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dichotomy oversimplifies the intricate intellectual landscape of the
Enlightenment, failing to appreciate the subtleties and diverse perspectives of individual thinkers. A central argument revolves around the idea that Israel's approach lacks the necessary nuance to capture the complexity of Enlightenment thought. He questions the validity of reducing the rich tapestry of ideas to a binary framework, arguing that this oversimplification neglects the diversity of intellectual currents within the Enlightenment. He highlights the inadequacy of Israel's method in dealing with the dense interplay of content and form, particularly in rhetorical practices and imaginative literature. He argues that Israel's methodology struggles to accommodate the intricate relationship between content and form, thought and representation, particularly in texts relevant to the remapping of the Enlightenment. He also challenges Israel's emphasis on a Spinozist, foundationalist rationalism as the singularly modern legacy of the Enlightenment. The author argues that Hume's approach to social and political issues, often considered conservative by Israel, actually offers a different perspective on modernity. Instead of embracing a rigid, systematic rationalism, Hume advocates for a more pragmatic and uncertain approach, which the author sees as a vital aspect of the Enlightenment's philosophical modernity. Anthony J. La Vopa cautions against accepting Israel's dichotomous classification, asserting that it imposes an artificial divide on the historical movement of the Enlightenment. By adhering to this binary framework, the opportunity to learn from the Enlightenment's efforts to explore human consciousness and expand spaces for human freedom is forfeited.
356:
the
Enlightenment, reducing it to a binary classification between radical and moderate thinkers. Moyn argues that such a simplistic framework overlooks the diversity and complexity within the Enlightenment, where different intellectuals held diverse views and priorities. Moyn also critiques Israel for excluding alternative perspectives and for lacking social depth in his explanations of historical events. Moyn introduces Dan Edelstein's perspective, offering a contrasting view on Enlightenment ideas and their impact on the French Revolution. Moyn raises questions about Israel's justification for the success of emancipatory values during the Enlightenment, suggesting that attributing their triumph to inherent truth is an insufficient historical explanation. Moyn contends that Israel's insistence on a clear moral horizon for today's proponents of Radical Enlightenment is overly optimistic. Moyn argues that the Enlightenment's legacy is ambiguous and subject to various interpretations, cautioning against treating it as a monolithic, unchanging entity.
355:
evaluates
Jonathan Israel's perspective on the Enlightenment, focusing on Israel's assertion that Spinoza played a central and overlooked role in shaping the era. Moyn challenges Israel's approach, pointing out several limitations in his analysis. A primary criticism is Israel's oversimplification of
371:
There are problems in his argument. The dichotomy between a radical and moderate
Enlightenment, however suggestive and stimulating, tends at times to overly simplify complex and contradictory processes in the development of philosophical thought. It is not always the case, as Professor Israel seems
348:
Anthony J. La Vopa makes a comprehensive analysis of
Jonathan Israel's interpretation of the Enlightenment. The analysis challenges Israel's binary classification of the Enlightenment into a cohesive "radical" faction and a purportedly disjointed "moderate" counterpart. He contends that Israel's
308:
In
January 2001, Israel became a professor of modern European history in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. In 2007, the 375th anniversary of the birth of Spinoza, he held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the
888:(8 November 2012): 26–27. Israel used the title (but not subtitle) of her book, "The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans", paperback, 2006 (first edition 1981). Also by Jacob: "The Radical Enlightenment and Freemasonry: Where we are now",
437:
In 2017 Israel received the
Comenius Prize by the Comenius Museum for his work on the Age of Enlightenment, Dutch history, and European Jewry and his ability to connect economic and intellectual history with the history of politics, religion, society, and science.
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ideology and culture under
Robespierre was an obsessive Rousseauiste moral Puritanism steeped in authoritarianism, anti-intellectualism, and xenophobia, "and it repudiated free expression, basic human rights, and democracy."
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In 2004, in response to a
Historisch Nieuwsblad survey, which asked members of the Royal Netherlands Historical Society what were the classic works about Dutch history,
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where he was first an assistant lecturer then a lecturer in Early Modern Europe. In 1974 he became a lecturer in Early Modern
European History at
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to suggest, that the most significant advances in philosophical thought were made by individuals who held the most politically radical views.
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Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre
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Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre
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La Vopa, Anthony J. (September 2009). "A New Intellectual History? Jonathan Israel's Enlightenment".
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Revolutionary Jews from Spinoza to Marx. The Fight for a Secular World of Universal and Equal Rights
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Israel has defined what he considers to be the "Radical Enlightenment," arguing it originated with
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A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy
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230:. Israel was appointed as Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the School of Historical Studies at the
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Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713
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Diasporas Within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World of Maritime Empires (1540–1740)
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in 1992, Corresponding Fellow of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (
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for repudiating the true values of the Radical Enlightenment and grossly distorting the
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Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670–1752
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In recent years, Israel has focused his attention on a multi-volume history of the
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The Enlightenment That Failed: Ideas, Revolution, and Democratic Defeat, 1748-1830
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The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact
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Empires and Entrepots: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585–1713
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The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848
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Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790
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From Persecution to Toleration: Glorious Revolution and Religion in England
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1253:. Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 10 February 2015. Archived from
1227:. Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 24 November 2010. Archived from
1175:(in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
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1279:. Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 8 February 2017. Archived from
938:. Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 17 January 2001. Archived from
360:
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107:
1251:"Jonathan Israel Awarded 2015 PROSE Award in European and World History"
989:
Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750
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Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750
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Jonathan Israel, Institute for Advanced Study accessed 6 September 2022
123:
936:"Jonathan Israel Appointed to Faculty of Institute for Advanced Study"
421:
Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce
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423:(RSA) for his outstanding contribution to Enlightenment scholarship.
73:
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for history, medicine, environmental studies and cognitive science.
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1974:
1049:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 521.
341:
322:
250:
194:
909:
1151:"De vijftien klassieke werken over de Nederlandse geschiedenis"
214:(born 22 January 1946) is a British historian specialising in
4502:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2968:
588:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
378:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
289:, leading to his D.Phil. from Oxford in 1972. He was named
963:"The Spinoza Chair – Philosophy – University of Amsterdam"
991:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. vi.
4507:
Professors of Dutch History at University College London
1415:
1201:. Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Archived from
672:
Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500–2000)
269:, and like his school peer and future fellow historian
1225:"Jonathan Israel Awarded 2010 Benjamin Franklin Medal"
1131:. International Committee of the Fourth International
490:
European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750
450:
Race, Class and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610–70
1125:"The Nation, Jonathan Israel and the Enlightenment"
705:
Benedict de Spinoza, Theological-Political Treatise
1013:
866:and the intellectual origins of modern democracy.
862:(2011) constitute a trilogy on the history of the
466:The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606–61
434:(AAP) for professional and scholarly excellence.
4448:
884:Comments by Margaret Jacob in "Spinoza Got It",
273:went on to study History as an undergraduate at
1381:Seeing reason: Jonathan Israel's radical vision
261:Israel's career until 2001 unfolded in British
394:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2694:
1990:
1401:
1277:"Jonathan Israel Awarded 2017 Comenius Prize"
870:(2009) is a shorter work on the same theme.)
4522:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
1122:
1011:
928:
2701:
2687:
1997:
1983:
1408:
1394:
818:Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment
1123:Talbot, Ann; North, David (9 June 2010).
674:. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. 2002.
658:. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. 2002.
2708:
1199:"Jonathan Israel (biographical details)"
1069:
1012:Chamberlain, Lesley (8 December 2006).
921:'Cambridge University Tripos Results',
514:Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740
430:in European & World History by the
4449:
1044:
986:
4487:Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
2682:
1978:
1389:
960:
592:Oxford History of Early Modern Europe
452:. Oxford Historical Monographs. 1975.
297:in 1970, and in 1972 he moved to the
4512:Institute for Advanced Study faculty
4482:Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
1350:
1327:
1096:
404:in 2001, and was made Knight of the
383:
359:A Marxist defense of Israel against
4497:Academics of the University of Hull
2004:
13:
1351:Bell, David A. (8 February 2012).
432:Association of American Publishers
14:
4543:
4492:Academics of Newcastle University
1374:
1026:from the original on 14 June 2022
295:University of Newcastle upon Tyne
4467:Historians of the Dutch Republic
1353:"Review: Where Do We Come From?"
1330:"Review: Mind the Enlightenment"
1344:
1321:
1295:
1269:
1243:
1217:
1191:
1165:
1143:
1116:
441:
398:American Historical Association
4477:Fellows of the British Academy
1090:
1063:
1038:
1005:
980:
954:
915:
903:
328:Israel is sharply critical of
1:
4517:Winners of the Heineken Prize
961:Amsterdam, Universiteit van.
910:https://www.ias/edu/hs/israel
896:
408:in 2004. In 2008, he won the
406:Order of the Netherlands Lion
96:Order of the Netherlands Lion
88:Fellow of the British Academy
1328:Moyn, Samuel (12 May 2010).
1303:"Review: Banishing the dark"
1097:Moyn, Samuel (12 May 2010).
388:He was made a Fellow of the
232:Institute for Advanced Study
163:Institute for Advanced Study
7:
2013:Biochemistry and Biophysics
1015:"When freedom fought faith"
873:
426:In 2015 he was awarded the
415:In 2010 he was awarded the
10:
4548:
275:Queens' College, Cambridge
129:Queens' College, Cambridge
4406:
4313:
4205:
4177:
4134:
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2012:
1937:
1838:
1715:
1616:
1515:
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1084:10.1017/S0018246X09990094
1045:Israel, Jonathan (2014).
892:88 (2013) pp. 13–29.
334:Maximilien de Robespierre
303:University College London
240:University College London
200:
178:
158:University College London
143:
138:
122:
117:
113:
79:
65:
55:
35:
23:
1527:F. S. L. Lyons
1523:R. J. W. Evans
1129:World Socialist Web Site
1099:"Mind the Enlightenment"
868:A Revolution of the Mind
860:Democratic Enlightenment
834:Spinoza: Life and Legacy
365:World Socialist Web Site
363:appeared in 2010 on the
316:
1565:Richard Davenport-Hines
856:Enlightenment Contested
417:Benjamin Franklin Medal
311:University of Amsterdam
293:Research Fellow at the
256:
172:University of Amsterdam
104:Benjamin Franklin Medal
2310:BirdLife International
2291:Environmental Sciences
1072:The Historical Journal
886:London Review of Books
410:Dr A.H. Heineken Prize
380:came in second place.
267:Kilburn Grammar School
207:Jonathan Irvine Israel
100:Dr A.H. Heineken Prize
40:Jonathan Irvine Israel
3481:Moeller van den Bruck
1418:Wolfson History Prize
880:Counter-Enlightenment
864:Radical Enlightenment
852:Radical Enlightenment
236:Princeton, New Jersey
84:Wolfson History Prize
4462:Historians of Europe
3019:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2786:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
2710:Historians of Europe
1916:Christopher de Hamel
1205:on 21 September 2009
283:El Colegio de MĂ©xico
279:University of Oxford
247:Age of Enlightenment
224:Spinoza's Philosophy
220:Age of Enlightenment
187:Age of Enlightenment
148:Newcastle University
133:University of Oxford
4164:Mintalová-Zubercová
1951:Sudhir Hazareesingh
1890:Catherine Merridale
1829:Margaret M. McGowan
1775:Diarmaid MacCulloch
1628:Donald Cameron Watt
1624:Richard A. Fletcher
987:Israel, J. (2001).
396:) in 1994, won the
118:Academic background
3491:Mommsen (Wolfgang)
1910:Nikolaus Wachsmann
1880:Christopher Duggan
1309:. 30 November 2006
299:University of Hull
153:University of Hull
4444:
4443:
4215:Altamira y Crevea
3172:Klaić (Vjekoslav)
2676:
2675:
2505:Cognitive Science
1972:
1971:
1886:Cyprian Broodbank
1870:Alexandra Walsham
1850:Jonathan Sumption
1801:Christopher Clark
1757:William Dalrymple
1533:J. W. Burrow
1462:Frances Donaldson
1231:on 1 January 2011
1173:"Jonathan Israel"
1153:. 12 January 2004
1056:978-0-691-15172-4
843:978-0-198-85748-8
827:978-1-538-12313-3
811:978-0-295-74866-5
795:978-0-198-73840-4
779:978-0-691-17660-4
763:978-0-691-15172-4
747:978-0-199-54820-0
731:978-0-691-14200-5
715:978-0-521-53097-2
402:Leo Gershoy Award
384:Honors and awards
338:French Revolution
204:
203:
92:Leo Gershoy Award
16:British historian
4539:
4300:Ribera y TarragĂł
3829:Oliveira Marques
2879:de Schaepdrijver
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2370:Sinninghe Damsté
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1900:Alexander Watson
1680:H. C. G. Matthew
1654:Robert Skidelsky
1482:Denis Mack Smith
1472:Nikolaus Pevsner
1410:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1386:
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1357:The New Republic
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1264:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1009:
1003:
1002:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
932:
926:
919:
913:
907:
837:
821:
805:
789:
773:
757:
741:
725:
708:
692:
675:
659:
635:
619:
595:
574:
549:
533:
517:
493:
469:
453:
213:
50:
48:
21:
20:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4402:
4309:
4235:John of Biclaro
4201:
4173:
4130:
4062:
4019:
3886:
3838:
3819:Hermano Saraiva
3805:
3777:
3744:
3711:
3643:
3575:
3360:
3352:
3234:
3206:
3138:
2935:
2928:
2890:
2883:
2860:
2712:
2707:
2677:
2672:
2559:
2500:
2393:
2286:
2173:
2008:
2006:Heineken Prizes
2003:
1973:
1968:
1963:Halik Kochanski
1933:
1860:Nicholas Thomas
1834:
1711:
1696:Patricia Hollis
1674:John C. G. Röhl
1670:Fiona MacCarthy
1660:Robert Bartlett
1612:
1579:Jonathan Israel
1511:
1502:Quentin Skinner
1456:Theodore Zeldin
1420:
1416:Winners of the
1414:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1179:on 4 March 2016
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1020:The Independent
1010:
1006:
999:
985:
981:
971:
969:
959:
955:
945:
943:
934:
933:
929:
925:, 23 June 1967.
920:
916:
908:
904:
899:
876:
848:
832:
816:
800:
784:
768:
752:
736:
720:
703:
687:
670:
654:
630:
614:
586:
569:
544:
528:
512:
488:
464:
448:
444:
390:British Academy
386:
340:. He argues, "
330:Jean-Paul Marat
319:
291:Sir James Knott
271:Robert Wistrich
259:
209:
193:
189:
185:
170:
161:
156:
151:
131:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
46:
44:
43:22 January 1946
42:
41:
31:
26:
25:Jonathan Israel
17:
12:
11:
5:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:John of Fordun
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:von Treitschke
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Mommsen (Hans)
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3343:de Tocqueville
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:Kreševljaković
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2649:Van Oldenborgh
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1945:David Abulafia
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:Peter Marshall
1919:
1913:
1906:Robin Lane Fox
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1846:Dominic Lieven
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1798:
1788:
1785:David Reynolds
1778:
1771:Julian Jackson
1767:Frances Harris
1764:
1754:
1747:Barry Cunliffe
1744:
1730:
1727:Andrew Roberts
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1706:Amanda Vickery
1699:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1667:
1664:Barbara Harvey
1657:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1555:Antonia Fraser
1552:
1545:Martin Gilbert
1542:
1539:John McManners
1536:
1530:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1495:
1492:Alistair Horne
1489:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1432:Michael Howard
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1375:External links
1373:
1370:
1369:
1343:
1320:
1294:
1283:on 1 July 2017
1268:
1242:
1216:
1190:
1164:
1142:
1115:
1089:
1078:(3): 717–738.
1062:
1055:
1037:
1004:
997:
979:
953:
942:on 27 May 2010
927:
914:
901:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
882:
875:
872:
847:
846:
830:
814:
798:
782:
766:
750:
734:
718:
701:
685:
668:
652:
628:
612:
584:
567:
542:
526:
510:
486:
462:
445:
443:
440:
385:
382:
374:
373:
318:
315:
265:. He attended
258:
255:
202:
201:
198:
197:
180:
179:Main interests
176:
175:
169:(2001–present)
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
126:
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
81:
77:
76:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
39:
37:
33:
32:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4544:
4533:
4532:Living people
4530:
4528:
4527:Neo-Spinozism
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:von Pufendorf
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Arnone Sipari
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
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3279:
3276:
3274:
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3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
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3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
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191:European Jews
188:
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66:Occupation(s)
64:
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51:(age 78)
38:
34:
30:
22:
19:
4472:British Jews
4000:Solzhenitsyn
3867:Kogalniceanu
3767:
3546:Trevor-Roper
3461:Langewiesche
3167:Klaić (Nada)
3129:Trevor-Roper
2661:Van Lieshout
2655:Dröge Wendel
2458:
1791:Evelyn Welch
1737:Mark Mazower
1650:Linda Colley
1644:Alan Bullock
1607:Paul Kennedy
1595:
1578:
1559:Maurice Keen
1549:Kenneth Rose
1498:Richard Cobb
1486:Simon Schama
1476:Norman Stone
1466:Olwen Hufton
1452:Moses Finley
1442:W. L. Warren
1436:Keith Thomas
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1336:21 September
1334:. Retrieved
1332:. The Nation
1323:
1313:21 September
1311:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1245:
1235:21 September
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1219:
1209:21 September
1207:. Retrieved
1203:the original
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
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1075:
1071:
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1030:21 September
1028:. Retrieved
1019:
1007:
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970:. Retrieved
966:
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946:21 September
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
930:
922:
917:
905:
890:Philosophica
889:
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867:
859:
858:(2006), and
855:
851:
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833:
817:
801:
785:
769:
753:
737:
721:
709:(co-editor)
704:
688:
676:(co-editor)
671:
655:
631:
615:
587:
575:(co-editor)
570:
545:
529:
513:
489:
465:
449:
442:Bibliography
436:
428:PROSE Awards
425:
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387:
377:
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358:
351:
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327:
320:
307:
260:
244:
206:
205:
144:Institutions
18:
4457:1946 births
3930:Fitzpatrick
3750:Netherlands
2979:Butterfield
2891:Herzegovina
2465:McKitterick
2411:Van der Wee
1856:Ruth Harris
1815:John Darwin
1805:Vic Gatrell
1751:Jerry White
1733:Ian Kershaw
1692:John Brewer
1634:Colin Platt
1589:John Pemble
1585:Rees Davies
1506:Mary Soames
1362:19 February
1108:15 November
361:Samuel Moyn
353:Samuel Moyn
287:Mexico City
160:(1974–2001)
155:(1972–1974)
150:(1970–1972)
108:PROSE Award
56:Nationality
4451:Categories
4436:Tomasevich
4408:Yugoslavia
4197:Verginella
4187:Grafenauer
4058:Stanojević
3877:Tismaneanu
3436:Hirschfeld
3426:Hillgruber
3421:Hildebrand
3034:Himmelfarb
2889:Bosnia and
2846:Thucydides
2751:Eisenstein
2736:Burckhardt
2619:Van Golden
2536:McClelland
2352:Brunekreef
2281:Deisseroth
2203:Montagnier
2044:Van Deenen
1825:Mary Beard
1809:Adam Tooze
1741:Roy Porter
1640:John Bossy
1569:John Grigg
1103:The Nation
897:References
550:(editor).
124:Alma mater
47:1946-01-22
4255:Florencio
4230:Bennassar
4053:Novaković
4048:Mihaljčić
3965:Khlevniuk
3900:Applebaum
3796:Jasienica
3702:Salvemini
3677:De Felice
3629:O'Donovan
3619:Machtheni
3571:Zitelmann
3561:Wolffsohn
3333:Sternhell
3248:Bainville
3202:Vitezović
3197:SmiÄŤiklas
3124:Trevelyan
2959:Armstrong
2924:Mesihović
2821:von Ranke
2643:Struycken
2631:B. Visser
2625:Koelewijn
2583:C. Visser
2548:Kanwisher
2524:Tomasello
2441:Schilling
2328:Harremoës
2275:Carmeliet
2233:Blackburn
2185:Lauterbur
2066:Reichardt
2056:Weissmann
923:The Times
167:Princeton
74:historian
4431:Schwartz
4426:Jelavich
4383:Robinson
4358:Lönnroth
4343:Harrison
4338:Grimberg
4179:Slovenia
4159:Marusiak
4136:Slovakia
4086:Buchanan
4068:Scotland
4038:Ćirković
3975:Medvedev
3955:Karamzin
3935:Grimsted
3910:Conquest
3811:Portugal
3692:Ginzburg
3687:Ginsborg
3662:Bosworth
3634:TĂrechán
3599:Cléirigh
3566:de Zayas
3516:Rothfels
3476:Meinecke
3323:Renouvin
3308:Mousnier
3303:Michelet
3220:Borodkin
3134:Wedgwood
3119:Thompson
3074:Marshall
3069:Macaulay
3039:Hobsbawm
3024:Hastings
3014:Gardiner
2999:Ferguson
2954:Anderson
2904:Knežević
2856:Zamoyski
2836:Spengler
2816:Polybius
2761:Hobsbawm
2726:Blanning
2512:Anderson
2435:De Vries
2388:Le Quéré
2364:Laurance
2334:Thompson
2298:Lovelock
2251:Steinman
2215:Marshall
2191:Van Rood
2178:Medicine
2168:Stillman
2144:De Lange
2126:Jeffreys
2090:Berridge
2020:Chargaff
1596:no award
1135:15 April
1024:Archived
972:7 August
874:See also
854:(2001),
281:and the
263:academia
70:Academic
4398:Weibull
4393:Weibull
4378:Roberts
4373:Ringmar
4328:Fryxell
4323:Englund
4295:de Rada
4290:Preston
4250:Elliott
4245:Collins
4169:Šafárik
4149:Kamenec
4126:Tranter
4043:Deretić
4033:Ćorović
4005:Taubman
3995:Shearer
3990:Service
3945:Hosking
3920:Danilov
3905:Bethell
3882:Xenopol
3872:Mitrany
3844:Romania
3824:Mattoso
3717:Moldova
3697:Petacco
3682:Gentile
3624:O'Curry
3609:Keating
3581:Ireland
3531:StĂĽrmer
3506:Peukert
3446:Kershaw
3411:Fischer
3386:Bullock
3381:Broszat
3376:Bracher
3363:Austria
3358:Germany
3328:Roberts
3293:Ladurie
3288:Johnson
3263:Carlyle
3230:Porthan
3212:Finland
3162:Katičić
3144:Croatia
3099:Starkey
3089:Roberts
3054:Johnson
2944:Adamson
2936:Kingdom
2874:Pirenne
2866:Belgium
2831:Roberts
2826:Roberts
2811:Pirenne
2801:Mazower
2781:Kershaw
2731:Braudel
2637:Manders
2595:Martens
2571:Verhoef
2554:Zatorre
2518:Dehaene
2489:McNeill
2477:Assmann
2447:Le Goff
2423:Oberman
2398:History
2322:Ehrlich
2304:Branica
2269:Jackson
2263:Alitalo
2257:Clevers
2209:De Wied
2197:Moncada
2132:Szostak
2108:Rothman
2038:De Duve
2026:Brachet
1183:17 July
1157:10 June
836:. 2023.
820:. 2023.
804:. 2021.
788:. 2019.
772:. 2017.
756:. 2014.
740:. 2011.
724:. 2009.
707:. 2007.
691:. 2006.
634:. 2001.
618:. 1997.
594:. 1995.
573:. 1991.
548:. 1991.
532:. 1990.
516:. 1989.
492:. 1985.
468:. 1982.
419:by the
342:Jacobin
323:Spinoza
251:Spinoza
195:Spinoza
60:British
45: (
4421:Glenny
4388:Stolpe
4363:Magnus
4353:Hjärne
4348:Hatton
4333:Geijer
4315:Sweden
4305:Thomas
4275:Parker
4260:Gibson
4225:Beevor
4154:Kollár
4101:Harvie
4091:Burnet
4076:Barrow
4025:Serbia
3980:Petrov
3950:Hughes
3940:Hjärne
3915:Cronin
3892:Russia
3857:Hasdeu
3791:Davies
3783:Poland
3773:Schama
3768:Israel
3763:Motley
3735:Nistor
3725:Cazacu
3672:Cronin
3604:Hughes
3589:Browne
3551:Wehler
3541:Taylor
3526:Stahel
3511:Ritter
3451:Komlos
3441:Jäckel
3416:Görres
3391:Citino
3318:Paxton
3313:Palmer
3298:Marrus
3278:Febvre
3258:Becker
3240:France
3177:Lucius
3114:Thomas
3109:Tawney
3094:Seeley
3084:Morgan
3079:Namier
3009:Fraser
2984:Davies
2974:Briggs
2964:Bailyn
2934:United
2914:Redžić
2899:Peçevi
2806:Ozment
2796:Martin
2791:Lukacs
2766:Jacoby
2746:Dawson
2741:Davies
2669:(2020)
2663:(2018)
2657:(2016)
2651:(2014)
2645:(2012)
2639:(2010)
2633:(2008)
2627:(2006)
2621:(2004)
2615:(2002)
2609:(2000)
2607:Geelen
2603:(1998)
2597:(1996)
2591:(1994)
2589:Röling
2585:(1992)
2579:(1990)
2573:(1988)
2556:(2020)
2550:(2018)
2544:(2016)
2542:Spelke
2538:(2014)
2532:(2012)
2530:Duncan
2526:(2010)
2520:(2008)
2514:(2006)
2497:(2020)
2495:Daston
2491:(2018)
2485:(2016)
2483:Herrin
2479:(2014)
2473:(2012)
2471:Parker
2467:(2010)
2461:(2008)
2459:Israel
2455:(2006)
2449:(2004)
2443:(2002)
2437:(2000)
2431:(1998)
2425:(1996)
2419:(1994)
2413:(1992)
2407:(1990)
2390:(2020)
2384:(2018)
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