641:(GAO) released a study of the effect of the Jones Act on Puerto Rico that noted "reight rates are set based on a host of supply and demand factors in the market, some of which are affected directly or indirectly by Jones Act requirements." The report further concludes, however, that "because so many other factors besides the Jones Act affect rates, it is difficult to isolate the exact extent to which freight rates between the United States and Puerto Rico are affected by the Jones Act." The report also addresses what would happen "under a full exemption from the Act, the rules and requirements that would apply to all carriers would need to be determined." The report continues that "hile proponents of this change expect increased competition and greater availability of vessels to suit shippers' needs, it is also possible that the reliability and other beneficial aspects of the current service could be affected." The report concludes that "GAO's report confirmed that previous estimates of the so-called 'cost' of the Jones Act are not verifiable and cannot be proven."
331:
military auxiliary in time of war or national emergency, ultimately to be owned and operated privately by citizens of the United States; and it is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to do whatever may be necessary to develop and encourage the maintenance of such a merchant marine, and, in so far as may not be inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, the United States
Shipping Board shall, in the disposition of vessels and shipping property as hereinafter provided, in the making of rules and regulations, and in the administration of the shipping laws keep always in view this purpose and object as the primary end to be attained.
55:
650:
auxiliary ships, cutters, and research vessels. Jones Act requirements creates additional work for these shipyards in between government orders. Proponents state that by keeping the industrial base working, the Jones Act ensures that the Navy and Marine Corps can spin up shipbuilding without relying on other nations. The defense think tank CSBA, in a 2020 study on the maritime industry, warned that without the Jones Act, the shipbuilding industry would face dire impacts, up to and including the inability of the government to purchase any auxiliary ships domestically.
936:(MARAD) on a case-by-case basis. Waivers have been granted for example, in cases of national emergencies or in cases of strategic interest. For example, in June, 2006, declining oil production prompted MARAD to grant a waiver to operators of the 512-foot Chinese vessel Tai An Kou to tow an oil rig from the Gulf of Mexico to Alaska. The jackup rig will be under a two-year contract to drill in the Alaska's Cook Inlet Basin. The waiver to the Chinese vessel is said to be the first of its kind granted to an independent oil-and-gas company.
571:, 515 U.S. 347, 115 S.Ct. 2172 (1995), has set a benchmark for determining the status of any employee as a "Jones Act" seaman. Workers who spend less than 30 percent of their time in the service of a vessel on navigable waters are presumed not to be seaman under the Jones Act. The Court ruled that any worker who spends more than 30 percent of his time in the service of a vessel on navigable waters qualifies as a seaman under the act. Only maritime workers who qualify as a seaman can file a suit for damages under the Jones Act.
4207:
2894:
2802:
453:
coastal waters, or the exclusive right of a country to operate the air traffic within its territory". In the context of "cabotage rights", cabotage refers to the right of a company from one country to trade in another country. In aviation terms, for example, it is the right to operate within the domestic borders of another country. Most countries enact cabotage laws for reasons of economic
618:. Foreign ships inbound with goods cannot stop at any of these four locations, offload goods, load contiguous-bound goods, and continue to U.S. contiguous ports, although ships can offload cargo and proceed to the contiguous U.S. without picking up any additional cargo intended for delivery to another U.S. location.
452:
Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country, alongside coastal waters, by a vessel or an aircraft registered in another country. Originally a shipping term, cabotage now also covers aviation, railways, and road transport. Cabotage is "trade or navigation in
909:
The
Secretary of Homeland Security issued a temporary conditional waiver of the Jones Act for the shipment of petroleum products, blending stocks and additives from Gulf Coast Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD 3) to the New England and Central Atlantic Petroleum Administration for
749:
Supporters of the Jones Act maintain that the legislation is of strategic economic and wartime interest to the United States. The act, they say, protects the nation's sealift capability and its ability to produce commercial ships. In addition, the act is seen as a vital factor in helping maintain a
707:
rather than the Jones Act. The GAO said that while there are no known examples of foreign seafarer involvement in terrorist attacks and no definitive evidence of extremists infiltrating the United States on seafarer visas, "the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) considers the illegal entry of an
681:
One of the primary impetuses for the law was the situation that occurred during World War I when the belligerent countries withdrew their merchant fleets from commercial service to aid in the war effort. This left the US with insufficient vessels to conduct normal trade impacting the economy. Later
526:
From the very beginning of
American civilization, courts have protected seamen whom the courts have described as 'unprotected and in need of counsel; because they are thoughtless and require indulgence; because they are credulous and complying; and are easily overreached. They are emphatically the
287:
Laws similar to the Jones Act date to the early days of the United States. In the First
Congress, on September 1, 1789, Congress enacted Chapter XI, "An Act for Registering and Clearing Vessels, Regulating the Coasting Trade, and for other purposes", which limited domestic trades to American ships
551:
Any sailor who shall suffer personal injury in the course of his employment may, at his election, maintain an action for damages at law, with the right to trial by jury, and in such action all statutes of the United States modifying or extending the common-law right or remedy in cases of personal
802:
irrespective of price or to force other modes to not compete against Jones Act ships. As a result, the Jones Act fleet is used only where shippers have no choice: for moving large quantities of cargo over the ocean between noncontiguous parts of the United States. It is not used for moving cargo
703:
Office (GAO) found there are approximately 5 million maritime crew entries into the United States each year, and "the overwhelming majority of seafarers entering U.S. ports are aliens." The study also showed that 80% of those seafarer aliens are working on passenger ships that are covered by the
702:
Additionally, the requirement that ships in the domestic fleet be crewed by U.S. citizens or permanent residents reduces the likelihood foreign ships and mariners will illegally gain access to
America's inland waterways and associated infrastructure. A 2011 study by the Government Accountability
330:
That it is necessary for the national defense and for the proper growth of its foreign and domestic commerce that the United States shall have a merchant marine of the best equipped and most suitable types of vessels sufficient to carry the greater portion of its commerce and serve as a naval or
698:
The Jones Act includes dredging and salvage operations. Because the Jones Act creates a domestic dredging and salvage industry in the United States, it prevents the United States from depending on foreign companies to dredge naval facilities, which could create opportunities for sabotage or the
434:
The
Merchant Marine Act of 1920 has been further revised a number of times. In 1940, Congress expanded the Jones Act to cover towing vessels. In 1988, Congress specified that waterborne transport of valueless material, such as dredge spoil or municipal solid waste, requires the use of a Jones
649:
Because the Jones Act requires all transport between U.S. ports be carried on U.S.-built ships, proponents of the Jones Act claim that it supports the domestic U.S. shipbuilding industry. Shipyards that build Jones Act vessels are needed to build smaller but important government vessels like
367:
was a major update to the law. Its purpose is "to further the development and maintenance of an adequate and well-balanced
American merchant marine, to promote the commerce of the United States, to aid in the national defense, to repeal certain former legislation, and for other purposes."
246:). It requires that all goods transported by water between U.S. ports be carried on ships that have been constructed in the United States and that fly the U.S. flag, are owned by U.S. citizens, and are crewed by U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. The act was introduced by Senator
807:
by
Europeans) is virtually nonexistent in the United States, while most of the 130 million Americans who live near a coastline must put up with road and rail networks jammed with domestic cargo which almost anywhere else in the world would have been routed to short-sea shipping.
794:
Another criticism of the Jones Act is that as of 2023, it has already failed in its stated purpose of protecting the
American merchant marine: "The Jones Act fleet has dropped from around 250 ships in the 1980s to just 91 today. No use protecting something that's already dead."
778:
that estimated the savings for the U.S. economy that would result from the repeal or amendment of the Jones Act. Critics contend that the Act results in higher costs for moving cargo between U.S. ports, particularly for Americans living in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
757:, the Jones Act is also vital to national security and plays a role in safeguarding America's borders. The Lexington Institute stated in a June 2016 study that the Jones Act plays a role in strengthening U.S. border security and helping to prevent international terrorism.
468:
Generally, the Jones Act prohibits any foreign-built, foreign-owned or foreign-flagged vessel from engaging in coastwise trade within the United States. A number of other statutes affect coastwise trade and should be consulted along with the Jones Act. These include the
750:
viable workforce of trained merchant mariners for commerce and national emergencies. Supporters also argue that allowing foreign-flagged ships to engage in commerce in domestic American sea lanes would undermine U.S. wage, tax, safety, and environmental standards.
489:, which restricts the use of foreign vessels to commercially catch or transport fish in U.S. waters. These provisions also require at least three-fourths (75 percent) of the crew members to be U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Moreover, the
736:
and only one under construction, increasing costs and construction times for offshore wind projects that must use compliant barges to transfer parts to installation ships. A shortage of such vessels was a cause of the cancellation of the
593:
of three years, meaning that seamen have three years from the time the injury occurred to file a lawsuit. If an injured seaman does not file a case within that three-year period, the seaman's claim may be dismissed as time-barred.
73:
An act to provide for the promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine, to repeal certain emergency legislation, and provide for the disposition, regulation, and use of property acquired thereunder, and for other
493:
of foreign repair work on the hull and superstructure of a U.S.-flagged vessel is limited to ten percent by weight. This restriction largely prevents Jones Act ship-owners from refurbishing their ships at overseas shipyards.
2588:
322:
The intention of Congress was to develop a merchant marine for reasons of national defense and of growth of foreign and domestic commerce, as stated in the preamble to the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 as originally enacted:
661:
argues that the Jones Act is an ineffective way to promote U.S. shipbuilding, claiming it drives up shipping costs, increases energy costs, stifles competition, and hampers innovation in the U.S. shipping industry. A 2019
943:, failed to secure a Jones Act waiver following Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico. The groups contended that farmers would be adversely affected without additional shipping options to transport grains and oilseeds.
835:(Hawaii) introduced three reform Acts: H.R. Bill 298, the Noncontiguous Shipping Competition Act; H.R.299, the Noncontiguous Shipping Reasonable Rate Act; and H.R.300, the Noncontiguous Shipping Relief Act, to Congress.
872:
on a case-by-case basis, and can only be granted based on interest of national defense. Historically, waivers have only been granted in cases of national emergencies or upon the request of the Secretary of Defense.
1936:
1577:
2805:
319:. He stated that the act was, "an earnest effort to lay the foundation of a policy that will build up and maintain an adequate American merchant marine in competition with the shipping of the world."
411:
worked as merchant mariners on U.S. ships, most of these seamen were discharged in 1937 as a result of the law. The Act also established federal subsidies for the construction and operation of
316:
2246:
1778:
2223:
3235:
2463:
4236:
2577:
2545:
860:
Amid calls for repeal, advocacy for reform, rather than repeal, of the Act also emerged, notably by the Cato Institute, Niskanen Center, Mercatus Center and Heritage Institute.
4013:
1641:
407:
The Act restricted the number of aliens allowed to work on passenger ships, requiring that, by 1938, 90 percent of the crew members were U.S. citizens. Although about 4,000
1809:
1365:
Capitol Hill Hearing Testimony, Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Subcommittee; Testimony by John Hickley, attorney at law. Congressional Quarterly. March 27, 2007.
1201:
1663:
2037:
682:
when the U.S. joined the war there were insufficient vessels to transport war supplies, materials, and ultimately soldiers to Europe resulting in the creation of the
2525:
816:
Legislative efforts to repeal the Jones Act have been repeatedly introduced in Congress since 2010 when the Open America's Waters Act was championed by Senator
3816:
3153:
2821:
556:
The law allows U.S. seamen to bring actions against ship owners based on claims of unseaworthiness or negligence, rights not afforded by common international
531:
The Jones Act allows injured sailors to make claims and obtain damages from their employers for the negligence of the ship owner, including many acts of the
4061:
3961:
690:
to make up for the lack of U.S. tonnage. The Jones Act was passed in order to prevent the U.S. from having insufficient maritime capacity in future wars.
3210:
2096:
1028:
336:
2827:
1876:
3126:
582:. The right to bring an action in state court is preserved by the "savings to suitors" clause, 28 U.S.C. § 1333. The seaman-plaintiff is entitled to a
268:
grounds. Opponents of this legislation argue it reduces domestic trade via waterways (relative to other forms of trade) and increases consumer prices.
3947:
2832:
1831:
1768:
1061:
1849:
602:
The Jones Act prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between the contiguous U.S. and certain noncontiguous parts of the U.S., such as
2603:
2312:
2268:
2198:
2151:
2213:
1961:
1531:
4018:
2859:
1091:
257:
The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 has been revised a number of times; the most recent revision in 2006 included recodification in the U.S. Code.
786:
estimated that the economic gains to the U.S. economy from the repeal of Jones Act would range from an added $ 19 billion up to $ 64 billion.
4008:
869:
1223:
2542:
1983:
963:
910:
Defense Districts (PADDs 1 a and 1 b, respectively) for 12 days from November 2 to 13, 2012, following widespread fuel shortages caused by
881:
775:
673:) estimated in 2019 that repealing the Jones Act would boost shipbuilding output by more than $ 500 million (~$ 588 million in 2023).
1350:"Cabotage laws put Jones Act in frame: Push to tighten legislation may spark WTO review," Lloyd's List International. September 13, 2006.
4241:
3966:
3696:
3658:
3561:
3003:
2998:
2410:
1743:"GAO-11-195, Maritime Security: Federal Agencies Have Taken Actions to Address Risks Posed by Seafarers, but Efforts Can Be Strengthened"
732:
to prevent foreign vessels from constructing and maintaining wind farms near the American coast. There are no active Jones Act-compliant
3080:
2513:
2488:
634:, although a Government Accountability Office report found the effect of repealing or loosening is uncertain, with possible tradeoffs.
2657:
925:, which hit Florida on that day. In the same month, the Act was waived, after two days of debate, for Puerto Rico in the aftermath of
3670:
3106:
3097:
17:
295:
The laws requiring that vessels transporting cargo domestically be U.S.-built, owned, and crewed, were temporarily suspended during
3984:
3977:
3910:
3900:
3337:
3148:
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or fellow members of the crew. It operates simply by extending similar legislation already in place that allowed for recoveries by
4171:
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3136:
3131:
3057:
1801:
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1691:
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3300:
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839:
2070:
3703:
3116:
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957:
933:
704:
470:
416:
276:
2027:
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3111:
2327:
1554:
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3905:
3895:
3882:
3799:
2436:
1376:
3624:
3515:
2883:
2852:
1338:
589:
Seamen have three years from the time the accident occurred to file a lawsuit. Under the Jones Act, maritime law has a
540:
511:
503:
482:
474:
465:
344:
849:. Open America's Waters Act to repeal restrictions on coastwise trade was again submitted, as S. Bill 1646 by Senator
3841:
3804:
3680:
3635:
3391:
3332:
3229:
2752:
1716:
1184:
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temporarily waived the coastwise laws for foreign vessels carrying oil and natural gas from September 1 to 19, 2005.
372:
733:
720:
tankers, the Northeast of the U.S. imported liquefied natural gas from Russia in order to avoid shortages in 2018.
638:
627:
170:
4044:
3459:
3280:
3265:
3241:
3200:
3195:
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3185:
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or passengers between United States ports to U.S.-built and flagged vessels. It has been codified as portions of
130:
122:
1603:
3932:
3538:
3471:
3060:
1480:
1252:
663:
328:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
3378:
299:. The Jones Act of 1920 reinstated those ideas into law, and expanded restrictions regarding vessels used for
4231:
4053:
3499:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3322:
3305:
2869:
2845:
1502:"PUERTO RICO Characteristics of the Island's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act"
376:
227:
3653:
3589:
3533:
3092:
3029:
1902:
854:
846:
821:
683:
575:
3143:
2004:
4113:
3811:
3779:
3664:
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564:
539:
workers and providing that this legislation also applies to sailors. Its operative provision is found at
364:
261:
83:
3584:
3579:
2966:
288:
meeting certain requirements. Such laws served the same purpose asâand were loosely based onâEngland's
272:
106:
1117:
1054:
4137:
3942:
3742:
3685:
3555:
3223:
3163:
2837:
2682:
2354:
1402:
3971:
3831:
3767:
3618:
3526:
3441:
3359:
2383:
223:
803:
along coastal routes in the contiguous United States. In other words, the coastwise trade (called
708:
alien through a U.S. seaport by exploitation of maritime industry practices to be a key concern."
415:. Two years after the Act was passed, the U.S. Merchant Marine Cadet Corps, the forerunner to the
4210:
4176:
4125:
4107:
3997:
3716:
3417:
3327:
3317:
3253:
3121:
3022:
2562:
1455:"Characteristics of the Island's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act"
798:
The Jones Act lacks any mechanism to force shippers to always use Jones Act ships over all other
658:
39:
35:
275:(another U.S. maritime law that does not apply to coastal and in-land navigable waters), or the
3549:
3466:
3071:
2908:
1432:
590:
31:
2629:
1642:"Sink the Jones Act: Restoring America's Competitive Advantage in Maritime-Related Industries"
1268:
1014:
666:
report stated that U.S. shipbuilding has declined in competitiveness since the law's passage.
4131:
4119:
4003:
3937:
3675:
3641:
3600:
3567:
3312:
2492:
717:
234:
in U.S. waters and between U.S. ports. Section 27 of the Merchant Marine Act is known as the
2833:
Testimony by Deputy Maritime Administrator on September 15, 1998 in Support of the Jones Act
1202:"Founding fathers, prohibition and US protectionism: Why the Jones act isn't what you think"
657:, harming the overall economy for the sake of benefiting narrow interests. A 2014 report by
54:
4149:
3953:
3754:
3748:
3726:
3690:
3629:
3372:
3343:
2032:
1316:
891:
393:
is owned and operated under the U.S. flag by U.S. citizens "insofar as may be practicable,"
2578:"America denies Puerto Rico request for waiver to bring vital fuel and supplies to island"
1029:"To Protect Privileged Shippers From Competition, the Government Fought Jones Act Waivers"
8:
4190:
4143:
3721:
3648:
3454:
3422:
2924:
2218:
952:
754:
729:
312:
247:
166:
4095:
4036:
3611:
3606:
3509:
3504:
3435:
2789:
2781:
2710:"Coast wise: the U.S. marine industry is keeping a close watch on Jones Act assaults,"
2028:"An arcane American law protected by powerful interests is causing insane traffic jams"
1247:
1148:
804:
532:
457:
or national security; 80% of the UN's member states with coastlines have cabotage law.
174:
2489:"DHS: Update: United States Government Response to the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina"
2464:"'Treason' Goes Way Beyond Cato and Mercatus: Lots of Economists Oppose the Jones Act"
149:
Emergency Shipping Act, 1917; Rate Emergency Act, 1918; Shipping Act, 1916, § 5, 7, 8;
4197:
3761:
3398:
3385:
2929:
2793:
2748:
2730:
2583:
2306:
2262:
2192:
2145:
1910:
1903:"The US Has Big Plans for Wind Energyâbut an Obscure 1920s Law Is Getting in the Way"
1180:
1152:
1140:
1069:
877:
799:
461:
2283:
502:
The U.S. Congress adopted the Merchant Marine Act in early June 1920, formerly
3158:
2773:
2169:
2122:
2062:
1671:
1132:
918:
899:
884:
544:
515:
486:
196:
188:
115:
1303:
1136:
4166:
3869:
3428:
3409:
3290:
3285:
2945:
2549:
1087:
968:
926:
911:
586:, a right which is not afforded in maritime law absent a statute authorizing it.
507:
478:
348:
289:
260:
Many economists and other experts have argued for its repeal, while military and
243:
231:
3045:
2634:
2066:
1832:"In the waters off Massachusetts, a hunt for foreign ships building wind farms"
1773:
1291:
The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898â1946
922:
352:
206:
1351:
4225:
4068:
3991:
3709:
3366:
1914:
1144:
1073:
771:
687:
654:
454:
423:
412:
396:
is composed of the best-equipped, safest, and most suitable types of vessels,
343:
The U.S. Congress adopted the Merchant Marine Act in early June 1920 as
265:
1501:
4101:
3731:
3218:
2762:
Reeves, Jesse S. (1921). "The Jones Act and the Denunciation of Treaties".
1487:
895:
842:
557:
1742:
1454:
932:
Requests for waivers of certain provisions of the act are reviewed by the
917:
On September 8, 2017, the Jones Act was simultaneously suspended for both
438:
The revision of the law in 2006 included recodification in the U.S. Code.
426:
of Virginia was known as the "father of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936."
402:
consists of vessels crewed with a trained and efficient citizen personnel.
3826:
3573:
3295:
3259:
2411:"The ghosts of navies past: rebooting the Jones Act for the 21st century"
817:
631:
603:
296:
2658:"Trump authorizes waiver to loosen shipping regulations for Puerto Rico"
1850:"How US protectionism is holding back the country's offshore wind plans"
1676:
686:. The U.S. engaged in a massive ship building effort including building
3736:
3493:
2785:
1206:
868:
Requests for waivers of the Act and its provisions are reviewed by the
738:
583:
579:
134:
2867:
1664:"Local content requirements and their economic effect on shipbuilding"
3448:
2893:
2526:"Homeland Security grants waiver of Jones Act for Nome fuel delivery"
1248:"Shipping Under the Jones Act: Legislative and Regulatory Background"
408:
2777:
390:
can serve as a naval auxiliary in time of war or national emergency,
1877:"Ship shortage dealt death blow to Orsted's NJ offshore wind hopes"
850:
825:
536:
447:
300:
239:
2801:
2214:"Sen. McCain's New Jones Act Repeal Effort Not Likely to Progress"
3014:
1984:"The Importance of the Jones Act Fleet to U.S. Homeland Security"
1717:"New Maritime Report Marked by Factual Errors and Dubious Claims"
1020:
1009:
1007:
960:
similar law concerning passenger transportation between US ports.
832:
630:
indicated that the Jones Act may hinder economic development in
226:
that provides for the promotion and maintenance of the American
611:
607:
519:
460:
The cabotage provisions relating to the Jones Act restrict the
251:
1640:
Slattery, Brian; Riley, Bryan; Loris, Nicolas (May 22, 2014).
1004:
574:
An action under the Jones Act may be brought either in a U.S.
481:, which restricts coastwise transportation of passengers, and
4077:
2604:"US won't waive shipping restrictions for Puerto Rico relief"
1289:(Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1964), 237; Rick Baldoz,
490:
279:(which regulates passenger vessels, including cruise ships).
838:
H.R. Bill 8996, the Jones Act Repeal Act, was introduced by
890:
In order to conduct an emergency shipment of gasoline from
783:
670:
669:
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (
615:
1302:"Cabotage," definition, the Free Dictionary, available at
351:, and it was signed into law on June 5, 1920 by President
311:
The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 was introduced by Senator
3962:
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
939:
Pressure exerted by 21 agriculture groups, including the
399:
consists of vessels constructed in the United States, and
4237:
United States federal admiralty and maritime legislation
2514:
Waiver of Compliance with Navigation and Inspection Laws
1802:"Jones Act Forces New England to Import Gas From Russia"
1623:"A Boom In Oil Is A Boon For U.S. Shipbuilding Industry"
1481:"Report on the Competitiveness of Puerto Rico's Economy"
1092:"Mayday for American Protectionism | by Anne O. Krueger"
1062:"How protectionism sank America's entire merchant fleet"
902:
granted a waiver to the Russian ice class marine tanker
2630:"Jones Act Waived for Puerto Rico, Easing Aid Shipment"
2516:
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, September 1, 2005
1937:"Strengthening the US Defense Maritime Industrial Base"
1670:. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers.
1668:
OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation
1578:"Strengthening the US Defense Maritime Industrial Base"
789:
711:
1769:"Why the U.S. Imports LNG Despite Its Gas-Export Boom"
1118:"Cabotage sabotage? The curious case of the Jones Act"
723:
2281:
2244:
2167:
2120:
1293:(New York: New York University Press, 2011), 274â275.
4062:
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century
2437:"It's Not 'Treason' to Want to Repeal the Jones Act"
1692:"The Jones Act: A Burden America Can No Longer Bear"
1662:
Guilhoto, Joaquim; Gourdon, Karin (April 12, 2019).
387:
can carry a substantial portion of foreign commerce,
30:"Jones Act" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2822:
Text of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (Jones Act)
2728:Beer, P. (1986). "Keeping up with the Jones Act".
2576:
2408:
2097:"The Obscure Maritime Law That Ruins Your Commute"
1639:
107:
2745:U.S. Maritime Policy : History and Prospects
2434:
2325:
1555:"Made-in-USA shipbuilding finds an unlikely ally"
699:depositing of underwater surveillance equipment.
4223:
3948:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
898:in January 2012, Secretary of Homeland Security
1661:
1304:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Cabotage+trade
1273:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
4019:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
2806:Congressional Research Service Report RS21566
1582:Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments
271:The Jones Act is not to be confused with: the
4009:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
3030:
2853:
2828:The Shipping Act and Merchant Marine Act 1920
2352:
1275:. New York: Columbia University. p. 233.
811:
264:officials have spoken in favor of the law on
2384:"Jones Act numbers reveal the law's failure"
2163:
2161:
2090:
2088:
2063:"Cato Institute Project on Jones Act Reform"
964:Seaman status in United States admiralty law
845:(Michigan) on December 17, 2020, during the
776:United States International Trade Commission
728:The Jones Act has been used by opponents of
384:can carry all domestic water-borne commerce,
3697:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education
3562:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
2706:
2704:
2552:, Dept. of Homeland Security (Nov. 2, 2012)
2311:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2282:116th Congress (2020) (December 17, 2020).
2267:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2197:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2150:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1657:
1655:
921:, which hit Texas fourteen days prior, and
831:In 2019, and again in 2021, Representative
716:Because of the lack of Jones Act-compliant
552:injury to railway employees shall apply....
3037:
3023:
2860:
2846:
2743:Bess, H. David; Farris, Martin T. (1981).
2742:
2461:
2019:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1224:"That is not your grandfather's Jones Act"
997:
995:
993:
230:. Among other purposes, the law regulates
181:Reported by the joint conference committee
3671:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916
2378:
2376:
2212:Cavanaugh, J. Michael (August 30, 2017).
2211:
2158:
2094:
2085:
1675:
1377:"Decision preserves 'savings to suitors'"
1245:
1174:
1026:
3978:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
2701:
2543:Waiver of Compliance with Navigation Law
2507:
2245:117th Congress (2021) (March 28, 2023).
1874:
1652:
1529:
1165:First Cong., sess. 1, ch. 11, §1 (1789).
987:Pub. L. No. 66-261, 41 Stat. 988 (1920).
569:Chandris, Inc., v. Latsis
510:and codified on October 6, 2006 as
4172:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
3137:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
2481:
2409:Gabriela Rodriguez (January 17, 2023).
2226:from the original on September 14, 2017
2121:111th Congress (2010) (June 23, 2010).
2057:
2055:
1799:
1620:
1494:
1234:
1200:Martin, Eric Priante (March 18, 2024).
1086:
990:
14:
4224:
3891:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election
3301:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
2761:
2627:
2601:
2435:Veronique de Rugy (October 18, 2022).
2373:
2355:"Repealing or reforming the Jones Act"
2326:Veronique de Rugy (October 18, 2022).
2168:117th Congress (2021) (May 13, 2021).
1221:
1199:
820:, who co-sponsored S. 3525 before the
3704:United States Railroad Administration
3018:
2841:
2765:American Journal of International Law
2656:Diaz, Daniella (September 28, 2017).
2025:
1812:from the original on January 15, 2019
1766:
1552:
1266:
1116:Olney, William W. (August 29, 2020).
1115:
958:Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886
934:United States Maritime Administration
705:Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886
417:United States Merchant Marine Academy
277:Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886
3522:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
3236:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
2826:University of Virginia Law Library,
2727:
2655:
2628:Choksi, Niraj (September 28, 2017).
2491:. September 15, 2005. Archived from
2361:. American Journal of Transportation
2052:
1875:Disavino, Scott (November 3, 2023).
1781:from the original on January 3, 2019
1601:
1430:
1424:
1168:
790:Failure to accomplish stated purpose
774:, and point to a 2002 report by the
712:Importation of liquefied natural gas
693:
676:
644:
3906:1916 Democratic National Convention
3896:1912 Democratic National Convention
3800:Birthplace and Presidential Library
3595:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
3442:Board of Mediation and Conciliation
2602:Bowden, John (September 26, 2017).
2353:Peter Buxbaum (December 17, 2013).
2328:"It's Time To Repeal the Jones Act"
2095:Lincicome, Scott (March 20, 2023).
2040:from the original on August 7, 2017
1800:Buxbaum, Peter (January 24, 2018).
1209:| Latest shipping and maritime news
1027:Lancaster, Joe (October 26, 2022).
724:Restrictions on offshore wind farms
518:. The act formalized the rights of
24:
4242:Protectionism in the United States
3625:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916
3516:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act
3044:
2884:Shipping Commissioners Act of 1872
2721:
2591:from the original on May 12, 2022.
2073:from the original on June 28, 2018
1767:Malik, Naureen (January 3, 2019).
1125:Journal of International Economics
1017:, 107 California Law Review (2019)
1001:46. U.S.C. § 50101 et seq. (2006).
653:Critics of the act describe it as
497:
112:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
4253:
3681:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
3636:National Park Service Organic Act
3534:Glacier National Park Act of 1914
3333:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
3081:President of Princeton University
2815:
1934:
1621:Northam, Jacki (March 14, 2014).
1575:
1374:
1269:"The Merchant Marine Act of 1920"
828:, without passing to become law.
734:wind turbine installation vessels
373:United States Maritime Commission
371:Specifically, it established the
4206:
4205:
3727:Acadia National Park Act of 1919
2892:
2800:
1553:Quick, Brad (October 25, 2013).
1407:, 932 F. 2d 413 (5th Cir. 1991)"
1246:Frittelli, John (May 17, 2019).
765:
639:Government Accountability Office
628:Federal Reserve Bank of New York
429:
53:
3911:1916 U.S. presidential election
3901:1912 U.S. presidential election
3827:Summer White House (Harlakenden
3281:Committee on Public Information
3242:Army Appropriations Act of 1916
3171:State of the Union Address 1913
2675:
2649:
2621:
2595:
2569:
2555:
2535:
2519:
2462:Art Carden (October 30, 2022).
2455:
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1473:
1447:
1433:"Keeping up with the Jones Act"
1431:Yuen, Stacy (August 22, 2012).
1395:
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1344:
1332:
1323:
1309:
1296:
1279:
1260:
1222:Snyder, John (April 19, 2024).
1215:
1015:Americans, Almost and Forgotten
941:American Farm Bureau Federation
870:Department of Homeland Security
770:Critics claim the Jones Act is
292:, which were repealed in 1849.
250:. The law also defines certain
3822:Princeton University president
3817:Boyhood home in South Carolina
3061:President of the United States
2026:Olsen, Erik (August 7, 2017).
1530:Murtaugh, Dan (May 29, 2014).
1253:Congressional Research Service
1193:
1159:
1109:
1047:
981:
664:Congressional Research Service
621:
13:
1:
4110:(daughter, acting first lady)
4054:Backstairs at the White House
3972:Woodrow Wilson Junior College
3732:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919
3539:Legislative Reference Service
3500:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
3323:Selective Service Act of 1917
3306:Armistice of 11 November 1918
2870:United States Merchant Marine
1137:10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103378
974:
471:Passenger Vessel Services Act
377:United States Merchant Marine
3654:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
3590:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
2563:"DHS Signs Jones Act Waiver"
2247:"Member Activity by Ed Case"
1461:(GAO-13-260). March 21, 2013
1317:"Cabotage Laws of the World"
855:117th United States Congress
847:116th United States Congress
822:111th United States Congress
760:
684:United States Shipping Board
7:
3864:When a Man Comes to Himself
3780:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
3775:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
3665:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
3349:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
3247:Council of National Defense
2983:Merchant Marine Act of 1936
1175:Papavizas, Charlie (2024).
946:
882:Homeland Security Secretary
853:on May 13 2021, during the
565:United States Supreme Court
441:
365:Merchant Marine Act of 1936
358:
306:
262:U.S. Department of Commerce
220:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
84:66th United States Congress
48:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
10:
4258:
3585:Cotton Futures Act of 1916
3580:Brush Disposal Act of 1916
3505:Cotton Futures Act of 1914
3418:Federal racial segregation
2967:Death on the High Seas Act
2808:The Jones Act: An Overview
2548:November 13, 2013, at the
1604:"Jones Act is set to stay"
1602:Kemp, John (May 2, 2013).
1536:Saved by Shale Production"
1383:. Howard Publications, Inc
863:
812:Repeal and reform movement
744:
597:
445:
282:
273:Death on the High Seas Act
29:
4185:
4159:
4088:
4027:
3943:Woodrow Wilson Foundation
3919:
3881:
3850:
3792:
3743:Wheat Price Guarantee Act
3686:Flood Control Act of 1917
3556:Locomotive Inspection Act
3408:
3209:
3164:Woman Suffrage Procession
3091:
3052:
2991:
2975:
2954:
2938:
2917:
2901:
2890:
2876:
2186:Open America's Waters Act
2139:Open America's Waters Act
1267:Jones, Wesley L. (1922).
317:Senate Commerce Committee
158:
153:
145:
140:
121:
102:
97:
89:
78:
69:
61:
52:
18:Jones Act (sailor rights)
4098:(wife, 1885â1914, death)
3858:Congressional Government
3768:Federal Power Commission
3527:Federal Trade Commission
3360:Racial Equality Proposal
3338:National War Labor Board
2249:. United States Congress
1329:46 U.S.C. §55102 et seq.
1177:Journey to the Jones ACT
4177:Woodrow Wilson and race
3998:Woodrow Wilson Monument
3812:Boyhood home in Georgia
3717:War Revenue Act of 1917
3612:Federal Farm Loan Board
3545:SmithâLever Act of 1914
3467:Rivers and Harbors Acts
3328:Immigration Act of 1918
3318:Immigration Act of 1917
3254:Philippine Autonomy Act
2530:Alaska Business Monthly
1646:The Heritage Foundation
1355:(subscription required)
1287:Brothers Under the Skin
824:, then by Utah Senator
659:The Heritage Foundation
40:Increased Penalties Act
36:Jones Law (Philippines)
3805:papers and manuscripts
3550:War Risk Insurance Act
3354:Paris Peace Conference
3149:1919 Nobel Peace Prize
3132:Supreme Court nominees
3072:Governor of New Jersey
2587:. September 27, 2017.
1405:Crisman v. Odeco, Inc.
1339:ch.551 Coastwise Trade
591:statute of limitations
554:
529:
435:Act-qualified vessel.
405:
341:
303:in the United States.
195:on June 4, 1920 (
187:on June 4, 1920 (
185:agreed to by the House
4191:â William Howard Taft
4132:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
4120:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
4004:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
3938:Woodrow Wilson Awards
3676:Warehouse Act of 1916
3642:National Park Service
3601:Federal Farm Loan Act
3568:Occupancy Permits Act
3313:Espionage Act of 1917
3224:BryanâChamorro Treaty
3127:Judicial appointments
2868:Laws relating to the
2747:. New York: Praeger.
2332:discoursemagazine.com
2005:"Lexington Institute"
1962:"Lexington Institute"
1806:Global Trade Magazine
718:liquefied natural gas
549:
524:
381:
325:
4232:1920 in American law
4102:Edith Bolling Wilson
3954:The Wilson Quarterly
3837:Woodrow Wilson House
3755:Railroad Labor Board
3373:Treaty of Versailles
3344:Sedition Act of 1918
2925:Maguire Act of 1895
2565:. September 8, 2017.
2300:Jones Act Repeal Act
2219:Holland & Knight
892:Dutch Harbor, Alaska
782:A 2019 study by the
527:wards of admiralty.'
422:U.S. Representative
4198:Warren G. Harding â
4146:(cousin, secretary)
4144:Helen Woodrow Bones
4114:Jessie Wilson Sayre
4046:Profiles in Courage
4014:U.S. Postage stamps
3722:Revenue Act of 1918
3649:Revenue Act of 1916
3455:Revenue Act of 1913
3423:Federal Reserve Act
3230:Occupation of Haiti
2284:"H.R. 8996 (116th)"
1856:. February 19, 2024
1723:. February 28, 2020
1677:10.1787/90316781-en
1532:"Birthplace of USS
1068:. October 5, 2017.
1057:. October 15, 2019.
953:Flag of convenience
840:U.S. Representative
755:Lexington Institute
730:offshore wind farms
637:In March 2013, the
419:, was established.
337:41 Stat. 988 (1920)
222:is a United States
154:Legislative history
49:
4096:Ellen Axson Wilson
4065:(2002 documentary)
3607:Farm Credit System
3510:Cutter Service Act
3460:Federal income tax
3436:Newlands Labor Act
2441:nationalreview.com
1836:TheBostonGlobe.com
1341:Cornell Law School
1285:Carey McWilliams,
1090:(April 19, 2019).
805:short-sea shipping
800:modes of transport
626:In June 2012, the
547:, which provides:
315:, Chairman of the
165:in the Senate by
62:Other short titles
47:
32:JonesâShafroth Act
4219:
4218:
4126:Francis Sayre Jr.
4104:(wife, 1915â1924)
4057:(1979 miniseries)
3788:
3787:
3762:Federal Power Act
3399:Wilsonian Armenia
3386:League of Nations
3117:1917 inauguration
3112:1913 inauguration
3012:
3011:
2930:White Act of 1898
2731:Tulane Law Review
2714:. January 1, 2007
2689:. August 20, 2006
2687:Houston Chronicle
2584:Independent.co.uk
2443:. National Review
2390:. August 23, 2022
2170:"S. 1646 (117th)"
2123:"S. 3525 (111th)"
1490:. April 29, 2017.
1435:. Hawaii Business
1096:Project Syndicate
878:Hurricane Katrina
753:According to the
694:Homeland Security
677:National security
645:U.S. shipbuilding
567:, in the case of
462:carriage of goods
375:, and required a
232:maritime commerce
216:
215:
183:on June 4, 1920;
124:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
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3749:EschâCummins Act
3691:SmithâHughes Act
3630:KeatingâOwen Act
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1055:"On The Record"
1053:
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1048:
1038:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1013:Lin, Tom C.W.,
1012:
1005:
1000:
991:
986:
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969:Navigation Acts
949:
927:Hurricane Maria
912:Hurricane Sandy
876:In the wake of
866:
814:
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498:Seamen's rights
450:
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290:Navigation Acts
285:
244:coastwise trade
238:and deals with
228:merchant marine
224:federal statute
212:
209:on June 5, 1920
203:Signed into law
123:
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79:Enacted by
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23:
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15:
12:
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4081:(2022 musical)
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3154:19th Amendment
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2018:
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1935:Clark, Bryan.
1927:
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1394:
1375:Dupin, Chris.
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766:Protectionism
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205:by President
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141:Codification
93:June 5, 1920
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4073:(2013 book)
4041:(1944 film)
3574:Adamson Act
3410:New Freedom
3358:1919â1920;
3296:The Inquiry
3264:1917â1918;
3260:World War I
3238:(1916â1924)
3232:(1915â1934)
3083:(1902â1910)
3074:(1911â1913)
3063:(1913â1921)
2909:Dingley Act
2334:. Discourse
2288:Legislation
2174:Legislation
2127:Legislation
1886:November 9,
1039:October 31,
818:John McCain
632:Puerto Rico
622:Puerto Rico
604:Puerto Rico
580:state court
297:World War I
254:'s rights.
4226:Categories
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4122:(daughter)
4116:(daughter)
3737:Red Summer
3494:Sabath Act
3276:home front
3107:Transition
3093:Presidency
2683:"The Well"
1534:New Jersey
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1033:reason.com
975:References
741:projects.
739:Ocean Wind
584:jury trial
508:§ 688
479:§ 289
349:§ 688
163:Introduced
103:Public law
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3924:memorials
3883:Elections
3842:Gravesite
3659:Smith Act
3449:Raker Act
3271:campaigns
2962:Jones Act
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