528:, p. 113, notes that neither Pachymeres nor Gregoras mention any participation by Bekkos in the emperor's campaign of violence, and that, furthermore, the general picture of Bekkos's character furnished by historians and by his own writings makes such participation unlikely. See also Ioannes Anastasiou, Ὁ θρυλούμενος διωγμὸς τῶν ἁγιορειτῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ Μιχαὴλ Η´ Παλαιολόγου καὶ τοῦ Ἰωάννου Βέκκου, in: Ἀθωνικὴ πολιτεία (Thessaloniki, 1963), pp. 207–257; Anastasiou critically examines the claim that Michael and Bekkos descended upon Mt. Athos with a Latin army to persecute the monks; he rejects most of it as pious legend.
254:, Bekkos was elected to replace him. His relationship with the emperor was sometimes stormy; although Michael VIII depended on Bekkos for maintaining his empire's peace with the West, he was annoyed by Bekkos's repeated intercessions on behalf of the poor. Michael was a crafty man, and knew how to make the Patriarch's life miserable by sundry small humiliations, until, in March, 1279, Bekkos quit in disgust, and had to be coaxed back to undertake the job again (August 6, 1279). The final years of Michael VIII's reign were entirely taken up with defending his empire against the threat posed by the Western king
269:, repudiated it. On the day after Christmas, 1282, John Bekkos withdrew to a monastery; the former patriarch, Joseph I, was brought into the city on a stretcher, and a series of councils and public meetings ensued, led by a group of anti-unionist monks. Bekkos, in fear of violent death at the hands of a mob, was induced to sign a formal renunciation of his unionist opinions and of his priesthood (January, 1283), a renunciation which he afterwards disowned as extorted under duress, but which was used against him. After this, Bekkos spent some years under house arrest at a large monastery in
2306:
323:, caused him to change his mind. Much of John XI Bekkos's debate with Gregory II was a debate over the meaning of texts from St. Cyril and other fathers, whose wording (the Spirit "exists from the Son"; the Spirit "fountains forth eternally" from the Son, etc.) Bekkos saw as consistent with the Latin doctrine, while Gregory of Cyprus interpreted such texts as necessarily referring to an eternal
49:
578:, p. 294: "Beccus later declared that he then bowed before the storm because there was no possibility of having a hearing for his defence, but with the firm intention, which he expressed at the time to Metochites, 'as soon as the storm had died down a little of coming into the open before those responsible and the instigators to defend the truth openly.'"
262:
and published many others," defending the union on theological grounds, arguing the compatibility of the Latin doctrine with Greek patristic tradition. The effect of this was further to alienate most of the Greek clergy against him; it was this publishing activity that later served as the explicit grounds for the charges that were laid against him.
474:"He entered on the project of Church union unquestionably from political motives. He achieved it and maintained it for the same ends in spite of opposition. But it seems to me that in the course of his negotiations he became sincerely convinced that it was justified also from the theological point of view." J. Gill,
286:, resigned (1289). Bekkos saw this as vindicating his position. He spent the remaining years of his life in prison in the fortress of St. Gregory, revising his writings, maintaining friendly relations with the Emperor and prominent Byzantine churchmen, but unwilling to give up his unionist opinions; he died in 1297.
457:
Pachymeres, who knew and respected Bekkos though he disagreed with him on matters of theology, provides the basic historical framework for most accounts of Bekkos's life, e.g., the studies by Joseph Gill. See also Manuel
Sotomayor, "El Patriarca Becos, según Jorge Paquimeres (Semblanza histórica),"
261:
Although earlier in his patriarchate Bekkos had promised not to reply to the pamphlets that were being circulated against the ecclesiastical union, by the latter years of
Michael's reign he had changed his mind about this, and began "holding numerous synods, calling all and sundry, and dug up books
369:(Paris, 1976); in it, Bekkos criticizes the foundations of the schism between the Churches on historical grounds alone, pointing out that the Patriarch Photios only chose to launch a campaign against the Latin doctrine after his claim to be rightful Patriarch of Constantinople was rejected by
277:
in
Constantinople, meeting in several sessions from February to August in the year 1285. Although the Council of Blachernae reaffirmed Bekkos's earlier condemnation, in the council's aftermath Bekkos, by a series of writings, succeeded in bringing its dogmatic statement against him (the
397:(PG 141, 613–724): an anthology of patristic texts arranged under thirteen "chapter headings," presenting a connected argument for the compatibility of the Greek and Latin doctrines of the procession of the Holy Spirit; 160 years later, it was instrumental in convincing
507:. On the other hand, Vitalien Laurent notes, with regard to a letter written by Bekkos to Pope John XXI in 1277, that "Byzantine literature in fact knows no other text in which the rights of the Roman pontiff are as solemnly and as explicitly acknowledged" (Laurent,
417:("On his own works") (PG 141, 1019–1028): a short work, but essential for the critical history of Bekkos's texts. In it, Bekkos discusses the principles which governed his revision of his own works in an edition he wrote out by hand while he was in prison.
495:, V.2, §§6–7. Although it has been customary to view Bekkos's change of mind as a "conversion" from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, some recent scholars question this; see esp. Gerhard Richter, "Johannes Bekkos und sein Verhältnis zur römischen Kirche,"
608:
258:, and, in his anxiety to meet this threat, Michael enforced a "reign of terror" against opponents of union; but there is no convincing evidence that John Bekkos ever actively took part in or supported acts of violent persecution.
299:(in Greek, διὰ τοῦ Υἱοῦ). Already in the ninth century, this expression was being pushed in two different directions: Latin writers saw it as implying the Augustinian doctrine that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father
294:
The basis of John Bekkos's quarrel with his contemporaries was a disagreement with them over the implications of a traditional patristic formula, that states that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father
361:, Freiburg, 1864), but even this edition lacks references for Bekkos's many patristic citations. Only a few, short writings of Bekkos's have received modern, critical editions. One of them is his work
273:
in Asia Minor. From there, he began a literary campaign to exonerate himself, and succeeded in having a council called to reexamine his case; it took place at the imperial palace of
383:(PG 141, 15–157): this work summarizes Bekkos's main patristic arguments and rebuts the arguments of four Byzantine critics of Latin Christian theology (Photios, John Phurnes,
230:
in the East. The union policy of
Michael VIII was largely politically motivated, and Bekkos at first opposed it; but, after Michael VIII had had him imprisoned in the
830:
320:
327:
of the Holy Spirit through or from the Son. This thirteenth-century debate has considerable relevance for current-day ecumenical discussions between the
2356:
2341:
40:
265:
The ecclesial union engineered by
Michael VIII was never popular in Byzantium, and, after his death (December 11, 1282), his son and successor,
823:
609:
The
Filioque supporters of the 13th-century John Bekkos and Konstantin Melitiniotes and their relation to Augustin and Thomas Aquinas.
620:"Meanings, Not Words": The Byzantine Apologia in Favour of the Filioque by Patriarch John XI Bekkos of Constantinople (c. 1225-1297)
839:
283:
163:
816:
800:
783:
315:. Bekkos originally agreed with the Photian view, but his reading of the Greek fathers, and of medieval Greek writers like
247:
246:
convinced Bekkos that theological differences between the Greek and Latin
Churches had been exaggerated. After Patriarch
703:
Rom in
Gemeinschaft mit Konstantinopel: Patriarch Johannes XI. Bekkos als Verteidiger der Kirchenunion von Lyon (1274)
1805:
790:
692:
664:
2249:
2202:
2182:
2137:
2047:
2011:
1915:
1880:
1683:
1478:
1283:
2284:
2274:
2212:
2132:
2087:
2082:
2067:
2062:
2037:
1965:
1955:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1820:
1693:
1573:
1238:
1153:
198:. Our knowledge of Bekkos's life is derived from his own writings, from writings of Byzantine historians such as
166:
from June 2, 1275, to
December 26, 1282, and the chief Greek advocate, in Byzantine times, of the reunion of the
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1438:
1393:
1303:
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17:
2279:
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1975:
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1785:
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1453:
1403:
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1383:
1373:
1358:
1278:
1273:
1243:
1173:
1168:
1091:
1046:
234:
for speaking out against it, Bekkos changed his mind (1273); a reading of such Greek church fathers as St.
2269:
2254:
2172:
2092:
2077:
1985:
1910:
1905:
1830:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1725:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1633:
1613:
1563:
1523:
1518:
1458:
1423:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1288:
1228:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1148:
1133:
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1061:
1051:
1016:
995:
308:
808:
2107:
1995:
1875:
1740:
1648:
1628:
1608:
1603:
1583:
1548:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1428:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1298:
1253:
1248:
1203:
1143:
1041:
910:
97:
87:
218:. Bekkos's history is closely bound up with the fortunes of the Union of the Churches declared at the
2032:
1935:
1735:
1443:
1408:
1378:
1363:
1293:
1268:
1218:
1213:
1193:
1138:
1101:
1096:
1076:
950:
880:
684:
Crisis in
Byzantium: The Filioque Controversy in the Patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (1283-1289)
2052:
1623:
1528:
1233:
1021:
990:
915:
900:
227:
211:
69:
1960:
1653:
1263:
1223:
1178:
965:
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940:
774:
720:
388:
328:
194:
of that city, and died in prison in the fortress of St. Gregory near the entrance to the Gulf of
737:
728:
1418:
251:
219:
411:(PG 141, 949–1010): Bekkos's own account of events during the tumultuous synods of early 1283.
2331:
1448:
1026:
975:
960:
945:
935:
925:
895:
890:
885:
550:
See J. Gill, "The Church union of the Council of Lyons (1274) portrayed in Greek documents,"
243:
2336:
1715:
1568:
1413:
1056:
980:
930:
626:
316:
353:, although some still remain unedited. Migne reprints the seventeenth century editions of
8:
2310:
1036:
985:
920:
870:
651:
Barbara Hartmann (1992). "John XI of Constantinople". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.).
402:
384:
311:
onward, saw it as consistent with the view that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father
239:
203:
2222:
1433:
1163:
1071:
970:
905:
865:
207:
2351:
1483:
1348:
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688:
660:
349:
215:
199:
2298:
1840:
1119:
587:
For the date 1297, see especially V. Laurent, "Le date de la mort de Jean Beccos,"
357:; a more reliable re-edition was produced by H. Laemmer in the nineteenth century (
255:
191:
167:
139:
122:
1066:
682:
370:
332:
235:
231:
210:
and others, and from defences of him by supporters of ecclesiastical union like
1706:
1006:
223:
187:
171:
155:
2325:
1855:
715:
266:
856:
444:
The site of Bekkos's place of captivity is mentioned by George Pachymeres,
354:
54:
838:
57:
274:
1086:
851:
636:
Gill, Joseph. "John Beccus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 1275–1282."
398:
195:
653:
875:
748:
365:("On Ecclesiastical Peace"), found in V. Laurent and J. Darrouzès,
304:
427:(PG 141, 337–396): Bekkos's critique of his antagonist Gregory II.
2305:
2235:
687:(Rev. ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
183:
118:
673:
Kotzabassi, Sofia. "The Testament of Patriarch John Bekkos."
344:
270:
48:
282:
of 1285) into such disrepute that its principal author, the
627:
Not an Anthologist: John Bekkos as a Reader of the Fathers.
659:(in German). Vol. 3. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 281–284.
381:
On the Union and Peace of the Churches of Old and New Rome
343:
Most of Bekkos's writings are found in vol. 141 of J.-P.
307:); Greek writers, especially from the time of Patriarch
27:
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1275 to 1282
509:
Les regestes des actes du patriarcat de Constantinople,
376:
Some of Bekkos's most important works are as follows:
250:
abdicated early in 1275 due to his opposition to the
655:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
652:
359:Scriptorum Graeciae orthodoxae bibliotheca selecta
738:V. Laurent, "La date de la mort de Jean Beccos,"
566:The text was incorporated in Gregory of Cyprus's
2323:
650:
53:Earliest known depiction of John Bekkos. From
824:
733:vol. 141 (contains most of Bekkos's writings)
421:Refutation of the 'Tome' of George of Cyprus
831:
817:
746:
520:On Michael's "reign of terror," see Gill,
367:Dossier Grec de l'Union de Lyon, 1273–1277
47:
2357:13th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
2342:13th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
680:
749:"The Testament of Patriarch John Bekkos"
840:Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of
705:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005).
409:Orations I and II On his own Deposition
405:, that the Latin doctrine was orthodox.
14:
2324:
526:Rom in Gemeinschaft mit Konstantinopel
501:Rom in Gemeinschaft mit Konstantinopel
425:Four Books to Constantine Meliteniotes
41:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
812:
645:Byzantium and the Papacy, 1198–1400
574:(1997), pp. 216 f. Cf. also Gill,
476:Byzantium and the Papacy, 1198–1400
24:
601:
499:15 (1990), 167–217, and A. Riebe,
25:
2368:
709:
2304:
795:2 June 1275 – 26 December 1282
681:Papadakis, Aristeides (1997) .
552:Orientalia Christiana Periodica
511:vol. I, fasc. IV , pp. 255 f.).
206:, from writings against him by
775:Eastern Orthodox Church titles
622:(doctoral thesis, Paris 2014).
581:
560:
544:
531:
514:
481:
468:
451:
438:
79:2 June 1275 – 26 December 1282
13:
1:
716:Catholic Encyclopedia Article
159:
134:
112:
2232:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1703:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1116:Patriarchs of Constantinople
647:(New Brunswick, N.J., 1979).
557:(1974), 5–45, esp. pp. 43 f.
222:(1274), a union promoted by
7:
791:Patriarch of Constantinople
541:VI.23 (Bekker ed., p. 481).
338:
164:Patriarch of Constantinople
10:
2373:
1010:(Roman period, 330–451 AD)
747:Kotzabassi, Sofia (2012).
289:
98:Joseph I of Constantinople
88:Joseph I of Constantinople
2293:
2231:
1702:
1115:
1004:
849:
797:
788:
780:
773:
723:Notes on his own writings
607:Alexopoulos, Theodoros. "
570:translated by Papadakis,
497:Byzantinische Forschungen
129:
108:
103:
93:
83:
75:
65:
46:
39:
32:
431:
228:Michael VIII Palaeologus
226:in the West and Emperor
212:Constantine Meliteniotes
182:John Bekkos was born in
70:Church of Constantinople
2311:Christianity portal
539:De Michaele Palaeologo,
446:De Andronico Palaeologo
389:Theophylact of Bulgaria
329:Eastern Orthodox Church
177:
162:1225 – March 1297) was
2238:period, since 1923 AD)
489:De Michaele Palaeologo
460:Estudios Eclesiásticos
423:(PG 141, 863–923) and
220:Second Council of Lyon
186:among the exiles from
2347:Byzantine theologians
1709:period, 1453–1923 AD)
363:De pace ecclesiastica
190:during the period of
1122:period, 451–1453 AD)
524:, pp. 176 f. Riebe,
317:Nicephorus Blemmydes
284:Patriarch Gregory II
2038:Callinicus IV (III)
801:Joseph I Galesiotes
784:Joseph I Galesiotes
742:25 (1926), 316-319.
633:36 (2009), 259–294.
615:68 (2013), 381–395.
572:Crisis in Byzantium
403:Council of Florence
385:Nicholas of Methone
321:Nicetas of Maroneia
248:Joseph I Galesiotes
240:Cyril of Alexandria
204:Nicephorus Gregoras
859:period, 38–330 AD)
701:Riebe, Alexandra.
640:7 (1975), 251–266.
491:, V.15; Gregoras,
158:: Ἰωάννης Βέκκος;
2319:
2318:
2098:Callinicus V (IV)
1067:John I Chrysostom
807:
806:
798:Succeeded by
731:Patrologia Graeca
677:32 (2012), 25–36.
625:Gilbert, Peter. "
613:Studia Patristica
493:Rhomaïke Historia
350:Patrologia Graeca
216:George Metochites
208:Gregory of Cyprus
200:George Pachymeres
145:
144:
133:March 1297 (aged
123:Kingdom of Nicaea
16:(Redirected from
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843:
833:
826:
819:
810:
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781:Preceded by
771:
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594:(1926), 316–319.
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579:
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558:
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529:
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512:
487:See Pachymeres,
485:
479:
472:
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465:(1957), 327–358.
455:
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256:Charles of Anjou
192:Latin occupation
168:Eastern Orthodox
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140:Byzantine Empire
136:
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104:Personal details
51:
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1698:
1419:Constantine III
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1000:
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602:Further reading
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486:
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478:(1979), p. 180.
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469:
456:
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443:
439:
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371:Pope Nicholas I
341:
333:Catholic Church
297:through the Son
292:
252:Council of Lyon
236:Basil the Great
232:Tower of Anemas
180:
138:
125:
116:
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35:
28:
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2203:Neophytus VIII
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2012:Callinicus III
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1284:Constantine II
1281:
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2297:in exile at
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2163:Meletius III
2128:Agathangelus
2118:Anthimus III
2028:Neophytus VI
2006:Jeremias III
1991:Athanasius V
1971:Neophytus IV
1951:Gerasimus II
1946:Dionysius IV
1891:Parthenius I
1846:Neophytus II
1836:Theophanes I
1816:Pachomius II
1796:Dionysius II
1791:Joannicius I
1781:Theoleptus I
1731:Sophronius I
1716:Gennadius II
1674:Euthymius II
1664:Callistus II
1599:Athanasius I
1588:
1579:Germanus III
1559:Methodius II
1499:Theodosius I
1469:Theodotus II
1439:Nicholas III
1394:Sisinnius II
1304:Nicephorus I
1259:Callinicus I
1032:Macedonius I
951:Philadelphus
881:Polycarpus I
789:
760:. Retrieved
756:
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348:
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181:
151:
147:
146:
2337:1297 deaths
2285:Bartholomew
2275:Athenagoras
2245:Gregory VII
2223:Meletius IV
2198:Dionysius V
2188:Joachim III
2168:Anthimus VI
2158:Germanus IV
2148:Anthimus IV
2123:Chrysanthus
2113:Eugenius II
2103:Jeremias IV
2058:Meletius II
2043:Seraphim II
1981:Neophytus V
1976:Gabriel III
1871:Anthimus II
1811:Jeremias II
1776:Pachomius I
1756:Maximus III
1746:Dionysius I
1689:Gregory III
1639:Callistus I
1619:Gerasimus I
1554:Germanus II
1539:Theodore II
1489:Michael III
1474:Neophytus I
1464:Nicholas IV
1389:Nicholas II
1369:Theophylact
1354:Εuthymius I
1324:Methodius I
1309:Theodotus I
1199:Cyriacus II
1134:Gennadius I
1082:Sisinnius I
991:Metrophanes
916:Athenodorus
901:Eleutherius
850:Bishops of
301:and the Son
84:Predecessor
58:Euchologion
34:John Bekkos
2326:Categories
2260:Photius II
2218:Germanus V
2193:Joachim IV
2178:Joachim II
2153:Anthimus V
2143:Gregory VI
2073:Gabriel IV
2023:Seraphim I
2018:Paisius II
2001:Cosmas III
1921:Gabriel II
1866:Gregory IV
1861:Timothy II
1851:Raphael II
1841:Meletius I
1826:Matthew II
1801:Joasaph II
1786:Jeremias I
1766:Maximus IV
1721:Isidore II
1644:Philotheus
1594:Gregory II
1544:Maximus II
1534:Michael IV
1509:Nicetas II
1454:Michael II
1434:Eustratius
1404:Eustathius
1399:Sergius II
1384:Αntony III
1374:Polyeuctus
1359:Stephen II
1349:Nicholas I
1279:Anastasius
1274:Germanus I
1244:Theodore I
1174:Anthimus I
1169:Epiphanius
1092:Maximianus
1047:Demophilus
966:Eugenius I
956:Cyriacus I
941:Olympianus
275:Blachernae
244:Epiphanius
174:Churches.
2280:Demetrius
2270:Maximus V
2255:Basil III
2173:Cyril VII
2093:Gregory V
2078:Procopius
1986:Cyprianus
1911:Paisius I
1906:Cyril III
1831:Gabriel I
1771:Joachim I
1761:Nephon II
1751:Raphael I
1726:Joasaph I
1679:Joseph II
1669:Matthew I
1659:Antony IV
1634:Isidore I
1614:John XIII
1564:Manuel II
1524:George II
1519:Dositheus
1459:Cosmas II
1424:John VIII
1414:Michael I
1344:Antony II
1339:Stephen I
1334:Photios I
1289:Nicetas I
1229:Thomas II
1209:Sergius I
1184:Eutychius
1159:Timothy I
1149:Euphemius
1129:Anatolius
1120:Byzantine
1107:Anatolius
1087:Nestorius
1062:Nectarius
1057:Gregory I
1052:Maximus I
1017:Alexander
996:Alexander
852:Byzantium
753:Βυζαντινά
675:Βυζαντινά
638:Byzantina
576:Byzantium
522:Byzantium
401:, at the
399:Bessarion
395:Epigraphs
196:Nicomedia
94:Successor
76:In office
2352:Filioque
2265:Benjamin
2108:Cyril VI
1996:Cyril IV
1876:Cyril II
1741:Symeon I
1649:Macarius
1629:John XIV
1609:Nephon I
1604:John XII
1584:Joseph I
1569:Arsenius
1549:Μanuel I
1514:Leontius
1504:Basil II
1494:Chariton
1429:Cosmas I
1329:Ignatios
1319:John VII
1314:Antony I
1299:Tarasius
1254:Paul III
1249:George I
1204:Thomas I
1189:John III
1144:Fravitta
1072:Arsacius
1042:Evagrius
1037:Eudoxius
1027:Eusebius
976:Dometius
961:Castinus
946:Marcus I
936:Pertinax
926:Laurence
896:Diogenes
891:Sedecion
886:Plutarch
876:Onesimus
631:Communio
503:(2005),
339:Editions
331:and the
305:Filioque
242:and St.
2236:Turkish
2033:Cyril V
1936:Clement
1856:Cyril I
1736:Mark II
1707:Ottoman
1589:John XI
1444:John IX
1409:Alexius
1379:Βasil I
1364:Tryphon
1294:Paul IV
1269:John VI
1219:Paul II
1214:Pyrrhus
1194:John IV
1164:John II
1139:Acacius
1102:Flavian
1097:Proclus
1077:Atticus
981:Rufinus
931:Alypius
871:Stachys
309:Photios
290:Thought
2299:Nicaea
2053:Samuel
1624:Isaias
1529:John X
1234:John V
1022:Paul I
986:Probus
921:Euzois
866:Andrew
762:9 June
691:
663:
643:Idem,
568:Tomus,
505:passim
238:, St.
184:Nicaea
152:Beccus
150:(also
119:Nicaea
66:Church
1961:James
1654:Nilus
1264:Cyrus
1224:Peter
1179:Menas
971:Titus
906:Felix
857:Roman
448:I.35.
432:Notes
345:Migne
313:alone
280:Tomus
271:Prusa
156:Greek
1484:Luke
764:2020
689:ISBN
661:ISBN
319:and
214:and
202:and
178:Life
170:and
130:Died
115:1225
109:Born
1449:Leo
347:'s
137:72)
2328::
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755:.
751:.
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387:,
373:.
335:.
160:c.
154:;
135:c.
121:,
113:c.
2234:(
2014:)
2010:(
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855:(
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818:v
766:.
697:.
669:.
303:(
20:)
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