'Higgins led a column across the 1348:the full military plan of operations. 545:at the early age of seven to study in 266: 5593: 5373: 5105: 4704:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Aguilar. 2377:, San Martin left Paris and moved to 2114:and corporal punishment, and enacted 1993: 890:Spanish American wars of independence 825:Francisco María Solano Ortiz de Rosas 508: 460:Spanish American wars of independence 382:(armies of Chile, Peru and Argentina) 4876: 4590:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum 4330:"Death Registry of Boulogne-sur-Mer" 2717:"Capítulo 2. La madre de San Martín" 2266:wanted to organize the country as a 2057: 1138: 1045:and promoted San Martín to colonel. 876:to Buenos Aires, aboard the frigate 584:, Argentina. From there, he led the 6226:Argentine people of Spanish descent 4747:"San Martín visto por los artistas" 4744: 4426: 2458:Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral 2395:Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral 2322:he was informed that the unitarian 2168:United Provinces of Central America 1930:. The rebellion of Spanish general 1737:Chilean Declaration of Independence 1716:Chilean Declaration of Independence 1254: 1204:San Martín and Belgrano met at the 1013:promoted antimorenist new members, 697:, Galicia in 1813. He was born in 564:, present-day Argentina. After the 13: 6281:19th-century Argentine politicians 4771: 2878:"Francisco de Miranda Blue Plaque" 2519:wrote a biography of San Martín, " 2419:Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne 1855: 1761: 966:cavalry. He began to organize the 908:in 1811. They met at the house of 845:. He was nearly killed during the 552:In 1808, after taking part in the 543:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 210:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 14: 6297: 5358:Revolución: El cruce de los Andes 5292:María de los Remedios de Escalada 4993: 4977:Montes i Bradley, Ricardo Ernesto 4560:Verley, André (21 October 2009). 3752:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3740:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3713:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3665:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3653:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3629:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3581:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3557:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3545:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3485:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3473:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3461:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3437:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3413:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3401:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 3016:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 2986:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 2974:Camogli & de Privitellio 2005 2577:Revolución: El cruce de los Andes 2294:María de los Remedios de Escalada 1189:, was defeated at the battles of 1041:. The new triumvirate called the 992:María de los Remedios de Escalada 709:. The exact year of his birth is 86:18 April – 20 April 1815 6271:Argentine independence activists 6139: 5170: 5036:Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro 4981:El agricultor José de San Martín 4848: 4834: 4820: 4806: 4792: 4778: 4627: 4602: 4580: 4553: 4527: 4505: 4484: 4458: 4432: 4322: 4081: 2721:INSTITUTO NACIONAL SANMARTINIANO 2695:Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano 2242:Later life of José de San Martín 2019:Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales 949: 904:San Martín was initiated in the 661:Early life of José de San Martín 560:and offered his services to the 296: 4969:History of the Argentine Nation 4965:Historia de la Nación Argentina 4665: 3213: 2870: 2843: 2393:Mausoleum of San Martín at the 2351:blockade of the Rio de la Plata 2143:Guayaquil declared independence 1604: 827:. Rosas, suspected of being an 588:to Chile, and triumphed at the 262: 74:Member of the Third Triumvirate 5266:Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers 4885:University of California Press 4634:Aguilar, Karl (22 July 2012). 4588:"8c Jose de San Martin single" 2709: 2683: 2670: 2166:, and at a later point to the 1965:from the South or the army of 1894:Argentine Constitution of 1819 1889:Francisco Fernández de la Cruz 1706:Second Battle of Cancha Rayada 1588:The army triumphantly entered 1233:Francisco Fernández de la Cruz 1151:and José de San Martín at the 1133:Second Banda Oriental campaign 1048: 988:Premier Grand Lodge of England 968:Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers 934:, London (the house now has a 475:Second Battle of Cancha Rayada 402:Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers 1: 6261:National symbols of Argentina 6206:Argentine emigrants to France 6196:Governors of Mendoza Province 5401:National symbols of Argentina 5318:San Martín National Institute 5152:Revolution of October 8, 1812 4985:The farmer José de San Martín 4751:San Martín National Institute 4566:La semaine dans le boulonnais 2664: 2235: 1883:However, the minister of war 1185:, which was operating at the 1169:Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson 961:Argentine War of Independence 857:under the command of general 654: 269:; died 1823) 6181:People of the Peninsular War 4092:. New York (NY): Routledge. 2474:Legacy of José de San Martín 1976:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1952:Peruvian War of Independence 1592:the following day. Governor 1346:Antonio González de Balcarce 1078:, on the other shore of the 999:Revolution of 8 October 1812 954: 30:, the first or paternal 7: 5073:Marcos González de Balcarce 5004:20th Century Press Archives 4902:Dellepiane, Carlos (1965). 3271:, pp. 549–550, Vol. I. 3247:, pp. 548–549, Vol. I. 3078:, pp. 506–507, Vol. I. 2937:, pp. 498–500, Vol. I. 2547:Chilean War of Independence 2047:José de la Serna e Hinojosa 1774:, after the victory in the 1620:along with San Martín, and 1540:Chilean War of Independence 776:War of the Second Coalition 510:[xoˈseðesammaɾˈtin] 433:War of the Second Coalition 168:Marcos González de Balcarce 10: 6302: 4938:, Peter Mayer Publishers. 4915:Espíndola, Adolfo (1962). 4235:, pp. 73–74, Vol. II. 4127:, pp. 64–66, Vol. II. 4088:Murray, Pamela S. (2014). 4054:, pp. 59–63, Vol. II. 4030:, pp. 58–59, Vol. II. 3982:, pp. 53–55, Vol. II. 3958:, pp. 49–53, Vol. II. 3343:, pp. 12–13, Vol. II. 2471: 2436:However, the rebellion of 2384: 2368:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 2239: 2181: 2152:Latin American integration 2122:, a woman from Guayaquil. 1949: 1781: 1703: 1560: 1537: 1501:Juan Gregorio de Las Heras 1412: 1052: 958: 872:Arrival of San Martín and 739: 658: 25: 18: 6231:Argentine revolutionaries 6221:Argentine Roman Catholics 6137: 5631: 5484:National personifications 5407: 5333: 5310: 5279: 5258: 5223: 5202: 5186: 5179: 5168: 5139: 5090: 5077: 5069: 5059: 5050: 5042: 5032: 5023: 5015: 4904:Historia militar del Perú 4880:The Epic of Latin America 4610:"José de San Martín Bust" 3307:, pp. 9–10, Vol. II. 2467: 2399:national personifications 2330:By this time the federal 1638:Lodge of Rational Knights 1634:Supreme Director of Chile 1622:Supreme Director of Chile 1441:Coat of arms of Argentina 1362:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 1161:Argentine National Anthem 1043:Assembly of the Year XIII 1011:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 976:Lodge of Rational Knights 906:Lodge of Rational Knights 736:Military career in Europe 495: 425: 394: 360: 352: 317: 312: 304: 292: 284: 276: 244: 236: 216: 192: 187: 183: 173: 161: 150: 142: 131: 124: 112: 100: 79: 72: 68: 56: 49: 5470:Father of the Fatherland 5438:Himno Nacional Argentino 5194:Military career in Spain 4963:Levene, Ricardo (1936). 4908:Military history of Peru 4745:Mayochi, Enrique Mario. 4702:Batallas por la Libertad 4687:Abad de Santillán, Diego 3138:, pp. 1–3, Vol. II. 2545:wrote in 1856 about the 2539:Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna 2397:. The three statues are 2340:cholera epidemic of 1831 1833:Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna 1680:from Spain. The Chilean 1594:Francisco Marcó del Pont 1533: 1376:to crown a noble of the 1328:by the soldiers. Father 1163:, on 28 May 1813 at the 997:The lodge organized the 843:Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón 568:and time commanding the 308:The Liberator of America 6216:Argentine abolitionists 4952:Higgins, James (2014). 4928:Harvey, Robert (2000). 2349:In 1837 France began a 2052:constitutional monarchy 1945: 1791:Hilarión de la Quintana 1746:, and the royalists in 1700:Battle of Cancha Rayada 1659:, but failed to occupy 1596:attempted to escape to 1503:another one across the 1218:Martín Miguel de Güemes 1122:Juan Bautista Baigorria 819:At the outbreak of the 679:Guaraní Jesuit missions 5691:Gutiérrez de la Fuente 5476:Effigy of the Republic 4233:Abad de Santillán 1965 4149:Abad de Santillán 1965 4125:Abad de Santillán 1965 4052:Abad de Santillán 1965 4028:Abad de Santillán 1965 3992:Abad de Santillán 1965 3980:Abad de Santillán 1965 3956:Abad de Santillán 1965 3932:Abad de Santillán 1965 3884:Abad de Santillán 1965 3860:Abad de Santillán 1965 3776:Abad de Santillán 1965 3521:Abad de Santillán 1965 3497:Abad de Santillán 1965 3389:Abad de Santillán 1965 3353:Abad de Santillán 1965 3341:Abad de Santillán 1965 3305:Abad de Santillán 1965 3269:Abad de Santillán 1965 3245:Abad de Santillán 1965 3198:, p. 526, Vol. I. 3196:Abad de Santillán 1965 3172:Abad de Santillán 1965 3136:Abad de Santillán 1965 3114:, p. 581, Vol. I. 3112:Abad de Santillán 1965 3090:, p. 537, Vol. I. 3088:Abad de Santillán 1965 3076:Abad de Santillán 1965 2935:Abad de Santillán 1965 2635: 2622: 2530: 2496: 2414: 2308:President of Argentina 2251: 2201: 2082: 2003: 1927:Anarchy of the year XX 1865: 1819: 1779: 1727: 1629: 1558: 1432: 1390:emancipation of slaves 1264: 1156: 1072: 1035:Nicolás Rodríguez Peña 910:Carlos María de Alvear 899:Absolutist Restoration 881: 874:Carlos María de Alvear 859:William Carr Beresford 759: 646: 622: 506:Spanish pronunciation: 107:Carlos María de Alvear 6211:Argentine monarchists 6186:Federales (Argentina) 5351:El Santo de la Espada 5231:Crossing of the Andes 5210:Battle of San Lorenzo 4568:(in French). Boulogne 2880:. londonremembers.com 2850:Jaksic, Ivan (2006). 2633: 2620: 2571:El Santo de la Espada 2481: 2447:state of Buenos Aires 2438:Justo José de Urquiza 2392: 2249: 2191: 2147:Antonio José de Sucre 2086:Martín called for an 2065: 2008:Joaquín de la Pezuela 2001: 1914:revolting in Arequito 1863: 1817: 1769: 1713: 1624:after the victory at 1612: 1552: 1514:for the soldiers and 1429:crossing of the Andes 1422: 1415:Crossing of the Andes 1409:Crossing of the Andes 1395:military intelligence 1366:declared independence 1298:intended to act as a 1262: 1179:José Gervasio Artigas 1146: 1102:San Lorenzo, Santa Fe 1065:battle of San Lorenzo 1062: 1055:Battle of San Lorenzo 1039:Antonio Álvarez Jonte 912:, other members were 892:. Historians propose 886:controversial reasons 871: 814:Spanish Enlightenment 749: 617:a closed-door meeting 613:Peruvian independence 586:Crossing of the Andes 566:Battle of San Lorenzo 485:First siege of Callao 465:Battle of San Lorenzo 353:Years of service 88:Serving with 6236:Argentine Freemasons 5504:National forest tree 5162:Guayaquil conference 4800:Latin America portal 2598:Centro Internacional 2332:Juan Manuel de Rosas 2290:Bernardino Rivadavia 2260:Argentine Civil Wars 2226:Juan Bautista Bustos 2210:Guayaquil conference 2194:Guayaquil conference 2184:Guayaquil conference 2178:Guayaquil conference 2032:Andrés de Santa Cruz 1810:Fleet of the Pacific 1676:for the purchase of 1270:Disaster of Rancagua 1118:Juan Bautista Cabral 1069:Juan Bautista Cabral 1023:Buenos Aires Cabildo 928:Francisco de Miranda 894:several explanations 796:, who kept him as a 671:Province of Palencia 667:Cervatos de la Cueza 343:Protectorate of Peru 179:Toribio de Luzuriaga 6021:Bustamante y Rivero 5681:Salazar y Baquíjano 5450:En unión y libertad 5046:José Miguel Carrera 4877:Crow, John (1992). 4659:, pp. 574–585. 4417:, pp. 582–586. 4393:, pp. 574–576. 4369:, pp. 574–577. 4357:, pp. 569–574. 4319:, pp. 559–570. 4307:, pp. 523–558. 4295:, pp. 497–521. 4283:, pp. 477–495. 4271:, pp. 467–476. 4259:, pp. 453–465. 4247:, pp. 423–437. 4223:, pp. 407–421. 4211:, pp. 407–409. 4199:, pp. 397–406. 4187:, pp. 387–395. 4175:, pp. 383–385. 4163:, pp. 372–383. 4139:, pp. 369–371. 4115:, pp. 381–383. 4078:, pp. 359–368. 4066:, pp. 353–358. 4042:, pp. 349–353. 4018:, pp. 342–347. 3970:, pp. 339–340. 3910:, pp. 334–336. 3898:, pp. 321–327. 3874:, pp. 309–320. 3850:, pp. 301–308. 3838:, pp. 293–299. 3826:, pp. 287–293. 3814:, pp. 279–286. 3802:, pp. 269–277. 3790:, pp. 265–267. 3766:, pp. 251–254. 3754:, pp. 118–119. 3742:, pp. 115–118. 3715:, pp. 108–115. 3703:, pp. 250–251. 3655:, pp. 102–107. 3643:, pp. 247–248. 3607:, pp. 235–246. 3595:, pp. 227–234. 3571:, pp. 224–226. 3511:, pp. 221–222. 3451:, pp. 220–221. 3427:, pp. 219–220. 3379:, pp. 214–217. 3367:, pp. 209–210. 3331:, pp. 206–208. 3319:, pp. 203–206. 3295:, pp. 191–202. 3283:, pp. 179–189. 3259:, pp. 165–178. 3235:, pp. 157–163. 3210:, pp. 143–156. 3186:, pp. 133–136. 3126:, pp. 123–130. 3102:, pp. 111–121. 3066:, pp. 104–110. 3054:, pp. 101–104. 2218:Bernardo Monteagudo 2145:, and Bolívar sent 2070:on 28 July 1821 in 1934:and an outbreak of 1682:José Miguel Carrera 1657:occupied Concepción 1616:, commander of the 1563:Battle of Chacabuco 1555:Battle of Chacabuco 1545:Battle of Chacabuco 1427:(right) during the 1354:Congress of Tucumán 1300:government in exile 1284:José Miguel Carrera 1237:Santiago del Estero 914:José Miguel Carrera 847:battle of Arjonilla 590:Battle of Chacabuco 574:Viceroyalty of Peru 470:Battle of Chacabuco 63:Late 1820s painting 6276:Presidents of Peru 6241:People from Yapeyú 6191:Argentine generals 6161:José de San Martín 5466:José de San Martín 5344:Cerro de la Gloria 5133:José de San Martín 5063:Bernardo O'Higgins 4936:The Overlook Press 4692:Historia Argentina 4638:. The Urban Roamer 3559:, pp. 98–101. 2649:or Walled City of 2636: 2623: 2566:José Gil de Castro 2497: 2494:Mendoza, Argentina 2488:, monument to the 2485:Cerro de la Gloria 2454:Nicolás Avellaneda 2415: 2373:During the French 2336:Belgian Revolution 2252: 2202: 2139:Congress of Cúcuta 2135:battle of Carabobo 2083: 2004: 1994:Expedition of Peru 1885:Matías de Irigoyen 1866: 1820: 1780: 1772:Bernardo O'Higgins 1728: 1644:, in reference to 1630: 1614:Bernardo O'Higgins 1581:regions of Chile. 1559: 1461:Come-Caballos pass 1433: 1425:Bernardo O'Higgins 1280:Bernardo O'Higgins 1265: 1157: 1098:San Carlos Convent 1073: 1027:Second Triumvirate 1007:Feliciano Chiclana 1003:Manuel de Sarratea 882: 810:War of the Oranges 760: 699:Yapeyú, Corrientes 539:Yapeyú, Corrientes 533:who served as the 438:War of the Oranges 380:Commander-in-chief 368:Lieutenant colonel 333:(modern Argentina) 206:Yapeyú, Corrientes 94:Manuel de Sarratea 90:Matías de Irigoyen 51:José de San Martín 6148: 6147: 5666:Bernardo de Tagle 5651:Bernardo de Tagle 5587: 5586: 5574:Our Lady of Luján 5367: 5366: 5271:Army of the Andes 5254: 5253: 5100: 5099: 5094:Toribio Luzuriaga 5091:Succeeded by 5060:Succeeded by 5033:Succeeded by 5026:President of Peru 4945:978-1-58567-072-7 4894:978-0-520-07723-2 4737:978-950-581-779-5 4720:Galasso, Norberto 4711:978-987-04-0105-6 4151:, Vol. II, p. 67. 4099:978-0-415-89454-8 3994:, Vol. II, p. 55. 3934:, Vol. II, p. 50. 3886:, Vol. II, p. 44. 3862:, Vol. II, p. 52. 3778:, Vol. II, p. 32. 3547:, pp. 92–93. 3523:, Vol. II, p. 19. 3499:, Vol. II, p. 18. 3487:, pp. 91–92. 3463:, pp. 85–92. 3415:, pp. 81–82. 3403:, pp. 76–79. 3391:, Vol. II, p. 10. 3355:, Vol. II, p. 13. 3030:, pp. 93–95. 2949:, pp. 85–89. 2925:, pp. 77–85. 2913:, pp. 65–76. 2901:, pp. 51–64. 2863:978-0-521-02759-5 2840:, pp. 33–50. 2828:, pp. 26–32. 2804:, pp. 26–27. 2792:, pp. 24–26. 2768:, pp. 22–24. 2756:, pp. 11–12. 2744:, pp. 14–15. 2640: 2639: 2585:equestrian statue 2513:Army of the Andes 2509:Supreme Directors 2490:Army of the Andes 2442:battle of Caseros 2116:freedom of speech 2096:Protector of Peru 2058:Protector of Peru 2006:Peruvian viceroy 1972:Liberal Triennium 1963:Army of the North 1910:Army of the North 1878:Army of the North 1874:Francisco Ramírez 1829:Juan José Carrera 1758:, near Santiago. 1674:Adams–Onís Treaty 1618:Army of the Andes 1590:Santiago de Chile 1527:Santiago de Chile 1520:altitude sickness 1469:Juan Manuel Cabot 1437:flag of Argentina 1330:José Luis Beltrán 1312:Gregorio Perdriel 1183:Army of the North 1139:Army of the North 944:First Triumvirate 863:Iberian Peninsula 855:battle of Albuera 780:French Revolution 669:, in the current 578:Army of the Andes 570:Army of the North 535:Protector of Peru 499: 498: 453:Battle of Albuera 412:Army of the Andes 407:Army of the North 126:Protector of Peru 6293: 6143: 6066:Morales-Bermúdez 5911:Morales Bermúdez 5614: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5536:(National stone) 5394: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5370: 5184: 5183: 5174: 5140:Political career 5126: 5119: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5070:Preceded by 5043:Preceded by 5016:Preceded by 5013: 5012: 4988: 4972: 4949: 4924: 4911: 4898: 4873: 4858: 4856:Biography portal 4853: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4814:Argentina portal 4811: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4753:. Archived from 4741: 4715: 4696: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3174:, Vol. II, p. 7. 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2655:Perón government 2613: 2612: 2379:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2364:Florencio Varela 2344:Mariano Balcarce 2172:Empire of Brazil 2108:freedom of wombs 1932:Rafael del Riego 1918:Battle of Cepeda 1870:Estanislao López 1574:Aconcagua valley 1453:Francisco Zelada 1296:Carrera brothers 1292:Manuel Rodríguez 1255:Governor of Cuyo 1210:Gervasio Posadas 851:battle of Bailén 752:Battle of Bailén 703:Indian reduction 649: 627: 598:liberating Chile 520: 519: 518: 512: 507: 448:Battle of Bailén 331:United Provinces 313:Military service 300: 270: 268: 264: 227:Boulogne-sur-Mer 223: 203:25 February 1778 202: 200: 188:Personal details 176: 164: 155: 136: 115: 103: 84: 61: 47: 46: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6135: 6041:Prado Ugarteche 6016:Prado Ugarteche 5971:Pardo y Barreda 5951:Pardo y Barreda 5881:García Calderón 5856:F. Diez Canseco 5841:P. Diez Canseco 5831:P. Diez Canseco 5811:P. Diez Canseco 5627: 5618: 5588: 5583: 5568:National dishes 5554:National liquor 5524:National animal 5443:National anthem 5403: 5398: 5368: 5363: 5329: 5306: 5275: 5250: 5219: 5198: 5180:Military career 5175: 5166: 5135: 5130: 5096: 5087: 5075: 5065: 5056: 5048: 5038: 5029: 5021: 4996: 4991: 4946: 4895: 4864: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772:Further reading 4769: 4760: 4758: 4738: 4712: 4668: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2611: 2517:Bartolomé Mitre 2476: 2470: 2387: 2375:1848 revolution 2312:War with Brazil 2262:continued. The 2244: 2238: 2186: 2180: 2060: 2028:Battle of Pasco 1996: 1954: 1948: 1940:Act of Rancagua 1905:Thomas Cochrane 1858: 1856:Act of Rancagua 1812: 1786: 1784:Battle of Maipú 1776:Battle of Maipú 1764: 1762:Battle of Maipú 1708: 1702: 1607: 1565: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1485:José León Lemos 1417: 1411: 1325:planned economy 1320:Operations plan 1257: 1199:Manuel Belgrano 1165:Coliseo Theater 1149:Manuel Belgrano 1141: 1106:pincer movement 1080:Río de la Plata 1057: 1051: 1015:Manuel Obligado 963: 957: 952: 918:Blanco Encalada 839:guerrilla force 798:prisoner of war 744: 738: 687:Paredes de Nava 675:Kingdom of León 663: 657: 594:Battle of Maipú 514: 513: 505: 491: 480:Battle of Maipú 421: 390: 348: 272: 260: 256: 253: 237:Political party 225: 221: 212:(now Argentina) 204: 198: 196: 174: 162: 156: 151: 137: 132: 113: 101: 96: 85: 80: 64: 52: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6299: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6146: 6145: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6071:Belaúnde Terry 6068: 6063: 6058: 6056:Belaúnde Terry 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6001:Samanez Ocampo 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5571: 5557: 5547: 5544:National sport 5537: 5531: 5517: 5507: 5497: 5487: 5473: 5463: 5458: 5446: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5311:Historiography 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5259:Military units 5256: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5089: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4995: 4994:External links 4992: 4990: 4989: 4973: 4960: 4950: 4944: 4925: 4912: 4899: 4893: 4874: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4845: 4831: 4817: 4803: 4789: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4757:on 1 June 2012 4742: 4736: 4716: 4710: 4697: 4683: 4682:(2nd ed. 1986) 4678:Lynch, John. 4676: 4672:Lynch, John. 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4649: 4626: 4601: 4579: 4552: 4526: 4504: 4483: 4457: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4405:, p. 579. 4395: 4383: 4381:, p. 584. 4371: 4359: 4347: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4098: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 4006:, p. 341. 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3946:, p. 338. 3936: 3924: 3922:, p. 337. 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3730:, p. 251. 3717: 3705: 3693: 3691:, p. 250. 3681: 3679:, p. 248. 3669: 3667:, p. 107. 3657: 3645: 3633: 3631:, p. 102. 3621: 3619:, p. 247. 3609: 3597: 3585: 3583:, p. 101. 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3535:, p. 224. 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3223:(2nd ed. 1986) 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3162:, p. 212. 3152: 3150:, p. 131. 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3042:, p. 102. 3032: 3020: 3005: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2869: 2862: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2708: 2682: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2638: 2637: 2627: 2624: 2609: 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2386: 2383: 2320:Rio de Janeiro 2316:Manuel Dorrego 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2182:Main article: 2179: 2176: 2120:Rosa Campuzano 2059: 2056: 1995: 1992: 1950:Main article: 1947: 1944: 1857: 1854: 1811: 1808: 1782:Main article: 1763: 1760: 1732:Mariano Osorio 1704:Main article: 1701: 1698: 1690:William Bowles 1606: 1603: 1561:Main article: 1546: 1543: 1535: 1532: 1505:Uspallata Pass 1497:Los Patos pass 1491:. San Martín, 1413:Main article: 1410: 1407: 1403:disinformation 1308:war production 1256: 1253: 1239:, and then to 1140: 1137: 1110:Justo Bermúdez 1067:, is saved by 1053:Main article: 1050: 1047: 1031:Juan José Paso 980:Mariano Moreno 956: 953: 951: 948: 940:George Canning 878:George Canning 821:Peninsular War 756:Peninsular War 740:Main article: 737: 734: 707:Guaraní people 659:Main article: 656: 653: 554:Peninsular War 531:Spanish Empire 497: 496: 493: 492: 490: 489: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 457: 456: 455: 450: 443:Peninsular War 440: 435: 429: 427: 423: 422: 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 398: 396: 392: 391: 389: 388: 383: 377: 371: 370:(Spanish army) 364: 362: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 340: 339:(modern Chile) 334: 328: 325:Spanish Empire 321: 319: 315: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 258: 254: 249: 248: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 224:(aged 72) 220:17 August 1850 218: 214: 213: 194: 190: 189: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 171: 170: 165: 159: 158: 148: 147: 140: 139: 129: 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 87: 77: 76: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6298: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6142: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Sánchez Cerro 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986:Sánchez Cerro 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5534:Rhodochrosite 5532: 5529: 5528:National bird 5525: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5514:Floral emblem 5511: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5500:Red Quebracho 5498: 5495: 5494:National tree 5491: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5416:List of flags 5413: 5412:National flag 5410: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280:Personal life 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241:Cancha Rayada 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5215:Yatasto relay 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5147:Lautaro Lodge 5145: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5028: 5027: 5020: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4846: 4843: 4832: 4829: 4818: 4815: 4804: 4801: 4790: 4787: 4776: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4658: 4653: 4637: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4493: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3475:, p. 92. 3474: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3439:, p. 84. 3438: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3018:, p. 76. 3017: 3012: 3010: 3003:, p. 92. 3002: 2997: 2995: 2988:, p. 74. 2987: 2982: 2976:, p. 73. 2975: 2970: 2964:, p. 91. 2963: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2816:, p. 28. 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2780:, p. 24. 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596:, Colombia's 2595: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2574:and the 2010 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:unitary state 2265: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2230:balkanization 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216:The minister 2214: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2198:Simón Bolívar 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2040:Simón Bolívar 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1967:Simón Bolívar 1964: 1959: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1720:Cancha Rayada 1717: 1712: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:Logia Lautaro 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578:Rafael Maroto 1575: 1571: 1564: 1556: 1551: 1541: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1380:as king (the 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1245:Ferdinand VII 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Yatasto relay 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1153:Yatasto relay 1150: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1129:William Brown 1125: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:Pedro Medrano 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 984:Masonic lodge 981: 977: 972: 969: 962: 950:South America 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924: 919: 915: 911: 907: 902: 900: 895: 891: 887: 879: 875: 870: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786: 785:Santa Dorotea 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 757: 753: 748: 743: 733: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 662: 652: 650: 648: 642: 637: 635: 631: 630:Simón Bolívar 628: 626: 625: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 596:(1818), thus 595: 591: 587: 583: 582:Cuyo Province 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 517: 511: 503: 494: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 428: 424: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 397: 393: 387: 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Online at 4953: 4934:. New York: 4930: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4903: 4883:. Berkeley: 4879: 4869: 4865: 4828:Chile portal 4786:Spain portal 4759:. Retrieved 4755:the original 4727: 4723: 4701: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4666:Bibliography 4657:Galasso 2000 4652: 4640:. Retrieved 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4614:AtlasObscura 4613: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4582: 4570:. Retrieved 4565: 4555: 4543:. Retrieved 4538: 4529: 4518:, retrieved 4513: 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4486: 4474:. Retrieved 4469: 4460: 4448:. Retrieved 4443: 4434: 4422: 4415:Galasso 2000 4410: 4403:Galasso 2000 4398: 4391:Galasso 2000 4386: 4379:Galasso 2000 4374: 4367:Galasso 2000 4362: 4355:Galasso 2000 4350: 4338:. 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Retrieved 2697:(in Spanish) 2694: 2685: 2677: 2676:John Lynch, 2672: 2644: 2641: 2605: 2602: 2590: 2583:There is an 2582: 2575: 2569: 2555: 2520: 2498: 2483: 2451: 2435: 2427:Felipe Arana 2416: 2372: 2356:curved saber 2348: 2329: 2324:Juan Lavalle 2305: 2298: 2283: 2278:preferred a 2272:Buenos Aires 2270:centered on 2253: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2093: 2088:open cabildo 2084: 2080:Juan Lepiani 2044: 2036: 2022:soldiers of 2016: 2005: 1980: 1955: 1936:yellow fever 1925: 1902: 1898:José Rondeau 1882: 1867: 1850:Eastern Bank 1845:Liga Federal 1842: 1838: 1821: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1787: 1752: 1741: 1729: 1687: 1665: 1654: 1631: 1605:Patria Nueva 1587: 1583: 1566: 1524: 1509: 1481:Ramón Freire 1445: 1434: 1387: 1350: 1342: 1333: 1318: 1316: 1304: 1288:Luis Carrera 1275:Patria Vieja 1273: 1266: 1226: 1203: 1173: 1158: 1126: 1114: 1095: 1091:Paraná River 1084:José Rondeau 1074: 996: 973: 964: 939: 921: 903: 883: 877: 828: 818: 784: 770:against the 761: 719: 715:Buenos Aires 664: 644: 638: 620: 619:with fellow 610: 558:Buenos Aires 551: 501: 500: 426:Battles/wars 417:Chilean Army 337:Patria Nueva 327:(until 1812) 222:(1850-08-17) 175:Succeeded by 152: 143:Governor of 133: 119:José Rondeau 114:Succeeded by 81: 44: 39: 35: 28:Spanish name 6256:1850 deaths 6251:1778 births 6046:Pérez Godoy 5991:Elías Arias 5946:S. Calderón 5656:Riva Agüero 4842:Peru portal 4594:26 December 4472:(in French) 4470:BNF Gallica 4446:(in French) 4444:BNF Gallica 4340:16 February 2659:Juan Fermin 2276:federalists 2112:Inquisition 2104:yanaconazgo 2024:New Granada 1756:Maipo River 1640:, named as 1475:, moved to 1378:Inca Empire 1358:José Moldes 1249:Tomás Guido 1229:hematemesis 1147:Meeting of 1131:during the 1112:the other. 1049:San Lorenzo 936:blue plaque 830:afrancesado 782:. His ship 376:(Argentina) 163:Preceded by 102:Preceded by 6155:Categories 5721:Santa Cruz 5676:Santa Cruz 5636:San Martín 5621:Presidents 5432:Sun of May 5302:Later life 5287:Early life 5088:1814–1816 5057:1817–1819 5030:1821–1822 2665:References 2647:Intramuros 2505:unitarians 2280:federation 2274:, and the 2264:unitarians 2236:Later life 2222:Valparaíso 2137:, and the 2012:Miraflores 1982:landed in 1694:monarchism 1661:Talcahuano 1598:Valparaíso 1538:See also: 1512:dried food 1399:propaganda 1338:civil wars 1191:Vilcapugio 1187:Upper Peru 1087:laid siege 1076:Montevideo 959:See also: 932:Bloomsbury 920:and other 794:Royal Navy 683:Carlos III 655:Early life 624:libertador 537:. Born in 318:Allegiance 285:Profession 199:1778-02-25 36:San Martín 6106:Kuczynski 6011:Benavides 5966:Benavides 5851:Gutiérrez 5801:San Román 5791:Echenique 5776:Figuerola 5746:Figuerola 5716:Salaverry 5236:Chacabuco 5203:Argentina 5157:Inca plan 4539:NYC Parks 4520:7 January 2551:Liberator 2511:with the 2462:freemason 2431:embalming 2403:Argentina 2285:caudillos 1626:Chacabuco 1459:took the 1382:Sapa Inca 1334:caudillos 955:Argentina 916:, Aldao, 835:Andalusia 806:Gibraltar 634:Guayaquil 549:, Spain. 529:from the 523:Argentine 356:1789–1822 293:Signature 153:In office 134:In office 82:In office 6131:Boluarte 6126:Castillo 6111:Vizcarra 6086:Paniagua 6081:Fujimori 5896:Iglesias 5861:Zevallos 5806:Castilla 5796:Castilla 5786:Castilla 5781:Menéndez 5771:Menéndez 5761:Castilla 5731:Menéndez 5711:Bermúdez 5706:Orbegoso 5080:Governor 4979:(1952). 4722:(2000). 4689:(1965). 2558:Santiago 2501:Federals 2338:and the 2301:Brussels 2196:between 2170:and the 2164:Paraguay 2076:Painting 1958:Arequipa 1477:Coquimbo 1473:San Juan 1463:towards 1457:La Rioja 1176:caudillo 923:criollos 790:captured 711:disputed 691:Palencia 673:(former 608:, Peru. 602:royalist 592:and the 395:Commands 305:Nickname 288:Military 277:Children 40:Matorras 26:In this 6121:Sagasti 6061:Velasco 6051:Lindley 6031:Noriega 5996:Jiménez 5941:Candamo 5931:Piérola 5926:Candamo 5921:Cáceres 5916:Borgoño 5906:Cáceres 5891:Cáceres 5886:Montero 5876:Piérola 5751:Vivanco 5736:Torrico 5726:Gamarra 5696:Gamarra 5671:Bolívar 5520:Hornero 5427:Cockade 5006:of the 5002:in the 4761:14 July 4619:16 July 4497:28 June 4427:Mayochi 2626: 2527:Spanish 2423:funeral 2385:Remains 1984:Paracas 1678:Florida 1650:Lautaro 1648:leader 1646:Mapuche 1489:Mendoza 1465:Copiapó 1449:columns 1241:Córdoba 1214:Tucumán 1195:Ayohuma 1093:shore. 1009:ended. 841:led by 792:by the 766:and in 764:Melilla 374:General 271: 259: 255: 240:Patriot 32:surname 6116:Merino 6101:Humala 6096:García 6091:Toledo 6076:García 5976:Leguía 5956:Leguía 5936:Romaña 5901:Arenas 5686:La Mar 5646:La Mar 5480:Gaucho 5335:Legacy 4942: 4891: 4734: 4708: 4642:6 July 4572:13 May 4545:26 May 4476:13 May 4450:13 May 4096: 2860: 2727:17 May 2701:17 May 2680:(2009) 2651:Manila 2594:Bogotá 2468:Legacy 2158:, the 1744:Curicó 1516:fodder 1499:, and 730:Murcia 726:Málaga 722:Madrid 695:Orense 547:Málaga 265: 245:Spouse 231:France 6036:Odría 6026:Odría 5981:Ponce 5871:Prado 5866:Pardo 5846:Balta 5836:Prado 5826:Pezet 5821:Prado 5816:Pezet 5766:Elías 5756:Nieto 5741:Vidal 5661:Sucre 5564:Locro 5560:Asado 5490:Ceibo 5455:Motto 5246:Maipú 5224:Chile 5187:Spain 4983:[ 4967:[ 4919:[ 4906:[ 4868:[ 4726:[ 2884:7 May 2543:Chile 2541:from 2407:Chile 2156:Chile 1988:Pisco 1748:Talca 1724:Maipú 1570:Talca 1534:Chile 1493:Soler 1471:, in 1222:Jujuy 1116:arm. 1100:, in 802:Cádiz 772:Moors 701:, an 600:from 580:, in 261:( 257: 5625:Peru 5550:Wine 5540:Pato 5461:Logo 5084:Cuyo 5019:None 4940:ISBN 4889:ISBN 4763:2012 4732:ISBN 4706:ISBN 4644:2015 4621:2020 4596:2023 4574:2016 4547:2016 4522:2021 4499:2016 4478:2016 4452:2016 4342:2024 4094:ISBN 2886:2013 2858:ISBN 2729:2023 2703:2023 2562:Lima 2560:and 2535:Lima 2482:The 2411:Peru 2409:and 2366:and 2256:Cuyo 2208:The 2192:The 2162:and 2102:and 2100:mita 2072:Lima 2068:Peru 1946:Peru 1872:and 1827:and 1825:Luis 1722:and 1714:The 1672:the 1553:The 1483:and 1401:and 1374:plan 1290:and 1193:and 1120:and 1037:and 1017:and 1005:and 804:and 788:was 768:Oran 750:The 606:Lima 361:Rank 267:1812 217:Died 193:Born 145:Cuyo 92:and 5623:of 5082:of 5008:ZBW 2525:" ( 2492:at 2401:of 2078:by 1455:in 1029:of 705:of 632:at 34:is 6157:: 5562:- 5478:- 4887:. 4612:. 4537:. 4468:. 4442:. 4332:. 3720:^ 3008:^ 2993:^ 2954:^ 2719:. 2693:. 2564:. 2529:: 2405:, 2370:. 2174:. 2074:. 2034:. 1900:. 1652:. 1507:. 1479:. 1467:. 1397:, 1340:. 1286:, 1282:, 1224:. 1201:. 1033:, 946:. 901:. 816:. 689:, 263:m. 229:, 208:, 5613:e 5606:t 5599:v 5580:) 5576:( 5570:) 5566:( 5556:) 5552:( 5546:) 5542:( 5530:) 5526:/ 5522:( 5516:) 5512:( 5506:) 5502:( 5496:) 5492:( 5486:) 5482:( 5472:) 5468:( 5457:) 5453:( 5445:) 5441:( 5418:) 5414:( 5393:e 5386:t 5379:v 5125:e 5118:t 5111:v 4948:. 4897:. 4765:. 4740:. 4714:. 4646:. 4623:. 4598:. 4576:. 4549:. 4501:. 4480:. 4454:. 4429:. 4344:. 4102:. 2888:. 2866:. 2731:. 2705:. 2413:. 1778:. 1726:. 1628:. 1431:. 1155:. 1071:. 880:. 758:. 643:( 504:( 280:1 201:) 197:( 42:. 23:.

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Knowledge

José de San Martín

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