John, King of England

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the clergymen unwilling to conduct services, as well as estates linked to Innocent himself; he arrested the illicit concubines that many clerics kept during the period, releasing them only after the payment of fines; he seized the lands of members of the church who had fled England, and he promised protection for those willing to remain loyal to him. In many cases, individual institutions were able to negotiate terms for managing their own properties and keeping the produce of their estates. By 1209 the situation showed no signs of resolution, and Innocent threatened to excommunicate John if he did not acquiesce to Langton's appointment. When this threat failed, Innocent excommunicated the King in November 1209. Although theoretically a significant blow to John's legitimacy, this did not appear to worry the King greatly. Two of John's close allies, Emperor Otto IV and Count

1521:. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had at least five children with mistresses during his first marriage, and two of those mistresses are known to have been noblewomen. John's sexual behaviour after his second marriage is less clear, however. None of his known illegitimate children were born after he remarried, and there is no actual documentary proof of adultery after that point, although John certainly had female friends amongst the court throughout the period. The specific accusations made against John during the baronial revolts are now generally considered to have been invented for the purposes of justifying the revolt; nonetheless, most of John's contemporaries seem to have held a poor opinion of his sexual behaviour. 1525:

Even by the standards of the time, she was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being "downright mean" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly "amicable" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a "mad infatuation" with Isabella, and certainly the King and Queen had conjugal relations between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a "companionable couple" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day.

1969: 900:, who had returned from the crusade in late 1191. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother. Longchamp, who had left England after Walter's intervention, now returned, and argued that he had been wrongly removed as justiciar. John intervened, suppressing Longchamp's claims in return for promises of support from the royal administration, including a reaffirmation of his position as heir to the throne. When Richard still did not return from the crusade, John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost. Richard had in fact been captured shortly before Christmas 1192, while en route to England, by 1892:. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. The Pope benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign. Backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the Church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship. 2383: 800: 1330:

military campaign, which ran counter to the original idea that scutage was an alternative to actual military service. John maximised his right to demand relief payments when estates and castles were inherited, sometimes charging enormous sums, beyond barons' abilities to pay. Building on the successful sale of sheriff appointments in 1194, the King initiated a new round of appointments, with the new incumbents making back their investment through increased fines and penalties, particularly in the forests. Another innovation of Richard's, increased charges levied on widows who wished to remain single, was expanded under John. John continued to sell charters for new towns, including the planned town of

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power in the country. During Richard's rule, John had successfully increased the size of his lands in Ireland, and he continued this policy as king. In 1210 the King crossed into Ireland with a large army to crush a rebellion by the Anglo-Norman lords; he reasserted his control of the country and used a new charter to order compliance with English laws and customs in Ireland. John stopped short of trying to actively enforce this charter on the native Irish kingdoms, but historian David Carpenter suspects that he might have done so, had the baronial conflict in England not intervened. Simmering tensions remained with the native Irish leaders even after John left for England.

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to strengthen his case. John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. He argued that he need not attend Philip's court because of his special status as the Duke of Normandy, who was exempt by feudal tradition from being called to the French court. Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the Duke of Normandy, but as the Count of Poitou, which carried no such special status. When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur—with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself—and began a fresh war against John.

2291: 1725:, but did not intervene in Scotland itself and focused on his continental problems. The two kings maintained a friendly relationship, meeting in 1206 and 1207, until it was rumoured in 1209 that William was intending to ally himself with Philip II of France. John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham, which gave John control of William's daughters and required a payment of £10,000. This effectively crippled William's power north of the border, and by 1212 John had to intervene militarily to support William against his internal rivals. John made no efforts to reinvigorate the Treaty of Falaise, though, and William and his son 711: 1784:. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territories. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the Church being "governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre" and established "its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. After the 1140s, these principles had been largely accepted within the English Church, albeit with an element of concern about centralising authority in Rome. 1220:"; John continued this trend and claimed an "almost imperial status" for himself as ruler. During the 12th century, there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship, and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, and take counsel of the leading members of the realm. There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons. Modern historians remain divided as to whether John had a case of "royal 980:

medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided. With Norman law favouring John as the only surviving son of Henry II and Angevin law favouring Arthur as the only son of Henry's elder son, the matter rapidly became an open conflict. John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster Abbey, backed by his mother, Eleanor. Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of Philip II, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent. With Arthur's army pressing up the

1264:. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords. John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs, and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194, creating a new class of borough coroners. The King worked extremely hard to ensure that this system operated well, through judges he had appointed, by fostering legal specialists and expertise, and by intervening in cases himself. He continued to try relatively minor cases, even during military crises. Viewed positively, 2047: 960: 1901: 1359:

those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. The result was political unrest across the country. John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage, improving its quality and consistency.

1039: 565:. The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. The future of the empire upon Henry's eventual death was not secure: although the custom of 2107: 2487: 1981:

have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support. This was particularly important for John, as a way of pressuring the barons but also as a way of controlling Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that John was escalating the conflict. The King announced his intent to become a crusader, a move which gave him additional political protection under church law.

632: 1193: 2066:. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition. John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales, where Prince Llywelyn was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement. 2208: 1093: 1922:

had any personal stake in the conflict in France, and many of them owed large sums of money to John; the revolt has been characterised as "a rebellion of the king's debtors". Many of John's military household joined the rebels, particularly amongst those that John had appointed to administrative roles across England; their local links and loyalties outweighed their personal loyalty to John. Tension also grew across North Wales, where opposition to the 1211 treaty between John and Llywelyn was turning into open conflict. For some the appointment of

8995: 1837: 1030:; by this treaty, Philip recognised John as the rightful heir to Richard in respect to his French possessions, temporarily abandoning the wider claims of his client, Arthur. John, in turn, abandoned Richard's former policy of containing Philip through alliances with Flanders and Boulogne, and accepted Philip's right as the legitimate feudal overlord of John's lands in France. John's policy earned him the disrespectful title of "John Softsword" from some English chroniclers, who contrasted his behaviour with his more aggressive brother, Richard. 1573: 1379: 912:, in exchange for Philip's support. Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the King finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. John retreated to Normandy, where Richard finally found him later that year. Richard declared that John—despite being 27 years old—was merely "a child who has had evil counsellors" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland. 1179:

Gaillard. In March 1204, Gaillard fell. John's mother Eleanor died the following month. This was not just a personal blow for John, but threatened to unravel the widespread Angevin alliances across the far south of France. Philip moved south around the new defensive line and struck upwards at the heart of the Duchy, now facing little resistance. By August, Philip had taken Normandy and advanced south to occupy Anjou and Poitou as well. John's only remaining possession on the Continent was now the Duchy of Aquitaine.

623:, and was an enthusiastic hunter, even by medieval standards. He liked music, although not songs. John would become a "connoisseur of jewels", building up a large collection, and became famous for his opulent clothes and also, according to French chroniclers, for his fondness for bad wine. As John grew up, he became known for sometimes being "genial, witty, generous and hospitable"; at other moments, he could be jealous, over-sensitive and prone to fits of rage, "biting and gnawing his fingers" in anger. 2098:. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longespée. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north. 1491: 12780: 1856:, had already suffered the same punishment themselves, and the significance of excommunication had been somewhat devalued. John simply tightened his existing measures and accrued significant sums from the income of vacant sees and abbeys. One 1213 estimate, for example, suggested the church had lost an estimated 100,000 marks (equivalent to ~£67,000 at the time) to John. Official figures suggest that around 14% of the annual income from the English church was being appropriated by John. 1000:, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It was difficult for a commander to advance far into fresh territory without having secured his lines of communication by capturing these fortifications, which slowed the progress of any attack. Armies of the period could be formed from either feudal or mercenary forces. Feudal levies could be raised only for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign; mercenary forces, often called 12792: 683:. Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense, Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII. Eleanor, irritated by her husband's persistent interference in Aquitaine, encouraged Richard and Geoffrey to join their brother Henry in Paris. Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at 1766: 2090:, a granddaughter of Henry II. Philip may have provided his son with private support but refused to openly support Louis, who was excommunicated by Innocent for taking part in the war against John. Louis' planned arrival in England presented a significant problem for John, as Louis would bring with him naval vessels and siege engines essential to the rebel cause. Once John contained Alexander in Scotland, he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion. 1117:

the King kept the rebel leaders in such bad conditions that twenty-two of them died. At this time most of the regional nobility were closely linked through kinship, and this behaviour towards their relatives was regarded as unacceptable. William de Roches and others of John's regional allies in Anjou and Brittany deserted him in favour of Philip, and Brittany rose in revolt. John's financial situation was tenuous, once factors such as the comparative military costs of

10330: 1322: 12730: 846:, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the King was on crusade. Richard retained royal control of key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too much military and political power. The King named his four-year-old nephew Arthur as his heir. In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the 1146: 2028:

refused to demobilise their forces or surrender London as agreed. Despite his promises to the contrary, John appealed to Innocent for help, observing that the charter compromised the Pope's rights under the 1213 agreement that had appointed him John's feudal lord. Innocent obliged; he declared the charter "not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust" and excommunicated the rebel barons. The failure of the agreement led rapidly to the

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deliver simple justice; his legal system also applied only to free men, rather than to all of the population. Nonetheless, these changes were popular with many free tenants, who acquired a more reliable legal system that could bypass the barons, against whom such cases were often brought. John's reforms were less popular with the barons themselves, especially as they remained subject to arbitrary and frequently vindictive royal justice.

1284: 12768: 569:, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a 1549:, who was later declared a saint. Financial records show a normal royal household engaged in the usual feasts and pious observances—albeit with many records showing John's offerings to the poor to atone for routinely breaking church rules and guidance. The historian Lewis Warren has argued that the chronicler accounts were subject to considerable bias and the King was "at least conventionally devout", citing his 12820: 1605:

campaigns, creating a more flexible system under which only one knight in ten would actually be mobilised, but would be financially supported by the other nine; knights would serve for an indefinite period. John built up a strong team of engineers for siege warfare and a substantial force of professional crossbowmen. The King was supported by a team of leading barons with military expertise, including

2137:, which would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William Marshal's son 1753:. The King used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers. A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the 2239:. The failed Magna Carta agreement was resuscitated by Marshal's administration and reissued in an edited form in 1217 as a basis for future government. Henry III continued his attempts to reclaim Normandy and Anjou until 1259, but John's continental losses and the consequent growth of Capetian power in the 13th century proved to mark a "turning point in European history". 1944:

deployment of his experienced army. Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longespée, marched south-west from Flanders.

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these posts were increasingly being filled by "new men" from outside the normal ranks of the barons. This intensified under John's rule, with many lesser nobles arriving from the continent to take up positions at court; many were mercenary leaders from Poitou. These men included soldiers who would become infamous in England for their uncivilised behaviour, including

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interpreted as implying that she was having an affair with the King but in this case wished to have sex with her husband instead – thus the humorous fine. An alternative explanation is that she was tired of Hugh being sent away on royal service and the fine was a light-hearted way of convincing John to ensure that her husband remained at court for a night.

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apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl (Isabella of Angoulême was either 12 or 14 at the time of their marriage). On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with her were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.

1882:. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to ~£700 at the time) annually; 700 marks (~£500) for England and 300 marks (~£200) for Ireland, as well as compensation to the Church for any revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the 42: 751:

Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.

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about the threat of a French invasion. Some contemporary chroniclers suggest that in January of that year, Philip II of France had been charged with deposing John on behalf of the papacy, although it appears that the Pope had merely prepared secret letters in case he needed to claim the credit if Philip successfully invaded England.

2180:. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat". 1588:

invasion, the sea-routes to Bordeaux needed to be secured following the loss of the land route to Aquitaine, and his remaining possessions in Aquitaine needed to be secured following the death of his mother, Eleanor, in April 1204. John's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations, advance up the

2187:, he was unable to travel any farther; he died on the night of 18/19 October. Numerous—probably fictitious—accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in 1074:, whose own lands currently provided the key route for royal goods and troops across Aquitaine. Rather than negotiating some form of compensation, John treated Hugh "with contempt"; this resulted in a Lusignan uprising that was promptly crushed by John, who also intervened to suppress Raoul in Normandy. 600:. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest son, with no obvious inheritance, towards a future ecclesiastical career. Eleanor spent the next few years conspiring against Henry and neither parent played a part in John's very early life. John was probably, like his brothers, assigned a 4700:

was a "masterpiece of ingenuity"; Ralph Turner terms his performance as a general "capable"; Lewis Warren places the blame on John's inability to inspire loyalty amongst the local nobles, rather than a simple lack of military skill. Frank McLynn is more damning, describing the military aspects of the

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Angoulême and Limoges were strategically located counties that had traditionally exercised a high degree of autonomy. They formed a key route for communications between Anjou and Gascony. Many of the details surrounding these counties during this period are uncertain and subject to historical debate,

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Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. He appears to

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John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were

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Although John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Goulet treaty

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but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces. As a result, commanders of the period were increasingly drawing on larger numbers of mercenaries.

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in 1945 proposed a "new approach" to understanding the ruler. The use of recorded evidence was combined with an increased scepticism about two of the most colourful chroniclers of John's reign, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris. In many cases, the detail provided by these chroniclers, both writing

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Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the King. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as "the Northerners". The northern barons rarely

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was appointed "keeper of the galleys", effectively John's chief admiral. Wrotham was responsible for fusing John's galleys, the ships of the Cinque Ports and pressed merchant vessels into a single operational fleet. John adopted recent improvements in ship design, including new large transport ships

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to threaten Paris, pin down the French forces and break Philip's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself. Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne—effectively a re-creation

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to marry the Countess in the first place—as a cousin, John could not have legally wedded her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoulême. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with her, and John may have been motivated by desire for an

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into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given

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in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen "a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as "one of the greatest operations in England up to that time". Having regained the south-east John split his forces, sending William Longespée to

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John treated the interdict as "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between the English clergymen who might support John and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of

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to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Arthur killed, with the aim of removing a potential rival and to undermine the rebel forces in Brittany. Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise

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for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. Although the interdict was a burden to much of the population, it did not result in rebellion against John. By 1213, though, John was increasingly worried

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John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred

1689:. The attack was a success, destroying Philip's vessels and any chances of an invasion of England that year. John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what was his final Continental campaign. 1668:

During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern

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The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young—her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage.

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of 1210; much of it was passed on to the Christian debtors of Jewish moneylenders. John created a new tax on income and movable goods in 1207—effectively a version of a modern income tax—that produced £60,000; he created a new set of import and export duties payable directly to the Crown. He found

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John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst

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After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts

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Richard began discussions about a potential alliance with Philip II in Paris during 1187, and the next year Richard gave homage to Philip in exchange for support for a war against Henry. Richard and Philip fought a joint campaign against Henry, and by the summer of 1189 Henry made peace, promising

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John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal

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also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a

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During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that he did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French

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that resulted from John's military campaigns. It was usual at the time for the King to collect taxes in silver, which was then re-minted into new coins; these coins would then be put in barrels and sent to royal castles around the country, to be used to hire mercenaries or to meet other costs. At

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and other privileges. John intensified his efforts to maximise all possible sources of income, to the extent that he has been described as "avaricious, miserly, extortionate and moneyminded". He also used revenue generation as a way of exerting political control over the barons: debts owed to the

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and Henry II, but by the 13th century the volume of administrative work had greatly increased, which put much more pressure on a king who wished to rule in this style. John was in England for much longer periods than his predecessors, which made his rule more personal than that of previous kings,

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at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of

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Interpretations of Magna Carta and the role of the rebel barons in 1215 have been significantly revised: Although the charter's symbolic, constitutional value for later generations is unquestionable, in the context of John's reign, most historians now consider it a failed peace agreement between

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to attack the estates of the northern barons. Both operations were successful and the majority of the remaining rebels were pinned down in London. In January 1216 John marched against Alexander II of Scotland, who had allied himself with the rebel cause. John took back Alexander's possessions in

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Neither John nor the rebel barons seriously attempted to implement the peace accord. The rebel barons suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable to John and that he would challenge the legality of the charter; they packed the baronial council with their own hardliners and

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In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. He was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the

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John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and

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were the senior officials and agents of the King and were essential to his day-to-day rule. Being a member of these inner circles brought huge advantages, as it was easier to gain favours from the King, file lawsuits, marry a wealthy heiress or have one's debts remitted. By the time of Henry II,

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was guarding the eastern flank of Normandy. John attempted a synchronised operation involving land-based and water-borne forces, considered by most historians today to have been imaginative in conception, but overly complex for forces of the period to have carried out successfully. John's relief

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The most notable piece of evidence for any later royal affairs is the famous entry on the fine roll of Christmas 1204 involving Hugh de Neville's wife. This entry notes that de Neville's wife offered the King 200 chickens if she could spend a night with her husband, Hugh. This is conventionally

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creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended for Poitou, and a large fleet with soldiers under his own command intended for Normandy. To achieve this, John reformed the English feudal contribution to his

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The result was a sequence of innovative but unpopular financial measures. John levied scutage payments eleven times in his seventeen years as king, as compared to eleven times in total during the reign of the preceding three monarchs. In many cases these were levied in the absence of any actual

1268:

considers that John discharged "his royal duty of providing justice ... with a zeal and a tirelessness to which the English common law is greatly endebted". Seen more critically, John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees, rather than a desire to

1178:

mercenaries in the central regions had rapidly eaten away his remaining support in this area too, which set the stage for a sudden collapse of Angevin power. John retreated back across the Channel in December, sending orders for the establishment of a fresh defensive line to the west of Chateau

1169:

Opinions vary amongst historians as to the military skill shown by John during this campaign, with most recent historians arguing that his performance was passable, although not impressive. John's situation began to deteriorate rapidly. The eastern border region of Normandy had been extensively

1025:

was persuaded to switch sides from Arthur to John; suddenly the balance seemed to be tipping away from Philip and Arthur in favour of John. Neither side was keen to continue the conflict, and following a papal truce the two leaders met in January 1200 to negotiate possible terms for peace. From

915:

For the remaining years of Richard's reign, John supported his brother on the continent, apparently loyally. Richard's policy on the continent was to attempt to regain through steady, limited campaigns the castles he had lost to Philip II whilst on crusade. He allied himself with the leaders of

869:

The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar,

1698: 979:

rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his heir presumptive in the final years before his death, but the matter was not clear-cut and

4616:

Historians are divided in their use of the terms "Plantagenet" and "Angevin" in regards to Henry II and his sons. Some class Henry II as the first Plantagenet king of England; others refer to Henry, Richard and John as the Angevin dynasty, and consider Henry III to be the first Plantagenet

1532:, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take communion, his blasphemous remarks, and his witty but scandalous jokes about church doctrine, including jokes about the implausibility of the 1959:

in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid him compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October.

1354:, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of 639:

During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. His brother

477:

has summarised the current historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian

1540:

argues that John's early years at Fontevrault, combined with his relatively advanced education, may have turned him against the church. Other historians have been more cautious in interpreting this material, noting that chroniclers also reported his personal interest in the life of

1482:, and one of their sons were imprisoned by John, which resulted in their deaths. De Braose died in exile in 1211, and his grandsons remained in prison until 1218. John's suspicions and jealousies meant that he rarely enjoyed good relationships with even the leading loyalist barons. 882:, returned to England, having been sent by Richard to restore order. John's position was undermined by Walter's relative popularity and by the news that Richard had married whilst in Cyprus, which presented the possibility that Richard would have legitimate children and heirs. 1788:

brought the customary rights of lay rulers such as John over ecclesiastical appointments into question. Pope Innocent was, according to historian Ralph Turner, an "ambitious and aggressive" religious leader, insistent on his rights and responsibilities within the church.

456:

and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Magna Carta was drafted as a peace treaty between John and the barons, and agreed in 1215. However, neither side complied with its conditions and civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by

1720:

in 1174. This had been rescinded by Richard I in exchange for financial compensation in 1189, but the relationship remained uneasy. John began his reign by reasserting his sovereignty over the disputed northern counties. He refused William's request for the earldom of

762:

would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the

2407:, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his "almost superhuman wickedness", whilst James Ramsay blamed John's family background and his cruel personality for his downfall. Historians in the " 2000:. John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons. 1309:. Matters were not helped by Richard's sale of many royal properties in 1189, and taxation played a much smaller role in royal income than in later centuries. English kings had widespread feudal rights which could be used to generate income, including the 1930:

was an important factor, as he was considered an "abrasive foreigner" by many of the barons. The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king;

1656:

Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to

1166:

operation was blocked by Philip's forces, and John turned back to Brittany in an attempt to draw Philip away from eastern Normandy. John successfully devastated much of Brittany, but did not deflect Philip's main thrust into the east of Normandy.

866:, his chancellor. Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove a less than satisfactory partnership. Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence. 1243:

court that travelled around the kingdom, dealing with both local and national matters as he went. John was very active in the administration of England and was involved in every aspect of government. In part he was following in the tradition of

1298:

One of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or

2541:

portrays many of John's negative traits, but adopts a positive interpretation of the King's stand against the Roman Catholic Church, in line with the contemporary views of the Tudor monarchs. By the middle of the 17th century, plays such as

2246:

soon after the King's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children that she had borne to John. Their eldest son, Henry III, ruled as King of England for the majority of the 13th century. Their other son,

1457:, which ultimately resulted in Becket's death. John now had the additional ability to "cripple his vassals" on a significant scale using his new economic and judicial measures, which made the threat of royal anger all the more serious. 687:. Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights, Richard was given Aquitaine back, and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt. 4719:

The degree to which John was a genuine innovator in financial matters, as opposed to simply embracing expediency, has been contested. Frank Barlow, for example, argues that he was exercising a policy of expediency rather than genuine

2455:

notes the current consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general", albeit, as Turner suggests, with "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", including pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty.

2282:, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip—and two or three daughters—Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales. 995:

Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as

767:

by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy,

1665:. After a successful campaign against Alfonso, John headed north again, taking the city of Angers. Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers. 2467:

maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the King's modern reputation amongst historians is "bizarre", and that, as a monarch, John "fails almost all those that can be legitimately set". According to

822:. He set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. John was made 2472:, "The dramatic ambivalence of his personality, the passions that he stirred among his own contemporaries, the very magnitude of his failures, have made him an object of endless fascination to historians and biographers." 2023:

and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the King.

1685:, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. John was forced to postpone his own invasion plans to counter this threat. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of 870:

chancellor and other royal posts, and was happy to be portrayed as an alternative regent, and possibly the next king. Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp, and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the

1133:

suggest that "John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen ... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the

2450:

Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers.

1829:

Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Innocent then placed

2565:, which presented "an almost totally unfavourable picture" of the King; the work drew on 19th-century histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late-19th-century children's writer 472:

Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian

2443:"partisan" factions. There has been increasing debate about the nature of John's Irish policies. Specialists in Irish medieval history, such as Sean Duffy, have challenged the conventional narrative established by 424:

in 1204. He spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. His judicial reforms had a lasting effect on the

2460:, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren, and describes him "one of the worst kings ever to rule England". 1026:

John's perspective, what then followed represented an opportunity to stabilise control over his continental possessions and produce a lasting peace with Philip in Paris. John and Philip negotiated the May 1200

2422:

These historians were often inclined to see John's reign, and his signing of Magna Carta in particular, as a positive step in the constitutional development of England, despite the flaws of the King himself.

2427:, for example, argued that "hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns". 2602:, starting a trend for films to depict John as an "effeminate ... arrogant and cowardly stay-at-home". The character of John acts either to highlight the virtues of King Richard, or contrasts with the 2352:

historians were generally favourably inclined towards the King, focusing on his opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by

2015:, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and 1744:

and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter,

4665:

but it would appear that both the English and French dynasties had been attempting to apply influence and build alliances with the key families in the region for many years before the flash point in 1202.

1401:, his immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the 1216:("force and will"), taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of " 2093:

Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in

397:

in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. He unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against the royal administrators of his brother, King Richard I, while Richard was participating in the

4745:

pledged support against the French Crown. The unblocked ports gave Gascon merchants open access to the English wine market for the first time. The following year, John granted the same exemptions to

908:, who held him for ransom. John seized the opportunity and went to Paris, where he formed an alliance with Philip. He agreed to set aside his wife, Isabella of Gloucester, and marry Philip's sister, 746:

Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from

1170:

cultivated by Philip and his predecessors for several years, whilst Angevin authority in the south had been undermined by Richard's giving away of various key castles some years before. His use of

1453:—royal ill-will. In the Norman period, suffering the King's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards 2329:

writing the main accounts; neither of them were positive about John's performance as king. Much of John's later, negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after his death,

1947:

The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of

2242:

John's first wife, Isabella, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for

1951:, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with John; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to 1757:. John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily. 615:

John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) tall, relatively short, with a "powerful, barrel-chested body" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of

2058:, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful 482:

describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness, and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the

2552:, although based largely on the earlier Elizabethan works, were transferring the role of Protestant champion to the barons and focusing more on the tyrannical aspects of John's behaviour. 4674:

This interpretation has been challenged by John Gillingham, whose minority view is that Richard, unlike John, successfully defended Normandy with a similar level of military resources.

783:. Geoffrey's death brought John slightly closer to the throne of England. The uncertainty about what would happen after Henry's death continued to grow; Richard was keen to join a new 1070:, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interests of the 401:, but he was proclaimed king after Richard died in 1199. He came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace 2302:

provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including

676:

away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance.

2529:

for its source material, offers a more "balanced, dual view of a complex monarch as both a proto-Protestant victim of Rome's machinations and as a weak, selfishly motivated ruler".

1712:

and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced

9249: 2746: 1432:. Many barons perceived the King's household as what Ralph Turner has characterised as a "narrow clique enjoying royal favour at barons' expense" staffed by men of lesser status. 2227:

In the aftermath of John's death, William Marshal was declared the protector of the nine-year-old Henry III. The civil war continued until royalist victories at the battles of

1833:

on England in March 1208, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services, with the exception of baptisms for the young, and confessions and absolutions for the dying.

1054:. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon his wife Isabella, Countess of Gloucester; the King accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary 1681:. The invasion plans for 1212 were postponed because of fresh English baronial unrest about service in Poitou. Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, 648:

was to become the duke of Brittany. At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands, and he was jokingly nicknamed "Lackland" by his father.

2019:. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on 1305:; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from taxation. Revenue from the royal demesne was inflexible and had been diminishing slowly since the 1339: 1373: 2318:. These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign. 874:

with John in control of the city of London, thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive. At this point

11536: 2403:

By the Victorian period in the 19th century, historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality.

1859:

Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the

1460:

John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge him. Numerous barons were subjected to his

12272: 2537: 1821:

messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate,

448:

the following year, a dispute he finally settled in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed because of the French victory over John's allies at the

12237: 2463:

Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults. Popular historian

1867:

Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the

1528:

John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that he was at best impious, or even

1470:, normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which went beyond anything considered acceptable at the time, was that of the powerful 791:

Richard the succession. John initially remained loyal to his father, but changed sides once it appeared that Richard would win. Henry died shortly afterwards.

1351: 12929: 9242: 2739: 604:

whilst he was at Fontevrault, a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household; he was later taught by

1235:

dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice around the kingdom. Thanks to the efforts of men like

1109:

in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the

12379: 1628:

forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the

1252:

The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including

1124:

Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced his freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince

4687:

account can be questioned; as Frank McLynn points out, the Welsh monks appear "curiously well-informed" about the details of the incident in France.

10443: 2499:

Popular representations of John first began to emerge during the Tudor period, mirroring the revisionist histories of the time. The anonymous play

775:

The problems amongst John's wider family continued to grow. His elder brother Geoffrey died during a tournament in 1186, leaving a posthumous son,

1447:

had come to describe the right of the King to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of

9235: 2732: 2627:, set in 1183, commonly present him as an "effete weakling", in this instance contrasted with the more masculine Henry II, or as a tyrant, as in 2086:

The rebel barons responded by inviting Prince Louis of France to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to

1100:; red arrows indicate the movement of John's forces, blue those of Philip II's forces and light blue those of Philip's Breton and Lusignan allies 1347:

that these measures enabled him to raise further resources through the confiscation of the lands of barons who could not pay or refused to pay.

12347: 10246: 8600:

Maley, Willy (2010). "'And bloody England into England gone': Empire, Monarchy, and Nation". In Maley, Willy; Tudeau-Clayton, Margaret (eds.).

8537: 1129:

and was then moved to Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John. The annals of

692: 377:'John without land') because he was not expected to inherit significant lands. He became Henry's favourite child following the failed 12969: 11878: 1313:

system, in which feudal military service was avoided by a cash payment to the King. He derived income from fines, court fees and the sale of

1596:

John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, he recreated a version of Henry II's

691:

succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late

651:

Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of

12914: 699:, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabella. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed 421: 10412: 1606: 1210:

The nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of

1121:

and soldiers were taken into account. While Philip enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage of resources over John.

758:, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope 4790:

These estimates are based on chronicler accounts, the date of Isabella's parents' marriage and on the date of birth of her first child.

2430:

In the 1940s, new interpretations of John's reign began to be published, based on research into documents dating to his reign, such as

2063: 1227:

John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the

885: 408:

When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of

12909: 12371: 10735: 10548: 2268: 1507: 1224:" in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century. 850:

without fear of John seizing power. Richard left political authority in England—the post of justiciar—jointly in the hands of Bishop

1474:, who held lands in Ireland. De Braose was subjected to punitive demands for money, and when he refused to pay a huge sum of 40,000 619:. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed gambling, in particular at 12974: 11747: 1205: 855: 663:, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of 1825:. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the Pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207. 59: 12989: 12949: 12894: 12889: 10879: 10715: 4598: 2011:, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed 12944: 12884: 12879: 12177: 11171: 11078: 10019: 2481: 1471: 1780:, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the King's 1517:

John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in

1435:

This trend for the King to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal

1318:

crown by the King's favoured supporters might be forgiven; collection of those owed by enemies was more stringently enforced.

1113:. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army. 12959: 12537: 12207: 12063: 10977: 10740: 10374: 8931: 8880: 8861: 8829: 8780: 8742: 8660: 8628: 8609: 8590: 8554: 8521: 8462: 8405: 8302: 8208: 8155: 8117: 8098: 8053: 8034: 8013: 7949: 7930: 7911: 7890: 7871: 7852: 7818: 7722: 7693: 7675: 4150: 2138: 1467: 1342:

in medieval England, protected only by the King, were subject to huge taxes; £44,000 was extracted from the community by the

1278: 755: 727: 2379:

in 1632 praised John's "great renown" as a king; he blamed the bias of medieval chroniclers for the King's poor reputation.

1142:, who had also been captured at Mirebeau, was kept imprisoned by John for many years, albeit in relatively good conditions. 12843: 11763: 11755: 11308: 11242: 10688: 10389: 10268: 10137: 4696:

For positive interpretations of John's military skills in the campaign see Kate Norgate, who argues that John's attempt to

4184: 3581: 1593:

of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. All of this would require a great deal of money and soldiers.

735: 4771:

Both the mark and the pound sterling were accountancy terms in this period; a mark was worth around two-thirds of a pound.

12808: 12687: 12141: 11656: 11151: 11141: 10864: 10854: 10700: 1087: 12919: 12446: 12387: 10982: 10538: 10305: 10239: 4804: 4563: 2655: 2571: 2501: 2256: 1511: 344: 237: 4729:

One consequence of this was an expansion of the wine trade with the Continent. In 1203, the citizens and merchants of

2223:

held by the king of England in vassalage from the French crown, Green: other fiefs held on behalf of the French crown

932:

castle, and subsequently managed the defences of Normandy against Philip. The following year, John seized the town of

187: 12567: 12395: 12280: 12249: 12183: 11974: 11921: 10965: 8990: 8963: 8899: 8761: 8481: 8443: 8261: 8227: 8136: 7773: 7741: 1050:

The new peace would last only two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry

11779: 10783: 10394: 10198: 4762:

Medieval financial figures have no easy contemporary equivalent, due to the different role of money in the economy.

4200: 3802: 1567: 826:, was married to the wealthy Isabella of Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of 739: 593: 158: 4646:

also bit and gnawed his fingers; extreme rage is considered by many historians to be a trait of the Angevin kings.

1984:

Letters of support from the Pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at

1228: 608:, a leading English administrator. John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother 12243: 12189: 12111: 11560: 11383: 2786: 2587: 2492: 2519:, in which John attempts to save England from the "evil agents of the Roman Church". By contrast, Shakespeare's 1875: 1138:." Rumours of the manner of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. Arthur's sister, 946:(ill-will) towards John, restored him to the county of Gloucestershire and made him again the Count of Mortain. 12939: 12899: 12864: 12213: 12159: 12087: 11696: 11608: 10874: 2184: 2145: 1139: 780: 127: 8027:

Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction: The Essential Reference to the Great Works and Writers of Adventure Fiction

1992:

as their military leader. This self-proclaimed "Army of God" marched on London, taking the capital as well as

1021:

had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard. The powerful Anjou nobleman

12924: 12656: 12117: 12040: 12022: 11929: 11704: 11576: 11363: 11275: 10844: 10533: 10407: 10384: 10364: 10232: 10073: 4175: 3087: 2667: 1614: 731: 715: 645: 390: 304: 247: 17: 2617:, as a "cowardly, thumbsucking lion". Popular works that depict John beyond the Robin Hood legends, such as 12964: 12694: 12225: 12147: 11568: 10987: 10068: 9909: 9872: 2595: 2543: 2070: 1576:

An early-13th-century drawing by Matthew Paris showing contemporary warfare, including the use of castles,

1239:, this trend towards improved record keeping continued into his reign. Like previous kings, John managed a 928:

to apply pressure on Philip from Germany. In 1195 John successfully conducted a sudden attack and siege of

4697: 4683:

Although all modern biographers of John believe that he had his rival, Arthur, killed, the details of the

1968: 1162: 12979: 12934: 12288: 12171: 12069: 11862: 11787: 11739: 10849: 9634: 9185: 4501: 3809: 2649: 2298:

Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the centuries. Medieval

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During the 20th century, John was normally depicted in fictional books and films alongside Robin Hood.

2121:, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to 776: 452:. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his 227: 8986: 2348:

In the 16th century, political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John.

2129:

and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege at Lincoln and back east to

1153:

in 1204; blue arrows indicate the movement of Philip II's forces and light blue Philip's Breton allies

975:

After Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John,

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describes the path to civil war as "direct, short and unavoidable" following the defeat at Bouvines.

901: 294: 2337:, the latter claiming that John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aid from the 12674: 12462: 12135: 11990: 11664: 11624: 11493: 11416: 11301: 10118: 9715: 9704: 9410: 9266: 9258: 9093: 4800: 4572: 4118: 3565: 2228: 2212: 1777: 1726: 1200:, part of the increasingly sophisticated system of royal governance at the turn of the 13th century 486:, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in 434: 284: 10521: 9219: 9211: 2754:

Norman English and early Plantagenet monarchs and their relationship with rulers of Western Europe

1051: 679:

In 1173 John's elder brothers, backed by Eleanor, rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived

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When Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the

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provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the King's belongings, including the

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David Carpenter provides an accessible summary of Power's argument on the collapse of Normandy.

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John had several mistresses, including one named Suzanne. His known illegitimate children are:

2610: 2362: 2232: 1853: 1817: 1754: 1597: 1421: 1014: 764: 696: 9806: 6191:

Vincent, p. 197, attributing the original idea to a private communication from Sir James Holt.

1425: 787:

and remained concerned that whilst he was away Henry would appoint John his formal successor.

12649: 12438: 12219: 12195: 12099: 11982: 11966: 11814: 11584: 11368: 10912: 10820: 10778: 10725: 10482: 10083: 10062: 10005: 9853: 9763: 9743: 9674: 9612: 9602: 9592: 9471: 9466: 9400: 9395: 8239:

Historians without Hindsight: Coggshall, Diceto and Howden on the Early Years of John's Reign

3165: 3119: 2837: 2603: 2548: 2322: 2290: 1972:

One of four surviving original copies of Magna Carta, agreed by John and the barons in 1215.

1709: 1678: 1533: 1217: 9558: 9310: 9202: 9195: 8110:

Remaking the Middle Ages: The Methods of Cinema and History in Portraying the Medieval World

12874: 12869: 12826: 12642: 12081: 12030: 11905: 11648: 11393: 10832: 10788: 10759: 10730: 10652: 10613: 10528: 10470: 10431: 10379: 10369: 10357: 10255: 10165: 10153: 10148: 10127: 9831: 9778: 9768: 9758: 9731: 9649: 9572: 9506: 9461: 9451: 9445: 9434: 9428: 9378: 9172: 9151: 9129: 9103: 9009: 4538: 4482: 4207: 4159: 4143: 4127: 3827: 2813: 2264: 2165: 2149: 2041: 2029: 1909: 1809: 1805: 1682: 1550: 1495: 1105:

threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by William de Roches, his

1067: 723: 719: 652: 641: 609: 534: 530: 466: 458: 386: 382: 355: 336: 98: 1417: 664: 8: 12733: 12663: 12574: 12478: 12403: 12320: 12231: 12075: 11600: 11294: 11258: 11109: 11059: 11040: 11033: 10997: 10948: 10671: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10625: 10556: 10543: 10450: 10345: 10315: 10297: 10287: 10192: 10142: 9858: 9811: 9753: 9689: 9486: 9476: 9456: 9422: 9227: 4643: 4554: 4134: 3859: 3834: 3818: 3192: 3158: 2691: 2661: 2469: 2326: 2307: 2271:, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel 2260: 2248: 2188: 2111: 1746: 1610: 1503: 1499: 1063: 1027: 971:; the loss of the castle would prove devastating for John's military position in Normandy 897: 879: 875: 684: 550: 510: 402: 372: 351: 324: 265: 242: 139: 47: 8994: 2207: 2069:

John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron

1536:. They commented on the paucity of John's charitable donations to the Church. Historian 1158: 997: 968: 465:

contracted while on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son

12796: 12706: 12553: 12545: 12518: 12486: 11431: 11388: 11250: 11021: 10992: 10972: 10929: 10771: 10683: 10215: 10094: 9895: 9533: 9481: 9405: 8531: 8337: 8329: 8191: 4826: 4529: 3142: 3105: 2820: 2623: 2321:

Reliable accounts of the middle and later parts of John's reign are more limited, with

2303: 2252: 2087: 1989: 1956: 1905: 1750: 1674: 1669:

France's neighbours. By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew

1641: 1395:

John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the

1260: 1245: 1110: 1097: 1055: 1022: 1018: 976: 936:

and led a raiding party within 50 miles (80 km) of Paris, capturing the Bishop of

921: 917: 804: 700: 605: 578: 542: 538: 522: 449: 426: 4737:, which was the principal tax on their exports. In exchange, the regions of Bordeaux, 2382: 2074:

retake the north side of London and East Anglia, whilst John himself headed north via

644:

was to be appointed the count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst his brother

12680: 12560: 12355: 11846: 11771: 11680: 11451: 11156: 11116: 11071: 10887: 10793: 10720: 10647: 10186: 10056: 10040: 10032: 9528: 9341: 9142: 9060: 8959: 8927: 8895: 8876: 8857: 8825: 8808: 8776: 8757: 8738: 8714: 8697: 8656: 8624: 8605: 8586: 8569: 8550: 8517: 8477: 8458: 8439: 8422: 8401: 8371: 8354: 8341: 8298: 8257: 8223: 8204: 8151: 8132: 8113: 8094: 8049: 8030: 8009: 7966: 7945: 7926: 7907: 7886: 7867: 7848: 7814: 7769: 7737: 7718: 7689: 7671: 7200:

Feud, violence, and practice: Essays in medieval studies in honor of Stephen D. White

3619: 3135: 2710: 2424: 2342: 2330: 2272: 2236: 2161: 2160:

John returned west but is said to have lost much of his baggage train along the way.

1871: 1801: 1797: 1769: 1717: 1150: 1125: 925: 859: 597: 546: 526: 518: 430: 320: 211: 9389: 8491:

Jordan, William Chester (1991). "Isabelle d'Angoulême, by the Grace of God, Queen".

12760: 12510: 12363: 12006: 11870: 11838: 11830: 11672: 11373: 10490: 10028: 9846: 9836: 9726: 9699: 9551: 9383: 9303: 9296: 9045: 8500: 8321: 8187: 3899: 3604: 3543: 2521: 2506: 2435: 2311: 2055: 1993: 1923: 1840: 1713: 1043: 1005: 905: 823: 799: 332: 2419:

course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period.

2133:, probably to order further supplies from the continent. In Lynn, John contracted 1378: 1240: 12784: 12635: 11471: 11161: 10924: 10869: 10561: 10280: 10176: 10089: 9841: 9586: 9416: 9368: 9358: 9352: 9163: 9117: 3590: 3112: 2678: 2575:, which in turn established John as the principal villain within the traditional 2515: 2457: 2391: 2367: 2358: 2315: 2279: 1973: 1822: 1800:

and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, but the

1781: 1729:

in turn remained independent kings, supported by, but not owing fealty to, John.

1633: 1625: 1546: 1338:. The King introduced new taxes and extended existing ones. The Jews, who held a 1306: 1254: 871: 710: 704: 514: 479: 453: 445: 437: 417: 394: 363: 316: 260: 114: 55: 2447:, suggesting that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than was previously supposed. 2046: 1736:

Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the

12772: 12592: 12502: 12328: 11426: 11126: 10211: 10110: 10100: 9939: 9826: 9783: 9737: 9522: 9069: 8728: 4734: 4627: 3597: 2714: 2555:

Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir

2532: 2219:

holdings in France. Blue: French royal domains, Yellow: Church lordships, Red:

2216: 2130: 2008: 1948: 1479: 851: 714:

13th-century depiction of Henry II and his legitimate children, left to right:

574: 558: 554: 504: 469:

went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.

429:

system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. His dispute with

328: 4655:

Nonetheless, the treaty did offer Arthur certain protections as John's vassal.

2434:, charters, court documents and similar primary records. Notably, an essay by 2365:

portrayed John as an early Protestant hero, and Foxe included the King in his

959: 12858: 12608: 12296: 10960: 10859: 10310: 8672:

King John: Treachery and Tyranny in Medieval England: The Road to Magna Carta

8375: 7970: 3558: 2618: 2614: 2583: 2412: 2334: 2294:

A self-portrait of Matthew Paris, one of the first historians of John's reign

2059: 2016: 1860: 1741: 1737: 1454: 1383: 1236: 1221: 896:

The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with King

863: 819: 812: 695:

and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of

566: 483: 398: 2259:

became Queen of Scotland on her marriage to Alexander II. Another daughter,

2117:

In September 1216, John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the

1001: 588:, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for 12791: 12600: 11998: 11436: 11421: 11235: 11121: 10705: 9964: 9721: 9084: 8812: 8718: 8504: 4684: 4631: 2591: 2556: 2464: 2452: 2444: 2416: 2404: 2349: 2126: 1868: 1793: 1629: 1618: 1589: 1537: 1475: 1265: 1130: 981: 890: 808: 474: 12779: 9316: 8701: 8573: 8426: 8398:

War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich

8358: 4803:, would later state that he had been betrothed in 1212 to John's daughter 2243: 1895: 1441:("anger and ill-will") and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, 11822: 11446: 11411: 11358: 9969: 9954: 9539: 8201:

Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry, and War in the Twelfth Century

5630:

Holt (1984), p. 94; Turner, p. 94; Bradbury (1998), p. 159; Moss, p. 119.

4746: 4742: 2628: 2599: 2566: 2192: 2012: 1985: 1952: 1722: 1702: 1542: 1429: 1404: 1145: 612:, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills. 584:

Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a

340: 280: 10329: 8653:

Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest

2168:, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into 1096:

John's successful 1202 campaign, which culminated in the victory of the

655:. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of 11795: 11503: 11483: 11441: 11353: 11317: 10224: 9944: 9934: 9924: 9511: 9373: 2576: 2372: 2075: 1932: 1900: 1889: 1650: 1494:

A 13th-century depiction of John and his legitimate children, (l to r)

1092: 839: 759: 620: 487: 75: 8602:

This England, That Shakespeare: New Angles on Englishness and the Bard

8333: 7668:

The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199

2235:

in 1217. Louis gave up his claim to the English throne and signed the

1545:

and his friendships with several senior clerics, most especially with

581:

against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging.

513:, had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard — 11498: 11476: 11403: 11097: 9959: 9929: 9516: 9491: 9135: 9038: 8980: 2510: 2486: 2431: 2386: 2354: 2299: 2177: 2173: 2134: 2122: 2118: 2106: 2080: 2004: 1927: 1813: 1529: 1355: 1331: 1232: 1197: 1106: 1071: 1038: 747: 660: 585: 462: 88: 9997: 9617: 5696:

Norgate (1902), p. 96; Turner, p. 98; Warren, p. 88; McLynn, p. 473.

929: 12057: 11193: 11131: 9949: 9890: 9496: 9321: 8325: 8091:

Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850–1520

7547:

Curren-Aquino (1989a), p. 19; McEachern, p. 329; Bevington, p. 454.

5043: 5041: 4730: 2408: 2169: 1847:, and an important fortification in the final years of John's reign 1808:

claimed the exclusive right to elect the Archbishop. They favoured

1697: 1577: 1572: 1173: 1118: 937: 933: 843: 827: 672: 631: 589: 8732: 8178:

Galbraith, V. H. (1945). "Good and Bad Kings in English History".

7883:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

1836: 1066:, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of 12430: 12304: 9867: 9773: 8127:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1996).

4738: 2561: 2338: 2054:

The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic

2020: 1670: 1658: 1343: 1335: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1192: 784: 413: 409: 331:

and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French

275: 5038: 1640:

available; another 54 vessels were built between 1209 and 1212.

9659: 9607: 9331: 9326: 8822:

Plantagenet Ancestry: a Study in Colonial and Medieval Families

8773:

Playing Robin Hood: the Legend as Performance in Five Centuries

4750: 2782:: Bold borders indicate legitimate children of English monarchs 2590:

shows John committing numerous atrocities and acts of torture.

2196: 1997: 1637: 1581: 1334:, and charters were sold for markets across the kingdom and in 1292: 992:, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two. 985: 964: 847: 835: 668: 616: 570: 562: 5035:

Warren, p. 139; McLynn, p. 78; Danziger and Gillingham, p. 26.

1677:

in Germany, as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and

1490: 1231:

kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the

1033: 343:, a document considered an early step in the evolution of the 12802: 11286: 10050: 9579: 8312:

Hollister, C. Warren (1961). "King John and the Historians".

8286:

John Bale, a study in the minor literature of the Reformation

4807:. Current scholarship considers Alexander's claim unreliable. 2606:, who is usually the "swashbuckling villain" opposing Robin. 2148:, who might have had a claim to the throne of his successor, 1908:

doomed John's plan to retake Normandy in 1214 and led to the

1879: 1686: 1636:

was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large

1601: 1518: 1321: 1288: 1283: 1135: 989: 831: 656: 2713:(bef. 1199 – 1218/1219), whose mother was Hawise, sister of 2141:

and William Longespée, who both returned to John's faction.

1765: 1760: 1382:

King John presenting a church, painted c. 1250–1259 by

1249:

particularly in previously ignored areas such as the north.

1042:

The effigy of Isabella of Angoulême, John's second wife, in

9363: 8547:

A Short Historical Introduction to the Law of Real Property

2278:

By various mistresses, John had eight, possibly nine, sons—

2220: 2095: 2079:

northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards

1988:

in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing

41: 9257: 8288:. Urbana, US: Illinois Studies in Language and Literature. 7942:

King John: England, Magna Carta and the Making of a Tyrant

6588: 6586: 2062:

with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and

1843:

in Kent, one of the many properties owned by the disputed

1374:

List of nobles and magnates of England in the 13th century

1362: 8146:

Fryde, Natalie; Monnet, Pierre; Oexle, Oto, eds. (2002).

6095: 6093: 5055: 5053: 2688:– June 1246), whose mother was Adela, John's first cousin 2609:

An extreme version of this trend can be seen in the 1973

2439:

after John's death, was challenged by modern historians.

2199:

was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.

592:, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister 10267: 8621:

King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England

8583:

The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature

8065:

John and Ireland: the Origins of England's Irish Problem

6137: 6135: 498: 12273:

The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington

7753:

The Revenues of King John and Philip Augustus Revisited

7085:

Turner, p. 192 citing Brown, pp. 10–11; Turner, p. 193.

6583: 4858: 4856: 2701:– February 1237), also known by her Welsh name of Siwan 2538:

The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington

1896:

Failure in France and the First Barons' War (1215–1216)

12701:

The Tales of Robin Hood (former Nottingham attraction)

7830:

Philip Augustus and King John: Personality and History

7448:

Galbraith, pp. 128–130, cited Gillingham (2007), p. 1.

6090: 5050: 1955:. Shortly afterwards, King Philip won the hard-fought 1938: 1553:

and interest in religious scripture and commentaries.

12744: 7766:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225

7396: 7394: 6132: 2183:

John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached

8892:

English Society in the Early Middle Ages (1066–1307)

8581:

Loewenstein, David; Mueller, Janel M., eds. (2002).

8566:

The Maligned Monarch: a Life of King John of England

4853: 2251:, became a noted European leader and ultimately the 1187: 509:

John was born on 24 December 1166. His father, King

12238:

The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood

1963: 988:and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards 940:. In return for this service, Richard withdrew his 635:

John's parents, Henry II and Eleanor, holding court

461:. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of 12380:Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood 8645: 8580: 8351:The Northerners: A Study in the Reign of King John 7790: 7391: 6722: 6720: 6609: 6607: 6371: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6199: 6197: 2639:John and Isabella of Angoulême had five children: 553:. The territories of Henry and Eleanor formed the 7426: 7424: 7370:Holt (1963), p. 19, cited Gillingham (2007) p. 4. 7289:Danziger and Gillinham, p. 271; Huscroft, p. 151. 7125: 7123: 6872: 6870: 6567: 6565: 6510: 6508: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6319: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5881: 5879: 4930: 4928: 2050:John's campaign from September 1215 to March 1216 339:at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of 12856: 10444:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary 8295:A Social and Economic History of Medieval Europe 8150:. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 8145: 7985: 7715:A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film 5345: 5343: 5100: 5098: 5022: 5020: 4974: 4972: 2525:, a relatively anti-Catholic play that draws on 954: 8983:at the official website of the British monarchy 8396:——; Gillingham, John, eds. (1984). 8254:An Illustrated History of Late Medieval England 7798:English Economy in the Early Thirteenth Century 7180:Turner, p. 194; Duncan, p. 267; Warren, p. 253. 6717: 6604: 6366: 6354: 6194: 5867: 5851: 5849: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2707:Geoffrey (died 1205), held the honour of Perche 2631:'s poem for children, "King John's Christmas". 2411:" tradition, focusing on documents such as the 1478:(equivalent to £26,666 at the time), his wife, 573:of the king of France of the rival line of the 319:from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the 12348:Robin of Sherwood: The Touchstones of Rhiannon 8775:. Cranbury, US: University of Delaware Press. 8395: 8390: 8078:John King of England and the King of the Scots 8008:. Cranbury, US: University of Delaware Press. 8003: 7998: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7600: 7598: 7421: 7292: 7276: 7274: 7210: 7208: 7167: 7165: 7146: 7144: 7120: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7045: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7010: 7008: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6928: 6926: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6867: 6804: 6788: 6786: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6644: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6562: 6505: 6473: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6316: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6107: 6105: 6065: 6063: 5938: 5876: 4925: 1692: 1081: 794: 315:(24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was 11879:Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse 11302: 10240: 10013: 9243: 7666:Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000). 7538:Curren-Aquino (1989a), p. 19.; Harris, p. 91. 6541:Carpenter (2004), p. 282; Duffy, pp. 242–243. 5931: 5929: 5927: 5803: 5801: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5647: 5645: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5340: 5095: 5017: 4969: 2740: 2613:, for example, which depicts John, voiced by 707:and replaced him with the ten-year-old John. 12930:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 8131:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 6819:Carpenter (2004), p. 273, after Holt (1961). 6224: 6176: 5846: 5659: 5657: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5521: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5409: 5407: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5333: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5171: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4879: 4877: 2399:, which took a positive view of John's reign 2345:—a story modern historians consider untrue. 2191:in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new 1816:. To complicate matters, the bishops of the 1171: 9810:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 8824:. Salt Lake City: Genealogical Publishing. 8754:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087–1216 7645: 7595: 7271: 7205: 7162: 7141: 7106: 7088: 7040: 7026: 7005: 6962: 6923: 6900: 6888: 6783: 6738: 6683: 6660: 6639: 6625: 6414: 6396: 6334: 6296: 6269: 6153: 6102: 6060: 6039:Turner, pp. 144–145; Church (1999), p. 133. 4891: 4889: 1883: 1461: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1410: 1402: 1396: 1387: 1364: 1211: 1034:Second marriage and consequences, 1200–1202 941: 323:and most of his other French lands to King 11309: 11295: 11222: 10247: 10233: 10020: 10006: 9987:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 9250: 9236: 8993: 8536:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8044:Danziger, Danny; Gillingham, John (2003). 5924: 5798: 5744: 5666: 5642: 5604: 5577: 2747: 2733: 2475: 2064:Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester 1916: 1708:In the late 12th and early 13th centuries 1701:A 13th-century depiction of John with two 1556: 1062:Isabella, however, was already engaged to 949: 577:. Henry had often allied himself with the 40: 10911: 10819: 10736:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 10706:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester 10549:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester 10508: 8545:Lawler, John; Lawler, Gail Gates (2000). 7963:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 7811:Philip Augustus, King of France 1180–1223 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 6885:Carpenter (2004), p. 286; Warren, p. 221. 6855:Turner, pp. 173–174; Holt (1961), p. 100. 6452:Carpenter (2004), p. 277; Duncan, p. 251. 6284:Turner, p. 120; Carpenter (2004), p. 276. 5654: 5537: 5516: 5500: 5488: 5485:Carpenter (2004), p. 264; Turner, p. 100. 5404: 5361: 5328: 5312: 5298: 5239: 5196: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5116: 5071: 4955: 4874: 2415:and Magna Carta, trace a progressive and 2255:in the Holy Roman Empire. Their daughter 2144:In his will, John ordered that his niece 1761:Dispute with the Pope and excommunication 1350:At the start of John's reign there was a 493: 422:collapse of his empire in northern France 10758: 10612: 10469: 10430: 10254: 7734:The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1216 6470:Carpenter (2004), p. 277; Duncan, p. 260 5059:Carpenter (2004), p. 223; Turner, p. 35. 4886: 2485: 2381: 2289: 2263:, was Holy Roman Empress as the wife of 2206: 2105: 2045: 1967: 1899: 1835: 1764: 1740:along the borders, royal territories in 1696: 1607:William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury 1571: 1489: 1377: 1320: 1282: 1206:Government in Norman and Angevin England 1191: 1157:In late 1203, John attempted to relieve 1144: 1091: 1037: 958: 884: 856:William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex 798: 709: 630: 557:, named after Henry's paternal title as 525:— and expanded his empire by conquering 11058: 10947: 10880:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 10716:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant 10670: 10413:William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 10344: 8681:The Norman Exchequer Rolls of King John 8493:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 8222:(2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. 7493:Bradbury (2007), p. 353; Turner, p. 23. 7418:Norgate (1902), p. 286; Ramsay, p. 502. 7379:Warren, p. 7; Gillingham (2007), p. 15. 4883:Fryde, Greenway, Porter and Roy, p. 37. 4599:List of earls in the reign of King John 2769:: Red borders indicate English monarchs 2586:'s role as John in the black-and-white 14: 12857: 11172:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 11079:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 11020: 8948: 8846: 8797: 8686: 8385:The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance 8278: 8244: 8172: 8083: 8070: 7920: 7835: 7803: 7758: 7625: 6753:Bartlett, pp. 404–405; Turner, p. 133. 2482:Cultural depictions of John of England 2035: 1624:John had already begun to improve his 1472:William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber 12208:Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 11524: 11328: 11290: 11221: 11191: 11095: 11057: 11019: 10978:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence 10946: 10910: 10818: 10757: 10741:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent 10669: 10611: 10507: 10468: 10429: 10375:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony 10343: 10266: 10228: 10027: 10001: 9231: 8943:Isabella of Angoulême: John's Jezebel 8916: 8851: 7670:. Harlow: Longman. pp. 256–257. 4571: 4562: 4560: 4553: 4551: 4537: 4535: 4528: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4367: 4327: 4315: 4271: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4215: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4158: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4117: 4029: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3833: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3751: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3645: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3564: 3562: 3557: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3318: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3191: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3095: 3086: 2998: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2888: 2867: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2794: 2723: 1561: 1468:William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1279:Economy of England in the Middle Ages 499:Childhood and the Angevin inheritance 393:against the King. John was appointed 12970:Infectious disease deaths in England 12809: 11243:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 10860:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 10689:Margaret of France, Queen of England 10390:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile 10269:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 8792:King John and the Norman Aristocracy 7683: 7223:Warren, pp. 284–285; Barlow, p. 356. 7198:Tuten, Belle S.; Billado, Tracey L. 6771:Turner, p. 133; Harper-Bill, p. 308. 6657:Turner, p. 128; Harper-Bill, p. 304. 4630:originates with Victorian historian 2125:to separate the rebel-held areas of 1617:and, until he fell from favour, the 1149:Phillip II's successful invasion of 561:and, more specifically, its seat in 12688:Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men 12178:Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham 12142:Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 11657:Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood 11168:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet 11152:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford 11142:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 10865:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 10855:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 10701:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar 8604:. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing. 7991:Curren-Aquino, Deborah T. (1989a). 7980:From Feudalism to Bastard Feudalism 5843:McLynn, p. 366; Hunnisett, pp. 1–3. 4701:campaign as a "disastrous failure". 2704:John (fl. 1201), who became a clerk 2646:(1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) 1939:Failure of the 1214 French campaign 1466:, even including the famous knight 327:, resulting in the collapse of the 24: 12915:English people of Scottish descent 12447:The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood 12388:Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood 12064:Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter 10983:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 10539:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland 10328: 10306:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey 8737:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 8696:. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan. 8370:. London: Historical Association. 8192:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1945.tb00882.x 7904:The Household Knights of King John 7688:. London: Anthem Press. Figure 1. 6493:Carpenter, p. 277; Duncan, p. 264. 5440:Warren, pp. 57–58; Barlow, p. 280. 2572:The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood 2509:martyr", similar to that shown in 2502:The Troublesome Reign of King John 350:John was the youngest son of King 345:constitution of the United Kingdom 70:27 May 1199 – 19 October 1216 25: 13001: 12568:(Everything I Do) I Do It for You 12396:Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown 12281:The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest 12250:Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 12184:Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 11922:The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood 10966:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England 8991:National Portrait Gallery, London 8974: 8623:. Stroud, UK: The History Press. 8400:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 8093:. London: Yale University Press. 7993:Introduction: King John Resurgent 7925:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 7736:. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. 7622:Elliott, pp. 109–110; Seel, p. 7. 7475:Huscroft, p. 174; Barlow, p. 353. 6592:Huscroft, p. 189; Turner, p. 121. 5816:Warren, p. 132; Huscroft, p. 171. 5047:McLynn, p. 78, 94; Turner, p. 30. 5014:Warren, pp. 139–40; McLynn, p. 78 2285: 2152:, never be released from prison. 1772:, who excommunicated John in 1209 1188:Kingship and royal administration 27:King of England from 1199 to 1216 12910:English people of French descent 12835: 12818: 12790: 12778: 12766: 12754: 12729: 12728: 12036:Robin Hood (DC Comics character) 11780:The New Adventures of Robin Hood 10784:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall 10395:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily 8640:Literature and national identity 8476:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 7965:. Vol. 1. London: Cassell. 7659: 7616: 7607: 7586: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7550: 7541: 7532: 7523: 7514: 7505: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7412: 7403: 7382: 7373: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7337: 7328: 7319: 7310: 7301: 7283: 7268:Danziger and Gillingham, p. 270. 7262: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7217: 7192: 7183: 7174: 7153: 7132: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7017: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6953: 6944: 6935: 6914: 6879: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6813: 6795: 6774: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6729: 6708: 6699: 6674: 6651: 6616: 6595: 6574: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6496: 6487: 6464: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6387: 6378: 6287: 6278: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6233: 6215: 6206: 6185: 6173:Turner, p. 166, Vincent, p. 193. 6167: 6144: 6123: 6114: 6099:Huscroft, p. 170; Mason, p. 128. 6081: 6072: 6051: 6042: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5958:Hodgett, p. 57; Johnson, p. 142. 5952: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5858: 5837: 4793: 4784: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4723: 4713: 1964:Pre-war tensions and Magna Carta 1485: 549:and was the former wife of King 174: 159:Isabella, Countess of Gloucester 12975:Children of Henry II of England 12244:Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 12190:Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 12112:Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 11561:Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood 11255:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke 9287:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 8924:King John: England's Evil King? 8694:England Under the Angevin Kings 8256:. Manchester University Press. 7705: 7259:Warren, p. 255; McLynn, p. 460. 7232:Turner, p. 195; Barlow, p. 357. 7189:McLynn, p. 455; Warren, p. 253. 7159:Turner, p. 194; Warren, p. 253. 7067:Turner, p. 191; Barlow, p. 354. 6248:Jordan, cited in Turner, p. 12. 6239:Turner, p. 98; Vincent, p. 196. 6141:Warren, p. 185; Turner, p. 169. 5994:Danziger and Gillingham, p. 44. 5828: 5819: 5810: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5768:Warren, p. 178; Turner, p. 156. 5762: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5633: 5624: 5595: 5568: 5559: 5528: 5479: 5470: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5352: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5230: 5221: 5212: 5187: 5178: 5107: 5062: 5029: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4946: 4937: 4916: 4907: 4704: 4690: 4677: 4668: 4658: 4649: 4637: 4545: 4223: 4166: 3841: 3572: 3149: 3126: 2844: 2787:Family tree of English monarchs 2652:(5 January 1209 – 2 April 1272) 2493:The Life and Death of King John 2155: 1673:, a contender for the crown of 1182: 1088:Normandy campaigns of 1200–1204 199: 188:Isabella, Countess of Angoulême 170: 12990:Medieval governors of Guernsey 12950:Burials at Worcester Cathedral 12895:13th-century dukes of Normandy 12890:12th-century dukes of Normandy 12214:Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 12160:The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 12088:Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 11316: 10875:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke 9284:Monarchs of England until 1603 8894:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. 8856:. Edinburgh University Press. 8646:Loewenstein & Mueller 2002 8585:. Cambridge University Press. 8568:. Garden City, US: Doubleday. 8549:. Washington DC: Beard Books. 8421:. Cambridge University Press. 8129:Handbook of British Chronology 8108:Elliott, Andrew B. R. (2011). 7986:Fryde, Monnet & Oexle 2002 7923:King John: New Interpretations 7906:. Cambridge University Press. 7843:Brown, Reginald Allen (1989). 7791:Loewenstein & Mueller 2002 6762:Turner, p. 133; Lloyd, p. 213. 6550:Carpenter (2004), pp. 282–283. 6532:Carpenter (2004), pp. 280–281. 6523:Carpenter (2004), pp. 278–279. 6384:Turner, p. 106; Warren, p. 123 6129:Warren, p. 184; Turner, p. 23. 5723:Carpenter (2004), pp. 264–265. 5401:Barlow, p. 305; Turner, p. 48. 4913:Barlow, p. 275; Warren, p. 23. 4898: 4865: 4844: 4819: 4620: 4610: 2185:Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire 2003:John met the rebel leaders at 1716:to swear fealty to him at the 1291:, amongst the first struck in 128:Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire 13: 1: 12885:13th-century English monarchs 12880:12th-century English monarchs 12657:The Bandit of Sherwood Forest 12118:The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 12041:Robin Hood (Disney character) 11930:Maid Marian and Her Merry Men 11705:Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves 11577:The Bandit of Sherwood Forest 11364:The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 11096: 11004:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde 10534:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall 10408:Geoffrey (archbishop of York) 10385:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 10365:William IX, Count of Poitiers 8926:. Stroud, UK: History Press. 8873:King John: An Underrated King 8148:Die Gegenwart des Feudalismus 8046:1215: The Year of Magna Carta 7686:King John: An Underrated King 5236:Barlow, p. 293; Warren p. 39. 5184:Turner, p. 39; Warren, p. 38. 4987:Turner, p. 31; Warren, p. 26. 4850:Norgate (1902), pp. 1–2. 4813: 2695: 2682: 2668:Eleanor, Countess of Pembroke 2658:(22 July 1210 – 4 March 1238) 955:Accession to the throne, 1199 626: 537:, who had a tenuous claim to 335:during the 13th century. The 305:Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine 248:Eleanor, Countess of Pembroke 12960:13th-century peers of France 12372:The Adventures of Robin Hood 12148:Robin Hood and the Scotchman 12010:(2016 Philippines TV series) 11748:The Adventures of Robin Hood 11569:The Adventures of Robin Hood 11329: 11192: 10988:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 8890:Stenton, Doris Mary (1976). 8820:Richardson, Douglas (2004). 8803:Ramsay, James Henry (1903). 8516:(in French). Paris, Perrin. 8512:Lachaud, Frédérique (2018). 8252:Given-Wilson, Chris (1996). 8112:. Jefferson, US: McFarland. 7847:. London: English Heritage. 2662:Isabella, Holy Roman Empress 1568:Anglo-French War (1202–1214) 243:Isabella, Holy Roman Empress 7: 12412:Hood: Outlaws & Legends 12172:Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale 12070:Rose the Red and White Lily 9894:British monarchs after the 8756:. Oxford University Press. 8353:. Oxford University Press. 8349:Holt, James Clarke (1961). 8297:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 8273:John and the Church of Rome 8203:. London: Hambledon Press. 8029:. New York: Facts on File. 8006:King John: New Perspectives 7961:Churchill, Winston (1958). 7902:Church, Stephen D. (1999). 7866:. London: Hambledon Press. 7768:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4592: 2650:Richard, King of the Romans 1845:archbishopric of Canterbury 1693:Scotland, Ireland and Wales 1082:Loss of Normandy, 1202–1204 795:Richard's reign (1189–1199) 233:Richard, King of the Romans 10: 13006: 12945:People of the Barons' Wars 11641:A Challenge for Robin Hood 11617:The Men of Sherwood Forest 10326: 8941:Vincent, Nicholas (2007). 8839:Rowlands, Ifor W. (2007). 8674:. New York: Pegasus Books. 8638:McEachern, Claire (2002). 8474:Vintage: The Story of Wine 8434:Huscroft, Richard (2005). 8391:Holt & Gillingham 1984 8314:Journal of British Studies 8089:Dyer, Christopher (2009). 7785:Literature and the theatre 7502:Gillingham (2001), p. 125. 5565:Vincent, pp. 168–182. 2862:Saint Margaret of Scotland 2784: 2644:Henry III, King of England 2479: 2377:Historie of Great Britaine 2039: 1904:The French victory at the 1565: 1371: 1276: 1272: 1203: 1085: 502: 228:Henry III, King of England 217: 12920:High sheriffs of Somerset 12724: 12627: 12584: 12529: 12495:In the Shadow of Midnight 12422: 12339: 12264: 12256:A True Tale of Robin Hood 12226:Robin Hood's Golden Prize 12202:Robin Hood and the Bishop 12154:Robin Hood and the Ranger 12130:Robin Hood and the Tinker 12124:Robin Hood and the Tanner 12106:Robin Hood and the Potter 12049: 12021: 11948: 11938:Robin Hood: Men in Tights 11897: 11806: 11731: 11633:The Triumph of Robin Hood 11593:Rogues of Sherwood Forest 11544: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11520: 11464: 11402: 11346: 11339: 11335: 11324: 11271: 11230: 11217: 11200: 11187: 11147:Anne of York, Lady Howard 11104: 11091: 11066: 11053: 11028: 11015: 10955: 10942: 10919: 10906: 10827: 10814: 10766: 10753: 10711:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 10678: 10665: 10620: 10607: 10516: 10503: 10477: 10464: 10438: 10425: 10352: 10339: 10293:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 10275: 10262: 10208: 10175: 10126: 10109: 10039: 9982: 9905: 9889: 9885: 9822: 9805: 9801: 9278: 9274: 9216: 9200: 9192: 9177: 9161: 9140: 9126: 9115: 9110: 9100: 9091: 9076: 9067: 9052: 9043: 9035: 9030: 9003: 8954:Warren, W. Lewis (1991). 8922:Turner, Ralph V. (2009). 8655:. London: Vintage Books. 8436:Ruling England, 1042–1217 8417:Hunnisett, R. F. (1961). 8284:Harris, Jesse W. (1940). 8199:Gillingham, John (1994). 8076:Duncan, A. A. M. (2007). 8048:. London: Coronet Books. 7862:Carpenter, David (1996). 7783:Bevington, David (2002). 7764:Bartlett, Robert (2000). 7352:Carpenter (2004), p. 328. 7334:Carpenter (2004), p. 306. 7325:Carpenter (2004), p. 344. 7316:Carpenter (1996), p. 223. 7298:Carpenter (2004), p. 270. 7002:Turner, pp. 184–185. 6876:Carpenter (2004), p. 286. 6846:Carpenter (2004), p. 287. 6735:Harper-Bill, pp. 304–305. 6571:Carpenter (2004), p. 284. 6559:Carpenter (2004), p. 283. 6514:Carpenter (2004), p. 278. 6484:Carpenter (2004), p. 277. 6443:Carpenter (2004), p. 255. 6434:Carpenter (2004), p. 224. 6293:Warren, pp. 171–172. 5949:Carpenter (2004), p. 272. 5885:Carpenter (2004), p. 273. 5639:Gillingham (1994), p. 76. 5392:Carpenter (2004), p. 264. 5113:Carpenter (2004), p. 243. 5104:Carpenter (2004), p. 223. 4584: 4582: 4569: 4490: 4459: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4373: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4243: 4231: 4229: 4204: 4188: 4131: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3953: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3919: 3909: 3831: 3824: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3601: 3587: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3486: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3432: 3430: 3414: 3412: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3200: 3155: 3102: 3093: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3006: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2962: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2908: 2904: 2892: 2890: 2880: 2865: 2817: 2810: 2505:portrayed the King as a " 2267:. The youngest daughter, 2202: 902:Duke Leopold V of Austria 779:, and an elder daughter, 681:rebellion of 1173 to 1174 300: 295:Henry II, King of England 290: 274: 210: 147: 134: 125:19 October 1216 (aged 49) 121: 108: 104: 94: 84: 74: 66: 54: 39: 34: 12675:Robin Hood Morality Test 12463:The Once and Future King 12136:Robin Hood Newly Revived 12002:(2008 Chinese TV series) 11764:The Legend of Robin Hood 11756:The Legend of Robin Hood 11689:O Mistério de Robin Hood 11665:The Arrows of Robin Hood 11625:Sword of Sherwood Forest 8909:Tulloch, Graham (1988). 8875:. London: Anthem Press. 8871:Seel, Graham E. (2012). 8807:. London: Sonnenschein. 8453:Inwood, Stephen (1998). 8293:Hodgett, Gerald (2006). 8167:King John and the Empire 8004:—— (1989b). 7684:Seel, Graham E. (2012). 7511:Bradbury (2007), p. 361. 7430:Dyer, p. 4; Coss, p. 81. 7409:Gillingham (2007), p. 4. 7361:Gillingham (2007), p. 2. 5903:Lawler and Lawler, p. 6. 4862:Bradbury (2007), p. 353. 4801:Alexander II of Scotland 4698:relieve Château Gaillard 4604: 2664:(1214 – 1 December 1241) 2634: 2621:'s play and later film, 2101: 1778:Archbishop of Canterbury 1727:Alexander II of Scotland 1325:A silver King John penny 435:Archbishop of Canterbury 12471:The Outlaws of Sherwood 12455:Bows against the Barons 12094:Robin Hood and the Monk 11914:When Things Were Rotten 11609:The Story of Robin Hood 10840:Edward the Black Prince 8752:Poole, Stephen (1993). 8709:—— (1902). 8438:. Harlow, UK: Pearson. 8383:—— (1984). 8366:—— (1963). 8237:—— (2007). 8218:—— (2001). 8165:Fryde, Natalie (2007). 7940:—— (2015). 7921:—— (2007). 7881:—— (2004). 7828:—— (2007). 4904:Norgate (1887), p. 169. 4733:were exempted from the 2656:Joan, Queen of Scotland 2559:'s historical romance, 2476:Popular representations 2083:over a ten-day period. 1917:Tensions and discontent 1663:Alfonso VIII of Castile 1557:Later reign (1204–1214) 1352:sudden change in prices 950:Early reign (1199–1204) 904:and was handed over to 442:Papal interdict of 1208 420:nobles resulted in the 367: 238:Joan, Queen of Scotland 11224:Richard III of England 10333: 9005:John, King of England 8987:Portraits of King John 8852:Scott, Walter (1998). 8790:Power, Daniel (2007). 8734:The Reign of King John 8692:Norgate, Kate (1887). 8651:McLynn, Frank (2007). 8505:10.3406/rbph.1991.3798 8472:Johnson, Hugh (1989). 8025:D'Amassa, Don (2009). 7864:The Reign of Henry III 7845:Rochester Castle: Kent 7809:Bradbury, Jim (1998). 7796:Bolton, J. K. (2007). 7751:Barrett, Nick (2007). 7732:Barlow, Frank (1999). 7076:Rowlands, pp. 286–287. 6837:Rowlands, pp. 284–285. 6828:Church (1999), p. 154. 5467:Huscroft, pp. 169–170. 2670:(1215 – 13 April 1275) 2611:Disney cartoon version 2496: 2400: 2295: 2224: 2114: 2051: 1977: 1913: 1884: 1854:Raymond VI of Toulouse 1848: 1818:province of Canterbury 1773: 1755:Welsh uprising of 1211 1749:, to the Welsh prince 1705: 1598:Assize of Arms of 1181 1584: 1514: 1462: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1411: 1403: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1365: 1326: 1295: 1212: 1201: 1172: 1154: 1101: 1047: 1015:Baldwin IX of Flanders 972: 942: 893: 815: 756:first visit to Ireland 754:In 1185 John made his 743: 697:Isabella of Gloucester 636: 494:Early life (1166–1189) 459:Prince Louis of France 12940:Robin Hood characters 12900:Deaths from dysentery 12865:John, King of England 12805:John, King of England 12650:The Son of Robin Hood 12617:The Outlaw Chronicles 12308:(1965 musical parody) 12292:(1890 De Koven opera) 12276:(1598 and 1601 plays) 12196:Little John a Begging 11983:Nyayam Meere Cheppali 11975:Naan Sigappu Manithan 11967:Robin and the 7 Hoods 11815:Robin Hood Makes Good 11585:The Prince of Thieves 11494:St Mary's Abbey, York 11417:Much the Miller's Son 11369:Sheriff of Nottingham 10913:Richard II of England 10821:Edward III of England 10779:Edward III of England 10726:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan 10522:Isabella of Angoulême 10510:John, King of England 10483:Berengaria of Navarre 10400:John, King of England 10332: 8771:Potter, Lois (1998). 8713:. London: Macmillan. 8670:Morris, Marc (2015). 8457:. London: Macmillan. 7944:. London: Macmillan. 7717:. London: Routledge. 7713:Aberth, John (2003). 6984:Turner, pp. 180, 182. 6959:Turner, pp. 174, 179. 6203:Vincent, pp. 174–175. 5383:Fryde (2007), p. 336. 2838:William the Conqueror 2604:Sheriff of Nottingham 2549:King John and Matilda 2527:The Troublesome Reign 2489: 2385: 2323:Gervase of Canterbury 2293: 2210: 2172:, being sucked in by 2109: 2049: 1971: 1903: 1839: 1768: 1700: 1679:Ferdinand of Flanders 1575: 1534:Resurrection of Jesus 1493: 1381: 1324: 1286: 1204:Further information: 1195: 1148: 1095: 1052:Isabella of Angoulême 1041: 962: 888: 803:Richard I (left) and 802: 713: 634: 433:over the election of 12925:House of Plantagenet 12643:Son of the Guardsman 12316:(1934 Tippett opera) 12166:Robin Hood's Delight 12082:A Gest of Robyn Hode 12031:Statue of Robin Hood 11906:About Seven Brothers 11649:Long Live Robin Hood 10833:Philippa of Hainault 10789:Eleanor of Woodstock 10760:Edward II of England 10731:Edward II of England 10653:Katherine of England 10614:Henry III of England 10529:Henry III of England 10471:Richard I of England 10432:Henry the Young King 10380:Richard I of England 10370:Henry the Young King 10358:Eleanor of Aquitaine 10256:House of Plantagenet 10149:Henry the Young King 10128:House of Plantagenet 9864:William III & II 9429:Henry the Young King 9379:Edward the Confessor 9347:Æthelred the Unready 9010:House of Plantagenet 8679:Moss, V. D. (2007). 8619:Mason, Emma (2008). 8564:Lloyd, Alan (1972). 8419:The Medieval Coroner 8271:Harper-Bill (2007). 8063:Duffy, Sean (2007). 7978:Coss, Peter (2002). 7520:McLynn, pp. 472–473. 7484:Duffy, pp. 221, 245. 7250:Given-Wilson, p. 87. 7241:Warren, pp. 254–255. 7129:Turner, pp. 191–192. 7023:Turner, pp. 189–190. 6810:Turner, pp. 173–174. 6801:Harper-Bill, p. 308. 6780:Turner, pp. 133–134. 6726:Harper-Bill, p. 304. 6714:Harper-Bill, p. 307. 6705:Harper-Bill, p. 306. 6622:Turner, pp. 125–126. 6393:Turner, pp. 107–108. 6331:Turner, pp. 106–107. 6266:McLynn, pp. 78, 290. 5855:Warren, pp. 143–144. 5732:Turner, pp. 102–103. 5601:Turner, pp. 100–101. 4144:Henry the Young King 4128:Isabella of Hainault 3828:Eleanor of Aquitaine 3582:Geoffrey Plantagenet 2814:Bertrade of Montfort 2395:, officially titled 2265:Emperor Frederick II 2166:English Crown Jewels 2110:King John's tomb in 1806:Canterbury Cathedral 1363:Royal household and 1068:Raoul I, Count of Eu 653:Humbert III of Savoy 610:Henry the Young King 535:duchess of Aquitaine 529:. John's mother was 383:Henry the Young King 356:Eleanor of Aquitaine 173: 1189; 12965:Earls of Gloucester 12670:Robin Hood's Larder 12664:Princess of Thieves 12575:The Tale of Gamelyn 12479:Through a Dark Mist 12232:The Noble Fisherman 12076:Robyn and Gandeleyn 11601:Tales of Robin Hood 11259:Richard of Eastwell 11205:no consort or issue 11110:Elizabeth Woodville 11060:Henry VI of England 11041:Henry VI of England 11034:Catherine of Valois 10998:Philippa of England 10949:Henry IV of England 10672:Edward I of England 10643:Beatrice of England 10638:Margaret of England 10633:Edward I of England 10626:Eleanor of Provence 10584:Bartholomew FitzRoy 10557:Joan, Lady of Wales 10544:Isabella of England 10451:William Plantagenet 10346:Henry II of England 10316:Mary of Shaftesbury 10298:William FitzEmpress 10288:Henry II of England 9812:Union of the Crowns 8958:. London: Methuen. 8841:King John and Wales 8455:A History of London 7999:Curren-Aquino 1989b 7885:. London: Penguin. 7813:. London: Longman. 7388:Warren, pp. 11, 14. 6680:Poole, pp. 446–447. 5705:Power, pp. 135–136. 4996:McLynn, pp. 27, 77. 4827:"- Jean sans Terre" 4555:Richard of Cornwall 3860:William FitzEmpress 3159:Matilda of Scotland 2692:Joan, Lady of Wales 2596:1938 colour version 2594:played John in the 2490:Shakespeare's play 2470:C. Warren Hollister 2327:Ralph of Coggeshall 2308:William of Newburgh 2249:Richard of Cornwall 2189:Worcester Cathedral 2112:Worcester Cathedral 2036:War with the barons 1874:in May 1213 at the 1653:for use in combat. 1621:William de Braose. 1611:William the Marshal 1444:ira et malevolentia 1438:ira et malevolentia 1426:Engelard de Cigogné 1366:ira et malevolentia 1340:vulnerable position 1287:A silver King John 1064:Hugh IX of Lusignan 1028:Treaty of Le Goulet 898:Philip II of France 880:Archbishop of Rouen 876:Walter of Coutances 551:Louis VII of France 511:Henry II of England 403:treaty of Le Goulet 379:revolt of 1173–1174 358:. He was nicknamed 352:Henry II of England 325:Philip II of France 266:Joan, Lady of Wales 140:Worcester Cathedral 48:Worcester Cathedral 12980:Lords of Glamorgan 12935:People from Oxford 12707:Once Upon a Studio 12519:King Raven Trilogy 12487:Lady of the Forest 12220:Robin Hood's Chase 12100:Robin Hood's Death 11986:(1985 Telugu film) 11432:David of Doncaster 11389:Richard at the Lee 11384:Bishop of Hereford 11251:John of Gloucester 11022:Henry V of England 10993:Blanche of England 10973:Henry V of England 10930:Isabella of Valois 10772:Isabella of France 10684:Eleanor of Castile 10334: 9896:Acts of Union 1707 9859:James II & VII 9552:Kenneth I MacAlpin 9337:Edgar the Peaceful 9203:Count of Angoulême 9182:Title next held by 9081:Title next held by 9057:Title next held by 8805:The Angevin Empire 8220:The Angevin Empire 7466:Warren, pp. 11–16. 7457:Turner, pp. 22–23. 7439:Churchill, p. 190. 7400:Bevington, p. 432. 5574:Turner, pp. 98–99. 5358:Warren, pp. 46–47. 5277:Warren, pp. 40–41. 5227:Warren, pp. 39–40. 5218:Warren, pp. 38–39. 4558:King of the Romans 4530:Blanche of Castile 4505:Holy Roman Emperor 3106:Eremburga of Maine 3091:Queen of Jerusalem 2724:Genealogical table 2624:The Lion in Winter 2497: 2401: 2397:Acts and Monuments 2304:Richard of Devizes 2296: 2253:King of the Romans 2225: 2115: 2088:Blanche of Castile 2052: 1990:Robert fitz Walter 1978: 1957:battle of Bouvines 1914: 1906:battle of Bouvines 1849: 1774: 1751:Llywelyn the Great 1706: 1675:Holy Roman Emperor 1642:William of Wrotham 1585: 1562:Continental policy 1515: 1393: 1327: 1296: 1202: 1163:besieged by Philip 1155: 1111:battle of Mirebeau 1102: 1098:battle of Mirebeau 1056:papal dispensation 1048: 1023:William des Roches 1019:Renaud of Boulogne 973: 894: 816: 805:Philip II Augustus 772:, for the fiasco. 765:local Irish rulers 744: 701:William FitzAldelm 637: 606:Ranulf de Glanvill 579:Holy Roman Emperor 450:Battle of Bouvines 444:as well as John's 427:English common law 12985:Proto-Protestants 12905:Earls of Cornwall 12742: 12741: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12681:Robot of Sherwood 12561:Not in Nottingham 12549:(2006 soundtrack) 12541:(1984 soundtrack) 12356:Robin of the Wood 12017: 12016: 11991:Robin of Locksley 11978:(1985 Tamil film) 11847:Rocket Robin Hood 11772:Robin of Sherwood 11681:Aaj Ka Robin Hood 11516: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11460: 11459: 11452:Gilbert Whitehand 11284: 11283: 11267: 11266: 11213: 11212: 11183: 11182: 11176:Grace Plantagenet 11157:Catherine of York 11117:Elizabeth of York 11087: 11086: 11072:Margaret of Anjou 11049: 11048: 11011: 11010: 10938: 10937: 10902: 10901: 10888:John de Southeray 10845:Isabella de Coucy 10810: 10809: 10794:Joan of the Tower 10749: 10748: 10721:Mary of Woodstock 10661: 10660: 10648:Edmund Crouchback 10603: 10602: 10499: 10498: 10460: 10459: 10453:(died in infancy) 10421: 10420: 10324: 10323: 10222: 10221: 10180:(French appanage) 10041:House of Normandy 9995: 9994: 9978: 9977: 9881: 9880: 9797: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9342:Edward the Martyr 9226: 9225: 9217:Succeeded by 9143:Duke of Aquitaine 9101:Succeeded by 8933:978-0-7524-4850-3 8882:978-0-8572-8518-8 8863:978-0-7486-0573-6 8831:978-0-8063-1750-2 8782:978-0-8741-3663-0 8744:978-1-4214-3516-9 8662:978-0-7126-9417-9 8630:978-0-7524-4635-6 8611:978-0-7546-6602-8 8592:978-0-5216-3156-3 8556:978-1-5879-8032-9 8523:978-2-2620-6481-5 8464:978-0-7867-0613-6 8407:978-0-3892-0475-6 8304:978-0-4153-7707-2 8210:978-1-8528-5084-5 8157:978-3-5253-5391-2 8119:978-0-7864-4624-7 8100:978-0-3001-0191-1 8055:978-0-7432-5778-7 8036:978-0-8160-7573-7 8015:978-0-8741-3337-0 7951:978-0-2307-7245-8 7932:978-0-8511-5947-8 7913:978-0-5215-5319-3 7892:978-0-1401-4824-4 7873:978-1-8528-5137-8 7854:978-1-8507-4129-9 7820:978-0-5820-6058-6 7724:978-0-4159-3886-0 7695:978-0-8572-8518-8 7677:978-0-5822-5659-0 7583:D'Ammassa, p. 94. 7343:Richardson, p. 9. 6580:Huscroft, p. 190. 6003:Bolton pp. 32–33. 5834:Huscroft, p. 184. 5825:Huscroft, p. 182. 5786:Bartlett, p. 200. 5476:Huscroft, p. 170. 4588: 4587: 4567:Queen of Scotland 4154:Duchess of Saxony 3813:Count of Flanders 3136:Adela of Normandy 3100:King of Jerusalem 2799:King of Jerusalem 2711:Oliver fitz Regis 2588:1922 film version 2513:'s morality play 2425:Winston Churchill 2343:Muhammad al-Nasir 2331:Roger of Wendover 2273:Simon de Montfort 2237:Treaty of Lambeth 2162:Roger of Wendover 2071:William d'Aubigny 2042:First Barons' War 2030:First Barons' War 1910:First Barons' War 1872:Pandulf Verraccio 1802:cathedral chapter 1798:Bishop of Norwich 1770:Pope Innocent III 1718:Treaty of Falaise 1418:Falkes de Breauté 1389:Historia Anglorum 1161:, which although 1126:Pope Innocent III 926:Holy Roman Empire 860:William Longchamp 598:Fontevrault Abbey 431:Pope Innocent III 376: 321:Duchy of Normandy 310: 309: 117:, Oxford, England 16:(Redirected from 12997: 12848: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12831: 12823: 12822: 12821: 12811: 12795: 12794: 12783: 12782: 12771: 12770: 12769: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12750: 12732: 12731: 12695:Once Upon a Time 12511:Lady of Sherwood 12364:Super Robin Hood 12007:Alyas Robin Hood 11871:Young Robin Hood 11839:Robin Hoodwinked 11831:Robin Hood Daffy 11673:Robin and Marian 11542: 11541: 11533: 11532: 11522: 11521: 11374:Guy of Gisbourne 11344: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11326: 11325: 11311: 11304: 11297: 11288: 11287: 11219: 11218: 11189: 11188: 11137:Margaret of York 11093: 11092: 11055: 11054: 11017: 11016: 10944: 10943: 10908: 10907: 10816: 10815: 10755: 10754: 10667: 10666: 10609: 10608: 10569:Geoffrey FitzRoy 10505: 10504: 10491:Philip of Cognac 10466: 10465: 10427: 10426: 10341: 10340: 10264: 10263: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10226: 10225: 10022: 10015: 10008: 9999: 9998: 9887: 9886: 9847:Richard Cromwell 9837:The Protectorate 9827:James I & VI 9803: 9802: 9384:Harold Godwinson 9304:Edward the Elder 9297:Alfred the Great 9281: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9229: 9228: 9193:Preceded by 9127:Preceded by 9046:Duke of Normandy 9036:Preceded by 9026: 9019: 9018:24 December 1166 9001: 9000: 8997: 8969: 8946: 8937: 8914: 8911:Historical Notes 8905: 8886: 8867: 8844: 8835: 8816: 8795: 8786: 8767: 8748: 8722: 8705: 8684: 8675: 8666: 8643: 8634: 8615: 8596: 8577: 8560: 8541: 8535: 8527: 8508: 8487: 8468: 8449: 8430: 8411: 8388: 8379: 8362: 8345: 8308: 8289: 8276: 8267: 8242: 8233: 8214: 8195: 8186:(112): 119–132. 8170: 8161: 8142: 8123: 8104: 8081: 8068: 8059: 8040: 8019: 7996: 7983: 7974: 7955: 7936: 7917: 7896: 7877: 7858: 7833: 7824: 7801: 7788: 7779: 7756: 7747: 7728: 7700: 7699: 7681: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7643: 7640: 7623: 7620: 7614: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7593: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7574:Tulloch, p. 497. 7572: 7566: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7530: 7529:Hollister, p. 1. 7527: 7521: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7467: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7431: 7428: 7419: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7401: 7398: 7389: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7344: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7308: 7307:Vincent, p. 206. 7305: 7299: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7269: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7203: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7160: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7118: 7115: 7104: 7101: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7038: 7035: 7024: 7021: 7015: 7012: 7003: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6960: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6921: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6898: 6895: 6886: 6883: 6877: 6874: 6865: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6781: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6658: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6637: 6634: 6623: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6581: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6560: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6503: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6412: 6409: 6394: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6364: 6361: 6352: 6349: 6332: 6329: 6314: 6311: 6294: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6231: 6230:Vincent, p. 196. 6228: 6222: 6221:Vincent, p. 184. 6219: 6213: 6212:Vincent, p. 175. 6210: 6204: 6201: 6192: 6189: 6183: 6182:Vincent, p. 193. 6180: 6174: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6151: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6100: 6097: 6088: 6087:Huscroft, p. 70. 6085: 6079: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6013: 6012:Stenton, p. 163. 6010: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5967:Johnson, p. 142. 5965: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5936: 5933: 5922: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5844: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5664: 5661: 5652: 5649: 5640: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5602: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5575: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5535: 5532: 5526: 5523: 5514: 5511: 5498: 5495: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5402: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5338: 5335: 5326: 5323: 5310: 5307: 5296: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5164: 5161: 5152: 5149: 5140: 5137: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5093: 5090: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5048: 5045: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4967: 4964: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4884: 4881: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4823: 4808: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4576:King of Scotland 4549: 4548: 1216–1272 4547: 4522:Duke of Brittany 4227: 4226: 1199–1216 4225: 4179:Duke of Brittany 4170: 4169: 1189–1199 4168: 3903:King of Scotland 3900:William the Lion 3894:King of Scotland 3845: 3844: 1154–1189 3843: 3810:Philip of Alsace 3605:Matilda of Anjou 3576: 3575: 1135–1154 3574: 3544:Sibylla of Anjou 3196:King of Scotland 3187:King of Scotland 3178:King of Scotland 3169:King of Scotland 3153: 3152: 1100–1135 3151: 3130: 3129: 1087–1100 3128: 2872:King of Scotland 2848: 2847: 1066–1087 2846: 2792: 2791: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2700: 2697: 2687: 2684: 2544:Robert Davenport 2507:proto-Protestant 2436:Vivian Galbraith 2312:Roger of Hoveden 2056:Rochester Castle 1924:Peter des Roches 1887: 1841:Rochester Castle 1812:, the chapter's 1714:William the Lion 1465: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1414: 1408: 1400: 1398:familiares regis 1391: 1368: 1215: 1177: 1159:Château Gaillard 1044:Fontevraud Abbey 1006:Duchy of Brabant 998:Château Gaillard 969:Château Gaillard 945: 906:Emperor Henry VI 824:Count of Mortain 693:Earl of Cornwall 381:by his brothers 371: 333:Capetian dynasty 221: 203: 201: 178: 176: 172: 112:24 December 1166 44: 32: 31: 21: 13005: 13004: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12847:from Wikisource 12841: 12836: 12834: 12824: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12810:sister projects 12807:at Knowledge's 12801: 12789: 12777: 12767: 12765: 12755: 12753: 12745: 12743: 12738: 12712: 12636:Miss Robin Hood 12623: 12580: 12525: 12418: 12335: 12284:(1871 operetta) 12265:Stage / theatre 12260: 12045: 12023:Popular culture 12013: 11950: 11944: 11893: 11802: 11727: 11527: 11508: 11472:Sherwood Forest 11456: 11398: 11331: 11320: 11315: 11285: 11280: 11263: 11226: 11209: 11196: 11179: 11162:Bridget of York 11100: 11083: 11062: 11045: 11024: 11007: 10951: 10934: 10925:Anne of Bohemia 10915: 10898: 10870:Mary of Waltham 10850:Joan of England 10823: 10806: 10762: 10745: 10674: 10657: 10616: 10599: 10596:William de Forz 10562:Richard FitzRoy 10512: 10495: 10473: 10456: 10434: 10417: 10348: 10335: 10320: 10281:Empress Matilda 10271: 10258: 10253: 10223: 10218: 10216:king of England 10204: 10179: 10177:House of Valois 10171: 10130: 10122: 10113: 10105: 10043: 10035: 10026: 9996: 9991: 9974: 9901: 9877: 9842:Oliver Cromwell 9818: 9793: 9788: 9635:Constantine III 9544: 9369:Harold Harefoot 9359:Edmund Ironside 9270: 9265: and 9256: 9222: 9208: 9206: 9198: 9183: 9169: 9167: 9164:Count of Poitou 9148: 9146: 9138: 9121: 9118:Lord of Ireland 9106: 9097: 9094:King of England 9082: 9073: 9058: 9049: 9041: 9025:19 October 1216 9020: 9014: 9013: 9006: 8977: 8972: 8966: 8953: 8940: 8934: 8921: 8908: 8902: 8889: 8883: 8870: 8864: 8838: 8832: 8819: 8802: 8789: 8783: 8770: 8764: 8751: 8745: 8729:Painter, Sidney 8727: 8708: 8691: 8678: 8669: 8663: 8650: 8637: 8631: 8618: 8612: 8599: 8593: 8563: 8557: 8544: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8514:Jean sans Terre 8511: 8490: 8484: 8471: 8465: 8452: 8446: 8433: 8416: 8408: 8382: 8365: 8348: 8311: 8305: 8292: 8283: 8270: 8264: 8251: 8236: 8230: 8217: 8211: 8198: 8177: 8164: 8158: 8139: 8126: 8120: 8107: 8101: 8088: 8075: 8062: 8056: 8043: 8037: 8024: 8016: 7990: 7977: 7960: 7952: 7939: 7933: 7914: 7901: 7893: 7880: 7874: 7861: 7855: 7842: 7827: 7821: 7808: 7795: 7782: 7776: 7763: 7750: 7744: 7731: 7725: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7678: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7656:Painter, p. 232 7655: 7646: 7642:Warren, p. 189n 7641: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7613:Potter, p. 218. 7612: 7608: 7604:Potter, p. 210. 7603: 7596: 7592:Aberth, p. 166. 7591: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7280:McLynn, p. 460. 7279: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7214:Warren, p. 254. 7213: 7206: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171:Warren, p. 253. 7170: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150:Turner, p. 194. 7149: 7142: 7138:Barlow, p. 356. 7137: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7117:Duncan, p. 267. 7116: 7107: 7103:Turner, p. 193. 7102: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7058:Turner, p. 191. 7057: 7053: 7049:Turner, p. 192. 7048: 7041: 7037:Turner, p. 190. 7036: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014:Turner, p. 189. 7013: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993:Turner, p. 182. 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975:Turner, p. 180. 6974: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6950:Warren, p. 233. 6949: 6945: 6941:Turner, p. 179. 6940: 6936: 6932:Turner, p. 178. 6931: 6924: 6920:Turner, p. 174. 6919: 6915: 6911:Warren, p. 224. 6910: 6901: 6897:Warren, p. 222. 6896: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6864:Barlow, p. 335. 6863: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792:Turner, p. 134. 6791: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6744:Turner, p. 133. 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696:Turner, p. 131. 6695: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671:Turner, p. 128. 6670: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648:Turner, p. 127. 6647: 6640: 6636:Turner, p. 126. 6635: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6613:Turner, p. 125. 6612: 6605: 6601:Turner, p. 119. 6600: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6502:Duncan, p. 268. 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6461:Duncan, p. 252. 6460: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6425:Turner, p. 109. 6424: 6415: 6411:Turner, p. 108. 6410: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375:Warren, p. 123. 6374: 6367: 6363:Barlow, p. 336. 6362: 6355: 6351:Turner, p. 107. 6350: 6335: 6330: 6317: 6313:Turner, p. 106. 6312: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6275:Turner, p. 120. 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257:McLynn, p. 290. 6256: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6164:Turner, p. 166. 6163: 6154: 6150:Turner, p. 139. 6149: 6145: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120:Warren, p. 185. 6119: 6115: 6111:Warren, p. 184. 6110: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078:Barlow, p. 326. 6077: 6073: 6069:Turner, p. 145. 6068: 6061: 6057:Turner, p. 147. 6056: 6052: 6048:Turner, p. 144. 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030:Barlow, p. 329. 6029: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5985:Turner, p. 148. 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5939: 5934: 5925: 5921:Barlow, p. 331. 5920: 5916: 5912:McLynn, p. 288. 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5873:McLynn, p. 366. 5872: 5868: 5864:Warren, p. 144. 5863: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807:Warren, p. 132. 5806: 5799: 5795:Warren, p. 130. 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777:Warren, p. 127. 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5759:Turner, p. 149. 5758: 5745: 5741:Turner, p. 103. 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687:Turner, p. 102. 5686: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5651:McLynn, p. 306. 5650: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621:Turner, p. 101. 5620: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5592:Turner, p. 100. 5591: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5431:Barrett, p. 91. 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5313: 5308: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005:Warren, p. 140. 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4956: 4952:Barlow, p. 281. 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934:Barlow, p. 305. 4933: 4926: 4922:Barlow, p. 284. 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4799:William's son, 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4542:King of England 4541: 4533:Queen of France 4532: 4521: 4504: 4485: 4222: 4221: 4220:King of England 4219: 4210: 4195:King of Castile 4194: 4178: 4165: 4164: 4163:King of England 4162: 4153: 4137: 4121: 3902: 3893: 3854:Count of Nantes 3853: 3840: 3839: 3838:King of England 3837: 3821: 3812: 3622: 3591:Empress Matilda 3584: 3571: 3570: 3569:King of England 3568: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3148: 3147: 3146:King of England 3145: 3125: 3124: 3123:King of England 3122: 3113:Robert Curthose 3099: 3090: 2871: 2843: 2842: 2841:King of England 2840: 2823: 2807: 2798: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2726: 2698: 2685: 2679:Richard FitzRoy 2637: 2484: 2478: 2458:John Gillingham 2392:Book of Martyrs 2368:Book of Martyrs 2359:William Tyndale 2316:Ralph de Diceto 2288: 2205: 2158: 2104: 2044: 2038: 1974:British Library 1966: 1941: 1919: 1898: 1823:Stephen Langton 1782:excommunication 1763: 1695: 1570: 1564: 1559: 1547:Hugh of Lincoln 1488: 1376: 1370: 1307:Norman conquest 1281: 1275: 1261:mort d'ancestor 1255:novel disseisin 1213:vis et voluntas 1208: 1190: 1185: 1090: 1084: 1036: 957: 952: 872:Tower of London 797: 705:Lord of Ireland 629: 533:, the powerful 507: 501: 496: 454:fiscal policies 446:excommunication 438:Stephen Langton 395:Lord of Ireland 368:Jean sans Terre 337:baronial revolt 317:King of England 270: 261:Richard FitzRoy 252: 215: 214: 206: 205: 202: 1200) 197: 193: 190: 180: 177: 1199) 168: 164: 161: 143: 126: 115:Beaumont Palace 113: 62: 60:(more ...) 56:King of England 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13003: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12955:House of Anjou 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12850: 12849: 12832: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12787: 12775: 12763: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12736: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12703: 12698: 12691: 12684: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12660: 12653: 12646: 12639: 12631: 12629: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12621: 12613: 12605: 12597: 12588: 12586: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12578: 12571: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12542: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12515: 12507: 12503:The Last Arrow 12499: 12491: 12483: 12475: 12467: 12459: 12451: 12443: 12435: 12426: 12424: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12408: 12400: 12392: 12384: 12376: 12368: 12360: 12352: 12343: 12341: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12333: 12332:(2013 musical) 12329:Robin des Bois 12325: 12317: 12309: 12301: 12293: 12285: 12277: 12268: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12252: 12246: 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12186: 12180: 12174: 12168: 12162: 12156: 12150: 12144: 12138: 12132: 12126: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12078: 12072: 12066: 12060: 12053: 12051: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12027: 12025: 12019: 12018: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12011: 12003: 11995: 11987: 11979: 11971: 11963: 11954: 11952: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11934: 11926: 11918: 11910: 11901: 11899: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11883: 11875: 11867: 11859: 11851: 11843: 11835: 11827: 11819: 11810: 11808: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11792: 11784: 11776: 11768: 11760: 11752: 11744: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11717: 11709: 11701: 11693: 11685: 11677: 11669: 11661: 11653: 11645: 11637: 11629: 11621: 11613: 11605: 11597: 11589: 11581: 11573: 11565: 11557: 11548: 11546: 11539: 11529: 11528: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11468: 11466: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11427:Arthur a Bland 11424: 11419: 11414: 11408: 11406: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11350: 11348: 11341: 11333: 11332: 11322: 11321: 11314: 11313: 11306: 11299: 11291: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11278: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11253: 11249:Illegitimate: 11246: 11245: 11239: 11238: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11207: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11127:Cecily of York 11124: 11119: 11113: 11112: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11089: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11081: 11075: 11074: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11051: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10963: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10893: 10892:Jane Northland 10890: 10886:Illegitimate: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10800:Illegitimate: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10751: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10663: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10594: 10593:Philip FitzRoy 10591: 10590:Isabel FitzRoy 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10578:Osbert Gifford 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10566:Oliver FitzRoy 10564: 10559: 10555:Illegitimate: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10489:Illegitimate: 10486: 10485: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10447: 10446: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10423: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10406:Illegitimate: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10337: 10336: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10304:Illegitimate: 10301: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10260: 10259: 10252: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10229: 10220: 10219: 10212:count of Rouen 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10183: 10181: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10132: 10124: 10123: 10117: 10115: 10111:House of Blois 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10092: 10087: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10047: 10045: 10037: 10036: 10025: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10002: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9883: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9738:Edward Balliol 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9598:Constantine II 9595: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9526: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9425: 9420: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9390:Edgar Ætheling 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9279: 9272: 9271: 9255: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9215: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9189: 9181: 9176: 9159: 9158: 9139: 9128: 9124: 9123: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9099: 9089: 9088: 9080: 9075: 9070:Count of Maine 9065: 9064: 9056: 9051: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9031:Regnal titles 9028: 9027: 9007: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8984: 8976: 8975:External links 8973: 8971: 8970: 8964: 8951: 8938: 8932: 8919: 8906: 8900: 8887: 8881: 8868: 8862: 8849: 8836: 8830: 8817: 8800: 8787: 8781: 8768: 8762: 8749: 8743: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8689: 8676: 8667: 8661: 8648: 8635: 8629: 8616: 8610: 8597: 8591: 8578: 8561: 8555: 8542: 8522: 8509: 8499:(4): 821–852. 8488: 8482: 8469: 8463: 8450: 8444: 8431: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8406: 8393: 8380: 8346: 8326:10.1086/385431 8309: 8303: 8290: 8281: 8268: 8262: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8234: 8228: 8209: 8196: 8175: 8162: 8156: 8143: 8137: 8124: 8118: 8105: 8099: 8086: 8073: 8060: 8054: 8041: 8035: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8014: 7988: 7975: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7950: 7937: 7931: 7912: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7891: 7872: 7859: 7853: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7819: 7806: 7793: 7780: 7774: 7761: 7748: 7742: 7729: 7723: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7694: 7676: 7658: 7644: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7594: 7585: 7576: 7567: 7558: 7556:Potter, p. 70. 7549: 7540: 7531: 7522: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7390: 7381: 7372: 7363: 7354: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7309: 7300: 7291: 7282: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7243: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7204: 7202:, pp. 280–285 7191: 7182: 7173: 7161: 7152: 7140: 7131: 7119: 7105: 7087: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7051: 7039: 7025: 7016: 7004: 6995: 6986: 6977: 6961: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6922: 6913: 6899: 6887: 6878: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6803: 6794: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6728: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6682: 6673: 6659: 6650: 6638: 6624: 6615: 6603: 6594: 6582: 6573: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6472: 6463: 6454: 6445: 6436: 6427: 6413: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6365: 6353: 6333: 6315: 6295: 6286: 6277: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6214: 6205: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6152: 6143: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6021:Bolton, p. 40. 6014: 6005: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5976:Turner, p. 95. 5969: 5960: 5951: 5937: 5935:Turner, p. 87. 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5894:Turner, p. 79. 5887: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5845: 5836: 5827: 5818: 5809: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5714:Power, p. 135. 5707: 5698: 5689: 5665: 5663:Warren, p. 83. 5653: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5603: 5594: 5576: 5567: 5558: 5556:Turner, p. 99. 5536: 5534:Warren, p. 63. 5527: 5525:Warren, p. 55. 5515: 5513:Turner, p. 98. 5499: 5497:Warren, p. 54. 5487: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5458:Warren, p. 59. 5451: 5449:Warren, p. 57. 5442: 5433: 5424: 5422:Warren, p. 51. 5415: 5413:Warren, p. 53. 5403: 5394: 5385: 5376: 5374:Warren, p. 47. 5360: 5351: 5349:Warren, p. 46. 5339: 5337:Warren, p. 45. 5327: 5325:Warren, p. 44. 5311: 5309:Warren, p. 43. 5297: 5295:Warren, p. 42. 5288: 5286:Inwood, p. 58. 5279: 5270: 5268:Warren, p. 41. 5261: 5259:Warren, p. 39. 5252: 5250:Warren, p. 40. 5238: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5209:Warren, p. 38. 5195: 5193:Turner, p. 38. 5186: 5177: 5175:Warren, p. 37. 5165: 5163:Warren, p. 36. 5153: 5151:Warren, p. 35. 5141: 5139:Turner, p. 37. 5115: 5106: 5094: 5092:Turner, p. 36. 5070: 5068:McLynn, p. 36. 5061: 5049: 5037: 5028: 5026:McLynn, p. 78. 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4980: 4978:Warren, p. 26. 4968: 4966:Turner, p. 31. 4954: 4945: 4943:Warren, p. 27. 4936: 4924: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4895:Warren, p. 21. 4885: 4873: 4871:Turner, p. 23. 4864: 4852: 4843: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4792: 4783: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4735:Grande Coutume 4722: 4712: 4703: 4689: 4676: 4667: 4657: 4648: 4636: 4628:Angevin Empire 4619: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4486:King of France 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4214: 4212: 4211:King of Sicily 4205: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4157: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4138:King of France 4132: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3848: 3846: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3822:King of France 3816: 3814: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3598:William Adelin 3595: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3585:Count of Anjou 3579: 3577: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2824:King of France 2818: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2808:Count of Anjou 2802: 2800: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2719:Osbert Giffard 2717: 2715:Fulk FitzWarin 2708: 2705: 2702: 2689: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2636: 2633: 2533:Anthony Munday 2477: 2474: 2287: 2286:Historiography 2284: 2204: 2201: 2157: 2154: 2103: 2100: 2040:Main article: 2037: 2034: 2009:Windsor Castle 1965: 1962: 1949:Roche-au-Moine 1940: 1937: 1918: 1915: 1897: 1894: 1876:Templar Church 1762: 1759: 1694: 1691: 1649:and removable 1566:Main article: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1487: 1484: 1422:Gérard d'Athée 1372:Main article: 1369: 1361: 1277:Main article: 1274: 1271: 1218:divine majesty 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1035: 1032: 956: 953: 951: 948: 852:Hugh de Puiset 796: 793: 628: 625: 575:House of Capet 559:Count of Anjou 555:Angevin Empire 505:Angevin Empire 503:Main article: 500: 497: 495: 492: 329:Angevin Empire 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 278: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 257: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 224: 222: 208: 207: 195: 191: 186: 185: 184: 183: 166: 162: 157: 156: 155: 154: 151: 149: 145: 144: 138: 136: 132: 131: 123: 119: 118: 110: 106: 105: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 58: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13002: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12845: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12806: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12752: 12751: 12748: 12735: 12727: 12726: 12723: 12709: 12708: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12692: 12689: 12685: 12682: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12654: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12619: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12558: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12521: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12421: 12414: 12413: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12330: 12326: 12324:(1998 ballet) 12323: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12297:The Foresters 12294: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12239: 12235: 12233: 12229: 12227: 12223: 12221: 12217: 12215: 12211: 12209: 12205: 12203: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12179: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12155: 12151: 12149: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12119: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12107: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12083: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050:Child ballads 12048: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12020: 12009: 12008: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11959:Mexicali Rose 11956: 11955: 11953: 11947: 11940: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11889: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11805: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11634: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11523: 11519: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11463: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11401: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11312: 11307: 11305: 11300: 11298: 11293: 11292: 11289: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11270: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11220: 11216: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11190: 11186: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11107: 11106: 11103: 11099: 11094: 11090: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11056: 11052: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11023: 11018: 11014: 11003: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10961:Mary de Bohun 10958: 10957: 10954: 10950: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10817: 10813: 10803: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10664: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10610: 10606: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10581:Eudes FitzRoy 10580: 10577: 10575:Henry FitzRoy 10574: 10571: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10506: 10502: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10476: 10472: 10467: 10463: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10428: 10424: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10342: 10338: 10331: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10311:Emma of Anjou 10309: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10250: 10245: 10243: 10238: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10200: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10167: 10164: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10101:William (III) 10099: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10058: 10055: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10023: 10018: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9981: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9815: 9813: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9711: 9710:Alexander III 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9566:Constantine I 9563: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9221: 9214: 9213: 9205: 9204: 9197: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9145: 9144: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9125: 9120: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9047: 9040: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9017: 9012: 9011: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8981:John Lackland 8979: 8978: 8967: 8965:0-4134-5520-3 8961: 8957: 8952: 8950: 8944: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8918: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8901:0-1402-0252-8 8897: 8893: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8793: 8788: 8784: 8778: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8763:0-1928-5287-6 8759: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8711:John Lackland 8707: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8688: 8682: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8483:0-6716-8702-6 8479: 8475: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8445:0-5828-4882-2 8441: 8437: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8392: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8280: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8263:0-7190-4152-X 8259: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8235: 8231: 8229:0-3407-4115-5 8225: 8221: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8138:0-5215-6350-X 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8007: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7826: 7825: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7805: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7775:0-1982-2741-8 7771: 7767: 7762: 7760: 7754: 7749: 7745: 7743:0-5823-8117-7 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7619: 7610: 7601: 7599: 7589: 7580: 7571: 7565:Maley, p. 50. 7562: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7508: 7499: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7427: 7425: 7415: 7406: 7397: 7395: 7385: 7376: 7367: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 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6209: 6200: 6198: 6188: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6147: 6138: 6136: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5918: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5870: 5861: 5852: 5850: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5792: 5783: 5774: 5765: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5738: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5636: 5627: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5598: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5531: 5522: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5408: 5398: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5292: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4847: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4787: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4716: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4661: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4613: 4609: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4540: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4503: 4488: 4484: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4393: 4391: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4289: 4287: 4275: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4218: 4209: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4177: 4161: 4152: 4145: 4136: 4129: 4122:Latin Emperor 4120: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4093: 4091: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4021: 4019: 4015: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3861: 3852: 3836: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3777: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3739: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3685: 3683: 3657: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3621: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3583: 3567: 3560: 3559:William Clito 3545: 3533: 3530: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3462: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3376: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3342: 3340: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3306: 3288: 3276: 3274: 3260: 3258: 3244: 3242: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3160: 3144: 3137: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2948: 2940: 2938: 2922: 2920: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2839: 2822: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2693: 2690: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619:James Goldman 2616: 2615:Peter Ustinov 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:Sam De Grasse 2580: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2413:Domesday Book 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363:Robert Barnes 2360: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:Matthew Paris 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2060:marcher lords 2057: 2048: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017:unfree labour 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1861:Holy Viaticum 1857: 1855: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1786:These changes 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1742:Pembrokeshire 1739: 1738:marcher lords 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1615:Roger de Lacy 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