History of the Netherlands

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great deal of demand for their products. Fishing had long been an important part of the economy of the Netherlands. However, now the fishing of herring alone came to occupy 2,000 boats operating out of Dutch ports. Spain, still the Dutch trader's best customer, was buying fifty large ships full of furniture and household utensils from Flanders merchants. Additionally, Dutch woolen goods were desired everywhere. The Netherlands bought and processed enough Spanish wool to sell four million florins of wool products through merchants in Bruges. So strong was the Dutch appetite for raw wool at this time that they bought nearly as much English wool as they did Spanish wool. Total commerce with England alone amounted to 24 million florins. Much of the export going to England resulted in pure profit to the Dutch because the exported items were of their own manufacture. The Netherlands was just starting to enter its "Golden Age." Brabant and Flanders were the richest and most flourishing parts of the Dutch Republic at the time. The Netherlands was one of the richest places in the world. The population reached 3 million in 1560, with 25 cities of 10,000 people or more, by far the largest urban presence in Europe; with the trading and financial center of Antwerp being especially important (population 100,000). Spain could not afford to lose this rich land, nor allow it to fall from Catholic control. Thus came 80 years of warfare.

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historians' interpretations, Cruz argued that writings about the revolt trace changing perceptions of the role played by small countries in the history of Europe. In recent decades grand theory has fallen out of favor among most scholars, who emphasize the particular over the general. Dutch and Belgian historiography since 1945 no longer says the revolt was the culmination of an inevitable process leading to independence and freedom. Instead scholars have put the political and economic details of the towns and provinces under the microscope, while agreeing on the weaknesses of attempts at centralization by the Habsburg rulers. The most influential new studies have been rooted in demographic and economic history, though scholars continue to debate the relationship between economics and politics. The religious dimension has been viewed in terms of mentalities, exposing the minority position of Calvinism, while the international aspects have been studied more seriously by foreign historians than by the Dutch themselves.

3778: 2530: 4693:, and others, he spurred on the development of theoretical history in the Netherlands, to the point where it became a subject in its own right at the university level after the war. Romein used the term integral history as a substitute for cultural history and focused his attention on the period around the turn of the century. He concluded that a serious crisis occurred in European civilization in 1900 because of the rise of anti-Semitism, extreme nationalism, discontent with the parliamentary system, depersonalization of the state, and the rejection of positivism. European civilization waned as the result of this crisis which was accompanied by the rise of the United States, the Americanization of the world, and the emergence of Asia. His interpretation is reminiscent of that of his mentor Johan Huizinga and was criticized by his colleague Pieter Geyl. 4463: 4038: 4135: 4074:

charges with the duties of winding the town clock, ringing the church bells or digging its graves. His principal use to the community was to keep its boys out of mischief when there was no labour for them in the fields, or setting the destitute orphans of the town to the 'useful arts' of picking tow or spinning crude flax. As one would expect, standards in such an occupation were dismal." But in 1806 the Dutch, led by Adriaan van den Ende, energetically set out to modernise education, focusing on a new system for advanced training of teachers with an elaborate system of inspectors, training courses, teacher examinations and teaching societies. By 1826, although much smaller than France, the Dutch national government was spending 12 times more than Paris on education.

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closed and had little influence, for it was numerically small, politically weak, and formed a strictly closed caste. Most land in the province of Holland was commercialized for cash crops and was owned by urban capitalists, not nobles; there were few links between Holland's nobility and the merchants. By 1650 the burgher families which had grown wealthy through commerce and become influential in government controlled the province of Holland, and to a large extent shaped national policies. The other six provinces were more rural and traditional in life style, had an active nobility, and played a small role in commerce and national politics. Instead they concentrated on their flood protections and land reclamation projects.

2680:, made it their mission to defeat Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to the stability of the whole hierarchical political system. On the other hand, the intensely moralistic Dutch Protestants insisted their Biblical theology, sincere piety and humble lifestyle was morally superior to the luxurious habits and superficial religiosity of the ecclesiastical nobility. The rulers' harsh punitive measures led to increasing grievances in the Netherlands, where the local governments had embarked on a course of peaceful coexistence. In the second half of the century, the situation escalated. Philip sent troops to crush the rebellion and make the Netherlands once more a Catholic region. 3941: 3493: 4206: 4070:. The new nation had two equal parts. The north (Netherlands proper) had 2 million people. They spoke chiefly Dutch but were divided religiously between a Protestant majority and a large Catholic minority. The south (which would be known as "Belgium" after 1830) had a population of 3.4 million people. Nearly all were Catholic, but it was divided between French-speaking Walloons and Dutch-speaking Flemings. The upper and middle classes in the south were mostly French-speaking. About 60,000 Belgians were eligible to vote, compared to about 80,000 Dutchmen. Officially Amsterdam was the capital, but in a compromise the government met alternately in Brussels and The Hague. 4312:). In 1857, all religious instruction was ended in public schools, but the various churches set up their own schools, and even universities. Dissident members broke away from the Dutch Reformed Church in the Secession of 1834. They were harassed by the government under an onerous Napoleonic law prohibiting gatherings of more than 20 members without a permit. After the harassment ended in the 1850s, a number of these dissidents eventually created the Christian Reformed Church in 1869; thousands migrated to Michigan, Illinois, and Iowa in the United States. By 1900, the dissidents represented about 10% of the population, compared to 45% of the population who were in the 3403: 2542: 3130: 2479: 3615: 4158:, the chief powers of Europe ordered (in November 1830) an armistice between the Dutch and the Belgians. The first draft for a treaty of separation of Belgium and the Netherlands was rejected by the Belgians. A second draft (June 1831) was rejected by William I, who resumed hostilities. Franco-British intervention forced William to withdraw Dutch forces from Belgium late in 1831, and in 1833 an armistice of indefinite duration was concluded. Belgium was effectively independent but William's attempts to recover Luxembourg and Limburg led to renewed tension. The London Conference of 1838–1839 prepared the final Dutch-Belgian 4643:

in particular, with an emphasis on the Netherlands. H-Low-Countries publishes conference announcements, questions and discussions; reviews of books, journals, and articles; and tables of contents of journals on the history of the Low Countries (in both Dutch and English). After World War II both research-oriented and teaching-oriented historians have been rethinking their interpretive approaches to Dutch history, balancing traditional memories and modern scholarship. In terms of popular history, there has been an effort to ensure greater historical accuracy in museums and historic tourist sites.

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each had their own governments and courts, controlled by the local nobility, and their own traditions and rights ("liberties") dating back centuries. Likewise the numerous cities had their own legal rights and local governments, usually controlled by the merchants. On top of this the Spanish had imposed a somewhat centralized government, the Estates General of the Netherlands, with its own officials and courts. The Spanish officials sent by Charles ignored traditions and the Dutch nobility as well as local officials, inciting an anti-Spanish sense of nationalism which led to the

4171: 4335:) and Jewish groups. A large and powerful sector of nominal Protestants were in fact secular liberals seeking to minimize religious influence. In reaction a novel alliance developed with Catholics and devout Calvinists joining against secular liberals. The Catholics, who had been loosely allied with the liberals in earlier decades, turned against them on the issue of state support, which the liberals insisted should be granted only to public schools, and joined with Protestant political parties in demanding equal state support to schools maintained by religious groups. 4131:

subordination to a government that was fundamentally Protestant in spirit and membership after having been the state church for centuries in the north. Few Catholics held high office in state or army. Furthermore, political liberals in the south complained about the king's authoritarian methods. All southerners complained of underrepresentation in the national legislature. Although the south was industrializing and was more prosperous than the north the accumulated grievances allowed the multiple opposition forces to coalesce.

842: 4509:, with Indonesia proclaiming independence in 1945, leading to a violent and tumultuous decolonization process completed in 1949. This era brought about substantial social change within the Netherlands, including the establishment of a welfare state in the subsequent decades. Economic prosperity in the 1960s and 1970s led to social liberalization, culminating in progressive policies on immigration, drugs, and euthanasia. The Netherlands also became a founding member of key international institutions, including the 4455: 52: 3544: 4394:, whereby socialists and liberals achieved their goal of universal male suffrage and the religious parties were guaranteed equal funding of all schools. In 1930 radio was organized so that each pillar had full control of its own network. When television began in the late 1940s the pillars divided up time equally on the one station. In politics and civic affairs leaders of the pillar organizations cooperated and they acknowledged the right of the other pillars, so public life generally ran smoothly. 4343: 4666:. It stood for liberty, toleration, and national interests in contrast to the Orange stadholders who sought to promote their own self-interest. According to Geyl, the Dutch Republic reached the peak of its powers during the 17th century. He was also a staunch nationalist and suggested that Flanders could split off from Belgium and join the Netherlands. Later he decried what he called radical nationalism and stressed more the vitality of Western Civilization. Geyl was highly critical of the 469: 8899: 4274: 1771: 3318: 2950: 2821: 1201: 4379:) based chiefly on religion (Protestant, Catholic, secular). The secular pillar eventually split into a socialist/working class pillar and a liberal (pro-business) secular pillar. Each pillar built a full set of its own social organizations, including churches (for the religious pillars), political parties, schools, universities, labor unions, sport clubs, boy scout unions and other youth clubs, and newspapers. The members of different 2136:). A common theory states that Frankish migration from either Flanders, Utrecht or both displaced the Frisians in Holland, however no evidence has been found in support of this theory and more recent studies have suggested that Frisians from the mouth of the Rhine adopted the Franconian language, feudal system and religion, spreading this new 'Hollandic' identity northward over the centuries (the part of North Holland situated north of 2382: 1931: 1286: 1123: 4604:

in the sources. His style no longer attracts readers, and scholars have moved away from his simplistic dichotomies of good versus evil, Dutch versus Spanish, Catholic versus Protestant, freedom versus authoritarianism. His theory of causation overemphasized ethnicity as an unchanging characteristic, exaggerated the importance of William of Orange, and gave undue importance to the issue of religious tolerance.

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3.5 million). Nevertheless, Protestants dominated William's government and army. The Catholics did not consider themselves an integral part of the United Netherlands, preferring instead to identify with mediaeval Dutch culture. Other factors that contributed to this feeling were economic (the South was industrialising, the North had always been a merchants' nation) and linguistic (French was spoken in

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business. The Netherlands lagged behind Belgium until the late 19th century in industrialization, and caught up around 1920. Major industries included textiles and (later) the great Philips industrial conglomerate. Rotterdam became a major shipping and manufacturing center. Poverty slowly declined as begging largely disappeared along with steadily improving working conditions for the population.

709:. The Nazis, including many collaborators, rounded up and killed almost all of the country's Jewish population. When the Dutch resistance increased, the Nazis cut off food supplies to much of the country, causing severe starvation in 1944–1945. In 1942, the Dutch East Indies were conquered by Japan, but prior to this the Dutch destroyed the oil wells for which Japan was desperate. 2925:, signed in 1648, confirmed the independence of the United Provinces from Spain. The Dutch people started to develop a national identity, beginning in the 15th century, but they officially remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648. National identity was mainly formed by the province people came from. Holland was the most important province by far. 4252:. The new liberal constitution, which put the government under the control of the States General, was accepted by the legislature in 1848. The relationship between monarch, government and parliament has remained essentially unchanged ever since. In fact, the current Constitution of the Netherlands is the 1848 Constitution, albeit with amendments. 3219:

destinations. From 1596 to 1829, the Dutch traders sold 250,000 slaves in the Dutch Guianas, 142,000 in the Dutch Caribbean islands, and 28,000 in Dutch Brazil. In addition, tens of thousands of slaves, mostly from India and some from Africa, were carried to the Dutch East Indies and slaves from the East Indies to Africa and the West Indies.

2676:, after initial repression, were tolerated by local authorities. By the 1560s, the Protestant community had become a significant influence in the Netherlands, although it clearly formed a minority then. In a society dependent on trade, freedom and tolerance were considered essential. Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V, and later 4490:. Although the Netherlands maintained neutrality during World War I, its strategic geographic location and colonial resources had profound implications for its economic and political stability. The period saw the rise of socialism and labor unrest, which were partly driven by industrialization and the shifting dynamics of Dutch society. 2914:. Flanders was the most radical anti-Spanish territory. Many Flemish fled to Holland, among them half of the population of Antwerp, 3/4 of Bruges and Ghent and the entire population of Nieuwpoort, Dunkerque and countryside. His successful campaign gave the Catholics control of the lower half of the Low Countries, and was part of the 3983:. They also knew that it would be better in the long term if the Dutch people themselves installed the prince, rather than have him imposed on the country by the anti-French alliance. Accordingly, the Triumvirate called William Frederick back on 30 November and offered him the crown. He refused, but instead proclaimed himself " 5572:("Charlemagne relied on his palatium, a shifting assemblage of family members, trusted lay and ecclesiastical companions, and assorted hangers-on, which constituted an itinerant court following the king as he carried out his military campaigns and sought to take advantage of the income from widely scattered royal estates.") 2222:

expanded. In this period, Holland expanded relative to the other regions. From the thirteenth century onwards, the necessity of controlling water in this northern was a given, transforming the physical environment, but also requiring institutions and cooperation between areas for water management. Drainage boards (

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Catholic Church, and guaranteed equal protection to every religious creed and the enjoyment of the same civil and political rights to every subject of the king. It reflected the spirit of the French Revolution and in so doing did not please the Catholic bishops in the south, who had detested the Revolution.

3656:, rather than by a king. Every city and province had its own government and laws, and a large degree of autonomy. After attempts to find a competent sovereign proved unsuccessful, it was decided that sovereignty would be vested in the various provincial Estates, the governing bodies of the provinces. The 4642:

is published free by email and is edited by scholars. Its occasional messages serve an international community with diverse methodological approaches, archival experiences, teaching styles, and intellectual traditions, promotes discussion relevant to the region and to the different national histories

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For example, in the Dutch coastal provinces agricultural productivity was relatively high. Hence, industrial growth arrived relatively late – after 1860 – because incentives to move to labour-intensive industry were quite weak. However, the provinces of North Brabant and Overijssel did industrialize,

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in 1830 was a signal for action, at first on behalf of autonomy for Belgium, as the southern provinces were now called, and later on behalf of total independence. William dithered and his half-hearted efforts to reconquer Belgium were thwarted both by the efforts of the Belgians themselves and by the

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Trade in the region developed rapidly, especially in the areas of shipping and transport. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities

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was the first foreign historian to write a major history of the Dutch Republic. In 3500 pages he crafted a literary masterpiece that was translated into numerous languages; his dramatic story reached a wide audience in the 19th century. Motley relied heavily on Dutch scholarship and immersed himself

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was fundamentally one of the extension of liberal reforms in government, the reorganization and modernization of the Dutch economy, and the rise of trade unionism and socialism as working-class movements independent of traditional liberalism. The growth in prosperity was enormous, as real per capita

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in 1849. The new king reluctantly chose Thorbecke to head the new government, which introduced several liberal measures, notably the extension of suffrage. However, Thorbecke's government soon fell, when Protestants rioted against the Vatican's reestablishment of the Catholic episcopate, in abeyance

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was divided. Flemings in the south spoke a Dutch dialect ("Flemish") and welcomed the encouragement of Dutch with a revival of literature and popular culture. Other Flemings, notably the educated bourgeoisie, preferred to speak French. Although Catholics possessed legal equality, they resented their

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The confederal structure of the old Dutch Republic was permanently replaced by a unitary state. The 1798 constitution had a genuinely democratic character, though a coup d'état of 1801 put an authoritarian regime in power. Ministerial government was introduced for the first time in Dutch history and

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With the settlement of so many major issues between France and Spain by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, there was no longer any reason to keep Spanish troops in the Netherlands. Thus, the people of the Netherlands could get on with their peacetime pursuits. As they did so they found that there was a

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Around 1000 C.E. there were several agricultural developments (described sometimes as an agricultural revolution) that resulted in an increase in production, especially food production. The economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or to

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The Holy Roman Empire was not able to maintain political unity. In addition to the growing independence of the towns, local rulers turned their counties and duchies into private kingdoms and felt little sense of obligation to the emperor who reigned over large parts of the nation in name only. Large

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In the 19th century, Dutch historians believed that the Franks, Frisians, and Saxons had populated and inhabited the Low Countries, but this theory fell out of favour in the 20th century. Due to the scarcity of written sources, knowledge of this period depends to a large degree on the interpretation

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was the leading historian of the Dutch Revolt, and an influential professor at the University of London (1919–1935) and at the State University of Utrecht (1936–1958). He wrote a six-volume history of the Dutch-speaking peoples. The Nazis imprisoned him in World War II. In his political views, Geyl

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As in the rest of Europe, the 19th century saw the gradual transformation of the Netherlands into a modern middle-class industrial society. The number of people employed in agriculture decreased, while the country made a strong effort to revive its stake in the highly competitive shipping and trade

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William was determined to create a united people, even though the north and south had drifted far apart in the past three centuries. Protestants were the largest denomination in the North (population 2 million), but formed a quarter of the population in the overwhelmingly Catholic South (population

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The economy, based on Amsterdam's role as the center of world trade, was strong in the 17th century. In 1670 the Dutch merchant marine totalled 568,000 tons of shipping—about half the European total. The province of Holland was highly commercial and dominated the country. Its nobility was small and

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proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for the surrender of a city: there would be no more massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual. Conservative Catholics in the south and

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The Netherlands was a valuable part of the Spanish Empire, especially after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of 1559. This treaty ended a forty-year period of warfare between France and Spain conducted in Italy from 1521 to 1559. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was somewhat of a watershed—not only for

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The southern Low Countries remained highly populous and developed and was among the most highly urbanized areas in Europe. Because of the east–west flow of the Low Countries' large rivers, they were a military and political barrier between north and south. The southern Low Countries could not exert

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Buried Viking treasures consisting mainly of silver have been found in the Low Countries. Two such treasures have been found in Wieringen. A large treasure found in Wieringen in 1996 dates from around 850 and is thought perhaps to have been connected to Rorik. The burial of such a valuable treasure

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Although the people no longer referred to themselves as "Franks", the Netherlands was still part of the Frankish empire of Charlemagne. Indeed, because of the Austrasian origins of the Carolingians in the area between the Rhine and the Maas, the cities of Aachen, Maastricht, Liège and Nijmegen were

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The 450 years of Roman rule profoundly changed the region that would later become the Netherlands. The Rhine was a militarized border, frequently destabilized by violent incursions, and Rome recruited soldiers on both sides of it. The tribes of the region were esteemed soldiers in the empire, often

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causing extensive destruction and loss of life. Dutch resistance was significant, though the nation also faced collaboration from within. Post-war, the Netherlands underwent a painful process of recovery and retribution against collaborators. The immediate post-war years were focused on rebuilding

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The quality of schooling was dismal, however. According to Schama, about 1800 the local school teacher was the "humble auxiliary of the local priest. Despised by his co-villagers and forced to subsist on the gleanings of the peasants, he combined drumming the catechism into the heads of his unruly

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was one of the best developed European settlements outside Europe or the Americas. The two bases of the Cape Colony's economy for almost the entirety of its history were shipping and agriculture. Its strategic position meant that almost every ship sailing between Europe and Asia stopped off at the

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From the beginning, the VOC used the cape as a place to supply ships travelling between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies. There was a close association between the cape and these Dutch possessions in the far east. Van Riebeeck and the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves, primarily

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To remedy a labour shortage, the VOC released a small number of VOC employees from their contracts and permitted them to establish farms with which they would supply the VOC settlement from their harvests. This arrangement proved highly successful, producing abundant supplies of fruit, vegetables,

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England and France soon copied its model but could not match its record. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships. It returned over 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly through

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experienced a renaissance. However, by the end of the 17th century, conflicts with neighbouring powers as well as a declining economic influence led to waning of Dutch power. The process by which the Dutch Republic became one of the foremost maritime and economic powers of the world during the era

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The Dutch War for Independence from Spain is frequently called the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). The first fifty years (1568 through 1618) were a war solely between Catholic Spain and the Protestant rebels of the Netherlands. It was a military conflict with integral religious elements. During the

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Charles became the ruler in 1506, but in 1515 he left the territory to become king of Spain and later Holy Roman Emperor. Charles turned over control to regents (his close relatives), and in practice the rule over the Low Countries were exercised by the Spaniards under his authority. The provinces

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Draining of low-lying swampy areas and flood control was expanded significantly after 1200 CE. Before that, towns were built north of the major rivers, Utrecht, Kampen, Deventer, Zwolle, Nijmegen, and Zutphen, but with the expansion of dikes and drainage, cultivable land was created and population

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in the east has proven historically problematic. Archeological evidence suggests dramatically different models for different regions, with demographic continuity for some parts of the country and depopulation and possible replacement in other parts, notably the coastal areas of Frisia and Holland.

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The oldest universities, in Leiden, Utrecht, and Groningen, had a secular-liberal character. In 1880 Kuyper opened a Protestant university in Amsterdam and in 1923 a Catholic one opened in Nijmegen. The Amsterdam municipal university, which opened in 1877, leaned toward secular-socialism, but was

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In recent decades, the Netherlands has continued to play a significant role in global affairs, maintaining a strong economy and a high standard of living. Challenges such as immigration and integration have sparked considerable debate, particularly in the context of rising global tensions and the

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as a political class and elevated a large number of people to the nobility. Voting rights were still limited, and only the nobility were eligible for seats in the upper house. The old provinces were reestablished in name only. The government was now fundamentally unitary, and all authority flowed

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Dutch interest in South Africa was based chiefly on the strategically located VOC port. Yet in the 17th and 18th centuries the Dutch created the foundation of the modern state of South Africa. The Dutch legacy in South Africa is evident everywhere, but particularly in the Afrikaner people and the

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as late as the 850s. It completely disappeared as a spoken language from these regions during the 10th century. During this expansion to the south, many Frankish people remained in the north (i.e. southern Netherlands, Flanders and a small part of northern France). A widening cultural divide grew

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created a "theoretical history" in an attempt to reestablish the relevance of history to public life in the 1930s at a time of immense political uncertainty and cultural crisis, when Romein thought that history had become too inward-looking and isolated from other disciplines. Romein, a Marxist,

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allowed entrepreneurs and labor to combine in a new textile industry, powered by local coal mines. There was little industry in the northern provinces, but most overseas colonies were restored, and highly profitable trade resumed after a 25-year hiatus. Economic liberalism combined with moderate

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The Netherlands did not industrialize as rapidly as Belgium after 1830, but it was prosperous enough. Griffiths argues that certain government policies facilitated the emergence of a national economy in the 19th century However, compared to Belgium, which was leading in industrialization on the

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of Orange fled to Germany with his three brothers and his whole family on 11 April 1567. The Duke of Alba sought to meet and negotiate with the nobles that now faced him with armies. However, when the nobles arrived in Brussels they were all arrested and Egmont and Horn were executed. Alba then

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lasted from 1568 to 1648, and historians have worked to interpret it for even longer. In 2007, Laura Cruz explained the major debates among scholars regarding the Dutch bid for independence from Spanish rule. While agreeing that the intellectual milieus of late 19th and 20th centuries affected

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The "polder model" continues to strongly influence historians as well as Dutch political discussion. The polder model stressed the need for finding consensus and discouraged furious debate and angry dissent in both academia and politics – in contrast to the highly developed, intense debates in

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William I was a Calvinist and unsympathetic to the religious culture and practices of the Catholic majority. He promulgated the "Fundamental Law of Holland", with some modifications. This entirely overthrew the old order of things in the southern Netherlands: it abolished the privileges of the

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The Catholics in the Netherlands were an outlawed minority that had been suppressed by the Calvinists. After 1572, however, they made a striking comeback (also as part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation), setting up seminaries, reforming their Church, and sending missionaries into Protestant

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The Netherlands remained one of the most tolerant countries in Europe towards religious belief, although conservative Protestants objected to the liberalization of the Dutch Reformed Church during the 19th century and faced opposition from the government when they tried to establish separate

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After having been dominant for centuries, the French-speaking elite in the Southern Netherlands now felt like second-class citizens. In the Catholic South, William's policies were unpopular. The French-speaking Walloons strenuously rejected his attempt to make Dutch the universal language of

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These Viking raids occurred about the same time that French and German lords were fighting for supremacy over the middle empire that included the Netherlands, so their sway over this area was weak. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result.

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to East Asia, had no intention of colonizing the area, instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could shelter, and where hungry sailors could stock up on fresh supplies of meat, fruit, and vegetables. To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of

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between Africa and Virginia, by 1650 becoming the pre-eminent slave trading country in Europe. It was overtaken by Britain around 1700. Historians agree that in all the Dutch shipped about 550,000 African slaves across the Atlantic, about 75,000 of whom died on board before reaching their

4010:) to be an important part of the strategy to keep France's power in check. In 1814, William Frederick gained sovereignty over the Austrian Netherlands and Liège as well. Thus, William Frederick had fulfilled his family's three-century quest to unite the Low Countries under a single rule. 2151:") and resented the imposition of the feudal system and the patriciate found in other European towns. They regarded themselves as allies of Switzerland. The Frisian battle cry was "better dead than a slave". They later lost their independence when they were defeated in 1498 by the German 3527:

they had displaced. In addition to its herds, a family might have a wagon, a tent, a Bible, and a few guns. As they became more settled, they would build a mud-walled cottage, frequently located, by choice, days of travel from the nearest European settlement. These were the first of the

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In 1548, Charles granted the Netherlands status as an entity in which many of the laws of the Holy Roman Empire became obsolete. The "Transaction of Augsburg" created the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, which comprised the Netherlands and Franche-Comté. A year later the

2640:. With the emergence of the Protestant Reformation, Charles—now the Emperor—was determined to crush Protestantism. Unrest began in the south, centered in the large rich metropolis of Antwerp. The Netherlands was an especially rich unit of the Spanish realm, especially after the 798:

and only temporarily established. However, there is some evidence that the coastal Swifterband people took up pottery and animal husbandry in the rest of the country. Local groups made the switch to animal husbandry sometime between 4800 BC and 4500 BC. By about 4000 BC the

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Dutch social and political life became divided by fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society pillarized into three separate parts based on religion. The economy was not affected. One of the people most responsible for designing pillarization was

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In 1083, the name "Holland" first appears in a deed referring to a region corresponding more or less to the current province of South Holland and the southern half of what is now North Holland. Holland's influence continued to grow over the next two centuries. The

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moved in to fill the vacuum. They seized the Cape Colony in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands, then briefly relinquished it back to the Dutch (1803), before definitively conquering it in 1806. British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the

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date from the 1590s. Actual colonization, with Dutch settling in the new lands, was not as common as with England and France. Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of that century, but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of

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since the 16th century. A conservative government was formed, but it did not undo the liberal measures, and the Catholics were finally given equality after two centuries of subordination. Dutch political history from the middle of the 19th century until the

2226:) were established and the "dike count", took on responsibilities not only for water management issues, but also fiscal, policing, and judicial functions. By the end of the thirteenth century, Holland emerged in the dominant position of the northern region. 2737:

to liberate all Dutch of whatever religion from Catholic Spain. Blum says, "His patience, tolerance, determination, concern for his people, and belief in government by consent held the Dutch together and kept alive their spirit of revolt." The provinces of

2115:. Utrecht, whose bishop had in 1000 ruled over half of what is today the Netherlands, was marginalised as it experienced continuing difficulty in electing new bishops. At the same time, the dynasties of neighbouring states were more stable. Groningen, 2929:

districts. Laity often took the lead; the Calvinist government often arrested or harassed priests who seemed too effective. Catholic numbers stabilized at about a third of the population in the Netherlands; they were strongest in the southeast.

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theologian, and journalist. Kuyper established orthodox Calvinist organizations, and also provided a theoretical framework by developing such concepts as "sphere-sovereignty" that celebrated Dutch society as a society of organized minorities.

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in the centre. Most of what is today the Netherlands became part of Middle Francia; Flanders became part of West Francia. This division was an important factor in the historical distinction between Flanders and the other Dutch-speaking areas.

3899:. Stadtholder William V fled to England and the States General dissolved itself. The new government was virtually a puppet of France. The Batavian Republic enjoyed widespread support and sent soldiers to fight in the French armies. The 1799 3777: 3183:

Descendants of the original settlers played a prominent role in the history of the United States, as typified by the Roosevelt and Vanderbilt families. The Hudson Valley still boasts a Dutch heritage. The concepts of civil liberties and

4517:

impact of globalization. Dutch society today remains at the forefront of advocating for liberal social policies, environmental sustainability, and international peace, upholding its long tradition of political and social innovation.

6375:

Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade

3921:

in "safekeeping" to Great Britain and ordered the colonial governors to comply. This permanently ended the colonial Dutch empire in Guyana, Ceylon and the Cape Colony. The Dutch East Indies was returned to the Netherlands under the

2363:

of Burgundy was an odd affair. Leading noblemen in Holland invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical claim to it. Some historians say that the ruling class in Holland wanted Holland to integrate with the

2702:. Anabaptists were socially very radical and equalitarian; they believed that the apocalypse was very near. They refused to live the old way, and began new communities, creating considerable chaos. A prominent Dutch Anabaptist was 1388:

between the Franks remaining in the north and the rulers far to the south in what is now France. Salian Franks continued to reside in their original homeland and the area directly to the south and to speak their original language,

2615:

attempted to build up its own state in northeast Netherlands and northwest Germany. Lacking funds in the 16th century, Gelre had soldiers provide for themselves by pillaging enemy lands. These soldiers were a great menace to the

3979:. Although most members of the provisional government had been among the men who had driven out William V 18 years earlier, the leaders of the provisional government knew that any new regime would have to be headed by his son, 2119:

and most of Gelre, which used to be part of Utrecht, became independent. Brabant tried to conquer its neighbours, but was not successful. Holland also tried to assert itself in Zeeland and Friesland, but its attempts failed.

1038:. The frontier culture was influenced by Roman, Germanic, and Gaulish elements, and trade flourished after Rome's conquest of Gaul. There were still grievances against Roman rule, including the taking of young Batavians as 4339:

communities (Catholics and other non-Protestants were left unmolested by Dutch authorities). Some moved to the United States as a consequence, but as the century drew to a close, religious persecution had totally ceased.

4967:

is dated BRONSMA (early MBA) to BRONSL (LBA) and this has been standardized by "De Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten" (RACM) as being at the period starting at 1800 BC and ending at 800 BC.

1485:. Because texts written in the language spoken by the Franks are almost non-existent, and Old Dutch texts scarce and fragmentary, not much is known about the development of Old Dutch. Old Dutch made the transition to 1396:. A Dutch-French language boundary came into existence (but this was originally south of where it is today). In the Maas and Rhine areas of the Netherlands, the Franks had political and trading centres, especially at 7997: 1800:. Although Vikings never settled in large numbers in those areas, they did set up long-term bases and were even acknowledged as lords in a few cases. In Dutch and Frisian historical tradition, the trading centre of 4851:

Leendert Louwe Kooijmans, "It is becoming increasingly clear that the agricultural transformation of prehistoric communities was a purely indigenous process that took place very gradually." Louwe Kooijmans, L.P.,

3769:

which excluded Dutch shipping from the lucrative trade between England and its Caribbean colonies, and led directly to the outbreak of hostilities between the two countries the following year, the first of three

895:'s account of the Rhine forming the boundary between Celtic and Germanic tribes. Some scholars have speculated that a separate ethnic identity with its own language that was neither Germanic nor Celtic, formed a 3093:(known as the "GWC") of Dutch merchants. Dutch companies of this manner were based on the English model and the success of England's joint-stock enterprises and trading guilds. On 2 June 1621, it was granted a 2874:(1533–1584), the founder of the Dutch royal family, led the Dutch during the first part of the war. The very first years were a success for the Spanish troops. However, the Dutch countered subsequent sieges in 3454:

wheat, and wine; they also later raised livestock. The small initial group of "free burghers", as these farmers were known, steadily increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east.

3793:

were a series of three wars which took place between the English and the Dutch from 1652 to 1674. The causes included political disputes and increasing competition from merchant shipping. The English in the

3371:

Eventually, the 18th century saw the Dutch East India Company weighted down by corruption, and the VOC eventually went bankrupt in 1800. Its possessions were taken over by the government and turned into the

2627:

The dukes of Burgundy over the years through astute marriages, purchases and wars, had taken control of the Seventeen Provinces that made up the Low Countries. They are now the Netherlands in the north, the

1216:. This kingdom comprised the coastal provinces of the Netherlands and the German North Sea coast. During this time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. The 7th-century 1174:

and the modern Frisian dialects are in turn the closest related languages to contemporary English.) By the end of the 6th century, the Frisian territory in the northern Netherlands had expanded west to the

4103:

monarchical authoritarianism accelerated the adaptation of the Netherlands to the new conditions of the 19th century. The country prospered until a crisis arose in relations with the southern provinces.

2517:

of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital to the people of the region as they could no longer produce enough grain to feed themselves. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former

2260:, the right to self-government and the right to pass laws. In practice, this meant that the wealthiest cities became quasi-independent republics in their own right. Two of the most important cities were 4189:

Continent, the Netherlands moved slowly. Possible explanations for this difference are the higher costs due to geography and high wages, and the emphasis of entrepreneurs on trade rather than industry.

4414:(1837–1923), a working class youth who taught himself physics, earned a PhD at the nation's leading school Leiden University, and in 1910 won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries in thermodynamics. 4383:

lived in close proximity in cities and villages, spoke the same language, and did business with one another, but seldom interacted informally and rarely intermarried. In politics Kuyper formed the

1804:

declined after Viking raids from 834 to 863; however, since no convincing Viking archaeological evidence has been found at the site (as of 2007), doubts about this have grown in recent years.

596:. This included what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and a part of France. When their heirs the Catholic kings of Spain took strong measures against Protestantism, the subsequent 2894:

was conquered by the Spanish on 7 August 1575, and most of its inhabitants were killed. Maastricht was besieged, sacked and destroyed twice in succession (in 1576 and 1579) by the Spanish.

814:

culture which extended across much of northern and central Europe. The expansion of this culture is believed to have involved the movement of people from the direction of Ukraine, bringing

2755:

the battleground that Italy had been, but also for northern Europe. Spain had been keeping troops in the Netherlands to be ready to attack France from the north as well as from the south.

7089:

Johan Sturm, et al. "Educational Pluralism: A Historical Study of So-Called "Pillarization" in the Netherlands, Including a Comparison with Some Developments in South African Education",

694:. Modern-day Luxembourg became officially independent of the Netherlands in 1839, but a personal union remained until 1890. Since 1890, it is ruled by another branch of the same dynasty. 7072:(1975) is the standard analysis from a leading political scientist; Michael Wintle, "Pillarisation, Consociation, and Vertical Pluralism in the Netherlands Revisited: a European View." 6465:

Illustrated Official Handbook of the Cape and South Africa; A résumé of the history, conditions, populations, productions and resources of the several colonies, states, and territories

2588:. The towns of the region had already been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but were nominally fiefs of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. When he was a minor, his aunt 4098:

William I actively promoted economic modernization. The first 15 years of the Kingdom showed progress and prosperity, as industrialization proceeded rapidly in the south, where the

3214:

Although slavery was illegal inside the Netherlands it flourished in the Dutch Empire, and helped support the economy. In 1619 The Netherlands took the lead in building large-scale

635:, based on its English counterpart, was founded. During the eighteenth century, the power, wealth and influence of the Netherlands declined. A series of wars with the more powerful 4248:. The new constitution was proclaimed on 3 November 1848. It severely limited the king's powers (making the government accountable only to an elected parliament), and it protected 2368:

economic system and adopt Flemish legal institutions. Europe had been wracked by many civil wars in the 14th and 15th centuries, while Flanders had grown rich and enjoyed peace.

6270: 2073: 4493:

World War II marked a devastating period for the Netherlands, which suffered under German occupation from 1940 until liberation in 1945. The war's impact was severe, with the

3960:(1778–1846), on the throne. The new king was unpopular, but he was willing to cross his brother for the benefit of his new kingdom. Napoleon forced his abdication in 1810 and 3109:, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. Its area of operations stretched from West Africa to the Americas, and the Pacific islands. The company became instrumental in the 7483:

See Arthur van Riel, "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth",

7310: 4304:

Religion was a contentious issue with repeated struggles over the relations of church and state in the field of education. In 1816, the government took full control of the

6224: 1614:"Frank" around the 9th century. By this time Frankish identity had changed from an ethnic identity to a national identity, becoming localized and confined to the modern 3588:

in 1815. By the time the Dutch colony was seized by the British in 1806, it had grown into an established settlement with 25,000 slaves, 20,000 white colonists, 15,000

2230:

influence over the north. This division meant that the counts of Holland became politically important in the north. Holland extended its political power over Zeeland.

5503:, Bussum: Unieboek, 1974, pp. 36–38 on the uncertain identity of the Frisians in early Frankish sources; pp. 54–55 on the problems concerning "Saxon" as a tribal name. 2774:. His attempts to enforce religious persecution of the Protestants, and his centralization of government, law enforcement, and taxes, made him unpopular and led to a 1352:, who inherited all the Frankish realms by 558. He redivided the Frankish territory amongst his four sons, but the four kingdoms coalesced into three on the death of 1239:) in northwestern Europe. It had grown around a former Roman fortress. It was a large, flourishing trading place, three kilometers long and situated where the rivers 9782: 9772: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 2241:. At home, there was relative peace. Viking pillaging had stopped. Both the Crusades and the relative peace at home contributed to trade and the growth in commerce. 3660:, with its representatives from all the provinces, would decide on matters important to the Republic as a whole. Each province was led by an official known as the 7036:

On the decline of intermarriage see Erik Beekink, et al. "Changes in Choice of Spouse as an Indicator of a Society in a State of Transition: Woerden, 1830–1930."

5129:

Beyen, Marnix, "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850" in

4535: 3880: 4627:. He was influenced by art history and advised historians to trace "patterns of culture" by studying "themes, figures, motifs, symbols, styles and sentiments." 883:

and a southern group that extended into the Rhine which eventually developed into the Salian Franks, while further to the south were peoples influenced by the

7167:, vol. Part 1. From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Fifteen Century, translated by Oscar A. Bierstadt; Ruth Putnam, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1898, 4220:, van Gogh was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 4162:. It divided Luxembourg and Limburg between the Dutch and Belgian crowns. The Kingdom of the Netherlands thereafter was made up of the 11 northern provinces. 1645:

would eventually include France, Germany, northern Italy and much of Western Europe. In 843, the Frankish empire was divided into three parts, giving rise to

10591: 8919: 7409:

J. C. H. Blom, "Ludovico Locuto, Porta Aperta: Enige Notities over Deel XII En XIII Van L. De Jongs Koninkrijk Der Nederlanden in De Tweede Wereldoorlog." .

497: 3723:(GWC), it established an empire. These companies were based on the English model and the success of England's joint-stock enterprises and trading guilds. 7660:

Albicher, Alexander (2012), "A forced but passionate marriage: The changing relationship between past and present in Dutch history education 1945–1979",

3348:

By the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established their base in parts of Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka). Afterward, they established ports in

2944: 2632:(now Belgium) in the south, and Luxemburg in the southeast. Known as the "Burgundian Circle", these lands came under the control of the Habsburg family. 2212: 872: 353: 1158:. The newcomers who stayed in the northern Netherlands would eventually be referred to as "Frisians", although they were not descended from the ancient 652: 8887: 4906:"A not so isolated fringe: Dutch later prehistoric (c. 2200 BCE-AD 0) bronze alloy networks from compositional analyses on metals and corrosion layers" 2505:(1396–1467). Before the Burgundian union, the Dutch identified themselves by the town they lived in, their local duchy or county or as subjects of the 1546:, played an important role in converting the Frankish and Frisian peoples to Christianity by the 8th century. Boniface was martyred by the Frisians in 686:

and new borders were agreed in 1839. After an initially conservative period, following the introduction of the 1848 constitution, the country became a

4887: 1166:. (Because the early Frisians and Anglo-Saxons were formed from largely identical tribal confederacies, their respective languages were very similar. 978:

on the other side but he understood that peoples such as the Eburones had a kinship with their neighbours over the river. Later Roman authors such as

875:

rose in the north possibly migrating from Scandinavia due to climatic deterioration which had separated into a northern group that would later become

3704:(1648) the republic gained approximately 20% more territory, located outside the member provinces, which was ruled directly by the States General as 4482:

From 1900 to 1940, the Netherlands experienced significant population growth. This era included significant colonial expansion, particularly in the

4375:("pillarization" or "pluralism") after 1850 became the solution to the danger of internal conflict. Everyone was part of one (and only one) pillar ( 8238: 5750:

see para entitled: Effects of Philip's Rule:- The chief work of Philip the Good was to reunite under his authority most of the Netherland provinces

3984: 3976: 306: 3652:, declaring their independence in 1581. As the Netherlands was a republic, it was largely governed by an aristocracy of city-merchants called the 8392: 6493: 4410:, but he spent most of his career in France. Literature, music, architecture and science also flourished. A representative leader of science was 1061:

The Batavians were considered the "true" forefathers of the Dutch by 17th and 18th-century writers, inspiring the naming of colonial Jakarta as "

8865: 3094: 2836:

last thirty years (1618–1648) the conflict between Spain and the Netherlands was submerged in the general European War that became known as the

871:

large burial mound contained a number of objects, including a curved iron sword. Leading up to the arrival of the Romans, the probably Germanic

859:

brought a measure of prosperity to the people living in the area of the present-day Netherlands with iron ore available throughout the country.

8367: 5311: 4347: 3271:, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonial settlements. 2687:

won over the elites in Antwerp and the South. The Spanish successfully suppressed it there, and Lutheranism only flourished in east Friesland.

4086:, he accepted the modernizing transformations of the previous 25 years, including equality of all before the law. However, he resurrected the 3160:(WIC), and conflicts with Native Americans. During the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a major port for trade in the 2324:. The Hook faction consisted for a large part of the conservative noblemen. Some of the main figures in this multi-generational conflict were 2317:, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the traders in the cities against the ruling nobility. 518:

in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. For thousands of years, people have been living together around the river deltas of this section of the

8322: 8126: 4435: 3536:), completely independent of official controls, extraordinarily self-sufficient, and isolated from the government and the main settlement in 316: 2003: 1758:

in 870. Although some of the Netherlands had come under Viking control, in 870 it technically became part of East Francia, which became the

803:

brought farming permanently into the region. This culture extended from Denmark through northern Germany into the northern Netherlands. The

8547: 8036: 5652:

Rondom de mondingen van Rijn & Maas: landschap en bewoning tussen de 3e en 9e eeuw in Zuid-Holland, in het bijzonder de Oude Rijnstreek

3458: 2052:

used to be the spot of an important domain of the German emperors. Several German emperors were born and died there, including for example

737:. In recent decades, the Dutch economy has been closely linked to that of Germany and is highly prosperous. The four countries adopted the 616: 4681:

wanted history to contribute to social improvement. At the same time, influenced by the successes of theoretical physics and his study of

1975: 10018: 5610: 3310:, the empire received 50% of textile and 80% of silk imports from the Mughal Empire, chiefly from its most developed region known as the 3259:

The Dutch East India Company (also called the VOC) emerged in 1602, when the government gave it a monopoly to trade with Asia, mainly to

2529: 2446: 2399: 1952: 6202: 8270: 4870: 4768: 2418: 1344:

receiving the lands that were to become Austrasia (including the southern Netherlands). A line of kings descended from Theuderic ruled

557:

dynasty had once again integrated the area into an empire covering a large part of Western Europe. The region was part of the duchy of

4062:, that was part of the Netherlands but at the same time part of the German Confederation. The newly created country had two capitals: 1835:, to whom he became a vassal. Viking raids continued during that period. Harald's son Rodulf and his men were killed by the people of 10584: 8729: 8719: 8337: 5268: 2984: 1982: 1681:. Situated between the realms of East and West Francia, Middle Francia comprised the Frankish territory between the rivers Rhine and 1512:

converted to Catholicism, an event which is traditionally set in 496. Christianity was introduced in the north after the conquest of

435: 251: 6939:

Joel Mokyr, "The Industrial Revolution in the Low Countries in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: A Comparative Case Study",

4623:(1935), which expanded the field of cultural history and influenced the historical anthropology of younger historians of the French 4037: 1889:

Viking raids of the Low Countries continued for over a century. Remains of Viking attacks dating from 880 to 890 have been found in

6028:

Violet Soen, "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)",

3102: 2845: 2779: 2187:

was levying tolls on the Meuse estuary and was able to resist military intervention from his overlord, the Duke of Lower Lorraine.

490: 445: 7307: 7235:, vol. Part 5. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, translated by Oscar A. Bierstadt; Ruth Putnam, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1912, 3156:

in beaver pelts. New Netherland was slowly settled during its first decades, partially as a result of policy mismanagement by the

2729:

in 1566, which was the systematic destruction of statues of saints and other Catholic devotional depictions in churches. In 1566,

2425: 8759: 8265: 7398: 6112: 4462: 3689: 3389: 5561: 5097: 2906:

and nearly all of what became Belgium. Most of the Dutch-speaking territory in the Netherlands was taken from Spain, but not in

1905:. According to a number of chronicles, the last attacks took place in the first decade of the 11th century and were directed at 565:, but neither the empire nor the duchy were governed in a centralized manner. For several centuries, medieval lordships such as 8880: 8332: 4743: 4134: 3519:

Some free burghers continued to expand into the rugged hinterlands of the north and east, many began to take up a semi-nomadic

2790: 1989: 1069:

of 1795. The term "Batavian" is occasionally used to describe the Dutch today, similar to how "Gallic" describes the French. A

624: 455: 407: 7184:, vol. Part 2. From the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century to 1559, translated by Ruth Putnam, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1898, 6221: 5196: 3711:

Although the state was small and had only around 1.5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring

3461:, but there were also numerous Germans as well as some Scandinavians. In 1688 the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French 8618: 7886: 7264: 7218:, vol. Part 4. Frederick Henry, John De Witt, William III., translated by Oscar A. Bierstadt, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1907, 6546: 6445: 6427: 6368: 6343: 6313: 5856: 5637: 5462: 5424: 5388: 5358: 5282: 5230: 5206: 4733: 3648:

in 1795. It was the first independent Dutch state. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces revolted against

2589: 2549:

theologian Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, 1459–1523, was an advisor to Charles; in the last year of his life he became pope as

710: 2432: 2147:

in the north continued to maintain its independence during this time. It had its own institutions (collectively called the "

10577: 8483: 8387: 8295: 8275: 4006:

into a single constitutional monarchy. Having a stronger country on France's northern border was considered (especially by

1102: 5529:(Hilversum, 2003), pp. 31–33 on the fluctuating character of tribal and ethnic distinctions for the early Medieval period. 1971: 10984: 10533: 8651: 4773: 4445: 3237: 2824: 483: 403: 344: 34: 6710: 3291:), which remained an important trading concern and paid an 18% annual dividend for almost 200 years; colonized parts of 2746:, being mainly Calvinist by 1572, submitted to the rule of William. The other states remained almost entirely Catholic. 10719: 10387: 8779: 8510: 8372: 8362: 8352: 8253: 7904: 3657: 3385: 3110: 2898: 2414: 1754:. After Lothair II died in 869, Lotharingia was partitioned by his uncles Louis the German and Charles the Bald in the 725:

during an era of peace and prosperity. The Netherlands formed a new economic alliance with Belgium and Luxembourg, the

236: 6089: 3818:, was successful in destroying by fire a large Dutch merchant fleet of 140 ships. During the same action, the town of 10649: 8873: 8661: 8656: 8552: 8542: 8527: 8433: 8382: 8377: 8243: 7982: 7922: 7288: 6967: 6911: 6696: 6626: 6596: 6560: 6165: 6138: 5829: 5773: 5676: 5488: 4853: 4835: 4046: 4022: 3900: 3437:, or VOC) decided to establish a permanent settlement. The VOC, one of the major European trading houses sailing the 2465: 2022: 1154:. Many of these migrants did not stay in the northern Netherlands but moved on to England and are known today as the 675: 311: 240: 7957: 6391: 3688:

favoured a powerful stadtholder, while the Republicans favoured a strong States General. The Republicans forced two

1960: 10518: 10113: 8903: 8821: 8537: 8357: 8342: 8317: 8188: 8029: 3896: 3802:" which were well suited to the naval tactics of the era. The English also captured numerous Dutch merchant ships. 3185: 3046:. The term "Dutch Golden Age" has been controversial in the 21st century due to the extensive Dutch involvement in 2329: 2257: 2078: 1846:

Around 879, Godfrid arrived in Frisian lands as the head of a large force that terrorised the Low Countries. Using

1379:

of the local population. However, a Germanic language was spoken as a second tongue by public officials in western

530: 440: 5479: 3940: 10543: 10146: 10011: 8895: 8804: 8774: 8687: 8628: 8557: 8488: 8478: 8448: 8438: 6030: 5594: 4713: 3503:

During the 18th century, the Dutch settlement in the area of the cape grew and prospered. By the late 1700s, the

3492: 2717:. It arrived in the Netherlands in the 1540s, attracting both the elite and the common population, especially in 2353: 2341: 2290: 682:

as monarchs, also ruling Belgium and Luxembourg. After the King imposed unpopular Protestant reforms on Belgium,

425: 5453:

Milis, L.J.R., "A Long Beginning: The Low Countries Through the Tenth Century" in J.C.H. Blom & E. Lamberts

2802:

had signed with the Protestants of the Netherlands and instituted the Inquisition to enforce the decrees of the

2286: 627:, many of whom were merchants, that practiced their religion and engaged in economic activity. A rich worldwide 10330: 10163: 10101: 8769: 8500: 8493: 8453: 4411: 4256: 3672:

for 'steward'); this office was nominally open to anyone, but most provinces appointed a member of the

2722: 2403: 1956: 7952: 1440:

of archaeological data. The traditional view of a clear-cut division between Frisians in the north and coast,

10963: 10856: 10669: 10538: 10447: 8734: 8473: 8468: 8443: 6837: 4979: 4763: 4237: 4229: 3743: 2644:

of 1559; it ended four decades of warfare between France and Spain and allowed Spain to reposition its army.

2557: 2040:

The German kings and emperors ruled the Netherlands in the 10th and 11th century, with the assistance of the

1497:

The Christianity that arrived in the Netherlands with the Romans appears not to have died out completely (in

750: 522:

coast. Records begin with the four centuries during which the region formed a militarized border zone of the

419: 213: 66: 17: 5374: 4244:, a prominent liberal, was asked by the king to draft a constitution that would turn the Netherlands into a 2641: 1473:

characteristics and is classified by modern linguists as an Ingvaeonic language. Dutch also has a number of

10922: 10694: 8739: 8638: 8532: 8515: 8463: 8458: 8305: 8258: 7968:

Netherlands: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel | Infoplease.com

4883: 4783: 4232:, who attempted to carry on the policies of his father in the face of a powerful liberal movement. In 1848 4205: 4055: 4018: 3980: 3834: 3173: 2345: 2337: 2325: 1996: 1225: 950: 93: 7972: 7076:

2000 23(3): 139–152, defends the concept; more critical is J. C. H. Blom, "Pillarisation in Perspective."

6463: 6271:"'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century" 4003: 3402: 1580:, the Frisians in the Netherlands were defeated by the Franks, who thereby conquered the area west of the 10497: 10492: 10108: 8784: 8724: 8697: 8613: 8522: 8423: 8411: 8290: 8248: 8233: 8121: 8022: 5247:

The Rhine/Meuse Delta. Four studies on its prehistoric occupation and Holocene geology (PhD Dissertation)

4788: 4778: 4449: 3961: 3907: 3592:, and 1,000 freed black slaves. Outside Cape Town and the immediate hinterland, isolated black and white 2857: 2333: 2252:. As the cities grew in wealth and power, they started to buy certain privileges for themselves from the 2128:

The language and culture of most of the people who lived in the area that is now Holland were originally

2044:, and the bishops of Utrecht and Liège. Germany was called the Holy Roman Empire after the coronation of 1708: 1086: 794:, who were central European farmers with Mediterranean ancestry. Their farms were restricted to southern 321: 299: 4904:

Arnoldussen, S.; Huisman, D.J.; van Os, B.; Steffens, B.; Theunissen, L.; Amkreutz, L. (December 2022).

2439: 10937: 10889: 10781: 10553: 10548: 10004: 8907: 8840: 8794: 8675: 8646: 8623: 8576: 8056: 4728: 4708: 4441: 3952:

In 1806 Napoleon transformed the Netherlands (along with a small part of what is now Germany) into the

3923: 3842: 3751: 3747: 3284: 3169: 3038: 2995:

was among the most prominent in Europe. The first half of the period spanned from the beginning of the

2649: 2184: 2156: 2045: 1786: 1062: 1055: 515: 378: 331: 6490: 5566: 1162:. These new Frisians settled in the northern Netherlands and would become the ancestors of the modern 608:", which spoke Dutch and was predominantly Protestant, was the predecessor of the modern Netherlands. 10523: 10277: 10238: 8702: 8598: 8562: 8077: 6521: 6253: 5765:

Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics

5329: 4659: 4155: 3739: 3685: 3470: 3264: 2958: 1747: 1569: 916: 523: 430: 203: 7697:; Spinks, Jennifer (2010), "A Interpreting place and past in narratives of Dutch heritage tourism", 5516:(Hilversum, 2006), pp. 42–43, on the uncertain identity of the "Frisians" in early Frankish sources. 5308: 4236:. Although there were no major events in the Netherlands, these foreign developments persuaded King 3774:

that would last on and off for two decades and slowly erode Dutch naval power to England's benefit.

3614: 3481:

and Indonesia. These slaves often married Dutch settlers, and their descendants became known as the

3473:

were absorbed into the Dutch population but they played a prominent role in South Africa's history.

2541: 2203:

was able to subjugate the Frisians in West Friesland (that is, the northern half of North Holland).

1673:

kingdom that had no historical or ethnic identity to bind its varied peoples. It was created by the

10894: 10741: 8789: 8754: 8749: 7534:

Burke, Peter (November 1986), "Historians and Their Times: Huizinga, Prophet of 'Blood and Roses",

4703: 4587: 4384: 4059: 3995: 3845:

reignited these tensions. Following military defeat by France, the stadtholder was expelled in the

3814:

on 19 and 20 August 1666. The attack, named after the commander of the landing force, Rear-Admiral

3727: 3720: 3716: 3580: 3430: 3325: 3241: 3228: 3157: 3076: 3047: 3008: 3004: 2786: 2510: 1941: 1527: 1466: 1341: 1236: 907:

and survived until the Roman period before being absorbed by their Celtic and Germanic neighbours.

632: 232: 219: 3883:. The underground rose up, overthrew the municipal and provincial governments, and proclaimed the 3368:. The Dutch never recovered from the defeat and no longer posed a large colonial threat to India. 3129: 1874:. Controlling most of Frisia between 882 and his death in 885, Godfrid became known to history as 1255:. Although inland, it was a North Sea trading centre that primarily handled goods from the Middle 10899: 10861: 10528: 10186: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9777: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9612: 9607: 9582: 9577: 9527: 9427: 9074: 8809: 8090: 6862: 4905: 4245: 4159: 3903:

was repulsed by Batavian–French forces. Nevertheless, Napoleon replaced it because the regime of

3815: 3411: 3307: 3296: 3205: 2392: 1945: 1875: 1742:, Emperor Lothair I again partitioned his realm amongst his sons. Most of the lands north of the 1267:. Between 600 and around 719 Dorestad was often fought over between the Frisians and the Franks. 1003: 838:

in the south developed during the Bronze Age, with the latter having cultural ties with Britain.

815: 687: 80: 7471: 7418: 7354: 7334: 7045: 6621:. Vol. 5. The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88. Cambridge University Press. pp. 275–276. 5138: 4422:(1865–1943) shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in physics. Other notable scientists included biologist 2785:

The only opposition the Duke of Alba faced in his march across the Netherlands were the nobles,

2652:

stated that the Seventeen Provinces could only be passed on to his heirs as a composite entity.

2599:

From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands had to contend with the rebellion of

867:

and iron, fabricating tools on demand, including axes, knives, pins, arrowheads and swords. The

600:

led to the splitting in 1581 of the Netherlands into southern and northern parts. The southern "

10841: 10352: 10181: 8505: 8178: 6539:

Linguistics, language and the professions: education, journalism, law, medicine, and technology

6387: 5416: 4690: 4241: 4026: 4021:. This was made official later in 1815, when the Low Countries were formally recognized as the 3811: 3341: 2763: 2661: 2492: 2478: 791: 691: 679: 656: 593: 159: 51: 6616: 6333: 6303: 5763: 5607: 5288: 2092:

parts of what now comprise the Netherlands were governed by the Count of Holland, the Duke of

921: 10811: 10771: 10751: 10731: 10634: 10432: 10297: 8593: 7201:, vol. Part 3. The War With Spain, translated by Ruth Putnam, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1900, 6586: 5819: 5744: 5666: 5628: 4758: 4667: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4283: 4099: 4017:, William Frederick raised the Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself 4007: 3795: 3333: 3177: 2992: 1559: 1404:. These Franks remained in contact with the Frisians to the north, especially in places like 795: 413: 209: 6673:

Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650–1668

5629:

Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse

4961: 3557:

was the official language, but a dialect had formed that was quite distinct from Dutch. The

3201: 2183:) rapidly grew under Rorik's descendants in size and importance. By the early 11th century, 1305:

expanded their territories until there were numerous small Frankish kingdoms, especially at

363: 10927: 10746: 10487: 10482: 10422: 10357: 10262: 8849: 8285: 8203: 8183: 7824:

Otto, A. C. (1994), "Theorie En Praktijk in De Theoretische Geschiedenis Van Jan Romein ",

7151: 5336: 5269:"The early-medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity: The case of the Frisians" 4917: 4560: 4529: 4391: 4170: 4087: 3999: 3365: 3321: 3280: 3215: 3032: 2996: 2865: 2837: 2828: 2815: 2734: 2629: 2617: 2577: 2101: 2041: 1047: 1035: 800: 648: 620: 527: 194: 164: 7731:

Cruz, Laura (2007), "The 80 Years' Question: the Dutch Revolt in Historical Perspective",

7622:

Lorenz, Chris (2005), "Het 'Academisch Poldermodel' En De Westforschung in Nederland", ",

5272: 5177:

Grane, Thomas (2007), "From Gallienus to Probus – Three decades of turmoil and recovery",

4454: 3948:

in 1812, illustrating the incorporation of the Netherlands and its internal reorganisation

1827:

acknowledged Rorik as ruler of most of Friesland. And again in 870, Rorik was received by

1081:

Rhine valley during the first half of the 3rd century, forming a confederation of smaller

768: 8: 10947: 10932: 10879: 10826: 10821: 10796: 10654: 10452: 10382: 10325: 10242: 10068: 8814: 8428: 8347: 8218: 8198: 8193: 7977: 5474: 4600: 4575: 4233: 3972: 3965: 3945: 3846: 3803: 3782: 3701: 3693: 3645: 3568:), would eventually in the late 19th century be recognised as a distinct language called 3466: 3209: 3106: 2922: 2915: 2585: 2534: 2060:, who died in Nijmegen. Utrecht was also an important city and trading port at the time. 1694: 1577: 1531: 1054:

and the desertion of sections of the northern Roman army. In April 70 AD, legions led by

962:

to their southeast towards what is now Limburg. He called the land between the Rhine and

804: 790:

Agriculture also arrived in areas near the Netherlands somewhere around 5000 BC with the

760: 601: 286: 271: 174: 169: 111: 10917: 10569: 7230: 7213: 7196: 7162: 4921: 2272:) which would later develop into some of the most important cities and ports in Europe. 1321:. The kings of Tournai eventually came to subdue the other Frankish kings. By the 490s, 810:

By around 2950 BCE, there was a transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the

10851: 10801: 10761: 10714: 10709: 10699: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10659: 10644: 10639: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10558: 10462: 10246: 10198: 10193: 10096: 10086: 10043: 10035: 8854: 8228: 8151: 7807: 7799: 7714: 7677: 7605: 7577: 7517: 6192: 5409: 4943: 4753: 4738: 4112: 4083: 4014: 3953: 3935: 3879:

was popular, and numerous underground clubs were promoting it when in January 1795 the

3680:

simultaneously holding most or all of the stadtholderships, making him effectively the

3585: 3513: 3357: 3337: 3172:. In 1673 the Dutch re-took the area, but later relinquished it under the 5 April 1674 2871: 2794: 2730: 2677: 2604: 2600: 2573: 2561: 2112: 1898: 1755: 1731: 1642: 1611: 1259:. Wine was among the major products traded at Dorestad, likely from vineyards south of 1252: 1089:

from the northern Netherlands with the last reference to them in c. 296, likely due to

1043: 683: 668: 578: 473: 281: 1792:

In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Vikings raided the largely defenceless Frisian and

888: 759:

climate with scarce vegetation, and the inhabitants survived as hunter-gatherers. The

615:, which had its zenith around 1667, there was a flowering of trade, industry, and the 10942: 10884: 10846: 10836: 10816: 10806: 10791: 10786: 10766: 10736: 10704: 10689: 10664: 10600: 10437: 10412: 10392: 10372: 10362: 10252: 10234: 10203: 10136: 10053: 10027: 8223: 8173: 8155: 7967: 7918: 7900: 7882: 7852: 7833: 7811: 7791: 7744: 7718: 7681: 7631: 7467: 7414: 7350: 7330: 7284: 7260: 7236: 7219: 7202: 7185: 7168: 7041: 6963: 6907: 6702: 6692: 6622: 6592: 6542: 6442: 6423: 6364: 6339: 6309: 5852: 5846: 5825: 5769: 5672: 5633: 5484: 5458: 5420: 5384: 5354: 5278: 5226: 5202: 5171: 5134: 5094: 4947: 4748: 4723: 4686: 4671: 4483: 4406:

brought a revival of realist painting, 1860–1890. The world-famous Dutch painter was

3884: 3876: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3819: 3755: 3622: 3504: 3373: 3276: 3232: 3090: 3024: 2999:

until its conclusion in 1648, with the second half lasting until the outbreak of the

2849: 2506: 2310: 2298: 2281: 2192: 2172: 2168: 1883: 1808: 1774: 1759: 1698: 1070: 1066: 884: 868: 835: 783: 664: 582: 574: 570: 562: 276: 227: 223: 154: 149: 6995: 6260:

2008, Vol. 82 Issue 1/2, pp. 47–96, Table 2 & Table 3. Retrieved 9 October 2011.

3425:. The marooned crew, the first Europeans to attempt settlement in the area, built a 2568:; he spoke French. Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of 2104:

in the north maintained their independence and were governed by the lower nobility.

1461:

arose is unknown with certainty, but it is thought to be the language spoken by the

1142:). The northern Netherlands received an influx of new migrants and settlers, mostly 10831: 10756: 10726: 10427: 10342: 10287: 10257: 10208: 10168: 10151: 10141: 10076: 10048: 8744: 8213: 8164: 8099: 8072: 7939: 7783: 7740: 7706: 7669: 7597: 7569: 7509: 7462:

A. C. Otto, "Theorie En Praktijk in De Theoretische Geschiedenis Van Jan Romein" .

7325:

Peter Burke, "Historians and Their Times: Huizinga, Prophet of 'Blood and Roses.'"

6792: 6399: 6329: 5738: 5250: 4933: 4925: 4854:

Trijntje van de Betuweroute, Jachtkampen uit de Steentijd te Hardinxveld-Giessendam

4836:

Trijntje van de Betuweroute, Jachtkampen uit de Steentijd te Hardinxveld-Giessendam

4810:

Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam

4487: 4407: 4221: 4213: 3914:

many of the current government departments date their history back to this period.

3904: 3799: 3790: 3771: 3735: 3731: 3705: 3677: 3443: 3407: 3197: 3188:

introduced in the province became mainstays of American political and social life.

3133: 3059: 3028: 3000: 2953: 2938: 2841: 2803: 2799: 2498: 2349: 2314: 2249: 1828: 1727: 1723: 1674: 1424: 1135: 1082: 975: 954:, which is the first surviving written account of the region. Caesar mentioned the 823: 764: 702: 640: 636: 612: 589: 566: 538: 199: 98: 71: 7179: 7138:

The Familial State: Ruling Families and Merchant Capitalism in Early Modern Europe

3579:

As the 18th century drew to a close, Dutch mercantile power began to fade and the

2840:. The seven rebellious provinces of the Netherlands were eventually united by the 1622: 1553: 767:

strongly linked to rivers and open water and related to the southern Scandinavian

10467: 10442: 10230: 10213: 10058: 8397: 8280: 8159: 8131: 8004: 7874: 7694: 7673: 7446:

For a criticism of Motler see Robert Wheaton, "Motley and the Dutch Historians."

7314: 6957: 6497: 6449: 6417: 6305:

Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

6228: 6057: 5733: 5614: 5315: 5101: 4960:

According to "Het Archeologisch Basisregister" (ABR), version 1.0 November 1992,

4929: 4891: 4682: 4556: 4494: 4415: 4352: 4261: 4249: 4147: 3957: 3766: 3673: 3329: 3268: 3016: 2921:

The war dragged on for another half century, but the main fighting was over. The

2608: 2502: 2360: 2148: 1879: 1719: 1678: 1573: 1539: 1217: 1213: 1189: 1131: 1113: 983: 698: 129: 7992: 6783:(1972), "The Rights of Ignorance: Dutch Educational Policy in Belgium 1815–30", 6509: 2710:

church. The movement was allowed in the north, but never grew to a large scale.

717:

in 1975. The post-war years saw rapid economic recovery (helped by the American

10417: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10377: 10367: 10282: 10225: 10118: 10081: 8208: 8146: 8141: 7910: 7443: 7435: 7106: 6612: 6218:

The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America

5788:

H.G. Koenigsberger, "The Beginnings of the States General of the Netherlands",

4718: 4624: 4608: 4564: 4550: 4510: 4363: 4050: 3888: 3830: 3823: 3669: 3649: 3633: 3609: 3554: 3543: 3482: 3245: 3165: 3161: 3137: 3080: 2970: 2713:

The third wave of the Reformation, that ultimately proved to be permanent, was

2550: 2546: 2302: 1910: 1902: 1662: 1654: 1599: 1564:

In the early 8th century the Frisians came increasingly into conflict with the

1432: 1329:, including those in the southern Netherlands. He continued his conquests into 1248: 1229: 1194: 1147: 730: 660: 605: 604:" corresponds approximately to modern Belgium and Luxembourg, and the northern 558: 450: 187: 139: 7987: 7710: 4342: 1477:

characteristics. There was a close relationship between Old Dutch, Old Saxon,

1085:

groups including the descendants of the Batavian rebels. The Frisii probably

841: 10978: 10513: 10312: 8707: 8112: 7856: 7837: 7795: 7635: 7395:

Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights, 1750–1790

6926:

Richard T. Griffiths, "The Creation of a National Dutch Economy: 1795–1909",

6821: 6796: 6254:"Slave Trading and Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire: A Global Comparison" 6197: 5179:

The Roman Empire and Southern Scandinavia–a Northern Connection! (PhD thesis)

5068: 4823:

Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam

4663: 4499: 4423: 4419: 4367: 4292: 4082:

William I, who reigned from 1815 to 1840, had great constitutional power. An

3968:, imposing economic controls and conscription of all young men as soldiers. 3681: 3641: 3349: 3249: 3141: 3084: 2861: 2767: 2497:

Most of what is now the Netherlands and Belgium was eventually united by the

1843:

is seen as an indication that there was a permanent settlement in Wieringen.

1797: 1462: 1280: 937: 900: 896: 892: 722: 718: 644: 373: 358: 264: 6706: 5668:

The Dawn of Dutch: Language contact in the Western Low Countries before 1200

5582: 5223:

Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems

3356:. However, their expansion into India was halted, after their defeat in the 1882:, to whom he became a vassal. Godfried was assassinated in 885, after which 1739: 1738:, the residence of Charlemagne, as well as Rome. In 855, on his deathbed at 1200: 10472: 10302: 10173: 10091: 8764: 8608: 7588:

Anchor, Robert (1978), "History and Play: Johan Huizinga and His Critics",

6780: 6083: 5195:

Ejstrud, Bo; et al. (2008), Ejstrud, Bo; Maarleveld, Thijs J. (eds.),

5115:

Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power: The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire

4647: 4506: 4471: 4403: 4182: 3991: 3593: 3311: 3260: 3168:

to the British control in 1664 was formalized in 1667, contributing to the

3118: 2726: 2721:. The Catholic Spanish responded with harsh persecution and introduced the 2703: 2637: 2176: 1807:

One of the most important Viking families in the Low Countries was that of

1650: 1646: 1596: 1486: 1389: 1376: 1365: 1298: 1155: 1078: 963: 926: 706: 628: 597: 383: 244: 7070:

The Politics of Accommodation. Pluralism, and Democracy in the Netherlands

4273: 3465:, also Calvinists, who were fleeing religious persecution in France under 3003:. During the period, Dutch colonialists, many of them affiliated with the 1770: 10457: 10335: 10320: 10292: 10128: 8327: 8094: 8045: 7947: 6748: 6686: 5945: 4654: 4569: 4544: 4475: 4178: 3918: 3712: 3697: 3663: 3520: 3486: 3438: 3353: 3098: 3055: 3051: 3043: 2684: 2673: 2167:

The center of power in these emerging independent territories was in the

2152: 1820: 1751: 1603: 1585: 1482: 1478: 1428: 1353: 1325:

had conquered and united all the Frankish territories to the west of the

1264: 1171: 1167: 1074: 1015: 999: 933: 831: 811: 779: 554: 534: 368: 326: 144: 84: 7560:

Colie, R. L. (1964), "Johan Huizinga and the Task of Cultural History",

6959:

Struggling for Leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam Port. Competition 1870–2000

6206:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 601. 4938: 3798:(1652–54) had the naval advantage with larger numbers of more powerful " 3726:

Major conflicts were fought in the Eighty Years' War against Spain, the

3054:

during the period, and it has been deprecated by several museums in the

2886:

were slaughtered by the Spanish. From 11 December that year the city of

2509:. These collections of fiefs were ruled under the personal union of the 2313:

between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over the title of

643:

neighbours weakened it. The English seized the North American colony of

10220: 8712: 8014: 7803: 7609: 7581: 6944: 6756: 6070:

Faith on the Margins: Catholics and Catholicism in the Dutch Golden Age

4677: 4658:

adopted the views of the 17th-century Dutch Louvestein faction, led by

4581: 4467: 4328: 4013:

On 15 March 1815; with the encouragement of the powers gathered at the

3829:

Economic decline led to a period of political instability known as the

3573: 3478: 3429:

and stayed for a year until they were rescued. Shortly thereafter, the

3393: 3361: 2691: 1851: 1535: 1498: 1470: 1401: 1357: 1349: 1340:

in 511, his four sons partitioned his kingdom amongst themselves, with

860: 827: 819: 7521: 7451: 6688:

A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day

6043:

Bart de Groof, "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium",

3603: 3317: 2949: 2820: 2320:

The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of

667:

was established in 1795–1806. Napoleon made it a satellite state, the

10267: 8799: 8692: 8588: 7411:

Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden

7365:; Robert Anchor, "History and Play: Johan Huizinga and His Critics", 5581:

More info about Viking raids can be found online at L. van der Tuuk,

5380: 5254: 4296: 4193:

and they became the most economically advanced areas of the country.

4138:

Fighting between Belgian rebels and the Dutch military expedition in

4063: 3810:

estuary in the Netherlands, executed by the English Fleet during the

3569: 3558: 3537: 3509: 3496: 3462: 3447: 3422: 3418: 3397: 3153: 3145: 2988: 2891: 2771: 2714: 2707: 2699: 2669: 2621: 2592:

acted as regent until 1515. France relinquished its ancient claim on

2521:

to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained.

2238: 2144: 2097: 2057: 2053: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1782: 1715: 1690: 1616: 1584:. The Franks then conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785 when 1513: 1474: 1458: 1393: 1380: 1361: 1345: 1256: 1244: 1221: 1176: 1130:

As climatic conditions improved, there was another mass migration of

1051: 1019: 519: 9996: 7998:

Virtual Tour of Dutch History (101 Sites in Google Earth with Links)

7948:

History of Holland, George Edmundson, 1922, Project Gutenberg EBook.

7601: 7573: 7488: 7370: 7362: 7094: 6085:

The miracle of the Dutch Republic as seen in the seventeenth century

6006:(Harper & Bros.: New York, 1855) pp. 106–115, 121, 122, 207, 213 4513:, reflecting its deepening commitment to international cooperation. 4165: 3564:

This Dutch dialect sometimes referred to as the "kitchen language" (

3516:

provided a very large market for the surplus produce of the colony.

2381: 1930: 1356:

in 567. Austrasia (including the southern Netherlands) was given to

10477: 10272: 8603: 8168: 8117: 8108: 7787: 7513: 4332: 4139: 4127: 4119: 4067: 3653: 3548: 3529: 3524: 3123: 3012: 2975: 2907: 2782:, was sent with a Spanish Army to punish the unruly Dutch in 1567. 2718: 2665: 2593: 2581: 2365: 2269: 2245: 2200: 2107:

The various feudal states were in a state of almost continual war.

2084: 2049: 1894: 1859: 1836: 1832: 1801: 1704: 1635: 1607: 1589: 1543: 1509: 1405: 1397: 1384: 1337: 1322: 1285: 1183:. During this period most of the northern Netherlands was known as 1180: 1163: 1117: 1023: 1011: 995: 959: 856: 714: 542: 103: 7357:; R. L. Colie, "Johan Huizinga and the Task of Cultural History." 6500:, Penn State Electronic Classics Edition, republished 2005, p. 516 6338:. Vol. 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. 3222: 1855: 1348:

until 555, when it was united with the other Frankish kingdoms of

1126:

Map showing roughly the distribution of Franks and Frisians c. 716

663:. The French Revolution spilled over after 1789, and a pro-French 10347: 10158: 8136: 8086: 4871:

Prehistoric agricultural field found in Swifterbant, 4300–4000 BC

4217: 4041:

Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Luxembourg, 1815

3971:

When the French retreated from the northern provinces in 1813, a

3871:

Liberty tree erected in Dam Square in Amsterdam, 1795 by H. Numan

3785:', the burning of Dutch Merchant Ships by the English Royal Navy 3589: 3512:. The supplying of these ships with fresh provisions, fruit, and 3288: 2911: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2743: 2739: 2695: 2569: 2518: 2321: 2265: 2253: 2234: 2196: 2180: 2137: 2116: 1890: 1871: 1867: 1682: 1670: 1581: 1409: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1039: 991: 979: 955: 726: 592:

had assumed control over most of Lower Lotharingia, creating the

134: 88: 7774:

Rowen, Herbert H. (1965), "The Historical Work of Pieter Geyl",

7281:

Discovering the Dutch: on Culture and Society of the Netherlands

7240: 7223: 7206: 7189: 7172: 4903: 4646:

Once heralded as the leading event of modern Dutch history, the

4498:

and economic stabilization, facilitated by U.S. aid through the

4323:

or dissenter groups that separated from it (around 55%), or the

4316:, which continued to be the only church to receive state money. 4032: 3457:

The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the

2237:

were popular in the Low Countries and drew many to fight in the

1863: 1630:

at the heart of Carolingian culture. Charlemagne maintained his

1122: 8104: 8082: 7973:

Overview of historical novels about The Netherlands and Belgium

6289:

The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700

5737: 5274:

Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition

5005:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth

4502:, which helped to revive the Dutch economy and infrastructure. 3849:

of 1795, ending the Dutch Republic, which was succeeded by the

3300: 3292: 3114: 2890:

was besieged, holding out for seven months until 13 July 1573.

2775: 2261: 2129: 2068: 1793: 1778: 1735: 1686: 1677:

in 843, which divided the Carolingian Empire among the sons of

1565: 1554:

Frankish dominance and incorporation into the Holy Roman Empire

1547: 1521: 1517: 1505: 1445: 1441: 1420: 1302: 1290: 1276: 1209: 1184: 1159: 1143: 1027: 1007: 987: 880: 876: 864: 756: 550: 546: 107: 76: 6976: 6635: 6191: 5990:, (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1907), pp. 72–74, 103–105 5800: 5798: 3929: 1187:. This extended Frisian territory is sometimes referred to as 986:

describe the region north of the Rhine being inhabited by the

774: 7648: 7338: 5142: 4635: 3561:

language originated mainly from 17th-century Dutch dialects.

2980: 2762:

A devout Catholic, Philip was appalled by the success of the

2612: 2565: 2371: 2132:. The sparsely populated area was known as "West Friesland" ( 2108: 2093: 1847: 1501:, at least) after the withdrawal of the Romans in about 411. 1326: 1260: 1240: 1151: 1090: 971: 945: 904: 7879:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806

6761: 4200: 3275:

most of the 17th century. The VOC was active chiefly in the

2793:

and others. With the approach of Alba and the Spanish army,

2664:

rapidly gained ground in northern Europe, especially in its

1722:, after an intermittent civil war with his younger brothers 970:). He portrayed the Rhine as a natural boundary between the 741:

on 1 January 2002, along with eight other EU member states.

7500:

Wheaton, Robert (1962), "Motley and the Dutch Historians",

6537:

Alatis, James E., Heidi E. Hamilton and Ai-Hui Tan (2002).

5851:(3rd ed.). Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education. 5795: 4486:, coupled with the challenges posed by World War I and the 3807: 3533: 3426: 3164:, tolerating a highly diverse ethnic mix. The surrender of 3020: 2175:

in return for loyalty to the emperor in 862, the region of

1906: 1886:

assumed lordship and Viking rule of Frisia came to an end.

1743: 1372: 1330: 1134:

peoples into the area from the east. This is known as the "

941: 891:

with some mixture between the two. This is consistent with

738: 734: 6997:

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,

6113:"Het debat over de naam Gouden Eeuw is waardevol en nodig" 5538:

Blok (1974), pp. 117 ff.; de Nijs et al. (2003), pp. 30–33

5117:, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2005, pp. 226–227 4397: 4240:

to agree to liberal and democratic reform. That same year

3998:

to merge the northern Netherlands with the more populated

3621:, a traditional rural scene by 17th-century Dutch painter 1465:. Even though the Franks are traditionally categorized as 807:

continued the hunter-gatherer tradition in coastal areas.

671:(1806–1810), and later simply a French imperial province. 10599: 6904:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

5955: 5915: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 3833:(1780–1787). This unrest was temporarily suppressed by a 3523:

lifestyle, in some ways not far removed from that of the

3152:

The colony was a private business venture to exploit the

3042:

has been referred to as the "Dutch Miracle" by historian

1360:. The southern Netherlands remained the northern part of 1050:

in 69 AD, which resulted in the burning of several Roman

944:

for Rome, and this included the Netherlands south of the

7034:

Twee geloven op één kussen, daar slaapt de Duivel tussen

6802: 6258:

NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids,

6139:"Amsterdam Museum gebruikt term 'Gouden Eeuw' niet meer" 5198:

The Migration Period, Southern Denmark and the North Sea

4122:

and a large part of the bourgeoisie in Flemish cities).

3765:

In 1651, the English parliament passed the first of the

2690:

The second wave of the Reformation, came in the form of

1920: 674:

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1813–1815, an expanded "

7050: 5927: 3684:. This created tension between political factions: the 3417:

In 1647, a Dutch vessel was wrecked in the present-day

2171:. Originally granted as a fief to the Danish chieftain 1734:

title, Middle Francia contained the imperial cities of

1415: 7962: 6733:

The routledge companion to European history since 1763

6402:, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, 5436: 5406: 2969:

was a period which roughly lasted from 1588, when the

2293:, 1401–1436, known to the Dutch as "Jacoba of Bavaria" 1093:

to other areas of Roman control and coastal flooding.

8010:

Netherlands Geographic Information System (1812–1997)

5903: 5878: 5671:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 42–44. 5372: 5277:, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University, pp. 321–337, 5041:

de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger,

4825:. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization 2000 4265:

GNP soared from 106 guilders in 1804 to 403 in 1913.

3676:. The position gradually became hereditary, with the 2878:. In November and December 1572, all the citizens of 1796:

towns lying on the coast and along the rivers of the

1595:

The linguistic descendants of the Franks, the modern

585:

and others held a changing patchwork of territories.

7843:

Blaas, P. (1971), "An Attempt at Integral History",

6890:

Industrial Retardation in The Netherlands, 1830–1850

6584: 6561:"How the modern corporation was invented in England" 6166:"How the modern corporation was invented in England" 5318:, Bertsgeschiedenissite.nl. Retrieved 6 October 2011 5125: 5123: 2809: 514:

extends back long before the founding of the modern

7375: 5821:

The Political Thought of the Dutch Revolt 1555–1590

5817: 5181:, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, p. 109 4621:

Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture

4505:The post-war period saw significant changes in the 3692:, 1650–1672 and 1702–1747, with the latter causing 3604:

Dutch Republic: Regents and Stadholders (1649–1784)

3144:, was located at the southern tip of the island of 2406:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2213:

History of urban centers in the Dutch Low Countries

863:travelled from small settlement to settlement with 8009: 6691:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 159. 5408: 5330:"The origin of the Old English dialects revisited" 4426:(1848–1935), who rediscovered Mendelian genetics. 4402:The late 19th century saw a cultural revival. The 4319:At mid-century, most Dutch belonged either to the 3572:and replace Dutch as the official language of the 3267:, the first company to issue stock, and the first 2798:revoked all the prior treaties that Margaret, the 2359:The conquest of the county of Holland by the Duke 1520:in the east were converted before the conquest of 1452: 1435:, Apostle to the Frisians, first bishop of Utrecht 822:technology. The earliest bronze tools were in the 7279:Besamusca, Emmeline; Verheul, Jaap, eds. (2010), 5120: 4845: 4228:In 1840 William I abdicated in favor of his son, 4166:Democratic and Industrial Development (1840–1900) 2096:, the Duke of Brabant and the Bishop of Utrecht. 1815:) and his brother the "younger Harald" (based in 10976: 7941:Dutch Crossing: Journal of Low Countries Studies 7278: 6751:"Much in Little: The Dutch Revolution of 1795", 6328: 6241:The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815 5152: 5150: 4025:. The crown was made a hereditary office of the 3856: 3299:and was the only western trading post in Japan, 3011:, established trading posts and colonies in the 2897:In a war largely of sieges rather than battles, 2140:is still colloquially known as West Friesland). 2087:, one of the oldest buildings in the Netherlands 2035: 7756:Three volumes appeared in English translation, 7693: 6955: 6930:1982, Vol. 95 Issue 4, pp. 513–553 (in English) 6045:Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome 5411:Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe 5244: 4390:Pillarization was officially recognized in the 3223:The Dutch in Asia: The Dutch East India Company 2945:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 2902:east supported the Spanish. Farnese recaptured 2856:was signed on 26 July 1581, and was the formal 1878:. His lordship over Frisia was acknowledged by 1096: 755:During the last ice age, the Netherlands had a 729:, and all three became founding members of the 354:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 7899:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2017. 6286: 5761: 3644:of provinces that existed from 1579 until the 1697:(except for a western portion, later known as 10585: 10012: 8881: 8030: 7953:History of the Netherlands from 50 BC to 2005 7421:. A review of a great masterpiece. (in Dutch) 7111:The Age of Van Gogh: Dutch Painting 1880–1895 6735:(Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), p. 66; J. Dunn, 6611: 6301: 5147: 5080:Hachmann, Rolf, Georg Kossack and Hans Kuhn, 4268: 4033:United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839) 2694:, that was popular among ordinary farmers in 2482:The Low Countries in the late 14th century CE 1576:eventually subjugated Frisia. In 734, at the 948:. He also wrote about his experiences in his 910: 491: 7440:History of the United Netherlands, 1584–1609 7255:Blom, J. C. H.; Lamberts, E., eds. (2006) , 7254: 5617:, Museumkennis.nl. Retrieved 9 October 2011. 5402: 5400: 5351:Dorestad. Een wereldstad in de middeleeuwen, 5045:, Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2003, pp. 12, 21–27 4828: 4812:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997 3822:was burnt down, which caused outrage in the 3459:Calvinist Reformed Church of the Netherlands 3354:Dutch settlements and trading posts in India 3070: 2848:(also known as the "United Provinces"). The 1392:, which by the 9th century had evolved into 845:Distribution of the primary Germanic groups 744: 7963:Netherlands Institute for War Documentation 6901: 6363:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. 5201:, Esbjerg: Maritime Archaeology Programme, 5007:, London: Thames & Hudson, 1989, p. 87. 4615:(1919) (the English translation was called 4151:diplomatic opposition of the great powers. 4058:became king and also became the hereditary 3930:Kingdom of Holland to William I (1806–1815) 3661: 2770:, which had led to an increasing number of 2725:. Calvinists rebelled. First there was the 2524: 2309:) were a series of wars and battles in the 2244:Cities arose and flourished, especially in 1959:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 887:who eventually assimilated into the Celtic 10592: 10578: 10019: 10005: 8888: 8874: 8271:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 8037: 8023: 7762:The Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century 7758:The Revolit of the Netherlands (1555–1609) 7032:A Dutch rhyme forbade intermarriage thus: 6906:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 6684: 5407:Hodges, Richard; David Whitehouse (1983). 5214: 5190: 5188: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 4977: 4910:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 4769:List of prime ministers of the Netherlands 4584:(1893–1962), theoretical and world history 4077: 2868:was a key element of Protestant ideology. 2372:Burgundian and Habsburg period (1433–1567) 1620:and principally to the French province of 1263:. It was also widely known because of its 713:from the Netherlands in 1945, followed by 498: 484: 7958:History of Netherlands: Primary Documents 7649:h-net.org home page, with discussion logs 7283:, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 6512:, Omniglot.com. Retrieved 9 October 2011. 6455: 6189: 5998: 5996: 5694:Jan van Naaldwijk's Chronicles of Holland 5525:de Nijs, T, E. Beukers and J. Bazelmans, 5397: 5327: 5266: 5087: 5058:, Bussum: Fibula-Van Dishoeck, 1969, p. . 4937: 4436:History of the Netherlands (1900–present) 4387:(ARP) in 1879, and headed it until 1905. 4201:1848 Constitutional reform and liberalism 3406:Painting of an account of the arrival of 3126:and a number of Dutch Caribbean islands. 2466:Learn how and when to remove this message 2023:Learn how and when to remove this message 1375:settled there and eventually adopted the 8044: 7909: 7659: 7487:Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar. 1996), pp. 223–229 7369:, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Feb. 1978), pp. 63–93 7304:The Revolt of the Netherlands: 1555–1609 7232:History of the People of the Netherlands 7215:History of the People of the Netherlands 7198:History of the People of the Netherlands 7181:History of the People of the Netherlands 7164:History of the People of the Netherlands 7156:History of the People of the Netherlands 7056: 6982: 6838:"How economics explains Belgium's rifts" 6767: 6485: 6483: 6322: 6019:, New York: Routledge Press, 1987, p. 2. 5649: 5483:, p. 29, Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 5368: 5366: 5309:Frisii en Frisiaevones, 25–08–02 (Dutch) 4876: 4607:The pioneering Dutch cultural historian 4578:, American historian of the Dutch Revolt 4526:Julia Adams, economic and social history 4461: 4453: 4341: 4272: 4212:, painted in Nuenen in December 1884 by 4210:Peasant woman, seated, with a white hood 4204: 4169: 4133: 4036: 3939: 3866: 3776: 3613: 3542: 3491: 3401: 3316: 3236: 3128: 3103:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 2948: 2846:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 2819: 2780:Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba 2540: 2528: 2477: 2285: 2067: 1839:in 873. Rorik died sometime before 882. 1769: 1419: 1284: 1199: 1179:coast and, by the 7th century, south to 1170:is the most closely related language to 1121: 920: 840: 773: 631:developed in Asia and the Americas. The 8266:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 7542: 7499: 7432:The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1555–84 6588:The Pursuit of Glory: Europe, 1648–1815 6558: 6381: 6163: 5988:History of Nations: Holland and Belgium 5980: 5848:Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict 5790:Parliaments, Estates and Representation 5562:"Charlemagne: Court and administration" 5373:MacKay, Angus; David Ditchburn (1997). 5271:, in Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.), 5194: 5185: 5104:, Livius.org. Retrieved 6 October 2011. 5022: 4997: 4398:Flourishing of art, culture and science 3910:(1805–1806) was insufficiently docile. 3532:(Wandering Farmers, later shortened to 2560:(1500–1558) was born and raised in the 2206: 1746:, including the Netherlands, passed to 697:The Netherlands was neutral during the 606:"United Provinces" (or "Dutch Republic) 14: 10977: 7873: 7621: 7587: 7381: 6808: 6779: 6641: 5993: 5961: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5884: 5691: 5595:"Danish Haralds in 9th Century Frisia" 5512:van Eijnatten, J. and F. van Lieburg, 5158:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History 4744:History of religion in the Netherlands 4106: 3379: 2791:Philippe de Montmorency, Count of Horn 2683:In the first wave of the Reformation, 2162: 1301:government in the area collapsed, the 1212:chronologies mention this area as the 332:constituent country within the kingdom 10601:History of current European countries 10573: 10026: 10000: 8869: 8018: 7842: 7773: 7559: 7533: 7135: 6956:Loyen, Reginald; et al. (2003). 6713:from the original on 26 November 2023 6480: 6461: 6415: 6110: 6081: 5844: 5838: 5732: 5665:Vaan, Michiel de (15 December 2017). 5583:Gjallar. Noormannen in de Lage Landen 5363: 5238: 5220: 5176: 4734:Geography of the European Netherlands 4277:Religion in the Netherlands in 1849. 3715:. Through its trading companies, the 3263:. It had many world firsts—the first 3113:. The first forts and settlements in 2352:. But perhaps the most well known is 2199:but it was not until 1289 that Count 2063: 1921:High and Late Middle Ages (1000–1433) 1235:Dorestad was the largest settlement ( 721:), followed by the introduction of a 711:Indonesia proclaimed its independence 7897:A Concise History of The Netherlands 7823: 7730: 7009:J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. 6892:(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1979). 6873: 6678: 6541:. Washington, DC: University Press. 6419:The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729–1758 6295: 5898:A Companion to the Reformation World 5873:A Companion to the Reformation World 5664: 5415:. Cornell University Press. p. 4327:(35% to 40%), together with smaller 4126:government, while the population of 3140:(New York). His provincial capital, 2979:occurred. During this period, Dutch 2910:, which to this day remains part of 2486: 2404:adding citations to reliable sources 2375: 2275: 1972:"Holy Roman Empire" Netherlands 1957:adding citations to reliable sources 1924: 1416:Doubts over archaeological divisions 1103:Netherlands in the Early Middle Ages 10534:History of the Mediterranean region 6422:. Mittal Publications. p. 61. 6335:The Islamic World: Past and Present 5249:, Leiden: Leiden University Press, 5225:, Cambridge: Cambridge University, 5082:Völker zwischen Germanen und Kelten 4774:List of monarchs of the Netherlands 4446:Great Depression in the Netherlands 4366:(1837–1920), a leading politician, 3837:in support of the stadtholder. The 3630:United Provinces of the Netherlands 3390:History of South Africa (1652–1815) 3089:The Dutch West India Company was a 2973:was established, to 1672, when the 2831:, 1600 CE, by Paulus van Hillegaert 1508:became Christians after their king 1492: 1371:The Franks who expanded south into 958:living in the river delta, and the 553:to the south. By 800, the Frankish 24: 7140:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press 6739:(NY: Atlantic Books, 2005), p. 86. 6092:from the original on 19 March 2015 6088:. London: H.K.Lewis & Co Ltd. 5658: 5457:, pp. 6–18, Berghahn Books, 1999. 5353:Walburg Pers, Zutphen, pp. 23–27, 4980:"Essential Wessex: Wessex Culture" 4429: 3964:the Netherlands directly into the 3386:History of Cape Colony before 1806 3111:Dutch colonization of the Americas 2899:Governor-General Alexander Farnese 2655: 2111:and Holland fought for control of 1730:. In acknowledgement of Lothair's 1718:, the eldest son and successor of 1208:In the 7th and 8th centuries, the 25: 10996: 7978:Short survey of the Dutch history 7933: 7543:Bouwsma, William U. (1974), "The 6835: 6468:. J.C. Juta & Co. p. 141 6396:History of World Trade Since 1450 4594: 4175:Shepherdess With a Flock of Sheep 4047:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 4023:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 3901:Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland 3435:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie 2810:The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) 2749: 1850:as his base, they ravaged Ghent, 1819:), both thought to be nephews of 705:, it was invaded and occupied by 676:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 10519:Bibliography of European history 10114:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8897: 7817: 7767: 7750: 7745:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00400.x 7724: 7687: 7653: 7641: 7615: 7527: 7493: 7485:The Journal of Economic History, 7477: 7456: 7424: 7403: 7387: 7319: 7296: 7272: 7248: 7150: 7144: 7129: 7116: 7099: 7083: 7062: 7026: 7016: 7003: 6988: 6949: 6933: 6920: 6895: 6882: 6867: 6855: 6829: 6814: 6773: 6685:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). 6072:(Harvard University Press, 2008) 5480:A History of the French Language 4894:, University of Groningen, 2006. 4234:unrest broke out all over Europe 3944:Administrative divisions of the 3105:and given jurisdiction over the 2380: 1929: 763:, appearing around 5600 BC were 651:". There was growing unrest and 545:in the north and coastal areas, 467: 50: 10544:History of Western civilization 10147:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6742: 6725: 6665: 6656: 6647: 6605: 6578: 6552: 6531: 6515: 6503: 6436: 6409: 6352: 6280: 6263: 6246: 6233: 6210: 6183: 6157: 6131: 6104: 6082:Swart, Koenraad Wolter (1969). 6075: 6062: 6050: 6037: 6031:Journal of Early Modern History 6022: 6009: 5967: 5939: 5890: 5865: 5811: 5782: 5755: 5726: 5713: 5700: 5685: 5643: 5620: 5600: 5587: 5575: 5554: 5549:Geschiedenis van het Nederlands 5541: 5532: 5519: 5514:Nederlandse religiegeschiedenis 5506: 5493: 5468: 5343: 5321: 5302: 5260: 5245:Louwe Kooijmans, L. P. (1974), 5163: 5107: 5074: 5061: 5048: 5017:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 5010: 4714:Demographics of the Netherlands 4541:M. R. Boxell, political history 3254:Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665 3101:(meaning the Caribbean) by the 3065: 2391:needs additional citations for 2354:Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut 2291:Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut 2157:Duke Albrecht of Saxony-Meissen 2123: 1785:; a romantic 1912 depiction by 1765: 1610:, seem to have broken with the 1453:Emergence of the Dutch language 619:. The Dutch Republic practiced 10388:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 10331:Christianity in the modern era 10102:Christianity in late antiquity 6928:Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 6820:Godefroid Kurth, "Belgium" in 6615:(1961). Carsten, F. L. (ed.). 6068:Charles H. Parker, Charles H. 6004:The Rise of the Dutch Republic 5768:. Cambridge U.P. p. 258. 5632:, Boydell & Brewer, 2001. 4971: 4954: 4897: 4863: 4815: 4802: 4547:, Dutch revolt; historiography 4412:Johannes Diderik van der Waals 3919:handed over the Dutch colonies 3191: 2723:Inquisition of the Netherlands 2048:as emperor. The Dutch city of 1524:, and became Frankish allies. 1204:Dorestad and main trade routes 13: 1: 10539:History of the European Union 8291:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 7988:The Netherlands in prehistory 7983:The Canon of the Netherlands. 7624:Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 6585:Tim William Blanning (2007). 6559:KENNARD, MATT (18 May 2023). 6164:KENNARD, MATT (18 May 2023). 6145:(in Dutch). 13 September 2019 5950:The European World: A History 5824:. Cambridge U.P. p. 18. 4764:History of the European Union 4617:The Waning of the Middle Ages 4613:The Autumn of the Middle Ages 4553:(1872–1945), cultural history 4520: 4346:Street in Amsterdam in 1891 ( 3857:Batavian Republic (1795–1806) 3744:War of the Spanish Succession 2932: 2660:During the 16th century, the 2307:Hoekse en Kabeljauwse twisten 2074:Sint-Nicolaaskapel (Nijmegen) 2036:Part of the Holy Roman Empire 1750:and consecutively were named 1568:to the south, resulting in a 1228:, had its centre of power in 998:. Within the delta lived the 846: 751:Prehistory of the Netherlands 67:Prehistory of the Netherlands 7674:10.1080/00309230.2012.709526 7257:History of the Low Countries 7011:History of the Low Countries 6876:History of the Low Countries 6731:C. Cook & J. Stevenson, 6047:(1993) Vol. 63, pp. 195–219. 5818:Martin van Gelderen (2002). 5455:History of the Low Countries 5328:Kortlandt, Frederik (1999). 4930:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103684 4869:Volkskrant 24 August 2007, " 4784:Provinces of the Netherlands 4418:(1853–1928) and his student 4255:William II was succeeded by 3097:for a trade monopoly in the 3023:, protected by the powerful 2916:Catholic Counter-Reformation 2415:"History of the Netherlands" 2338:William VI, Count of Holland 1097:Early Middle Ages (411–1000) 966:"the island of the Batavi" ( 951:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7: 10498:Russian invasion of Ukraine 10109:Crisis of the Third Century 7915:The Low Countries 1780–1940 7341:; William U. Bouwsma, "The 6941:Journal of Economic History 6528:. Retrieved 9 October 2011. 6111:Trouw (21 September 2019). 5597:. Retrieved 9 October 2011. 4978:nick_xylas (1 March 2021). 4789:Netherlands in World War II 4779:Politics of the Netherlands 4696: 4458:Population growth 1900–2000 4450:Netherlands in World War II 3985:hereditary sovereign prince 3975:took over at the helm of a 3908:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck 2858:declaration of independence 2733:, a Calvinist, started the 1534:missionaries, particularly 1107: 684:it left the kingdom in 1830 10: 11001: 10985:History of the Netherlands 10554:Military history of Europe 10549:Maritime history of Europe 8057:Kingdom of the Netherlands 7866: 7845:Acta Historiae Neerlandica 7562:American Historical Review 7359:American Historical Review 7093:, (1998) 34#3 pp. 281–297 7038:Historical Social Research 6308:. CRC Press. p. 151. 6190:Edmundson, George (1911). 5608:Vikingschat van Wieringen" 5131:European History Quarterly 5019:, 15th edition, 22:641–642 4884:De spiegel van Swifterbant 4729:Economy of the Netherlands 4709:Culture of the Netherlands 4442:Netherlands in World War I 4439: 4433: 4357:looking towards Muntplein) 4269:Religion and pillarisation 4110: 4044: 3933: 3924:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 3860: 3843:War of the First Coalition 3752:War of the First Coalition 3748:War of Austrian Succession 3632:, commonly referred to in 3607: 3433:(in the Dutch of the day: 3383: 3226: 3195: 3074: 3027:. The Dutch dominated the 2942: 2936: 2813: 2650:Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 2642:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 2490: 2279: 2210: 2185:Dirk III, Count of Holland 2179:(the region around modern 1557: 1274: 1111: 1100: 1056:Quintus Petillius Cerialis 1030:lived south of the delta. 914: 911:Roman era (57 BC – 410 AD) 826:, found in the grave of a 748: 549:in the northeast, and the 516:Kingdom of the Netherlands 512:history of the Netherlands 436:Inventions and discoveries 379:Whaling in the Netherlands 44:History of the Netherlands 10956: 10908: 10870: 10607: 10524:Genetic history of Europe 10506: 10311: 10127: 10067: 10034: 9861: 9353: 8915: 8834: 8683: 8674: 8637: 8584: 8575: 8419: 8410: 8383:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 8313: 8304: 8127:Development urban centers 8063: 8053: 8003:30 September 2007 at the 7826:Theoretische Geschiedenis 7776:Journal of Modern History 7711:10.1080/13642521003710854 7545:Waning of the Middle Ages 7464:Theoretische Geschiedenis 7444:Gutenberg editions online 7436:Gutenberg editions online 7343:Waning of the Middle Ages 7124:Dutch Pioneers of Science 6753:Journal of Modern History 6406:. 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I, pp. 51–52, 151 5156:Previté-Orton, Charles, 5043:Het verhaal van een taal 4834:Louwe Kooijmans, L.P., " 4795: 4704:Canon of the Netherlands 4385:Anti-Revolutionary Party 4060:Grand Duke of Luxembourg 3754:(1792–1795) against the 3721:Dutch West India Company 3717:Dutch East India Company 3547:An account of the first 3431:Dutch East India Company 3326:Dutch East India Company 3242:Dutch East India Company 3229:Dutch East India Company 3158:Dutch West India Company 3077:Dutch West India Company 2864:from the Spanish king. 2854:Plakkaat van Verlatinghe 2787:Lamoral, Count of Egmont 2620:, as when they pillaged 2525:Habsburg rule from Spain 2511:House of Valois-Burgundy 1469:, Dutch has a number of 1457:The language from which 1251:near the modern town of 1073:identity emerged in the 633:Dutch East India Company 623:and Amsterdam attracted 541:coalesced in the area – 10529:History of Christianity 7399:excerpt and text search 7040:1998 23(1–2): 231–253. 6874:Blom, J. C. H. (1999). 6591:. Penguin. p. 96. 6526:Encyclopædia Britannica 6496:20 October 2013 at the 6287:Ames, Glenn J. (2008). 6203:Encyclopædia Britannica 5792:(1988) 8#2 pp. 101–114. 5762:James D. Tracy (2002). 5696:. Verloren. p. 37. 5692:Levelt, Sjoerd (2011). 5567:Encyclopædia Britannica 5501:De Franken in Nederland 5267:Bazelmans, Jos (2009), 5221:Issar, Arie S. (2003), 4821:Swetchinski, Daniel M. 4246:constitutional monarchy 4078:Constitutional monarchy 3690:Stadtholderless Periods 3596:populated the country. 3328:surrenders to Maharaja 3308:Proto-industrialization 3297:1624–1662 and 1664–1667 3206:History of Saint Martin 2985:scientific developments 2844:in 1579 and formed the 2072:Chapel of St Nicholas ( 1876:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia 1781:conqueror and ruler of 1714:Middle Francia fell to 1214:kingdom of the Frisians 816:Indo-European languages 688:parliamentary democracy 678:" was created with the 10650:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10353:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8730:Decorations and medals 8179:Burgundian Netherlands 7413:1990 105(2): 244–264. 7080:(2000) 23(3): 153–164. 7078:West European Politics 7074:West European Politics 6888:Richard T. Griffiths, 6863:online maps 1830, 1839 6755:(1954) 26#1 pp. 15–35 6565:Declassified Media Ltd 6302:Junie T. Tong (2016). 6170:Declassified Media Ltd 5808:, (1959), pp. 134–136. 5349:Willemsen, A. (2009), 5314:3 October 2011 at the 4691:Frederick John Teggart 4479: 4459: 4358: 4301: 4242:Johan Rudolf Thorbecke 4225: 4185: 4143: 4042: 4027:House of Orange-Nassau 3977:provisional government 3956:, putting his brother 3949: 3917:The exiled stadholder 3892: 3872: 3812:Second Anglo-Dutch War 3786: 3662: 3625: 3551: 3500: 3414: 3350:Dutch occupied Malabar 3345: 3342:Padmanabhapuram Palace 3256: 3170:Second Anglo–Dutch War 3149: 3136:, Director-General of 2962: 2832: 2662:Protestant Reformation 2554: 2538: 2493:Burgundian Netherlands 2483: 2306: 2294: 2088: 1789: 1666: 1436: 1364:until the rise of the 1294: 1205: 1127: 929: 852: 792:Linear Pottery culture 787: 692:constitutional monarch 594:Burgundian Netherlands 537:began, three dominant 474:Netherlands portal 307:Sovereign Principality 160:Burgundian Netherlands 10433:Industrial Revolution 8725:Customs and etiquette 7944:, a scholarly journal 7662:Paedagogica Historica 7502:New England Quarterly 7466:1994 21(3): 257–270. 7450:1962 35(3): 318–336. 7448:New England Quarterly 7430:John Lothrop Motley, 7329:1986 36(Nov): 23–28. 7152:Blok, Petrus Johannes 7136:Adams, Julia (2005), 7091:Comparative Education 6842:www.brusselstimes.com 6836:Times, The Brussels. 6823:Catholic Encyclopedia 6671:Steven C. A. Pincus, 6653:McEvedy (1988), p.46. 6448:12 March 2016 at the 6416:Koshy, M. O. (1989). 6034:(2012) 16#1 pp. 1–22. 6017:The Thirty Years' War 6015:Geoffrey Parker, ed. 6002:John Lathrop Motley, 5973:Diarmaid MacCulloch, 5871:R. Po-chia Hsia, ed. 5845:Kamen, Henry (2005). 5745:Catholic Encyclopedia 4890:10 April 2008 at the 4759:History of Luxembourg 4466:Dutch Prime Minister 4465: 4457: 4440:Further information: 4345: 4325:Roman Catholic Church 4321:Dutch Reformed Church 4314:Dutch Reformed Church 4306:Dutch Reformed Church 4276: 4216:(1853–1890). Born in 4208: 4173: 4137: 4100:Industrial Revolution 4040: 3943: 3870: 3796:First Anglo-Dutch War 3780: 3750:(1744–1748), and the 3617: 3546: 3499:by Aernout Smit, 1683 3495: 3405: 3362:Kingdom of Travancore 3334:Kingdom of Travancore 3320: 3306:During the period of 3283:, where its base was 3240: 3178:Third Anglo-Dutch War 3174:Treaty of Westminster 3132: 2993:overseas colonisation 2952: 2943:Further information: 2823: 2544: 2532: 2481: 2289: 2071: 1901:of Germany liberated 1773: 1638:at least four times. 1560:Frisian-Frankish Wars 1423: 1288: 1247:diverge southeast of 1220:(650–734) under King 1203: 1125: 1058:defeated the rebels. 924: 844: 834:in the north and the 777: 210:Dutch colonial empire 10488:European debt crisis 10483:European integration 10423:Age of Enlightenment 10263:Republic of Florence 8760:Orders of knighthood 8393:World Heritage Sites 8296:Coronavirus pandemic 8286:European debt crisis 8259:Dutch Liberation Day 8184:Habsburg Netherlands 7547:by Johan Huizinga", 7442:(4 vol., 1860–1867) 7393:Jonathan I. Israel, 7361:1964 69(3): 607–630 7349:1974 103(1): 35–43. 7345:by Johan Huizinga." 7313:29 July 2011 at the 6902:Baten, Jörg (2016). 6785:History of Education 6737:Democracy: A history 6662:Taylor (2001), p.259 6522:"Afrikaans language" 6489:Smith, Adam (1776), 6462:Noble, John (1893). 6358:Nanda, J. N (2005). 5613:18 July 2011 at the 5337:University of Leiden 5133:2000 30(4):493–532. 5071:, Kossack & Kuhn 5067:De Laet, Gysseling, 4561:Age of Enlightenment 4530:Petrus Johannes Blok 4392:Pacification of 1917 4181:(1838–1888), of the 4148:revolution in France 4000:Austrian Netherlands 3728:Dutch–Portuguese War 3694:national instability 3600:Afrikaans language. 3366:Travancore-Dutch War 3322:Eustachius De Lannoy 3033:Atlantic slave trade 2866:Religious toleration 2829:Battle of Nieuwpoort 2706:, who initiated the 2630:Southern Netherlands 2618:Habsburg Netherlands 2400:improve this article 2207:Expansion and growth 2083:or Valkhofkapel) in 2042:Dukes of Lotharingia 1953:improve this section 1787:Johannes H. Koekkoek 1467:Weser–Rhine Germanic 1048:Gaius Julius Civilis 899:stretching from the 801:Funnelbeaker culture 621:religious toleration 528:Western Roman Empire 165:Habsburg Netherlands 10871:States with limited 10453:Revolutions of 1848 10383:Early modern France 10164:Anglo-Saxon England 10069:Classical antiquity 8368:Mountains and hills 8219:Batavian Revolution 8199:Spanish Netherlands 8194:Seventeen Provinces 7895:Kennedy, James C. 7764:(2 vol 1936, 1964). 7105:Richard Bionda and 6878:. pp. 297–312. 6770:, pp. 112–133. 6452:9th Madras Regiment 6291:. pp. 102–103. 6227:25 May 2017 at the 5964:, pp. 361–395. 5924:, pp. 374–375. 5499:Blok, D.P. (1974), 5175:(Manuscript VIII), 5100:7 June 2020 at the 5095:"Germania Inferior" 5084:, 1986, pp. 183–212 4922:2022JArSR..46j3684A 4601:John Lothrop Motley 4576:John Lothrop Motley 4470:and U.S. President 4107:Belgium breaks away 3946:First French Empire 3881:French army invaded 3847:Batavian Revolution 3702:Peace of Westphalia 3646:Batavian Revolution 3380:The Dutch in Africa 3210:History of Suriname 3107:African slave trade 2923:Peace of Westphalia 2586:Seventeen Provinces 2535:Seventeen Provinces 2163:The rise of Holland 2046:King Otto the Great 1695:Kingdom of Burgundy 1669:) was an ephemeral 1578:Battle of the Boarn 1516:by the Franks. The 1336:After the death of 805:Vlaardingen culture 761:Swifterbant culture 602:Spanish Netherlands 287:First French Empire 272:Batavian Revolution 175:Spanish Netherlands 170:Seventeen Provinces 10559:Crusading movement 10463:Russian Revolution 10298:Hundred Years' War 10194:Maritime republics 10097:Early Christianity 10087:Hellenistic period 10044:Paleolithic Europe 8619:Telecommunications 8229:Kingdom of Holland 7993:Timeline from 1914 7699:Rethinking History 7590:History and Theory 7367:History and Theory 7013:(1999) pp. 387–403 6994:Corwin, "Holland" 6618:The Dutch Republic 6239:Postma, Johannes, 5977:(2005) pp. 367–372 5952:(1970) pp. 160–161 5875:(2006) pp. 118–134 5721:The Dutch Republic 5708:The Dutch Republic 5706:Israel, Jonathan. 5654:. Sidestone Press. 5593:Baldwin, Stephen, 4882:Raemakers, Daan. " 4858:Spiegel Historiael 4840:Spiegel Historiael 4754:History of Germany 4739:History of Belgium 4590:, economic history 4559:, Dutch Republic, 4480: 4460: 4359: 4302: 4226: 4186: 4144: 4113:Belgian Revolution 4084:enlightened despot 4043: 4015:Congress of Vienna 3954:Kingdom of Holland 3950: 3936:Kingdom of Holland 3893:Bataafse Republiek 3873: 3806:was a raid on the 3787: 3730:(1602–1663), four 3626: 3586:Congress of Vienna 3552: 3501: 3415: 3358:Battle of Colachel 3346: 3338:Battle of Colachel 3257: 3202:History of Curaçao 3150: 3009:West India Company 3005:East India Company 2963: 2833: 2795:William the Silent 2731:William the Silent 2605:Pier Gerlofs Donia 2555: 2539: 2484: 2295: 2218:become tradesmen. 2195:conquered most of 2089: 2064:Political disunity 1790: 1756:Treaty of Meerssen 1643:Carolingian empire 1437: 1295: 1253:Wijk bij Duurstede 1206: 1128: 1065:" in 1619 and the 1044:Batavian rebellion 1042:. This led to the 930: 925:Tribes during the 853: 830:metalworker. The 788: 784:Hilversum cultures 669:Kingdom of Holland 647:, and renamed it " 364:Amsterdam Entrepôt 282:Kingdom of Holland 10972: 10971: 10567: 10566: 10493:COVID-19 pandemic 10438:French Revolution 10413:Habsburg monarchy 10393:Cossack Hetmanate 10373:Portuguese Empire 10363:Absolute monarchy 10358:Thirty Years' War 10253:Holy Roman Empire 10178:Bulgarian Empire 10137:Early Middle Ages 10054:Bronze Age Europe 10028:History of Europe 9994: 9993: 8863: 8862: 8830: 8829: 8670: 8669: 8571: 8570: 8548:Political parties 8484:Foreign relations 8406: 8405: 8276:Same-sex marriage 8224:Batavian Republic 8204:Eighty Years' War 8174:Holy Roman Empire 7928:, Detailed survey 7888:978-0-19-820734-4 7266:978-1-84545-272-8 7023:formally neutral. 6811:, pp. 84–85. 6547:978-0-87840-373-8 6491:Wealth of Nations 6443:http://mod.nic.in 6429:978-81-7099-136-6 6370:978-81-8069-149-2 6345:978-0-19-516520-3 6315:978-1-317-13522-7 5936:, pp. 86–91. 5858:978-0-582-78464-2 5638:978-0-85115-826-6 5547:van der Wal, M., 5463:978-1-84545-272-8 5426:978-0-8014-9262-4 5390:978-0-415-01923-1 5359:978-90-5730-627-3 5291:on 30 August 2017 5284:978-90-8964-078-9 5232:978-0-511-06118-9 5208:978-87-992214-1-7 5172:Panegyrici Latini 5093:Lendering, Jona, 4965:Elp Kümmerkeramik 4749:History of Europe 4724:Dutch East Indies 4687:Arnold J. Toynbee 4672:Arnold J. Toynbee 4484:Dutch East Indies 4284:Roman Catholicism 4142:in September 1830 4091:from the center. 3987:" on 6 December. 3981:William Frederick 3885:Batavian Republic 3877:French Revolution 3863:Batavian Republic 3851:Batavian Republic 3839:French Revolution 3835:Prussian invasion 3820:West-Terschelling 3800:ships of the line 3756:Kingdom of France 3746:(1702–1713), the 3742:(1688–1697), the 3623:Hendrick Avercamp 3508:colony's capital 3450:on 6 April 1652. 3374:Dutch East Indies 3277:Dutch East Indies 3233:Dutch East Indies 3091:chartered company 3025:Dutch States Navy 2997:Eighty Years' War 2872:William of Orange 2850:Act of Abjuration 2838:Thirty Years' War 2816:Eighty Years' War 2735:Eighty Years' War 2507:Holy Roman Empire 2487:Burgundian period 2476: 2475: 2468: 2450: 2311:County of Holland 2299:Hook and Cod Wars 2282:Hook and Cod wars 2276:Hook and Cod Wars 2193:counts of Holland 2169:County of Holland 2033: 2032: 2025: 2007: 1884:Gerolf of Holland 1809:Rorik of Dorestad 1775:Rorik of Dorestad 1760:Holy Roman Empire 1653:in the east, and 1444:in the south and 1289:Expansion of the 1140:Volksverhuizingen 1067:Batavian Republic 940:conquered all of 885:Hallstatt culture 873:Harpstedt culture 836:Hilversum culture 786:in the Bronze Age 769:Ertebølle culture 701:, but during the 665:Batavian Republic 563:Holy Roman Empire 559:Lower Lotharingia 508: 507: 277:Batavian Republic 195:Eighty Years' War 155:Holy Roman Empire 150:Lower Lotharingia 16:(Redirected from 10992: 10909:Dependencies and 10608:Sovereign states 10594: 10587: 10580: 10571: 10570: 10428:Great Divergence 10343:Age of Discovery 10288:Late Middle Ages 10258:High Middle Ages 10169:Byzantine Empire 10152:Christianization 10142:Migration Period 10077:Classical Greece 10049:Neolithic Europe 10021: 10014: 10007: 9998: 9997: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8843: 8681: 8680: 8652:Public transport 8582: 8581: 8417: 8416: 8311: 8310: 8137:Frankish Kingdom 8100:Migration Period 8039: 8032: 8025: 8016: 8015: 7927: 7892: 7875:Israel, Jonathan 7860: 7859: 7840: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7771: 7765: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7695:Broomhall, Susan 7691: 7685: 7684: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7584: 7556: 7539: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7497: 7491: 7481: 7475: 7460: 7454: 7428: 7422: 7407: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7323: 7317: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7226: 7209: 7192: 7175: 7158: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7103: 7097: 7087: 7081: 7068:Arend Lijphart, 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7030: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7001: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6953: 6947: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6899: 6893: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6833: 6827: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6746: 6740: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6682: 6676: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6556: 6550: 6535: 6529: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6459: 6453: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6413: 6407: 6400:John J. 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(Depiction at 3198:History of Aruba 3134:Peter Stuyvesant 3060:Amsterdam Museum 3058:, including the 3029:triangular trade 3001:Franco-Dutch War 2967:Dutch Golden Age 2954:Johannes Vermeer 2939:Dutch Golden Age 2860:of the northern 2842:Union of Utrecht 2804:Council of Trent 2800:Duchess of Parma 2601:Frisian peasants 2503:Phillip the Good 2499:Duke of Burgundy 2471: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2408: 2384: 2376: 2350:Duke of Burgundy 2315:count of Holland 2224:heemraadschappen 2082: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2006: 1965: 1933: 1925: 1829:Charles the Bald 1728:Charles the Bald 1724:Louis the German 1709:Kingdom of Italy 1675:Treaty of Verdun 1661:Middle Francia ( 1528:Hiberno-Scottish 1493:Christianization 1431:missionary from 1425:Saint Willibrord 1136:Migration Period 976:Germanic peoples 968:insula batavorum 851: 848: 824:Wageningen horde 778:Location of the 765:hunter gatherers 703:Second World War 613:Dutch Golden Age 590:Duke of Burgundy 539:Germanic peoples 500: 493: 486: 472: 471: 470: 414:Colonial history 404:Military history 345:Economic history 200:Dutch Golden Age 135:Frankish Kingdom 99:Migration Period 54: 29: 28: 21: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10952: 10910: 10904: 10890:Northern Cyprus 10872: 10866: 10782:North Macedonia 10603: 10598: 10568: 10563: 10502: 10468:Interwar period 10443:Napoleonic Wars 10307: 10278:Mongol invasion 10231:Crown of Aragon 10123: 10063: 10059:Iron Age Europe 10030: 10025: 9995: 9990: 9857: 9349: 8911: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8864: 8859: 8846: 8839: 8826: 8780:Public holidays 8666: 8633: 8567: 8402: 8398:Zuiderzee Works 8300: 8281:Great Recession 8160:Frisian Freedom 8132:Frisian Kingdom 8073:Germanic tribes 8059: 8049: 8043: 8005:Wayback Machine 7936: 7931: 7925: 7911:Kossmann, E. 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In the 3696:and the end of 3674:House of Orange 3658:Estates-General 3612: 3606: 3400: 3384:Main articles: 3382: 3330:Marthanda Varma 3269:megacorporation 3235: 3227:Main articles: 3225: 3212: 3196:Main articles: 3194: 3087: 3075:Main articles: 3073: 3068: 3017:Southern Africa 2947: 2941: 2935: 2818: 2812: 2752: 2658: 2656:The Reformation 2609:Wijard Jelckama 2527: 2495: 2489: 2472: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2409: 2407: 2397: 2385: 2374: 2361:Philip the Good 2346:Philip the Good 2284: 2278: 2215: 2209: 2165: 2155:mercenaries of 2149:Frisian freedom 2126: 2076: 2066: 2038: 2029: 2018: 2012: 2009: 1966: 1964: 1950: 1934: 1923: 1897:. In 920, King 1880:Charles the Fat 1768: 1720:Louis the Pious 1679:Louis the Pious 1574:Frankish Empire 1562: 1556: 1495: 1455: 1418: 1293:from 481 to 870 1283: 1275:Main articles: 1273: 1218:Frisian Kingdom 1120: 1114:Frisian Kingdom 1112:Main articles: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1034:serving in the 984:Pliny the Elder 919: 913: 889:La Tène culture 849: 753: 747: 699:First World War 680:House of Orange 625:Portuguese Jews 526:Empire. As the 504: 468: 466: 461: 460: 422: 399: 391: 390: 389: 388: 347: 337: 336: 302: 292: 291: 267: 257: 256: 190: 180: 179: 130:Frisian Kingdom 125: 117: 116: 72:Germanic tribes 62: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10998: 10988: 10987: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10964:European Union 10960: 10958: 10957:Other entities 10954: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10914: 10912: 10911:other entities 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10876: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10857:United Kingdom 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10670:Czech Republic 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10604: 10597: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10574: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10561: 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10031: 10024: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10001: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 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8530: 8528:Municipalities 8525: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8434:Climate change 8431: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8338:Extreme points 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8246: 8244:United Kingdom 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8209:Dutch Republic 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8162: 8149: 8147:Lower Lorraine 8144: 8142:Middle Francia 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8115: 8102: 8097: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: articles 8042: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8007: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7935: 7934:External links 7932: 7930: 7929: 7923: 7907: 7905:978-0521699174 7893: 7887: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7832:(3): 257–270, 7816: 7788:10.1086/239563 7766: 7749: 7739:(3): 914–934, 7723: 7705:(2): 267–285, 7686: 7668:(6): 840–858, 7652: 7640: 7630:(2): 252–270, 7614: 7568:(3): 607–630, 7526: 7514:10.2307/363823 7508:(3): 318–336, 7492: 7476: 7455: 7434:(2 vol. 1856) 7423: 7402: 7386: 7374: 7318: 7308:online edition 7295: 7289: 7271: 7265: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7227: 7210: 7193: 7176: 7143: 7128: 7115: 7107:Carel Blotkamp 7098: 7082: 7061: 7049: 7025: 7015: 7002: 6987: 6975: 6968: 6948: 6932: 6919: 6912: 6894: 6881: 6866: 6854: 6828: 6813: 6801: 6772: 6760: 6741: 6724: 6697: 6677: 6664: 6655: 6646: 6634: 6627: 6604: 6597: 6577: 6551: 6530: 6514: 6502: 6479: 6454: 6435: 6428: 6408: 6392:Empire, Mughal 6380: 6369: 6351: 6344: 6332:, ed. (2004). 6321: 6314: 6294: 6279: 6277:, 14.2 (2003): 6262: 6245: 6232: 6209: 6198:Chisholm, Hugh 6182: 6156: 6130: 6103: 6074: 6061: 6049: 6036: 6021: 6008: 5992: 5979: 5966: 5954: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5912:, p. 155. 5902: 5889: 5887:, p. 104. 5877: 5864: 5857: 5837: 5830: 5810: 5794: 5781: 5774: 5754: 5725: 5712: 5699: 5684: 5677: 5657: 5642: 5619: 5599: 5586: 5574: 5570:. 15 May 2023. 5553: 5540: 5531: 5518: 5505: 5492: 5467: 5435: 5425: 5396: 5389: 5383:. p. 57. 5362: 5342: 5320: 5301: 5283: 5259: 5237: 5231: 5213: 5207: 5184: 5162: 5146: 5119: 5106: 5086: 5073: 5060: 5054:Butler, J.J., 5047: 5021: 5009: 4996: 4984:Wessex Society 4970: 4953: 4896: 4875: 4862: 4844: 4827: 4814: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4719:Dutch diaspora 4716: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4625:Annales School 4609:Johan Huizinga 4596: 4595:Historiography 4593: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4572:, World War II 4567: 4565:Baruch Spinoza 4554: 4551:Johan Huizinga 4548: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4511:European Union 4434:Main article: 4431: 4428: 4399: 4396: 4364:Abraham Kuyper 4331:(for example, 4287: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4202: 4199: 4167: 4164: 4111:Main article: 4108: 4105: 4079: 4076: 4051:Dutch monarchy 4034: 4031: 4019:King William I 4008:Tsar Alexander 3934:Main article: 3931: 3928: 3861:Main article: 3858: 3855: 3831:Patriottentijd 3824:Dutch Republic 3719:(VOC) and the 3638:Dutch Republic 3634:historiography 3610:Dutch Republic 3608:Main article: 3605: 3602: 3483:Cape Coloureds 3467:King Louis XIV 3381: 3378: 3332:of the Indian 3246:Hugli-Chuchura 3224: 3221: 3193: 3190: 3166:Fort Amsterdam 3162:Atlantic World 3138:New Netherland 3081:New Netherland 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 2971:Dutch Republic 2937:Main article: 2934: 2931: 2825:Prince Maurits 2814:Main article: 2811: 2808: 2751: 2750:Prelude to war 2748: 2657: 2654: 2584:to create the 2537:(Low Germania) 2526: 2523: 2491:Main article: 2488: 2485: 2474: 2473: 2388: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2280:Main article: 2277: 2274: 2211:Main article: 2208: 2205: 2164: 2161: 2125: 2122: 2065: 2062: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 1937: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1823:. Around 850, 1767: 1764: 1655:Middle Francia 1570:series of wars 1558:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1494: 1491: 1454: 1451: 1433:Northumberland 1417: 1414: 1272: 1269: 1195:Greater Frisia 1109: 1106: 1101:Main article: 1098: 1095: 915:Main article: 912: 909: 877:early Frisians 749:Main article: 746: 743: 731:European Union 506: 505: 503: 502: 495: 488: 480: 477: 476: 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 416: 411: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 350: 349: 348: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 317:Modern history 314: 312:United Kingdom 309: 303: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 268: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 249: 248: 247: 230: 207: 197: 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 140:Middle Francia 137: 132: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 101: 96: 91: 74: 69: 63: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10997: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10923:Faroe Islands 10921: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10895:South Ossetia 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10869: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10742:Liechtenstein 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 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8521: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8343:Flood control 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8254:Nazi invasion 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8234:Incorporation 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8114: 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7433: 7427: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7383: 7382:Israel (1995) 7378: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7327:History Today 7322: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302:Pieter Geyl, 7299: 7292: 7290:9789089647924 7286: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7059:, p. 57. 7058: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7019: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6971: 6969:9783790815245 6965: 6961: 6960: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6929: 6923: 6915: 6913:9781107507180 6909: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6885: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6843: 6839: 6832: 6826: 6825:(1907) online 6824: 6817: 6810: 6809:Schama (1972) 6805: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6781:Schama, Simon 6776: 6769: 6764: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6698:90-6109-440-2 6694: 6690: 6689: 6681: 6674: 6668: 6659: 6650: 6643: 6642:Israel (1995) 6638: 6630: 6628:9780521045445 6624: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6613:E.H. Kossmann 6608: 6600: 6598:9780670063208 6594: 6590: 6589: 6581: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6467: 6466: 6458: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6439: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6272: 6269:Markus Vink, 6266: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216:Jaap Jacobs, 6213: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6186: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5962:Israel (1995) 5958: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5934:Israel (1995) 5930: 5923: 5922:Israel (1995) 5918: 5911: 5910:Israel (1995) 5906: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5885:Israel (1995) 5881: 5874: 5868: 5860: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5831:9780521891639 5827: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5775:9780521814317 5771: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5678:9789027264503 5674: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5509: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5489:0-8196-0191-8 5486: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5051: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5000: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668:world history 4665: 4664:Johan de Witt 4661: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4599:The American 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570:Louis De Jong 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536:J. C. H. Blom 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4500:Marshall Plan 4496: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4424:Hugo de Vries 4421: 4420:Pieter Zeeman 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4368:neo-Calvinist 4365: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4293:Protestantism 4285: 4275: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4218:Groot-Zundert 4215: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3966:French empire 3963: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816:Robert Holmes 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3738:(1672–1678), 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682:head of state 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642:confederation 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3364:, during the 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352:, leading to 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3250:Mughal Bengal 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3217: 3216:slave trading 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3142:New Amsterdam 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3085:New Amsterdam 3082: 3078: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3039:Dutch culture 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2862:Low Countries 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768:Low Countries 2765: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2672:forms. Dutch 2671: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2480: 2470: 2467: 2459: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2417: – 2416: 2412: 2411:Find sources: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2389:This article 2387: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340:and Hainaut, 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2219: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2134:Westfriesland 2131: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2027: 2024: 2016: 2013:February 2022 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: – 1973: 1969: 1968:Find sources: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1938:This section 1936: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1798:Low Countries 1795: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1693:, the former 1692: 1689:coast of the 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:Francia media 1664: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1649:in the west, 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1623:Île-de-France 1619: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572:in which the 1571: 1567: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1490: 1489:around 1150. 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:Salian Franks 1460: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1281:Salian Franks 1278: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Roman cavalry 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952: 947: 943: 939: 938:Julius Caesar 935: 928: 923: 918: 908: 906: 902: 898: 897:Nordwestblock 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 843: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 797: 793: 785: 781: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 752: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:welfare state 720: 719:Marshall Plan 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:New Amsterdam 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 588:By 1433, the 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 501: 496: 494: 489: 487: 482: 481: 479: 478: 475: 465: 464: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 441:Flood control 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 421: 417: 415: 412: 409: 405: 402: 401: 395: 394: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 374:Dutch disease 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Dutch guilder 357: 355: 352: 351: 346: 341: 340: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 301: 296: 295: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265:French period 261: 260: 253: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 231: 229: 225: 221: 218: 217: 215: 211: 208: 205: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 189: 184: 183: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 121: 120: 113: 109: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 58: 57: 53: 49: 48: 45: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 18:Dutch history 10900:Transnistria 10862:Vatican City 10776: 10473:World War II 10326:Early modern 10303:Kalmar Union 10174:Papal States 10092:Roman Empire 8805:Coat of arms 8775:Prostitution 8688:Architecture 8629:Trade unions 8609:Polder model 8594:Central bank 8563:Water boards 8489:Human rights 8479:Homelessness 8449:Demographics 8439:Constitution 8249:World War II 8239:Principality 8064: 8055:Part of the 7940: 7914: 7896: 7878: 7848: 7844: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7782:(1): 35–49, 7779: 7775: 7769: 7761: 7760:(1932); and 7757: 7752: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7702: 7698: 7689: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7596:(1): 63–93, 7593: 7589: 7565: 7561: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7535: 7529: 7505: 7501: 7495: 7484: 7479: 7463: 7458: 7447: 7439: 7431: 7426: 7410: 7405: 7394: 7389: 7377: 7366: 7358: 7346: 7342: 7326: 7321: 7303: 7298: 7280: 7274: 7256: 7250: 7231: 7214: 7197: 7180: 7163: 7155: 7146: 7137: 7131: 7123: 7118: 7110: 7101: 7090: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7052: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7018: 7010: 7005: 6996: 6990: 6985:, chapter 5. 6978: 6962:. Springer. 6958: 6951: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6903: 6897: 6889: 6884: 6875: 6869: 6857: 6845:. Retrieved 6841: 6831: 6822: 6816: 6804: 6791:(1): 81–89, 6788: 6784: 6775: 6763: 6752: 6749:Palmer, R.R. 6744: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6717:26 September 6715:. Retrieved 6687: 6680: 6672: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6637: 6617: 6607: 6587: 6580: 6568:. Retrieved 6564: 6554: 6538: 6533: 6525: 6517: 6505: 6470:. Retrieved 6464: 6457: 6438: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6398:, edited by 6395: 6383: 6374: 6360: 6354: 6334: 6324: 6304: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6274: 6265: 6257: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6217: 6212: 6201: 6185: 6173:. Retrieved 6169: 6159: 6147:. Retrieved 6142: 6133: 6121:. Retrieved 6116: 6106: 6094:. Retrieved 6084: 6077: 6069: 6064: 6058:religion map 6052: 6044: 6039: 6029: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6003: 5987: 5982: 5974: 5969: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5905: 5897: 5892: 5880: 5872: 5867: 5847: 5840: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5789: 5784: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5693: 5687: 5667: 5660: 5651: 5645: 5627: 5622: 5602: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5556: 5551:, 1992 , p. 5548: 5543: 5534: 5526: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5500: 5495: 5478: 5470: 5454: 5430: 5410: 5375: 5350: 5345: 5323: 5304: 5293:, retrieved 5289:the original 5273: 5262: 5246: 5240: 5222: 5216: 5197: 5178: 5170: 5165: 5157: 5130: 5114: 5109: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5042: 5016: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4987:. 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653:conflict 649:New York 617:sciences 583:Guelders 543:Frisians 533:and the 456:Religion 451:Heraldry 420:Language 300:Monarchy 237:Americas 204:painting 188:Republic 124:Medieval 104:Frisians 35:a series 33:Part of 10852:Ukraine 10802:Romania 10762:Moldova 10720:Ireland 10715:Iceland 10710:Hungary 10700:Germany 10695:Georgia 10685:Finland 10680:Estonia 10675:Denmark 10660:Croatia 10645:Belgium 10640:Belarus 10630:Austria 10625:Armenia 10620:Andorra 10615:Albania 10348:Baroque 10247:Majorca 10159:Francia 8841:Outline 8795:Symbols 8708:Cuisine 8676:Culture 8647:Cycling 8624:Tourism 8577:Economy 8523:Monarch 8429:Cabinet 8373:Regions 8363:Mammals 8353:Islands 8165:Brabant 8156:Holland 8122:Utrecht 8087:Chamavi 8065:History 7867:Sources 7804:1874563 7610:2504901 7582:1845780 7397:(2011) 7306:(1958) 7109:, eds. 6847:28 June 6570:23 July 6200:(ed.). 6175:23 July 5169:In the 4918:Bibcode 4474:in the 4154:At the 4088:estates 3654:regents 3636:as the 3590:Khoisan 3581:British 3360:by the 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