Henry III of England

1680: 1811: 2061:. When the more prominent German candidates failed to gain traction, Henry began to back his brother Richard's candidature, giving donations to his potential supporters in the Empire. Richard was elected in 1256 with expectations of possibly being crowned the Holy Roman Emperor, but continued to play a major role in English politics. His election faced a mixed response in England; Richard was believed to provide moderate, sensible counsel and his presence was missed by the English barons, but he also faced criticism, probably incorrectly, for funding his German campaign at England's expense. Although Henry now had increased support in the Empire for a potential alliance against Louis of France, the two kings were now moving towards potentially settling their disputes peacefully; for Henry, a peace treaty could allow him to focus on Sicily and his crusade. 2154:, hoping to be absolved from the oath he had made at Oxford. In June 1261, the King announced that Rome had released him from his promises and he promptly held a counter-coup with the support of Edward. He purged the ranks of the sheriffs of his enemies and seized back control of many of the royal castles. The baronial opposition, led by Simon and Richard, were temporarily reunited in their opposition to Henry's actions, convening their own parliament, independent of the King, and establishing a rival system of local government across England. Henry and Eleanor mobilised their own supporters and raised a foreign mercenary army. Facing the threat of open civil war, the barons backed down: de Clare switched sides once again, Simon left for exile in France and the baronial resistance collapsed. 1377: 2109:, which Henry swore to uphold. These provisions created a smaller council of 15 members, elected solely by the barons, which then had the power to appoint England's justiciar, chancellor, and treasurer, and which would be monitored through triannual parliaments. Pressure from the lesser barons and the gentry present at Oxford also helped to push through wider reform, intended to limit the abuse of power by both Henry's officials and the major barons. The elected council included representatives of the Savoyard faction but no Poitevins, and the new government immediately took steps to exile the leading Lusignans and to seize key castles across the country. 1284: 1238: 1617:. The Jews had suffered considerable oppression during the First Barons' War, but during Henry's early years the community had flourished and became one of the most prosperous in Europe. This was primarily the result of the stance taken by the regency government, which took a range of measures to protect the Jews and encourage lending. This was driven by financial self-interest, as they stood to profit considerably from a strong Jewish community in England. Their policy ran counter to the instructions being sent from the Pope, who had laid out strong anti-Jewish measures at the 1846:

until around 100 had settled in England, around two-thirds of them being granted substantial incomes worth £66 or more by Henry. Henry encouraged some to help him on the continent; others acted as mercenaries and diplomatic agents or fought on Henry's behalf in European campaigns. Many were given estates along the contested Welsh Marches, or in Ireland, where they protected the frontiers. For Henry, the community was an important symbol of his hopes to one day reconquer Poitou and the rest of his French lands, and many of the Lusignans became close friends with his son Edward.

2299: 1625:

was demanded in 1244, for example, of which around two-thirds was collected within five years – destroying the ability of the Jewish community to lend money commercially. The financial pressure Henry placed on the Jews caused them to force repayment or sale of loans, fuelling anti-Jewish resentment. The sale of Jewish bonds was a particular grievance among smaller landowners such as knights, as bonds were bought at low prices and used by richer barons and members of Henry's royal circle as a means to acquire lands of lesser landholders, through payment defaults.

9437: 2314:, led by Louis of France, in 1270, but Henry became increasingly ill; concerns about a fresh rebellion grew and the next year the King wrote to his son asking him to return to England, but Edward did not turn back. Henry recovered slightly and announced his renewed intention to join the crusades himself, but he never regained his full health and on the evening of 16 November 1272, he died in Westminster, probably with Eleanor in attendance. He was succeeded by Edward, who slowly made his way back to England via Gascony, finally arriving in August 1274. 1850:

commentary. The term "Poitevins" became loosely applied to this grouping, although many came from Anjou and other parts of France, and by the 1250s there was a fierce rivalry between the relatively well established Savoyards and the newly arrived Poitevins. The Lusignans began to break the law with impunity, pursuing personal grievances against other barons and the Savoyards, and Henry took little or no action to restrain them. By 1258, the general dislike of the Poitevins had turned into hatred, with Simon de Montfort one of their strongest critics.

2367: 2075: 10570: 1234:

been common under John. The charters did not address the sensitive issues of the appointment of royal advisers and the distribution of patronage, and they lacked any means of enforcement if the King chose to ignore them. Henry's rule became lax and careless, resulting in a reduction in royal authority in the provinces and, ultimately, the collapse of his authority at court. The inconsistency with which he applied the charters over the course of his rule alienated many barons, even those within his own faction.

12753: 12741: 2012: 2147:

brewing between Richard de Clare's forces and those of Simon and Edward. Henry's brother Richard mediated between the parties and averted a military confrontation; Edward was reconciled with his father and Simon was put on trial for his actions against the King. Henry was unable to maintain his grip on power, and in October a coalition headed by Simon, Richard, and Edward briefly seized back control; within months their baronial council had collapsed into chaos as well.

10752: 989: 2212:, condemning the rebels, upholding the King's rights and annulling the Provisions of Oxford. Louis had strong views of his own on the rights of kings over those of barons, but was also influenced by his wife, Margaret, who was Eleanor's sister, and by the Pope. Leaving Eleanor in Paris to assemble mercenary reinforcements, Henry returned to England in February 1264, where violence was brewing in response to the unpopular French decision. 12798: 1666:, in line with existing Church pronouncements; it remains unclear to what extent the King actually implemented the statute. By 1258, Henry's Jewish policies were regarded as confused and were increasingly unpopular amongst the barons. Taken together, Henry's policies up to 1258 of excessive Jewish taxation, anti-Jewish legislation, and propaganda caused a very important and negative change to the status and security of Jews in England. 42: 2180: 1719:. Eleanor was well-mannered, cultured and articulate, but the primary reason for the marriage was political, as Henry stood to create a valuable set of alliances with the rulers of the south and south-east of France. Over the coming years, Eleanor emerged as a hard-headed, firm politician. Historians Margaret Howell and David Carpenter describe her as being "more combative" and "far tougher and more determined" than her husband. 1082: 12717: 1919:. Henry assumed that he had the right to interfere in Scottish affairs and brought up the issue of his authority with the Scottish kings at key moments, but he lacked the inclination or the resources to do much more. Alexander had occupied parts of northern England during the First Barons' War but had been excommunicated and forced to retreat. Alexander married Henry's sister Joan in 1221, and after he and Henry signed the 1796:, Henry's chief adviser for a short period. Henry arranged marriages for many of them into the English nobility, a practice that initially caused friction with the English barons, who resisted landed estates passing into the hands of foreigners. The Savoyards were careful not to exacerbate the situation and became increasingly integrated into English baronial society, forming an important power base for Eleanor in England. 816: 1110:, to inherit the throne, supported by a regency government. The young French king was in a far weaker position than his father and faced opposition from many of the French nobility who still maintained ties with England, leading to a sequence of revolts across the country. Against this background, in late 1228 a group of potential Norman and Angevin rebels called upon Henry to invade and reclaim his inheritance, and 2158:

and the barons, using Richard as an initial adjudicator, backed up by Louis of France should Richard fail to generate a compromise. Henry softened some of his policies in response to the concerns of the barons, but he soon began to target his political enemies and recommence his unpopular Sicilian policy. He had done nothing significant to deal with the concerns over Baronial and royal abuse of Jewish debts.

12781: 1198: 1889:, Henry gradually extended his authority across the region, but the campaigns were not pursued with vigour and the King did little to stop the Marcher territories along the border becoming increasingly independent of the Crown. In 1256, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd rebelled against Henry and widespread violence spread across Wales. Henry promised a swift military response but did not carry through on his threats. 2050:, who was facing increasing military pressure from the Empire. He could no longer afford to pay Henry's expenses, instead demanding that Henry compensate the Papacy for the £90,000 spent on the war so far. This was a huge sum, and Henry turned to parliament for help in 1255, only to be rebuffed. Further attempts followed, but by 1257 only partial parliamentary assistance had been offered. 872: 1035:

powers of the Crown, and the barons swore that they would give back the royal castles and pay their debts to the Crown, on the threat of excommunication. Hubert, accompanied by Henry, moved into Wales to suppress Llywelyn in 1223, and in England his forces steadily reclaimed Henry's castles. The effort against the remaining recalcitrant barons came to a head in 1224 with the siege of

1941: 1438: 2196:

conservative barons, and Simon, Gilbert de Clare, and the radicals. The rebels leveraged concern among knights over abuse of Jewish loans, who feared losing their lands, a problem Henry had done much to create and nothing to solve. In each case following, the rebels employed violence and killings in a deliberate attempt to destroy the records of their debts to Jewish lenders.

12729: 1643:" in 1255. The event is considered particularly significant, as the first such accusation endorsed by the Crown. Henry intervened to order the execution of Copin, who had confessed to the murder in return for his life, and removed 91 Jews to the Tower of London. 18 were executed, and their property expropriated by the Crown. At the time, the Jews were mortgaged to 941: 4070:

children existed, and historians such as Huw Ridgeway and Margaret Howell conclude that Henry and Eleanor had only five children. These five – Edward, Margaret, Beatrice, Edmund and Katherine – are well documented in multiple chronicles and financial accounts from Henry's reign. The only record for Richard, John, William and Henry is in the

2544:. Dante's symbolic intent in depicting Henry sitting separately is unclear; possible explanations include it being a reference to England not being part of the Holy Roman Empire and/or indicating that Dante had a favourable opinion of Henry, due to his unusual piety. His son, Edward, is also saluted by Dante in this work (Canto VII. 132). 2437:

thin. At the end of the 20th century, there was a renewed interest in 13th century English history, resulting in the publication of various specialist works on aspects of Henry's reign, including government finance and the period of his minority. Current historiography notes both Henry's positive and negative qualities: historian

2165:, sided with the radicals; the King's position was further undermined by major Welsh incursions along the Marches and the Pope's decision to reverse his judgment on the Provisions, this time confirming them as legitimate. By early 1263, Henry's authority had disintegrated and the country slipped back towards open civil war. 1169:. In response, Marshal allied himself with Prince Llywelyn, and his supporters rose up in rebellion in England. Henry was unable to gain a clear military advantage and became concerned that Louis of France might seize the opportunity to invade Brittany – as their truce was about to expire – while he was distracted at home. 2126: 3844:

13th century money; for comparison, in the early part of the 13th century, £66 was close to the average annual income of a poorer baron; £6,666 in 1216 was almost 25 per cent of the Crown's revenue for the year; shortly after Henry's death, his son Edward I spent approximately £80,000 on his castle-building programme in

1103:

had an increasing financial, and thus military, advantage over Henry. Even under John, the French Crown had enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage in resources, but since then, the balance had shifted further, with the annual income of the French kings almost doubling between 1204 and 1221.

2054:

Instead Henry turned to extorting money from the senior clergy, who were forced to sign blank charters, promising to pay effectively unlimited sums of money in support of the King's efforts, raising around £40,000. The English Church felt the money was wasted, vanishing into the long-running war in Italy.

1568:

Italy, threatened militarily by the Holy Roman Empire. During Henry's reign, the Papacy developed a strong, central bureaucracy, supported by benefices granted to absent churchmen working in Rome. Tensions grew between this practice and the needs of local parishioners, exemplified by the dispute between

4076:

manuscript, but the details appear to have been added to the original 13th document in the next century, albeit possibly in good faith. It is impossible to completely rule out the possibility that the children existed but that the other evidence of their existence was suppressed, perhaps because they

3937:

Henry was well known among his contemporaries for attending mass frequently; one chronicler account, probably exaggerating, suggested that he attended mass three times a day, and in 1259 Henry was said to have stopped at every church he passed in Paris that was holding mass, to take part. He probably

3880:

Hubert's supporters presented themselves as the rightful local rulers of England, facing up to oppressive foreigners; the des Roches' argued that they were in fact the loyal followers of the King and that it was the treacherous English barons who had rebelled and sided with Prince Louis against first

3857:

The Crown had traditionally relied on gifts and bribes to encourage loyalty and obedience among the barons, but in the straightened, post-war circumstances the opportunities to dispense such patronage was limited. Part of the problem was that medieval law was clear that the guardians of a minor, such

2340:

Eleanor probably hoped that Henry would be recognised as a saint, as his contemporary Louis IX of France had been; indeed, Henry's final tomb resembled the shrine of a saint, complete with niches possibly intended to hold relics. When the King's body was exhumed in 1290, contemporaries noted that the

2285:

Although Henry had initially reversed Simon de Montfort's anti-Jewish policies, including attempting to restore the debts owed to Jews where these could be proven, he faced pressure from parliament to introduce restrictions on Jewish bonds, particularly their sale to Christians, in the final years of

2157:

Henry's government relied primarily on Eleanor and her Savoyard supporters, and it proved short-lived. He attempted to settle the crisis permanently by forcing the barons to agree to the Treaty of Kingston. This treaty introduced a system of arbitration to settle outstanding disputes between the King

2082:

In 1258, Henry faced a revolt among the English barons. Anger had grown about the way the King's officials were raising funds, the influence of the Poitevins at court, and his unpopular Sicilian policy, and resentment of abuse of purchased Jewish loans. Even the English Church had grievances over its

2038:

for his son Edmund. Sicily had been controlled by Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire, for many years a rival of Pope Innocent IV. On Frederick's death in 1250, Innocent started to look for a new ruler, one more amenable to the Papacy. Henry saw Sicily as both a valuable prize for his son and as an

1996:

On the way back from Gascony, Henry met with Louis for the first time in an arrangement brokered by their wives, and the two kings became close friends. The Gascon campaign cost more than £200,000 and used up all the money intended for Henry's crusade, leaving him heavily in debt and reliant on loans

1907:

began to suffer increased harassment as English power increased across the region. These lands were in many cases unprofitable for the barons to hold and English power reached its zenith under Henry for the medieval period. In 1254, Henry granted Ireland to his son, Edward, on condition that it would

1726:

in January 1236, and Eleanor was crowned queen at Westminster shortly afterwards in a lavish ceremony planned by Henry. There was a substantial age gap between the couple – Henry was 28, Eleanor only 12 – but historian Margaret Howell observes that the King "was generous and warm-hearted and prepared

1624:

In 1239 Henry introduced different policies, possibly trying to imitate those of Louis of France: Jewish leaders across England were imprisoned and forced to pay fines equivalent to a third of their goods, and any outstanding loans were to be released. Further huge demands for cash followed – £40,000

1102:

The fate of Henry's family lands in France still remained uncertain. Reclaiming these lands was extremely important to Henry, who used terms such as "reclaiming his inheritance", "restoring his rights", and "defending his legal claims" to the territories in diplomatic correspondence. The French kings

3927:

The 52,480 gold pennies minted were each valued by the Crown as being worth 20 silver pennies, but in practice their market value was much less, making them unattractive to own. The complaints from the London merchants appear to have been motivated by the minting of the coins depressing the value of

3843:

Medieval England principally used silver pennies; larger sums of silver pennies were typically expressed in financial accounts as pounds (240 pennies) or marks (160 pennies). This article presents all contemporary sums in pounds. It is impossible to accurately estimate the modern equivalent value of

2224:

on 14 May. Despite their numerical superiority, Henry's forces were overwhelmed. His brother Richard was captured, and Henry and Edward retreated to the local priory and surrendered the following day. Henry was forced to pardon the rebel barons and reinstate the Provisions of Oxford, leaving him, as

2137:

Over the next four years, neither Henry nor the barons were able to restore stability in England, and power swung back and forth between the different factions. One of the priorities for the new regime was to settle the long-running dispute with France and, at the end of 1259, Henry and Eleanor left

1895:

was important to Henry, both as a source of royal revenue – an average of £1,150 was sent from Ireland to the Crown each year during the middle of his reign – and as a source of estates that could be granted to his supporters. The major landowners looked eastwards towards Henry's court for political

1183:

to inherit his lands. The final settlement was confirmed in May, and Henry was widely praised for his humility in submitting to the slightly embarrassing peace. Meanwhile, the truce with France regarding Brittany expired, and Henry's ally Duke Peter quickly found himself subjected to French military

1145:

in August 1231 and allied himself with the growing number of Hubert's political opponents. He put the case to Henry that the Justiciar had squandered royal money and lands, and was responsible for a series of riots against foreign clerics. As the political climate became increasingly hostile, Hubert

1034:

Initially, the new government had little success, but in 1220, the fortunes of Henry's government began to improve. The Pope allowed Henry to be crowned for a second time, using a new set of regalia. The fresh coronation was intended to affirm the authority of the King; Henry promised to restore the

948:

With the end of the civil war, Henry's government faced the task of rebuilding royal authority across large parts of the country. By the end of 1217, many former rebels were routinely ignoring instructions and even Henry's loyalist supporters jealously maintained their independent control over royal

4113:

The actual election procedure for the council was, as historian Adrian Jobson describes, "rather convoluted"; the twelve Royalist members of the first, Bigod-inspired council elected two nominees, followed by the twelve baronial members electing an additional two nominees; these four men would then

3797:

The status of Henry's campaign was slightly ambiguous. Pope Innocent IV declared the rebels to be worse than Saracens, but they were not considered heretics; the crusader cross was to be worn on the chest, rather than on the more conventional shoulder; joining this crusade was not the equivalent of

2441:

judges him to have been a decent man, who failed as a ruler because of his naivety and inability to produce realistic plans for reform, a theme echoed by Huw Ridgeway, who also notes his unworldliness and inability to manage his court, but who considers him to have been "essentially a man of peace,

2281:

In the final years of his reign, Henry was increasingly infirm and focused on securing peace within the kingdom and his own religious devotions. Edward became the Steward of England and began to play a more prominent role in government. Henry's finances were in a precarious state as a result of the

2207:

Simon's coalition quickly began to fragment, Henry regained his freedom of movement and renewed chaos spread across England. Henry appealed to Louis of France for arbitration in the dispute, as had been laid out in the Treaty of Kingston; Simon was initially hostile to this idea, but, as war became

2086:

Henry was also critically short of money. Although he still had some reserves of gold and silver, they were totally insufficient to cover his potential expenditures, including the campaign for Sicily and his debts to the Papacy. Critics suggested darkly that he had never really intended to join the

1845:

In the aftermath of the revolt, French power extended throughout Poitou, threatening the interests of the Lusignan family. In 1247 Henry encouraged his relatives to travel to England, where they were rewarded with large estates, largely at the expense of the English barons. More Poitevins followed,

1213:

into a more junior role. A small royal council was formed but its role was ill-defined; appointments, patronage, and policy were decided personally by Henry and his immediate advisers, rather than through the larger councils that had marked his early years. The changes made it much harder for those

892:

would be lifted and Henry's government would promise to enforce Magna Carta. The proposed agreement soon began to unravel amid claims from some loyalists that it was too generous towards the rebels, particularly the clergy who had joined the rebellion. In the absence of a settlement, Louis remained

3903:

In addition to taxes, the other main source of royal income was the royal manors, which produced revenue through a system called the county farms, traditionally collected through the local sheriffs. In 1236 this system was reformed, to avoid the risk of money being misappropriated by the sheriffs;

2436:

Henry's reign did not receive much attention from general historians for many years after the 1950s: no substantial biographies of Henry were written after Powicke's, and the historian John Beeler observed in the 1970s that the coverage of Henry's reign by military historians remained particularly

2228:

Simon was unable to consolidate his victory and widespread disorder persisted across the country. In France, Eleanor made plans for an invasion of England with the support of Louis, while Edward escaped his captors in May and formed a new army with Gilbert de Clare, who switched sides to the royal

1849:

The presence of Henry's extended family in England proved controversial. Concerns were raised by contemporary chroniclers – especially in the works of Roger de Wendover and Matthew Paris – about the number of foreigners in England and historian Martin Aurell notes the xenophobic overtones of their

1233:

As a result, despite a symbolic emphasis on royal power, Henry's rule was relatively circumscribed and constitutional. He generally acted within the terms of the charters, which prevented the Crown from taking extrajudicial action against the barons, including the fines and expropriations that had

4069:

Until the late 20th century, historians also accepted the existence of four other children, Richard (d. 29 August 1250), John (b. 1250 – d. 31 August 1252), William (d. c. 1256) and Henry (b. May 1260 – d. 10 October 1260). Subsequent historical analysis has shown that it is improbable that these

2053:

Alexander grew increasingly unhappy about Henry's procrastinations and in 1258 sent an envoy to England, threatening to excommunicate Henry if he did not first pay his debts to the Papacy and then send the promised army to Sicily. Parliament again refused to assist the King in raising this money.

1979:

in 1250, Henry instead announced that he would be undertaking his own crusade to the Levant. He began to make arrangements for passage with friendly rulers around the Levant, imposing efficiency savings on the royal household and arranging for ships and transport: he appeared almost over-eager to

1268:

The power of royal sheriffs also declined during Henry's reign. They were now often lesser men appointed by the exchequer, rather than coming from important local families, and they focused on generating revenue for the King. Their robust attempts to enforce fines and collect debts generated much

1046:

Meanwhile, Louis VIII of France allied himself with Hugh de Lusignan and invaded Poitou and Gascony. Henry's army in Poitou was poorly supplied and lacked support from the Poitevin barons, many of whom felt abandoned during the years of Henry's minority; as a result, the province fell quickly. It

968:

Despite his success in winning the war, William had far less favourable results when attempting to restore royal power following the peace. This was in part because he was unable to offer significant patronage, despite the expectations from the loyalist barons that they would be rewarded. William

887:

In the aftermath of Lincoln, the loyalist campaign stalled and only recommenced in late June when the victors had arranged the ransoming of their prisoners. Meanwhile, support for Louis's campaign was diminishing in France, and he concluded that the war in England was lost. Louis negotiated terms

2273:

followed in November 1267, which effectively reissued much of the Provisions of Westminster, placing limitations on the powers of local royal officials and the major barons, but without restricting central royal authority. Most of the exiled Poitevins began to return to England after the war. In

2146:

When Simon de Montfort returned to England, Henry, supported by Eleanor, remained in Paris, where he seized the opportunity to reassert royal authority and began to issue royal orders independently of the barons. Henry finally returned to retake power in England in April 1260, where conflict was

2112:

The disagreements between the leading barons involved in the revolt soon became evident. Simon championed radical reforms that would place further limitations on the authority and power of the major barons as well as the Crown; others, such as Hugh Bigod, promoted only moderate change, while the

1988:

of neighbouring Castile. The English court was split over the problem: Simon and Eleanor argued that the Gascons were to blame for the crisis, while Henry, backed by the Lusignans, blamed Simon's misjudgment. Henry and Eleanor quarrelled over the issue and were not reconciled until the following

1567:

The support given to Henry by the Papacy during his early years had a lasting influence on his attitude towards Rome, and he defended the mother church diligently throughout his reign. Rome in the 13th century was at once both the centre of the Europe-wide Church and a political power in central

1364:

produced a lavish palace complex, whose style and detail inspired many subsequent designs in England and Wales. The Tower of London was extended to form a concentric fortress with extensive living quarters, although Henry primarily used the castle as a secure retreat in the event of war or civil

1217:

Henry believed that kings should rule England in a dignified manner, surrounded by ceremony and ecclesiastical ritual. He thought that his predecessors had allowed the status of the Crown to decline, and sought to correct this during his reign. The events of the civil war in Henry's youth deeply

846:

and the Papacy backed Henry. John's death had defused some of the rebel concerns, and the royal castles were still holding out in the occupied parts of the country. In a bid to take advantage of this, Henry encouraged the rebel barons to come back to his cause in exchange for the return of their

2412:

sought to understand how the English political system had evolved under Henry. They explored the emergence of Parliamentary institutions during his reign and sympathized with the concerns of the chroniclers over the role of the Poitevins in England. This focus carried on into early 20th-century

2317:

At his request, Henry was buried in Westminster Abbey in front of the church's high altar, in the former resting place of Edward the Confessor. A few years later, work began on a grander tomb for Henry, and in 1290 Edward moved his father's body to its current location in Westminster Abbey. His

2240:

Edward was triumphant and Simon's corpse was mutilated by the victors. Henry, who was wearing borrowed armour, was almost killed by Edward's forces during the fighting before they recognised the King and escorted him to safety. In places the now leaderless rebellion dragged on, with some rebels

927:

on 12 and 13 September 1217. The treaty was similar to the first peace offer but excluded the rebel clergy, whose lands and appointments remained forfeit. Louis accepted a gift of ~£6,700 to speed his departure from England, and promised to try to persuade King Philip to return Henry's lands in

850:

In February 1217, Louis set sail for France to gather reinforcements. In his absence, arguments broke out between Louis's French and English followers, and Cardinal Guala declared that Henry's war against the rebels was a religious crusade. This resulted in a series of defections from the rebel

2098:, Peter de Savoy, and Richard de Clare – secretly formed an alliance to expel the Lusignans from the court, a move probably quietly supported by the Queen. On 30 April, Roger Bigod marched into Westminster in the middle of the King's parliament, backed by his co-conspirators, and carried out a 1825:

In 1241, the barons in Poitou, including Henry's step-father Hugh de Lusignan, rebelled against the rule of Louis of France. The rebels had counted on aid from Henry, but he lacked domestic support and was slow to mobilise an army, not arriving in France until the next summer. His campaign was

2102:. Henry, fearful that he was about to be arrested and imprisoned, agreed to abandon his policy of personal rule and instead govern through a council of 24 barons and churchmen, half chosen by the King and half by the barons. His own nominees to the council drew heavily on the hated Lusignans. 2450:

be commemorated along with all late kings and queens in 1268, during her lifetime he was resolved to maintain her confinement. Eleanor had already passed the reproductive age when he took power, and she would be highly unlikely to bring any risk to his regime. No longer simply depicted as an

2142:

with King Louis, escorted by Simon de Montfort and much of the baronial government. Under the treaty, Henry gave up any claim to his family's lands in the north of France but was confirmed as the legitimate ruler of Gascony and various neighbouring territories in the south, giving homage and

4160:

A cast was made from Henry's funeral effigy in 1911 by Titus Giuseppe Formilli, and bought by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1912 where, as of 2013, it is still on display. The effigy was praised by the museum in 1919 as being the "high water mark of English sepulchral sculpture" and was

2195:

Simon returned to England in April 1263 and convened a council of rebel barons in Oxford to pursue a renewed anti-Poitevin agenda. Revolt broke out shortly afterwards in the Welsh Marches and, by October, England faced a likely civil war between Henry, backed by Edward, Hugh Bigod, and the

2282:

war, and when Edward decided to join the crusades in 1268 it became clear that fresh taxes were necessary. Henry was concerned that Edward's absence might encourage further revolts but was swayed by his son to negotiate with multiple parliaments over the next two years to raise the money.

1253:" first appeared in the 1230s and 1240s to describe large gatherings of the royal court and parliamentary gatherings were held periodically throughout Henry's reign. They were used to agree upon the raising of taxes which, in the 13th century, were single, one-off levies, typically on 3969:

Henry was not alone in having been a young ward of the Church; his contemporary, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, was also a ward and historian Henry Mayr-Harting notes that, despite the exigencies of international politics, he retained a deep affection for the institution of the

2341:

body was in perfect condition and that Henry's long beard remained well preserved, which at the time was considered to be an indication of saintly purity. Miracles began to be reported at the tomb, but Edward was sceptical about these stories. The reports ceased, and Henry was never

1975:, having first made a fresh truce with England and received assurances from the Pope that he would protect his lands against any attack by Henry. Henry might have joined this crusade himself, but the rivalry between the two kings made this impossible and, after Louis's defeat at the 686:

as potential peace treaty. The treaty would have limited potential abuses of royal power, demobilised the rebel armies and set up a power-sharing arrangement, but in practice, neither side complied with its conditions. John and the loyalist barons firmly rejected Magna Carta and the

1634:

in London in 1232 in an attempt to convert Jews to Christianity, and efforts intensified after 1239. As many as 10 per cent of the Jews in England had been converted by the late 1250s in large part due to their deteriorating economic conditions. Many anti-Jewish stories involving

1989:

year. Forced to intervene personally, Henry carried out an effective, if expensive, campaign with the help of the Lusignans and stabilised the province. Alfonso signed a treaty of alliance in 1254, and Gascony was given to Henry's son Edward, who married Alfonso's half-sister

1335:

Henry travelled less than previous kings, seeking a tranquil, more sedate life and staying at each of his palaces for prolonged periods before moving on. Possibly as a result, he focused more attention on his palaces and houses; Henry was, according to architectural historian

1093:

Henry assumed formal control of his government in January 1227, although some contemporaries argued that he was legally still a minor until his 21st birthday the following year. The King richly rewarded Hubert de Burgh for his service during his minority years, making him the

1047:

became clear that Gascony would also fall unless reinforcements were sent from England. In early 1225 a great council approved a tax of £40,000 to dispatch an army, which managed to retake Gascony. In exchange for agreeing to support Henry, the barons demanded that he reissue

2393:, were influenced by contemporary concerns about the roles of the Church and state, and examined the changing nature of kingship under Henry, the emergence of English nationalism during the period, and what they perceived to be the malign influence of the Papacy. During the 1260:

Despite the various charters, the provision of royal justice was inconsistent and driven by the needs of immediate politics: sometimes action would be taken to address a legitimate baronial complaint, and on other occasions, the problem would simply be ignored. The royal

473:, as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts. A coalition of his barons, initially probably backed by Eleanor, seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the Poitevins from England, reforming the royal government through a process called the 1061:

and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 far more authority than their previous iterations. The barons assumed that the King would act in accordance with these definitive charters, as he would be subject to the law and his decisions moderated by the advice of the nobility.

2203:

to join Edward's army at Windsor but was forced to retreat by the London crowds. Simon took the pair prisoners, and although he maintained a fiction of ruling in Henry's name, the rebels completely replaced the royal government and household with their own trusted men.

2039:

excellent base for his crusading plans in the east. With minimal consultation within his court, Henry came to an agreement with the Pope in 1254 that Edmund should be the next king. Innocent urged Henry to send Edmund with an army to reclaim Sicily from Frederick's son

807:, one of the most powerful loyalist barons. William diplomatically waited until both Guala and Ranulf had requested him to take up the post before assuming power. William then appointed des Roches to be Henry's guardian, freeing himself up to lead the military effort. 2462:

and Robert Stacey judge his later reign as a "watershed" in the way Jews were seen and treated by Christians, through his over-taxation, and exploitation of the loans system to leverage lands from his subjects. They judge that he created the conditions for increasing

1727:

to lavish care and affection on his wife". Henry gave Eleanor extensive gifts and paid personal attention to establishing and equipping her household. He also brought her fully into his religious life, including involving her in his devotion to Edward the Confessor.

1031:. Hubert moved decisively against des Roches in 1221, accusing him of treason and removing him as the King's guardian; the Bishop left England for the crusades. Pandulf was recalled by Rome the same year, leaving Hubert as the dominant force in Henry's government. 1257:, and intended to support the King's normal revenues for particular projects. During Henry's reign, the counties began to send regular delegations to these parliaments and came to represent a broader cross-section of the community than simply the major barons. 1098:

and giving him extensive lands across England and Wales. Despite coming of age, Henry remained deeply influenced by his advisers for the first few years of his rule and retained Hubert as his justiciar to run the government, granting him the position for life.

1408:

with a new Long Cross design. Due to the initial costs of the transition, he required the financial help of his brother Richard to undertake this reform, but the recoinage occurred quickly and efficiently. Between 1243 and 1258, the King assembled two great

1184:

pressure. Henry could only send a small force of soldiers to assist his vassal, and Brittany fell to Louis in November. And after the dismissal of des Roches, for the next 24 years, Henry ruled the kingdom personally, rather than through senior ministers.

2219:

finally broke out in April 1264, when Henry led an army into Simon's territories in the Midlands, and then advanced south-east to re-occupy the important route to France. Becoming desperate, Simon marched in pursuit of Henry and the two armies met at the

2087:

crusades, and was simply intending to profit from the crusading tithes. To compound the situation, the harvests in England failed. Within Henry's court there was a strong feeling that the King would be unable to lead the country through these problems.

1179:, intervened in 1234 and held several great councils, advising Henry to accept the dismissal of des Roches. Henry agreed to make peace, but, before the negotiations were completed, Richard died of wounds suffered in battle, leaving his younger brother 1161:, grew, and they argued that Henry was failing to protect their legal rights as described in the charters of 1225. A civil war erupted between the followers of des Roches and Marshal. Des Roches began by sending his armies into Richard's lands in both 3807:

The French rebel leader, Thomas the Count of Perche, was one of the few actual casualties among the rebel leadership, and died as the result of an accidental spear-thrust through the visor, and after the battle, his death was deeply regretted by both

1773:, and was unable to speak. She died in 1257 and Henry was distraught. His children spent most of their childhood at Windsor Castle and he appears to have been extremely attached to them, rarely spending extended periods of time apart from his family. 1265:, courts which toured the country to provide justice at the local level, typically for those lesser barons and the gentry claiming grievances against the major lords, had little power, allowing the major barons to dominate the local justice system. 802:

Two senior nobles stood out as candidates to head Henry's regency government. The first was William Marshal, who, although elderly, was renowned for his personal loyalty and could help support the war with his own men and material. The second was

695:(later Louis VIII), who claimed the English throne for himself. The war soon settled into a stalemate, with neither side able to claim victory. The king became ill and died on the night of 18 October, leaving the nine-year-old Henry as his heir. 2557:

as a minor character referred to as Prince Henry but within modern popular culture, Henry has a minimal presence and has not been a prominent subject of films, theatre or television. Historical novels which feature him as a character include

1230:, hoping to emulate the way in which Edward had brought peace to England and reunited his people in order and harmony. Henry tried to use his royal authority leniently, hoping to appease the more hostile barons and maintain peace in England. 1963:

has described as a "European strategy", attempting to regain his lands in France through diplomacy rather than force, building alliances with other states prepared to put military pressure on the French King. In particular, Henry cultivated

1208:

Royal government in England had traditionally centred on several great offices of state, filled by powerful, independent members of the baronage. Henry abandoned this policy, leaving the post of justiciar vacant and turning the position of

2113:

conservative barons, such as Richard, expressed concerns about the existing limitations on the King's powers. Henry's son, Edward, initially opposed the revolution, but then allied himself with de Montfort, helping him to pass the radical

675:, leaving English power on the continent limited to Gascony and Poitou. John raised taxes to pay for military campaigns to regain his lands, but unrest grew among many of the English barons; John sought new allies by declaring England a 4132:"After Simon's victory at the battle of Lewes in May 1264, some 60 men received royal writs pardoning debts and interest owed to Jews. The beneficiaries included prominent supporters, such as John d'Eyville and Simon's own retainers." 1023:, and their government came to depend on these councils for authority. Hubert and des Roches were political rivals, with Hubert supported by a network of English barons, and des Roches backed by nobles from the royal territories in 4141:

Henry agreed to limits on fee-rents, restrictions on sale of Jewish loans to Christians and a prohibition on levying interest on loans purchased by Christians. These were the grievances that had helped fuel the wider crisis since

512:. Reconstruction was slow, and Henry had to acquiesce to several measures, including further suppression of the Jews, to maintain baronial and popular support. Henry died in 1272, leaving Edward as his successor. He was buried in 2208:

more likely again, he decided to agree to French arbitration as well. Henry went to Paris in person, accompanied by Simon's representatives. Initially Simon's legal arguments held sway, but in January 1264, Louis announced the

1959:. Henry's resources were quite inadequate in comparison to those of the French Crown, and by the end of the 1240s it was clear that King Louis had become the preeminent power across France. Henry instead adopted what historian 1484:

Henry shared many of his religious views with Louis of France, and the two men appear to have been slightly competitive in their piety. Towards the end of his reign, Henry may have taken up the practice of curing sufferers of

3913:

Henry's elephant was a present from Louis of France in 1255 and was kept in a specially designed elephant house, only to die within two years; it was famously sketched by Matthew Paris. His leopard and camel were gifts from

2428:

made extensive use of these new sources in the 1920s, and post-war historians brought a particular focus on the finances of Henry's government, highlighting his fiscal difficulties. This wave of research culminated in Sir

1154:. Des Roches took over the King's government, backed by the Poitevin baronial faction in England, who saw this as a chance to take back lands that had been seized and given to Hubert's followers over the previous decades. 1927:

before the young king married Henry's daughter Margaret in 1251 and, despite Alexander's refusal to give homage to Henry for Scotland, the two enjoyed a good relationship. Henry had Alexander and Margaret rescued from

847:

lands, and reissued a version of Magna Carta, albeit having first removed some of the clauses, including those unfavourable to the Papacy. The move was not successful and opposition to Henry's new government hardened.

1344:

in London, one of his favourite homes, rebuilding the palace and the abbey at a cost of almost £55,000. He spent more time in Westminster than any of his predecessors, shaping the formation of England's capital city.

1983:

Henry's crusade never departed, as he was forced to deal with problems in Gascony, where the harsh policies of his lieutenant, Simon de Montfort, had provoked a violent uprising in 1252, which was supported by King

867:

in a sequence of fierce street battles and sacked the buildings. Large numbers of senior rebels were captured, and historian David Carpenter considers the battle to be "one of the most decisive in English history".

2458:. They note similar questions of lack of competence and credulity. His role in lending credibility to false charges against Jews of ritual sacrifice of Christian children is highlighted as especially damaging. 1968:, hoping he would turn against Louis or allow his nobility to join Henry's campaigns. In the process, Henry's attention became increasingly focused on European politics and events rather than domestic affairs. 10522:

Wild, Benjamin L. (2011). "A Captive King: Henry III Between the Battles of Lewes and Evesham 1264-5". In Burton, Janet E.; Lachaud, Frédérique; Schofield, Phillipp R.; Stöber, Karen; Weiler, Björn K. (eds.).

1319:

relatives. The court followed European styles and traditions, and was heavily influenced by Henry's Angevin family traditions: French was the spoken language, it had close links to the royal courts of France,

1896:

leadership, and many also possessed estates in Wales and England. The 1240s saw major upheavals in land ownership due to deaths among the barons, enabling Henry to redistribute Irish lands to his supporters.

10243:

Robson, Michael (2010). "The Greyfriars of Lincoln, c.1230–1330: the Establishment of the Friary and the Friars' Ministry and Life in the City and its Environs". In Robson, Michael; Röhrkasten, Jens (eds.).

1422: 712:

in Dorset with his mother when King John died. On his deathbed, John appointed a council of thirteen executors to help Henry reclaim the kingdom and requested that his son be placed into the guardianship of

3858:

as Henry, could not permanently dispose of their ward's property or rights, which meant that the government was unable to legally give any of the King's lands or rights to a baron during the royal minority.

1837:

Simon de Montfort, who fought a successful rearguard action during the withdrawal, was furious with the King's incompetence and told Henry that he should be locked up like the 10th-century Carolingian king

969:

attempted to enforce the traditional rights of the Crown to approve marriages and wardships, but with little success. Nonetheless, he was able to reconstitute the royal bench of judges and reopen the royal

2245:, which Henry and Edward took after a long siege in 1266. They continued targeting Jews and their debt records. The remaining pockets of resistance were mopped up, and the final rebels, holed up in the 2225:

historian Adrian Jobson describes, "little more than a figurehead". With Henry's power diminished, Simon cancelled many debts and interest owed to Jews, including those held by his baronial supporters.

3960:

Henry's attempts to promote the relic of the Holy Blood and Westminster Abbey as a popular pilgrimage shrine and place of devotion largely failed, despite considerable financial investment by the King.

1457:

at least once a day. He gave generously to religious causes, paid for the feeding of 500 paupers each day, and helped orphans. He fasted before commemorating Edward the Confessor's feasts and may have

775:

The young king inherited a difficult situation, with over half of England occupied by the rebels and most of his father's continental possessions still in French hands. He had substantial support from

851:

movement, and the tide of the conflict swung in Henry's favour. Louis returned at the end of April and reinvigorated his campaign, splitting his forces into two groups, sending one north to besiege

4024:

Two Jews had been released in December and January, the remainder in May 1256 sometime after their trial had condemned them to death. The incident as a whole brings Henry's judgement into question.

1157:

Des Roches used his new authority to begin stripping his opponents of their estates while circumventing the courts and legal process. Complaints from powerful barons such as William Marshal's son

4123:

The wording of Louis's judgement in the case also appears to suggest that Louis believed that he had feudal authority over Henry, as a consequence of Henry having given homage to him for Gascony.

1269:

unpopularity among the lower classes. Unlike his father, Henry did not exploit the large debts that the barons frequently owed to the Crown, and was slow to collect any sums of money due to him.

779:, who intended to win the civil war for Henry and punish the rebels. Guala set about strengthening the ties between England and the Papacy, starting with the coronation itself, where Henry gave 1980:

take part. Henry's plans reflected his strong religious beliefs, but they also stood to give him additional international credibility when arguing for the return of his possessions in France.

394:

Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers. He travelled less than previous monarchs, investing heavily in a handful of his favourite

3871:; John's intervention to marry Isabella himself caused Hugh to revolt and ultimately led to the collapse of Angevin power in northern France. Hugh X and Isabella had nine children together. 2199:

Simon marched east with an army and London rose up in revolt, where 500 Jews died. Henry and Eleanor were trapped in the Tower of London by the rebels. The Queen attempted to escape up the

4151:

Until 1246, Henry had wanted to be buried in the Temple Church, London, near William Marshal's resting place; he then changed his mind, choosing to be buried close to Edward the Confessor.

2442:

kind and merciful". The descriptions of his characteristics as devout, kind, and innocent king is also however under doubt. Despite his occasional generosities towards his innocent cousin

1734:, named after the Confessor. Henry was overjoyed and held huge celebrations, giving lavishly to the Church and to the poor to encourage God to protect his young son. Their first daughter, 1583:'s attempts to raise funds began to face opposition from within the English Church during Henry's reign. In 1240, the Papal emissary's collection of taxes to pay for the Papacy's war with 597:

Little is known about Henry's appearance; he was probably around 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, and accounts recorded after his death suggested that he had a strong build, with a

605:

describes, he had an "amiable, easy-going, and sympathetic" personality. He was unaffected and honest, and showed his emotions readily, easily being moved to tears by religious sermons.

2261:

of all the rebel lands, triggering a wave of chaotic looting across the country. Henry initially rejected any calls for moderation, but in October 1266 he was persuaded by Papal Legate

1413:, or stockpiles, of gold. In 1257, Henry needed to spend the second of these hoards urgently and, rather than selling the gold quickly and depressing its value, he decided to introduce 1133:. He then made a truce with Louis which was to last until 1234 and returned to England having achieved nothing; historian Huw Ridgeway describes the expedition as a "costly fiasco". 2495:. Paris first met Henry in 1236 and enjoyed an extended relationship with the King, although he disliked many of Henry's actions and the illustrations are frequently unflattering. 1600: 11730: 4104:

Some accounts suggest that Louis of France prevented Henry from joining the Seventh Crusade, others that Henry himself did not want to join it because of Louis's leadership role.

717:, one of the most famous knights in England. The loyalist leaders decided to crown Henry immediately to reinforce his claim to the throne. William knighted the boy, and Cardinal 1707:

Henry investigated a range of potential marriage partners in his youth, but they all proved unsuitable for reasons of European and domestic politics. In 1236 he finally married

1579:

Although the Scottish Church became more independent of England during the period, the Papal Legates helped Henry continue to apply influence over its activities at a distance.

485:

recognising him as the rightful ruler of Gascony. The baronial regime collapsed, but Henry was unable to reform a stable government, and instability across England continued.

3767:

Henry's speedy coronation was intended to draw a clear distinction between the young king and his rival Louis, who had only been elected by the barons and was never crowned.

508:

the following year and freed his father. Henry initially exacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels but was persuaded by the Church to mollify his policies through the

9869:

Hillen, Christian (2007). "The Minority Governments of Henry III, Henry (VII) and Louis IX Compared". In Weiler, Björn K.; Burton, Janet E.; Schofield, Phillipp R. (eds.).

1932:

when they were imprisoned there by a rebellious Scottish baron in 1255 and took additional measures to manage Alexander's government during the rest of his minority years.

566:

called Ellen in the south of England, away from John's itinerant court, and probably had close ties to his mother. Henry had four legitimate younger brothers and sisters –

8999: 1610: 1278: 3798:

fighting in the east, or replace an existing vow. It provided a convenient excuse for many rebels to switch back to the King's side without suffering a loss of face.

2417:'s 1913 volume, which continued to make heavy use of the chronicler accounts and focused primarily on constitutional issues, with a distinctive nationalistic bias. 2381:

The first histories of Henry's reign emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries, relying primarily on the accounts of medieval chroniclers, in particular writings of

10342:—— (1997). "Parliamentary Negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England". In Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard H.; Frame, Robin (eds.). 3817:

Even in France, Louis was increasingly perceived to be conducting an illegitimate war against a child king who had been popularly appointed by the local barons.

3734:

It was not particularly unusual for rulers in the early 13th century to give homage to the Pope in this way: Richard I had done similarly, as had the rulers of

2290:, and in 1269 he oversaw a grand ceremony to rebury Edward the Confessor in a lavish new shrine, personally helping to carry the body to its new resting place. 888:

with Cardinal Guala, under which he would renounce his claim to the English throne; in return, his followers would be given back their lands, any sentences of

1679: 11723: 10205: 1862:

in 1240, Henry's power in Wales expanded. Three military campaigns were carried out in the 1240s, new castles were constructed, and the royal lands in the

1810: 1121:

with an army in May 1230, the campaign did not go well. Possibly on the advice of Hubert, the King decided to avoid battle with the French by not invading

1307:; and Henry's brother, Richard. Henry wanted to use his court to unite his English and continental subjects, and it included the originally French knight 1057:. This time the King declared that the charters were issued of his own "spontaneous and free will" and confirmed them with the royal seal, giving the new 859:. When he learnt that Louis had divided his army, William Marshal gambled on defeating the rebels in a single battle. William marched north and attacked 10482:

Weiler, Björn K. U. (1999). "Henry III's Plans for a German Marriage and their Context". In Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard; Frame, Robin (eds.).

1730:

Despite initial concerns that the Queen might be barren, Henry and Eleanor had five children together. In 1239 Eleanor gave birth to their first child,

4498: 1842:. The Poitou rebellion collapsed and Henry entered into a fresh five-year truce. His campaign had been a disastrous failure and had cost over £80,000. 10865: 4086:

Katherine is sometimes described in histories as being deaf and mute, although contemporary sources only described her as being deaf "and useless".

2433:'s two major biographical works on Henry, published in 1948 and 1953, which formed the established history of the King for the next three decades. 985:

in 1218, but its generous terms–which saw Llywelyn effectively become Henry's justiciar across Wales–underlined the weakness of the English Crown.

795:, and that the legate had complete authority to protect Henry and his kingdom. As an additional measure, Henry took the cross, declaring himself a 1776:

After Eleanor's marriage, many of her Savoyard relatives joined her in England. At least 170 Savoyards arrived in England after 1236, coming from

11716: 10668: 3951:

Historian David Carpenter presents the case for Henry touching to cure "the King's evil" as evenly balanced; Nicholas Vincent is more doubtful.

525: 1560:

also received royal attention: Henry reinforced and regulated their powers, and encouraged scholars to migrate from Paris to teach at them. A

10361:—— (2003). "The English Jews Under Henry III: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.). 395: 1899:

In the 1250s, the King gave out numerous grants of land along the frontier in Ireland to his supporters, creating a buffer zone against the

3979:

The account of the protests against the emissary Pietro Rosso stem mainly from the chronicler Matthew Paris, who may well have been biased.

2286:

his reign in return for financing. Henry continued to invest in Westminster Abbey, which became a replacement for the Angevin mausoleum at

1509:

in 1247, marching it through Westminster to be installed in Westminster Abbey, which he promoted as an alternative to the Sainte-Chapelle.

1405: 1401: 1007:

noble. William Marshal fell ill and died in April 1219. The replacement government was formed around a grouping of three senior ministers:

12893: 12868: 10834: 2090:

The discontent finally erupted in April, when seven of the major English and Savoyard barons – Simon de Montfort, Roger and Hugh Bigod,

1722:

The marriage contract was confirmed in 1235 and Eleanor travelled to England to meet Henry for the first time. The pair were married at

12853: 1340:, "the most obsessive patron of art and architecture ever to have occupied the throne of England". Henry extended the royal complex at 804: 465:

By 1258, Henry's rule was increasingly unpopular, the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his

17: 9558:—— (2005). "The Meetings of Kings Henry III and Louis IX". In Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard; Frame, Robin (eds.). 12863: 11157: 10970: 10246:

Franciscan Organisation in the Mendicant Context: Formal and Informal Structures of the Friars' Lives and Ministry in the Middle Ages

3403: 3178: 579: 9712:

Frame, Robin (1992). "King Henry III and Ireland: the Shaping of a Peripheral Lordship". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

1039:, which Henry and Hubert besieged for eight weeks; when it finally fell, almost the entire garrison was executed and the castle was 3408: 2162: 1761:. Concerned about Eleanor's health, Henry donated large amounts of money to the Church throughout the pregnancy. A third daughter, 1561: 1308: 1292: 12858: 11301: 11137: 9007: 1826:

hesitant and was further undermined by Hugh switching sides and returning to support Louis. On 21–22 July 1242, Henry's army was

1304: 999:

Henry's mother was unable to establish a role for herself in the regency government and she returned to France in 1217, marrying

12888: 3988:

Baronial or royal bond owners could simply wait for a default, or worse, deliberately evade being paid and then claim the lands.

2487:

depicted Henry's life in a series of illustrations, which he sketched and, in some cases, water-coloured, in the margins of the

2451:

incompetent but innocent fool, it is believed by many historians that he possesses wisdom and determination in certain aspects.

1870:, Llywelyn's son, resisted the incursions but died in 1246, and Henry confirmed the Treaty of Woodstock the following year with 1453:

and appears to have been genuinely devout. He promoted rich, luxurious Church services, and, unusually for the period, attended

12838: 12500: 11593: 11500: 2233:

and then turning once more on the rebel leader himself. Simon, accompanied by the captive Henry, was unable to retreat and the

9907:

Howell, Margaret (1992). "The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

1834:. Henry's brother Richard persuaded the French to delay their attack and the King took the opportunity to escape to Bordeaux. 1214:

outside Henry's inner circle to influence policy or to pursue legitimate grievances, particularly against the King's friends.

12848: 12843: 11399: 11162: 10796: 10532: 10510: 10491: 10451: 10432: 10413: 10391: 10370: 10351: 10307: 10288: 10253: 10189: 10170: 10151: 10132: 10113: 10094: 10075: 10053: 9994: 9975: 9956: 9935: 9897: 9878: 9857: 9838: 9819: 9800: 9778: 9740: 9683: 9664: 9645: 9626: 9607: 9586: 9567: 9548: 9510: 9491: 9472: 9453: 9407: 9353: 3928:

gold held by the City traders. Gold coins were not minted again in England until the reign of Edward III in the 14th century.

1955:

Henry had no further opportunities to reconquer his possessions in France after the collapse of his military campaign at the

1712: 1360:. Both the military defences and the internal accommodation of these castles were significantly improved. A huge overhaul of 1180: 1158: 406:, holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities; the King was particularly devoted to the figure of 137: 12618: 11664: 11110: 10811: 10690: 10200: 9693:

Eaglen, R. J. (1992). "The Evolution of Coinage in Thirteenth-Century England". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

3391: 1141:

Henry's chief minister, Hubert, fell from power in 1232. His old rival, Peter des Roches, had returned to England from the

264: 2420:

After 1900, the financial and official records from Henry's reign began to become accessible to historians, including the

2057:

Meanwhile, Henry attempted to influence the outcomes of the elections in the Holy Roman Empire, which would appoint a new

12769: 11573: 11563: 11286: 11276: 11122: 1481:, although he appears to have sometimes used pilgrimages as an excuse to avoid dealing with pressing political problems. 11404: 10960: 10727: 10661: 3152: 1878:, Llywelyn the Great's grandsons, under which they ceded land to the King but retained the heart of their princedom in 838:. Prince Louis and the rebel barons were also finding it difficult to make further progress. Despite Louis controlling 571: 9617:

Cole, Virginia A. (2002). "Ritual Charity and Royal Children in 13th Century England". In Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (ed.).

2105:

The pressure for reform continued unabated and a fresh parliament met in June, passing a set of measures known as the

11387: 10565: 10472: 9916: 9888:

Holt, James Clarke (1984). "The Loss of Normandy and Royal Finance". In Holt, James Clarke; Gillingham, John (eds.).

9759: 9721: 9702: 9529: 9312: 3743: 1858:

Henry's position in Wales was strengthened during the first two decades of his personal rule. Following the death of

1789: 1076: 923:

Henry and Louis, together with Henry's mother, Cardinal Guala and William Marshal, came to an agreement on the final

380: 75: 12878: 12679: 11205: 10816: 3915: 2467:, developing themes of supposed Jewish magic and conspiracy to explain measures taken against Jews, leading to the 1965: 1544:, helping to find valuable space for new buildings in what were already crowded towns and cities. He supported the 1300: 664:

in the south-west. For many years the French Crown was relatively weak, enabling first Henry II, and then his sons

431: 418:, ultimately crippling their ability to do business, and as attitudes towards the Jews hardened, he introduced the 2034:

Henry did not give up on his hopes for a crusade but became increasingly absorbed in a bid to acquire the wealthy

1587:

resulted in protests, ultimately overcome with the help of Henry and the Pope, and in the 1250s Henry's crusading

12883: 1584: 4057:, but Blanche, the mother of Louis IX of France, intervened and prevailed upon the Pope to prevent the marriage. 367:, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by 11296: 10180:

Ridgeway, Huw (1988). "King Henry III and the 'Aliens', 1236–1272". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (eds.).

3687: 3095: 2443: 1831: 1614: 12873: 12823: 12554: 11697: 11266: 10955: 10829: 10806: 10786: 10654: 3673: 2798: 1904: 4506: 3725:. Measurements of Henry's coffin in the 19th century indicate a height of 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in). 12549: 12390: 12353: 11409: 9327: 3359: 1742:, followed in 1240, her birth also accompanied by celebrations and donations to the poor. The third child, 1640: 1494: 1376: 56: 3904:

revenues increased by roughly 10 per cent but were still inadequate to support Henry's policies in Europe.

2229:

government. He pursued Simon's forces through the Marches, before striking east to attack his fortress at

12115: 11271: 4034: 3680: 2438: 1210: 602: 12104: 516:, which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign, and was moved to his current tomb in 1290. Some 422:, attempting to segregate the community. In a fresh attempt to reclaim his family's lands in France, he 12707: 12559: 12493: 12400: 12078: 12046: 9304: 4050: 10561: 10555: 9418: 2150:

Henry continued publicly to support the Provisions of Oxford, but he secretly opened discussions with

920:, who was promptly executed. When the news reached Louis, he entered into renewed peace negotiations. 12787: 12395: 12190: 12135: 11743: 11568: 11132: 10714: 9771:

The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914–1940

9444:

Beeler, John (1972). "Military Developments from Prehistoric Times to 1485". In Higham, Robin (ed.).

3627: 3202: 2269:, which allowed for the return of the rebels' lands, in exchange for the payment of harsh fines. The 2114: 1976: 1924: 1111: 913: 876: 834:

The war was not going well for the loyalists and the new regency government considered retreating to

356: 249: 9436: 2083:

treatment by the King. The Welsh were still in open revolt and now allied themselves with Scotland.

1283: 12599: 12196: 12185: 11891: 11747: 11739: 4054: 4038: 3157: 2262: 1916: 1545: 1176: 864: 820: 737: 352: 10943: 2849: 2257:

Henry quickly took revenge on his enemies after the Battle of Evesham. He immediately ordered the

559: 336: 304: 12165: 12160: 12145: 12120: 11558: 11261: 11223: 11117: 3170: 2040: 1557: 1506: 1442: 1202: 843: 824: 375:, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the 11827: 1058: 12344: 12229: 12175: 12150: 12125: 12110: 11982: 11817: 11645: 9829:

Hillaby, Joe (2003). "Jewish Colonisation in the Twelfth Century". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).

2375: 2371: 2278:

with Llywelyn, recognising him as the Prince of Wales and giving substantial land concessions.

2270: 2139: 2016: 1871: 1647:, who intervened to release the Jews that were not executed, probably also with the backing of 1618: 1609:

were considered the property of the Crown, and they had traditionally been used as a source of

1296: 749: 478: 360: 347:

declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by

12287: 957:

had collapsed and with it the ability to raise taxes and collect royal revenues. The powerful

12640: 12564: 12543: 12486: 12334: 12244: 12224: 12155: 12093: 12083: 12073: 11952: 11947: 11920: 11881: 11876: 11334: 11242: 11200: 11147: 10931: 10904: 10821: 10613: 10442:—— (2007). "Isabella of Angoulême: John's Jezebel". In Church, Stephen D. (ed.). 9788: 2817: 2525: 2425: 2409: 2216: 2174: 1956: 1944: 1827: 1766: 1458: 1370: 1341: 1337: 1250: 1053: 974: 555: 493: 427: 332: 294: 105: 12039: 11791: 10142:

Moss, V. D. (2007). "The Norman Exchequer Rolls of King John". In Church, Stephen D. (ed.).

9301:

Reinventing Liberty: Nation, Commerce and the British Historical Novel from Walpole to Scott

1493:, possibly emulating Louis, who also took up the practice. Louis had a famous collection of 1237: 1129:, where he campaigned ineffectually over the summer, before finally progressing safely into 761: 12833: 12828: 12634: 12629: 12608: 12312: 12259: 12249: 12239: 12212: 12130: 12053: 11987: 11942: 11926: 11915: 11909: 11859: 11254: 11210: 11181: 11152: 11074: 10892: 10853: 10801: 10791: 10779: 10677: 10584: 3659: 2699: 2648: 2581: 2529: 2455: 2447: 2398: 2298: 2275: 2266: 2106: 1875: 1762: 1739: 1723: 1700: 1662:

in 1253, which attempted to stop the construction of synagogues and enforce the wearing of

1553: 1466: 1223: 726: 692: 688: 587: 545: 509: 474: 407: 340: 269: 1971:

Crusading was a popular cause in the 13th century, and in 1248 Louis joined the ill-fated

1425:

issued by Edward the Confessor, but the overvalued currency attracted complaints from the

601:. Henry grew up to occasionally show flashes of a fierce temper, but mostly, as historian 8: 12804: 12673: 12623: 12339: 12292: 12234: 12170: 11967: 11957: 11937: 11903: 11708: 11680: 11531: 11481: 11462: 11455: 11419: 11370: 11093: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11047: 10978: 10965: 10872: 10767: 10737: 10719: 10709: 10401: 4046: 4042: 3868: 3747: 3694: 3640: 3635: 3622: 3195: 3165: 3144: 3135: 3127: 2683: 2636: 2630: 2554: 2541: 2537: 2521: 2258: 1814: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1708: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1644: 1316: 982: 929: 672: 621: 591: 575: 567: 501: 481:

in 1259, under which Henry gave up his rights to his other lands in France in return for

435: 399: 259: 254: 209: 10569: 9346:

World Historical Fiction : An Annotated Guide to Novels for Adults and Young Adults

2117:

in 1259, which introduced further limits on the major barons and local royal officials.

760:. The royal crown had been either lost or sold during the civil war or possibly lost in 12745: 12696: 12575: 12376: 12014: 11962: 11886: 11672: 11443: 11414: 11394: 11351: 11193: 11105: 10620: 10334: 10032: 10024: 4072: 3891: 3614: 3209: 2872: 2576: 2533: 2472: 2074: 2058: 1990: 1948: 1867: 1859: 1839: 1621:

in 1215; William Marshal continued with his policy despite complaints from the Church.

1569: 1537: 1321: 1311:, who had married Henry's sister Eleanor, in addition to the later influxes of Henry's 1172: 1117:

Henry's preparations for an invasion progressed slowly, and when he finally arrived in

1000: 745: 609: 439: 171: 3721:

The description of Henry's eyelid, written after his death, comes from the chronicler

2397:, historians also drew parallels between Henry's experiences and those of the deposed 1601:

History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Increasing persecution, 13th century

12667: 12537: 12521: 12513: 12009: 11822: 11578: 11538: 11493: 11309: 11215: 11142: 11069: 10624: 10528: 10506: 10487: 10468: 10447: 10428: 10409: 10387: 10366: 10347: 10303: 10284: 10249: 10185: 10166: 10147: 10128: 10109: 10090: 10071: 10049: 10036: 9990: 9971: 9952: 9931: 9912: 9893: 9874: 9853: 9834: 9815: 9796: 9774: 9755: 9736: 9717: 9698: 9679: 9660: 9641: 9622: 9603: 9582: 9563: 9544: 9525: 9506: 9487: 9468: 9449: 9403: 9349: 9308: 3751: 3735: 3666: 3648: 3183: 2642: 2609: 2424:, court records, correspondence, and records of administration of the royal forests. 2394: 2382: 2303: 2242: 2234: 2188: 2184: 2095: 2091: 2047: 2035: 2006: 1863: 1758: 1754: 1716: 1692: 1652: 1630: 1573: 1478: 1329: 1325: 1262: 1242: 1086: 1019:, a former justiciar. The three were appointed by a great council of the nobility at 1008: 950: 924: 839: 784: 769: 765: 645: 641: 551: 513: 505: 489: 447: 443: 328: 233: 195: 167: 92: 11870: 2099: 12733: 12509: 12327: 12317: 12207: 12180: 12032: 11864: 11784: 11777: 10912: 10330: 10210: 10182:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1987

10016: 9909:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1991

9714:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1991

9695:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Newcastle upon Tyne Conference, 1991

4002: 3867:

Before marrying John, Henry's mother Isabella had been betrothed to Hugh's father,

2549: 2346: 2287: 2024: 1929: 1793: 1659: 1580: 1513: 1254: 1012: 917: 880: 860: 757: 649: 583: 500:

was fought in 1264 when Henry was defeated and taken prisoner. Henry's eldest son,

419: 372: 85: 10233: 9199:

G. Seabourne. "Eleanor of Brittany and her Treatment by King John and Henry III",

916:. De Burgh's fleet scattered the French and captured their flagship, commanded by 582:– and various older illegitimate siblings. In 1212 his education was entrusted to 528:

and would not be surpassed by an English, or later British, monarch until that of

12757: 12657: 12570: 12322: 12067: 11897: 11849: 11839: 11833: 11583: 11346: 11291: 10983: 10702: 10628: 10281:

The Poor and the Perfect: the Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209–1310

3781: 3722: 3352: 2571: 2490: 2430: 2221: 1972: 1960: 1648: 1606: 1521: 1498: 1474: 1470: 1384: 1369:

at the Tower, a tradition begun by his father, and his exotic specimens included

1349: 1312: 1151: 1016: 958: 905: 889: 780: 753: 733: 718: 714: 653: 637: 598: 497: 415: 388: 384: 368: 348: 344: 324: 320: 145: 52: 10218: 10087:

Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century

9638:

Domination and Conquest: the Experience of Ireland, Scotland and Wales 1100–1300

9619:

Medieval and Early Modern Ritual: Formalized Behavior in Europe, China and Japan

2078:

Probable late 13th or early 14th century depiction of Henry's eldest son, Edward

12721: 12692: 12591: 12581: 12420: 12307: 12264: 12218: 12003: 11548: 10266:(July 2020). "King Henry III: The Rise to Power and Personal Rule, 1207-1258". 10214: 10063: 10004: 3140: 2601: 2405: 2390: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2311: 2209: 1920: 1549: 1454: 1426: 1361: 1036: 992: 897: 852: 776: 741: 617: 613: 541: 376: 9968:

The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War

4114:

elect the remainder of the council. The result was a heavily baronial council.

682:, owing allegiance to the Pope. In 1215, John and the rebel barons negotiated 12817: 11382: 11281: 10732: 4006: 3998: 2563: 2512: 2484: 2459: 2386: 2366: 2151: 1805: 1770: 1747: 1147: 1142: 962: 828: 482: 423: 4161:

influential in the design of funeral effigies following the First World War.

4041:, but this was dropped to leave open the possibility of Henry marrying Duke 2125: 2011: 562:. Little is known of Henry's early life. He was initially looked after by a 12740: 12445: 12202: 11657: 11543: 11127: 2464: 2414: 2200: 1900: 1663: 1353: 1227: 1095: 978: 901: 856: 722: 709: 411: 12752: 11797: 9890:

War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich

9227: 9225: 768:

belonging to Queen Isabella. Henry later underwent a second coronation at

12450: 12435: 12020: 3845: 2593: 2326: 2246: 2028: 1886: 1636: 1490: 1219: 1166: 1048: 879:

in 1217, showing the capture of the French flagship and the execution of

683: 364: 284: 183: 10751: 10163:

The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a Social and Political History

9871:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Gregynog Conference, 2005

4037:. In the early 1220s, Henry considered marrying Marjorie, the sister of 1564:

was declared by the King to be a mere school and not a true university.

815: 496:. Henry persuaded Louis to support his cause and mobilised an army. The 12425: 12415: 12405: 11992: 11854: 10646: 10263: 10209:(online ed.), Oxford University Press (published September 2010), 10028: 9222: 3784:, the existing justiciar, complained, William altered his title to the 2501: 2421: 2230: 1525: 1502: 1414: 1380: 1348:

He spent £58,000 on his royal castles, carrying out major works at the

792: 529: 10484:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1997

10344:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1995

9733:

Critical Companion to Dante: a Literary Reference to his Life and Work

9731:

Fritts, Stephanie (2008). "Henry III of England". In Ruud, Jay (ed.).

9560:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 2004

2161:

Henry's government was weakened by the death of Richard, as his heir,

430:. After this, Henry relied on diplomacy, cultivating an alliance with 339:, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the 12440: 12410: 11997: 11972: 11519: 3939: 3777: 2782: 2517: 2342: 1985: 1517: 1366: 1332:, and Henry sponsored the same writers as the other European rulers. 1197: 988: 970: 909: 665: 563: 521: 470: 12478: 12098: 10525:

Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Paris Conference 2009

10318: 10048:. Berkeley, US and Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. 10020: 9505:. Berkeley, US and Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. 9419:"Excavations in Bedford 1967–1977: The Excavations – Bedford Castle" 2337:

in style, but it is probably not a close likeness of Henry himself.

1866:

were expanded, increasing Henry's dominance over the Welsh princes.

12430: 12371: 11977: 11802: 11615: 11553: 10638: 4011: 3600: 3102: 2624: 2179: 2130: 2020: 1912: 1785: 1781: 1486: 1122: 1118: 1107: 1081: 1040: 1028: 944:

Matthew Paris's depiction of the second coronation of Henry in 1220

796: 625: 466: 115: 9541:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

9417:

Baker, David; Baker, Evelyn; Hassall, Jane; Simco, Angela (1979).

1291:

The royal court was formed round Henry's trusted friends, such as

953:, had sprung up across much of the country. The network of county 12348: 12254: 10549: 3739: 2454:

Henry III has received considerable attention from historians of

2319: 1892: 1879: 1529: 1388: 1162: 1130: 954: 871: 835: 679: 661: 633: 517: 459: 451: 279: 1940: 1683:

Early chronology showing Henry (top) and his children, (l to r)

1437: 883:(r) and the support of the English bishops (l), by Matthew Paris 450:, despite investing large amounts of money. He planned to go on 12140: 12088: 11812: 11807: 7757: 7755: 3755: 2468: 2345:. In 1292, his heart was removed from his tomb and reburied at 1818: 1765:, was born in 1253 but soon fell ill, possibly the result of a 1533: 1126: 1024: 1020: 1004: 788: 657: 455: 10425:

The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic

6917: 6915: 1923:

in 1237, Henry had a secure northern frontier. Henry knighted

1746:, was named after Eleanor's mother, and born in 1242 during a 624:, who had built up this vast network of lands stretching from 387:

broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by

12763: 12531: 12060: 8846: 8844: 4491: 2507: 2323: 1777: 1599:

Further information on the Jews in 13th century England:

1588: 1462: 1450: 1418: 1410: 1357: 676: 629: 403: 10486:. Vol. 7. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 173–188. 9928:

Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England

9716:. Vol. 4. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 179–202. 7752: 4077:

were handicapped, or they were miscarriages or still births.

2143:

recognising Louis as his feudal lord for these possessions.

590:; under his direction, Henry was given military training by 11844: 10527:. Vol. 13. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 41–56. 10346:. Vol. 6. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 77–102. 9873:. Vol. 11. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 46–60. 6912: 5729: 5727: 2516:(completed in 1320). The King is depicted sitting alone in 1541: 949:

castles while illegally constructed fortifications, called

896:

On 24 August 1217, a French fleet arrived off the coast of

671:

In 1204, John lost Normandy, Brittany, Maine, and Anjou to

41: 11738: 10184:. Vol. 2. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 81–92. 9911:. Vol. 4. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 57–72. 9697:. Vol. 4. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 15–24. 9562:. Vol. 10. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 1–30. 9006:, Victoria and Albert Museum, 31 July 2013, archived from 8841: 6167: 6165: 2333:; unlike other effigies of the period, it is particularly 2043:, offering to contribute to the expenses of the campaign. 1279:

List of nobles and magnates of England in the 13th century

1114:, openly revolted against Louis and gave homage to Henry. 940: 402:, with whom he had five children. Henry was known for his 10125:

Blood Cries Afar: the Forgotten Invasion of England, 1216

9579:

Henry III: The Rise to Power and Personal Rule, 1207–1258

5614: 5612: 5566: 5564: 5482: 5480: 4352: 4350: 3894:, although the title of "regent" was not officially used. 995:

and the execution of the garrison in 1224 (Matthew Paris)

787:

as his feudal lord. Honorius declared that Henry was his

10689: 9850:

The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History

5724: 3890:

Louis IX's regency government was headed by his mother,

2249:, surrendered in July 1267, marking the end of the war. 1804:

Further information on the 1242 campaign in Poitou:

46:

Henry III depicted in a manuscript from the 13th century

8755: 8753: 7110: 7108: 6351: 6349: 6162: 4630: 4628: 1817:('Regina') and Henry ('Rex') returning to England from 1639:

circulated in the 1230s–50s, including the account of "

981:. The regency and Llywelyn came to an agreement on the 10503:

Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216–1272

10007:(1972). "The Knight's Tale of Young Hugh of Lincoln". 9416: 7221: 7219: 5609: 5561: 5509: 5507: 5477: 5276: 4347: 4303: 4301: 2471:

of the de Montfort rebellions, and later, to the 1290

1106:

Louis VIII died in 1226, leaving his 12-year-old son,

504:, escaped from captivity to defeat de Montfort at the 12705: 9448:. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul. pp. 43–64. 7037: 7035: 7033: 6582: 6580: 5656: 5654: 5629: 5627: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5551: 5549: 691:

erupted, with the rebel barons aided by Philip's son

383:

was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son

10106:

Religion, Politics and Society in Britain, 1066–1272

9621:. Leiden, the Netherlands: BRILL. pp. 221–241. 8750: 8247: 8245: 7105: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6346: 4625: 3776:

Initially William Marshal termed himself the King's

2329:

was designed and forged within the abbey grounds by

2252: 1505:

through Paris in 1241; Henry took possession of the

928:

France. Louis left England as agreed and joined the

594:

and taught to ride, probably by Ralph of St Samson.

10319:"1240-1260: A Watershed in Anglo-Jewish Relations?" 9795:. New Haven, US and London: Yale University Press. 8568: 8566: 7216: 5504: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4874: 4872: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4298: 2560:

Longsword, Earl of Salisbury: An Historical Romance

1150:, but Henry had him arrested and imprisoned in the 315:(1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as 10505:. Paris: Royal Historical Society: Boydell Press. 9446:A Guide to the Sources of British Military History 9270: 9268: 8389: 8387: 8274: 8272: 7030: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6456: 6454: 6452: 5651: 5624: 5588: 5546: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4095:Henry's step-father Hugh de Lusignan died in 1249. 3881:John, and then Henry, during the recent civil war. 1915:during his reign, where he was the feudal lord of 977:, which attempted to reform the governance of the 9810:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001). 8242: 7020: 7018: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6509: 6052: 6050: 5810: 5808: 5695: 5693: 4049:. Another option that came close to fruition was 1449:Henry was known for his public demonstrations of 863:on 20 May 1217; entering through a side gate, he 799:and so entitled to special protection from Rome. 458:but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in 12815: 10866:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary 8966: 8964: 8563: 4896: 4869: 4458: 4456: 4434: 3997:The story entered the historical record through 2404:By the 19th century, Victorian scholars such as 2353:, France with the bodies of his Angevin family. 1993:, delivering a long-lasting peace with Castile. 10552:at the official website of the British monarchy 10446:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 165–219. 10146:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 101–116. 10046:The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora 9465:Money in the Medieval English Economy: 973–1489 9265: 8384: 8269: 6639: 6562: 6449: 4840: 2389:. These early historians, including Archbishop 1192: 9892:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 92–105. 9847: 9602:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 8612: 8600: 7015: 6786: 6617: 6601: 6544: 6520: 6047: 5805: 5690: 2183:A 13th century depiction of the mutilation of 2138:for Paris to negotiate the final details of a 2129:14th century representation of Henry visiting 1853: 520:were declared after his death, but he was not 477:. Henry and the baronial government enacted a 331:from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of 12494: 11724: 10662: 10365:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 41–54. 9833:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 15–40. 9809: 9348:. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 660. 8961: 8517: 8505: 8493: 7639: 7620: 7600: 7512: 7460: 5498: 5486: 5332: 5288: 4851: 4453: 4341: 2499: 2265:to issue a less draconian policy, called the 1417:into England, following the popular trend in 912:, set sail to intercept it, resulting in the 764:, so instead the ceremony used a simple gold 442:in 1256, but was unable to place his own son 10408:. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. 10103: 6427: 6415: 6391: 6379: 6367: 6355: 5993: 5425: 4555: 4543: 4065: 4063: 4033:An early option was one of the daughters of 1997:from his brother Richard and the Lusignans. 1669: 961:posed a major threat in Wales and along the 935: 554:on 1 October 1207. He was the eldest son of 12291:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 9467:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 4009:and became the subject of a popular ballad 3788:, "our ruler and the ruler of our kingdom". 2488: 2446:and order that she and her younger brother 1799: 1613:, in exchange for royal protection against 1136: 842:, he could not be crowned king because the 725:to England, then oversaw his coronation at 535: 414:. He extracted huge sums of money from the 12501: 12487: 12468:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 11731: 11717: 11644: 10669: 10655: 10568: 10248:. Berlin, Germany: Lit. pp. 119–146. 9848:——; Hillaby, Caroline (2013). 9749: 6597: 6595: 5455: 5443: 2655:Henry had no known illegitimate children. 2064: 805:Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester 379:that had once belonged to his father, but 40: 11333: 11241: 11158:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 11128:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester 10971:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester 10930: 10062: 9657:The Gothic King: a Biography of Henry III 9576: 9557: 9538: 9519: 9500: 9484:Philip Augustus, King of France 1180–1223 9380: 9184: 9134: 9107: 9067: 8927: 8870: 8831: 8763: 8732: 8716: 8696: 8378: 8152: 8088: 8004: 7969: 7945: 7933: 7917: 7901: 7873: 7833: 7821: 7746: 7663: 7651: 7635: 7616: 7596: 7444: 7432: 7416: 7400: 7388: 7372: 7308: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7241: 7225: 7056: 7005: 6700: 6340: 6324: 6257: 6245: 6218: 6191: 6175: 6100: 6041: 5981: 5965: 5949: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5893: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5826: 5787: 5775: 5760: 5748: 5733: 5715: 5711: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5645: 5633: 5618: 5603: 5582: 5570: 5555: 5540: 5528: 5513: 5404: 5392: 5380: 5376: 5364: 5360: 5348: 5344: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5272: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5197: 5185: 5173: 5161: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4909: 4890: 4878: 4863: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4726: 4714: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4646: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4531: 4485: 4462: 4447: 4428: 4392: 4368: 4356: 4326: 4307: 4181: 4060: 4015:that survived into the twentieth century. 1512:Henry was particularly supportive of the 1065: 810: 488:In 1263, one of the more radical barons, 11180: 11034: 10891: 10852: 10676: 10297: 10198: 10179: 10003: 9946: 9735:. New York: Facts on File. p. 466. 9481: 9216: 9212: 9188: 9173: 9149: 9138: 9123: 9111: 9079: 8916: 8897: 8878: 8854: 8775: 8405: 7989: 7671: 7624: 7569: 7550: 7535: 7516: 7297: 7210: 7178: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7072: 7045: 6977: 6965: 6819: 6665: 6605: 6586: 6556: 6503: 6492: 6301: 6222: 6195: 6171: 6132: 6112: 5882: 5764: 5737: 5719: 5517: 5467: 5420: 5257: 4470: 4330: 4315: 4293: 4237: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 2365: 2297: 2178: 2163:Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester 2124: 2073: 2010: 2000: 1939: 1809: 1788:, including Eleanor's uncles, the later 1678: 1445:to Westminster in 1247, by Matthew Paris 1436: 1404:in England in 1247, replacing the older 1375: 1309:Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester 1293:Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester 1287:A Long Cross penny, showing Henry's head 1282: 1236: 1196: 1080: 987: 939: 870: 855:and keeping one in the south to capture 814: 620:. Henry was named after his grandfather 351:, defeated the rebels at the battles of 11480: 11369: 11302:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 11138:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant 11092: 10835:William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 10766: 10441: 10422: 10400: 10278: 10206:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10122: 9828: 9787: 9754:(1st ed.). London: Edward Arnold. 9597: 9343: 9031: 7957: 7584: 7565: 7476: 7150: 7099: 7087: 6592: 6460: 6443: 6328: 6312: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6206: 6187: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5977: 5961: 5933: 5121: 5105: 5005: 4953: 4798: 4742: 4738: 4634: 4466: 4380: 4311: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 3653:Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby 2633:(29 September 1240 – 26 February 1275); 1305:Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford 698: 14: 12816: 11594:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 11501:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 11442: 10500: 10481: 10462: 10381: 10360: 10341: 10316: 10283:. New York: Cornell University Press. 10242: 10160: 9965: 9925: 9906: 9868: 9768: 9730: 9692: 9635: 9462: 9443: 9397: 9368: 9274: 9231: 9165: 9063: 9051: 9043: 9027: 8994: 8943: 8912: 8908: 8893: 8889: 8874: 8866: 8850: 8835: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8799: 8787: 8759: 8744: 8728: 8712: 8700: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8648: 8636: 8624: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8557: 8545: 8533: 8529: 8489: 8477: 8465: 8453: 8429: 8417: 8393: 8374: 8362: 8350: 8338: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8290: 8278: 8263: 8251: 8236: 8224: 8212: 8200: 8188: 8176: 8164: 8140: 8128: 8116: 8104: 8100: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8044: 8032: 8020: 8016: 8000: 7985: 7981: 7929: 7913: 7897: 7885: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7761: 7742: 7730: 7718: 7706: 7694: 7682: 7667: 7604: 7580: 7561: 7531: 7500: 7488: 7472: 7456: 7428: 7412: 7384: 7368: 7253: 7237: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7166: 7154: 7083: 7068: 7041: 7024: 7009: 6993: 6981: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6921: 6906: 6894: 6882: 6870: 6858: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6815: 6803: 6780: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6704: 6688: 6676: 6661: 6657: 6645: 6633: 6621: 6571: 6532: 6488: 6476: 6472: 6439: 6403: 6297: 6156: 6152: 6140: 6136: 6120: 6116: 6088: 6084: 6072: 6060: 5937: 5814: 5799: 5699: 5501:, pp. 232, 235, 267, 269–272, 326 5463: 5431: 5416: 5292: 4949: 4674: 4527: 4404: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 2520:, to one side of other failed rulers: 1757:, arrived in 1245 and was named after 1552:in 1235. The emerging universities of 608:At the start of the 13th century, the 12508: 12482: 11712: 11643: 11613: 11517: 11479: 11441: 11400:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence 11368: 11332: 11240: 11179: 11163:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent 11091: 11033: 10929: 10890: 10851: 10797:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony 10765: 10688: 10650: 10084: 10043: 9984: 9711: 9673: 9654: 9298: 9286: 9259: 9247: 9243: 9169: 9153: 9095: 9083: 9047: 9000:"Effigy of King Henry III of England" 8982: 8970: 8955: 8939: 7546: 7527: 7356: 7344: 7332: 7320: 6056: 4503:Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey 4481: 4416: 4248: 4233: 4217: 4205: 4193: 3820: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3634: 3632: 3621: 3619: 3599: 3509: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3421: 3402: 3400: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3175: 3164: 3162: 3151: 3149: 3134: 3132: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3094: 3012: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2920: 2871: 2848: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2781: 2745: 2711: 2698: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2620:Henry and Eleanor had five children: 2168: 1713:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 1489:, often called "the King's evil", by 1159:Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1070: 893:in London with his remaining forces. 138:William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 12770: 11665:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 11282:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 11111:Margaret of France, Queen of England 10812:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile 10691:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 10521: 10300:Money and its Use in Medieval Europe 10262: 10141: 9949:Expulsion: England's Jewish solution 9887: 9616: 9402:(in French). Paris, France: Tempus. 8441: 6953: 6233: 5471: 5459: 4221: 1935: 524:. Henry's reign of 56 years was the 359:in 1217. Henry promised to abide by 265:Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster 222: 11590:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet 11574:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford 11564:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 11287:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 11277:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 11123:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar 10406:England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 9987:Looking at Animals in Human History 9852:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 9426:Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal 9400:L'Empire des Plantagenêt, 1154–1224 4254: 2027:, recognisable by his three-tiered 1908:never be separated from the Crown. 1524:, and he built mendicant houses in 1383:, with Henry III enthroned holding 526:longest in medieval English history 426:in 1242, leading to the disastrous 24: 12894:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 12869:English people of Scottish descent 11405:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 10961:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland 10750: 10728:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey 10335:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1988.tb01056.x 9332:English history in English fiction 2478: 1594: 25: 12905: 12854:Children of John, King of England 11388:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England 10566:National Portrait Gallery, London 10543: 9814:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman. 9600:England and its Rulers: 1066–1307 9581:. London: Yale University Press. 3848:, an immense outlay for the time. 2361: 2253:Reconciliation and reconstruction 1790:Archbishop Boniface of Canterbury 1421:. The gold pennies resembled the 1077:English invasion of France (1230) 492:, seized power, resulting in the 27:King of England from 1216 to 1272 12864:English people of French descent 12796: 12779: 12751: 12739: 12727: 12715: 11206:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall 10817:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily 9930:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 9435: 9374: 9362: 9337: 9321: 9292: 9280: 9253: 9237: 9234:, pp. 135–6, 145–6, 149–50. 9206: 9193: 9178: 9159: 9143: 9128: 9116: 9101: 9089: 9073: 9057: 9037: 9021: 8988: 8976: 8949: 8933: 8921: 8902: 8883: 8860: 8821: 8809: 8793: 8781: 8769: 8738: 8722: 8706: 8690: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8642: 8630: 8618: 8606: 8590: 8578: 8551: 8539: 8523: 8511: 8499: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8368: 8356: 8344: 8332: 8320: 8308: 8296: 8284: 8257: 8230: 8218: 8206: 8194: 8182: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8122: 8110: 8094: 8078: 8066: 8054: 8038: 8026: 8010: 7994: 7975: 7963: 7951: 7939: 7923: 7907: 7891: 7879: 7863: 7851: 7839: 7827: 7811: 7799: 7783: 7771: 7736: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7657: 7645: 7629: 7610: 7590: 7574: 7555: 7540: 7521: 7506: 7494: 7482: 7466: 7450: 7438: 7422: 7406: 7394: 7378: 7362: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7287: 7275: 7263: 7247: 7231: 7200: 7188: 7172: 7160: 7144: 7132: 7120: 7093: 7077: 7062: 7050: 6999: 6987: 6971: 6959: 6943: 6931: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6809: 6770: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6710: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6651: 6627: 6611: 6550: 6538: 6526: 6497: 6482: 6466: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6334: 6318: 6306: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6212: 6200: 6181: 6146: 6126: 6106: 6094: 6078: 6066: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5971: 5955: 5943: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5887: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5820: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5754: 5742: 5705: 5678: 5666: 5639: 5576: 5534: 5522: 5492: 5449: 5437: 4154: 4145: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4027: 4018: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3931: 3921: 3916:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 3907: 3897: 3884: 2651:(25 November 1253 – 3 May 1257). 2645:(16 January 1245 – 5 June 1296); 2627:(17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307); 1562:rival institution at Northampton 1469:, particularly to the abbeys of 1301:Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1187: 1125:and instead marching south into 1011:, the replacement Papal legate; 748:, Henry was anointed by Bishops 656:in north-west France, and on to 532:in the 18th and 19th centuries. 438:in his successful bid to become 432:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 11768:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 11677:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke 10384:King John: England's Evil King? 10317:Stacey, Robert C. (June 1988). 9676:Royal Tombs of Medieval England 9390: 9334:. London: Blackie, 1940. (p.59) 5410: 5398: 5386: 5370: 5354: 5338: 5322: 5310: 5298: 5282: 5262: 5243: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5191: 5179: 5167: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5099: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4884: 4857: 4828: 4816: 4804: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4668: 4652: 4640: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4549: 4537: 4521: 4475: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4335: 4320: 3874: 3861: 3851: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3786:rector nostrer et rector nostri 3770: 3761: 3728: 3606: 3119: 2823: 2788: 2689: 2639:(25 June 1242 – 24 March 1275); 1585:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II 904:, and fresh supplies to Louis. 218: 12859:13th-century dukes of Normandy 11765:Monarchs of England until 1603 11297:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke 10444:King John: New Interpretations 10427:. Cambridge University Press. 10302:. Cambridge University Press. 10165:. Cambridge University Press. 10144:King John: New Interpretations 10089:. Cambridge University Press. 10070:. Cambridge University Press. 9773:. Cambridge University Press. 9640:. Cambridge University Press. 4242: 4227: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 3715: 3096:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany 2658: 2444:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany 2274:September 1267 Henry made the 1429:and was ultimately abandoned. 823:in 1217, showing the death of 732:In the absence of Archbishops 668:and John, to dominate France. 434:. Henry supported his brother 363:, a later version of the 1215 260:Beatrice, Countess of Richmond 13: 1: 12839:13th-century English monarchs 11518: 11426:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde 10956:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall 10830:Geoffrey (archbishop of York) 10807:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 10787:William IX, Count of Poitiers 10127:. Stroud: The History Press. 4168: 2413:research into Henry, such as 2069: 1611:cheap loans and easy taxation 1501:in Paris, and he paraded the 1218:affected him, and he adopted 1146:decided to seek sanctuary in 703: 12849:Burials at Westminster Abbey 12844:13th-century peers of France 11614: 11410:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 10234:UK public library membership 10161:Pounds, Nigel J. G. (1994). 10104:Mayr-Harting, Henry (2011). 10085:Maier, Christoph T. (2003). 9501:Carpenter, David A. (1990). 5216:, pp. 146, 157–161, 187 1911:Henry maintained peace with 1641:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln 1193:Kingship, government and law 973:. The government issued the 708:Henry was staying safely at 7: 12375:British monarchs after the 10562:Portraits of King Henry III 9524:. London: Hambledon Press. 9201:Nottingham Medieval Studies 8687:, pp. 149–152, 154–157 8639:, pp. 120–121, 136–137 5869:, pp. 153–155, 177–181 4035:Leopold VI, Duke of Austria 2588:(1973) by Pamela Bennetts, 1854:Scotland, Wales and Ireland 1674: 1548:and became a patron of the 1432: 783:to the Papacy, recognising 10: 12910: 12889:People of the Barons' Wars 10748: 10423:Vincent, Nicholas (2006). 10279:Senocak, Neslihan (2012). 9989:. London: Reaktion Books. 9947:Huscroft, Richard (2006). 9344:Adamson, Lynda G. (1998). 9305:Edinburgh University Press 8613:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 8601:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6618:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6602:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6545:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 6521:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013 5379:, pp. 2–3, 383, 386; 2172: 2046:Innocent was succeeded by 2004: 1803: 1598: 1591:faced similar resistance. 1576:, and the Papacy in 1250. 1465:. Henry regularly went on 1406:Short Cross silver pennies 1373:, a leopard, and a camel. 1276: 1089:in 1230, by Matthew Paris. 1074: 539: 239: 181:16 November 1272 (aged 65) 18:Henry III, King of England 12689: 12656: 12607: 12590: 12520: 12463: 12386: 12370: 12366: 12303: 12286: 12282: 11759: 11755: 11693: 11652: 11639: 11622: 11609: 11569:Anne of York, Lady Howard 11526: 11513: 11488: 11475: 11450: 11437: 11377: 11364: 11341: 11328: 11249: 11236: 11188: 11175: 11133:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 11100: 11087: 11042: 11029: 10938: 10925: 10899: 10886: 10860: 10847: 10774: 10761: 10715:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 10697: 10684: 10635: 10618: 10610: 10605: 10578: 10463:Warren, W. Lewis (1991). 10386:. Stroud: History Press. 10382:Turner, Ralph V. (2009). 9812:Capetian France, 987–1328 9750:Gillingham, John (1984). 9655:Davis, John Paul (2013). 9503:The Minority of Henry III 9203:, Vol. LI (2007), p. 110. 8518:Hallam & Everard 2001 8506:Hallam & Everard 2001 8494:Hallam & Everard 2001 7640:Hallam & Everard 2001 7621:Hallam & Everard 2001 7601:Hallam & Everard 2001 7513:Hallam & Everard 2001 7461:Hallam & Everard 2001 5845:, pp. 26, 29, 37, 43 5499:Hallam & Everard 2001 5487:Hallam & Everard 2001 5333:Hallam & Everard 2001 5289:Hallam & Everard 2001 5200:, pp. 254, 26. 289; 5020:, pp. 55–56, 108–109 4852:Hallam & Everard 2001 4342:Hallam & Everard 2001 3628:Alexander III of Scotland 3593: 3591: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3381: 3379: 3345: 3343: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3239: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2696: 2666:Henry III and his family 2356: 2120: 2115:Provisions of Westminster 1821:in 1243, by Matthew Paris 1670:Personal rule (1234–1258) 1546:military crusading orders 1112:Peter I, Duke of Brittany 936:Restoring royal authority 410:, whom he adopted as his 300: 290: 278: 250:Edward I, King of England 232: 203: 190: 177: 161: 157: 121: 111: 101: 74: 63: 51: 39: 34: 10363:Jews in Medieval Britain 10298:Spufford, Peter (1989). 9831:Jews in Medieval Britain 4055:Simon, Count of Ponthieu 4039:Alexander II of Scotland 4005:, was quoted as fact by 3708: 3158:Alexander II of Scotland 2615: 2598:The Marriage of Meggotta 2498:Henry is a character in 2293: 1828:surrounded by the French 1800:Poitou and the Lusignans 1637:tales of child sacrifice 1272: 1177:Archbishop of Canterbury 1137:Richard Marshal's revolt 932:in the south of France. 536:Background and childhood 255:Margaret, Queen of Scots 12879:Medieval child monarchs 11262:Edward the Black Prince 10501:—— (2012). 10201:"Henry III (1207–1272)" 10199:—— (2004), 10044:Lewis, Suzanne (1987). 9966:Jobson, Adrian (2012). 9926:—— (2001). 9769:Goebel, Stefan (2007). 9598:Clanchy, M. T. (1998). 9577:—— (2020). 9539:—— (2004). 9520:—— (1996). 9463:Bolton, Jim L. (2012). 9398:Aurell, Martin (2003). 8747:, pp. 152, 156–157 8663:, pp. 140–142, 144 5068:, pp. 64–65, 95–98 4693:, pp. 21–22, 24–25 4395:, pp. 283–293, 297 4371:, pp. 271–274, 286 3171:Frederick II of Germany 2590:The Queen from Provence 2065:Later reign (1258–1272) 1507:Relic of the Holy Blood 1443:Relic of the Holy Blood 1365:strife. He also kept a 825:Thomas, Count of Perche 12884:People from Winchester 11646:Richard III of England 10755: 10215:10.1093/ref:odnb/12950 10123:McGlynn, Sean (2013). 9970:. London: Bloomsbury. 9659:. London: Peter Owen. 9636:Davies, R. R. (2006). 9522:The Reign of Henry III 9482:Bradbury, Jim (1998). 5924:, pp. 95, 98, 220 5714:, pp. 76, 97–99; 2586:The De Montfort Legacy 2500: 2489: 2378: 2376:National Archives, Kew 2307: 2271:Statute of Marlborough 2192: 2187:'s body following the 2134: 2079: 2031: 2017:illuminated manuscript 1952: 1822: 1704: 1619:Fourth Lateran Council 1446: 1402:system of silver coins 1397: 1288: 1246: 1245:, constructed by Henry 1205: 1090: 1066:Early rule (1227–1234) 996: 945: 884: 831: 811:End of the Barons' War 750:Sylvester of Worcester 640:to the territories of 11335:Richard II of England 11243:Edward III of England 11201:Edward III of England 11148:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan 10944:Isabella of Angoulême 10932:John, King of England 10905:Berengaria of Navarre 10822:John, King of England 10754: 10580:Henry III of England 9985:Kalof, Linda (2007). 9299:Price, Fiona (2016). 9122:Carpenter 1990, p.5; 7872:, pp. 165, 194; 7745:, pp. 149, 152; 6691:, pp. 4–7, 11–12 5331:, pp. 376, 378; 5160:, pp. 239, 261; 4952:, pp. 147, 176; 4001:, literature through 2850:Isabella of Angoulême 2526:Ottokar II of Bohemia 2506:, the second part of 2426:Thomas Frederick Tout 2372:Great Charter of 1225 2369: 2301: 2263:Ottobuono de' Fieschi 2182: 2128: 2077: 2014: 2001:The Sicilian business 1977:Battle of Al Mansurah 1957:Battle of Taillebourg 1943: 1813: 1767:degenerative disorder 1759:the 9th century saint 1682: 1497:which he kept in the 1440: 1379: 1286: 1240: 1201:Engraving of Henry's 1200: 1084: 1054:Charter of the Forest 991: 975:Charter of the Forest 943: 900:, bringing soldiers, 874: 818: 729:on 28 October 1216. 560:Isabella of Angoulême 428:Battle of Taillebourg 361:Great Charter of 1225 337:Isabella of Angoulême 305:Isabella of Angoulême 295:John, King of England 12874:House of Plantagenet 12824:Henry III of England 12766:Henry III of England 12630:Henry the Young King 12609:House of Plantagenet 12345:William III & II 11910:Henry the Young King 11860:Edward the Confessor 11828:Æthelred the Unready 11255:Philippa of Hainault 11211:Eleanor of Woodstock 11182:Edward II of England 11153:Edward II of England 11075:Katherine of England 11036:Henry III of England 10951:Henry III of England 10893:Richard I of England 10854:Henry the Young King 10802:Richard I of England 10792:Henry the Young King 10780:Eleanor of Aquitaine 10678:House of Plantagenet 10585:House of Plantagenet 10402:Tyerman, Christopher 10221:on 21 September 2013 9674:Duffy, Mark (2003). 9246:, pp. 201–207; 9187:, pp. 338–340; 9010:on 21 September 2013 8896:, pp. 252–253; 8762:, pp. 162–163; 8731:, pp. 150–151; 8532:, pp. 107–109; 8444:, pp. 41–42, 48 8266:, pp. 64–67, 69 8254:, pp. 61–64, 66 8167:, pp. 21, 45–46 8143:, pp. 26, 38–43 8103:, pp. 156–157; 8019:, pp. 154–154; 7916:, pp. 152–153; 7792:, pp. 155–156; 7583:, pp. 140–141; 7564:, pp. 140–141; 6952:, pp. 32, 102; 6924:, pp. 70, 101; 6604:, pp. 656–657; 6194:, pp. 338–339; 5964:, pp. 170–171; 5936:, pp. 150–151; 5881:, pp. 352–353; 5829:, pp. 390–391; 5271:, pp. 363–366; 5252:, pp. 312–313; 5108:, pp. 198–199; 4329:, pp. 191–192; 3938:did not receive the 2700:Eleanor of Aquitaine 2582:Edgar Rice Burroughs 2530:Philip III of France 2456:Anglo-Jewish England 2448:Arthur I of Brittany 2408:, James Ramsay, and 2310:Edward left for the 2276:Treaty of Montgomery 2267:Dictum of Kenilworth 2107:Provisions of Oxford 1876:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1753:Their fourth child, 1724:Canterbury Cathedral 1628:Henry had built the 1520:were drawn from the 1224:Edward the Confessor 1085:Henry travelling to 727:Gloucester Cathedral 699:Minority (1216–1226) 588:bishop of Winchester 510:Dictum of Kenilworth 475:Provisions of Oxford 408:Edward the Confessor 270:Katherine of England 12293:Union of the Crowns 11681:Richard of Eastwell 11627:no consort or issue 11532:Elizabeth Woodville 11482:Henry VI of England 11463:Henry VI of England 11456:Catherine of Valois 11420:Philippa of England 11371:Henry IV of England 11094:Edward I of England 11065:Beatrice of England 11060:Margaret of England 11055:Edward I of England 11048:Eleanor of Provence 11006:Bartholomew FitzRoy 10979:Joan, Lady of Wales 10966:Isabella of England 10873:William Plantagenet 10768:Henry II of England 10738:Mary of Shaftesbury 10720:William FitzEmpress 10710:Henry II of England 10467:. London: Methuen. 10323:Historical Research 10108:. Harlow: Longman. 9543:. London: Penguin. 9486:. London: Longman. 8587:, pp. 117, 122 8575:, pp. 115, 117 8492:, pp. 13–105; 7733:, pp. 149, 161 7697:, pp. 122, 147 7359:, pp. 179, 201 6980:, pp. 81, 84; 6442:, pp. 41, 48; 6032:, pp. 178, 187 5736:, pp. 76, 99; 5188:, pp. 239, 258 5008:, pp. 189, 223 4043:Peter I of Brittany 3869:Hugh IX de Lusignan 3695:Eleanor de Montfort 3641:John II of Brittany 3196:Hugh XI of Lusignan 3145:Sanchia of Provence 3136:Richard of Cornwall 3128:Eleanor of Provence 2555:William Shakespeare 2542:Peter III of Aragon 2538:Charles I of Naples 2522:Rudolf I of Germany 1815:Eleanor of Provence 1709:Eleanor of Provence 1645:Richard of Cornwall 1441:Henry carrying the 1400:Henry reformed the 983:Treaty of Worcester 930:Albigensian Crusade 673:Philip II of France 612:formed part of the 469:half-brothers, the 436:Richard of Cornwall 400:Eleanor of Provence 396:palaces and castles 377:provinces of France 317:Henry of Winchester 210:Eleanor of Provence 12377:Acts of Union 1707 12340:James II & VII 12033:Kenneth I MacAlpin 11818:Edgar the Peaceful 11673:John of Gloucester 11444:Henry V of England 11415:Blanche of England 11395:Henry V of England 11352:Isabella of Valois 11194:Isabella of France 11106:Eleanor of Castile 10756: 10064:Maddicott, John R. 9951:. Stroud: Tempus. 9793:The English Castle 9752:The Angevin Empire 9678:. Stroud: Tempus. 9262:, pp. 201–207 9219:, pp. 477–478 8942:, pp. 74–75; 8930:, pp. 46, 468 8857:, pp. 107–108 8838:, pp. 248–249 8818:, pp. 164–165 8806:, pp. 246–247 8790:, pp. 161–162 8675:, pp. 140–146 8651:, pp. 138–141 8627:, pp. 119–120 8615:, pp. 656–657 8603:, pp. 656–657 8560:, pp. 113–115 8548:, pp. 109–112 8468:, pp. 100–103 8408:, pp. 105–106 8381:, pp. 374–375 8377:, pp. 86–89; 8155:, pp. 372–377 8087:, pp. 22–23; 7984:, pp. 18–19; 7960:, pp. 113–114 7948:, pp. 122–123 7936:, pp. 347–349 7888:, pp. 192–193 7860:, pp. 163–164 7848:, pp. 162–163 7709:, pp. 147–149 7642:, pp. 342–343 7491:, pp. 104–107 7459:, pp. 30–31; 7403:, pp. 327–328 7347:, pp. 199–200 7335:, pp. 192–194 7323:, pp. 184–185 7284:, pp. 365–366 7256:, pp. 82–93; 7157:, pp. 146–148 7071:, pp. 3, 11; 6857:, pp. 70–72; 6664:, pp. 10–11; 6491:, pp. 49–50; 6394:, pp. 263–264 6382:, pp. 264–266 6264:, pp. 193–194 6190:, pp. 35–36; 6178:, pp. 338–339 6159:, pp. 154–155 6103:, pp. 107–108 6087:, pp. 20–21; 6044:, pp. 200–202 6008:, pp. 170–178 5968:, pp. 208–209 5952:, pp. 97, 209 5912:, pp. 342–343 5778:, pp. 382–383 5675:, pp. 407–408 5621:, pp. 315–316 5573:, pp. 313–314 5543:, pp. 312–313 5458:, pp. 83–84; 5419:, pp. 51–52; 5407:, pp. 389–390 5335:, pp. 176–177 5319:, pp. 374–375 5307:, pp. 371–373 5240:, pp. 188–190 5228:, pp. 187–188 5164:, pp. 304–305 5148:, pp. 128–129 5124:, pp. 171–173 5096:, pp. 322–323 5092:, pp. 76–77; 4793:, pp. 36–40; 4745:, pp. 141–142 4637:, pp. 128–129 4546:, pp. 259–260 4407:, pp. 254–255 4359:, pp. 264–267 4344:, pp. 145–147 4073:Flores Historiarum 4053:, the daughter of 3892:Blanche of Castile 3681:Amaury de Montfort 3615:Eleanor of Castile 3413:Earl of Gloucester 3210:William de Valence 2873:Hugh X of Lusignan 2577:The Outlaw of Torn 2534:Henry I of Navarre 2473:Edict of Expulsion 2379: 2308: 2217:Second Barons' War 2193: 2175:Second Barons' War 2169:Second Barons' War 2135: 2080: 2059:King of the Romans 2032: 1953: 1951:, by Matthew Paris 1949:Louis IX of France 1947:, given to him by 1860:Llywelyn the Great 1840:Charles the Simple 1823: 1748:campaign in Poitou 1711:, the daughter of 1705: 1570:Robert Grosseteste 1447: 1398: 1289: 1247: 1241:The Great Hall of 1206: 1173:Edmund of Abingdon 1091: 1071:Invasion of France 1001:Hugh X de Lusignan 997: 951:adulterine castles 946: 914:Battle of Sandwich 885: 877:Battle of Sandwich 832: 610:Kingdom of England 550:Henry was born in 494:Second Barons' War 440:King of the Romans 67:28 October 1216 – 12703: 12702: 12661:(French appanage) 12522:House of Normandy 12476: 12475: 12459: 12458: 12362: 12361: 12278: 12277: 12273: 12272: 11823:Edward the Martyr 11706: 11705: 11689: 11688: 11635: 11634: 11605: 11604: 11598:Grace Plantagenet 11579:Catherine of York 11539:Elizabeth of York 11509: 11508: 11494:Margaret of Anjou 11471: 11470: 11433: 11432: 11360: 11359: 11324: 11323: 11310:John de Southeray 11267:Isabella de Coucy 11232: 11231: 11216:Joan of the Tower 11171: 11170: 11143:Mary of Woodstock 11083: 11082: 11070:Edmund Crouchback 11025: 11024: 10921: 10920: 10882: 10881: 10875:(died in infancy) 10843: 10842: 10746: 10745: 10645: 10644: 10636:Succeeded by 10625:Duke of Aquitaine 10534:978-1-84383-618-6 10512:978-0-86193-319-8 10493:978-0-85115-719-1 10453:978-0-85115-947-8 10434:978-0-521-02660-4 10415:978-0-226-82013-2 10393:978-0-7524-4850-3 10372:978-1-84383-733-6 10353:978-0-85115-674-3 10309:978-0-521-37590-0 10290:978-0-8014-6471-3 10255:978-3-643-10820-3 10232:(Subscription or 10191:978-0-85115-513-5 10172:978-0-521-45099-7 10153:978-0-85115-947-8 10134:978-0-7524-8831-8 10115:978-0-582-41413-6 10096:978-0-521-63873-9 10077:978-0-521-37636-5 10068:Simon de Montfort 10055:978-0-520-04981-9 9996:978-1-86189-334-5 9977:978-1-84725-226-5 9958:978-0-752-43729-3 9937:978-0-631-22739-7 9899:978-0-389-20475-6 9880:978-1-84383-285-0 9859:978-0-23027-816-5 9840:978-1-84383-733-6 9821:978-0-582-40428-1 9802:978-0-3001-1058-6 9780:978-0-521-85415-3 9742:978-0-8160-6521-9 9685:978-0-7524-2579-5 9666:978-0-7206-1480-0 9647:978-0-521-02977-3 9628:978-90-04-11749-5 9609:978-1-4051-0649-8 9588:978-0-3002-3835-8 9569:978-1-84383-122-8 9550:978-0-14-014824-4 9512:978-0-520-07239-8 9493:978-0-582-06058-6 9474:978-0-7190-5040-4 9455:978-0-7100-7251-1 9409:978-2-262-02282-2 9355:978-1-573-56066-5 8051:, pp. 22, 25 7209:, pp. 9–10; 6833:, pp. 58, 65 6428:Mayr-Harting 2011 6416:Mayr-Harting 2011 6406:, pp. 99–100 6392:Mayr-Harting 2011 6380:Mayr-Harting 2011 6368:Mayr-Harting 2011 6356:Mayr-Harting 2011 5994:Mayr-Harting 2011 5277:Baker et al. 1979 5032:, pp. 18, 51 4769:, pp. 31, 36 4556:Mayr-Harting 2011 4544:Mayr-Harting 2011 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3674:Simon de Montfort 3667:Henry de Montfort 3649:Edmund Crouchback 3404:Alice de Lusignan 3392:Robert de Ferrers 3188:Earl of Leicester 3184:Simon de Montfort 2610:Sharon Kay Penman 2547:Henry appears in 2395:English Civil War 2383:Roger of Wendover 2304:Westminster Abbey 2243:Kenilworth Castle 2235:Battle of Evesham 2189:Battle of Evesham 2185:Simon de Montfort 2096:Peter de Montfort 2092:John Fitzgeoffrey 2048:Pope Alexander IV 2036:Kingdom of Sicily 2007:Sicilian business 1936:European strategy 1864:County of Chester 1717:Beatrice of Savoy 1658:Henry passed the 1653:Franciscan friars 1631:Domus Conversorum 1574:bishop of Lincoln 1479:Walsingham Priory 1326:Holy Roman Empire 1243:Winchester Castle 1009:Pandulf Verraccio 925:Treaty of Lambeth 840:Westminster Abbey 821:Battle of Lincoln 785:Pope Honorius III 770:Westminster Abbey 756:, and crowned by 689:First Barons' War 616:spreading across 552:Winchester Castle 546:First Barons' War 514:Westminster Abbey 506:Battle of Evesham 490:Simon de Montfort 479:peace with France 446:on the throne of 444:Edmund Crouchback 341:First Barons' War 329:Duke of Aquitaine 310: 309: 198:, London, England 196:Westminster Abbey 186:, London, England 168:Winchester Castle 93:Westminster Abbey 16:(Redirected from 12901: 12809: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12792: 12784: 12783: 12782: 12772: 12756: 12755: 12744: 12743: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12711: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12480: 12479: 12368: 12367: 12328:Richard Cromwell 12318:The Protectorate 12308:James I & VI 12284: 12283: 11865:Harold Godwinson 11785:Edward the Elder 11778:Alfred the Great 11762: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11710: 11709: 11641: 11640: 11611: 11610: 11559:Margaret of York 11515: 11514: 11477: 11476: 11439: 11438: 11366: 11365: 11330: 11329: 11238: 11237: 11177: 11176: 11089: 11088: 11031: 11030: 10991:Geoffrey FitzRoy 10927: 10926: 10913:Philip of Cognac 10888: 10887: 10849: 10848: 10763: 10762: 10686: 10685: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10648: 10647: 10611:Preceded by 10601: 10600:16 November 1272 10594: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10538: 10516: 10497: 10478: 10457: 10438: 10419: 10397: 10376: 10357: 10338: 10329:(145): 135–150. 10313: 10294: 10275: 10259: 10237: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10217:, archived from 10195: 10176: 10157: 10138: 10119: 10100: 10081: 10059: 10040: 10000: 9981: 9962: 9941: 9922: 9903: 9884: 9863: 9844: 9825: 9806: 9784: 9765: 9746: 9727: 9708: 9689: 9670: 9651: 9632: 9613: 9592: 9573: 9554: 9535: 9516: 9497: 9478: 9459: 9440: 9439: 9433: 9423: 9413: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9359: 9341: 9335: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9296: 9290: 9289:, pp. 11–12 9284: 9278: 9272: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9220: 9210: 9204: 9197: 9191: 9182: 9176: 9163: 9157: 9147: 9141: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9110:, pp. 4–5; 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9077: 9071: 9061: 9055: 9041: 9035: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9015: 8992: 8986: 8985:, pp. 75–76 8980: 8974: 8968: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8906: 8900: 8887: 8881: 8864: 8858: 8848: 8839: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8778:, pp. 91–92 8773: 8767: 8757: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8726: 8720: 8710: 8704: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8432:, pp. 92–93 8427: 8421: 8420:, pp. 91–92 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8382: 8372: 8366: 8365:, pp. 84–85 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8341:, pp. 79–82 8336: 8330: 8329:, pp. 74–76 8324: 8318: 8317:, pp. 73–74 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8281:, pp. 70–71 8276: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8240: 8239:, pp. 57–59 8234: 8228: 8227:, pp. 54–56 8222: 8216: 8215:, pp. 51–53 8210: 8204: 8203:, pp. 51–52 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8131:, pp. 33–34 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8098: 8092: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8014: 8008: 7998: 7992: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7927: 7921: 7911: 7905: 7900:, pp. 133; 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7759: 7750: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7633: 7627: 7614: 7608: 7594: 7588: 7578: 7572: 7559: 7553: 7544: 7538: 7525: 7519: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7470: 7464: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7426: 7420: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7382: 7376: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7251: 7245: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7214: 7213:, pp. 86–87 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7129:, pp. 82–83 7124: 7118: 7117:, pp. 81–82 7112: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7081: 7075: 7066: 7060: 7059:, pp. 31–32 7054: 7048: 7039: 7028: 7022: 7013: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6919: 6910: 6909:, pp. 44–45 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6873:, pp. 27–28 6868: 6862: 6852: 6846: 6845:, pp. 59–60 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6784: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6755:, pp. 23–24 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6731:, pp. 15–17 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6636:, pp. 51–52 6631: 6625: 6624:, pp. 51–52 6615: 6609: 6608:, pp. 478–9 6599: 6590: 6584: 6575: 6569: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6547:, pp. 48–49 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6523:, pp. 52–53 6518: 6507: 6506:, pp. 93–96 6501: 6495: 6486: 6480: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6447: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6331:, pp. 58–59 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6210: 6209:, pp. 35–37 6204: 6198: 6185: 6179: 6169: 6160: 6150: 6144: 6130: 6124: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5975: 5969: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5900:, pp. 88–89 5891: 5885: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5559: 5553: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5475: 5453: 5447: 5446:, pp. 83–84 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5374: 5368: 5358: 5352: 5342: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5286: 5280: 5279:, pp. 10–11 5266: 5260: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5103: 5097: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5056:, pp. 78–79 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 4999: 4993: 4992:, pp. 70–71 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4968:, pp. 50–51 4963: 4957: 4943: 4937: 4936:, pp. 44–46 4931: 4925: 4924:, pp. 44–45 4919: 4913: 4907: 4894: 4893:, pp. 43–44 4888: 4882: 4876: 4867: 4866:, pp. 41–42 4861: 4855: 4849: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4813:, pp. 39–40 4808: 4802: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4757:, pp. 27–28 4752: 4746: 4736: 4730: 4729:, pp. 28–29 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4681:, pp. 19–21 4672: 4666: 4665:, pp. 19–21 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610:, pp. 21–22 4605: 4599: 4598:, pp. 16–17 4593: 4587: 4586:, pp. 15–16 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4505:. Archived from 4495: 4489: 4479: 4473: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4431:, pp. 14–15 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4324: 4318: 4305: 4296: 4291: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4196:, pp. 45–46 4191: 4185: 4179: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4067: 4058: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4003:Geoffrey Chaucer 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3654: 3611: 3610: 3609: 1272–1307 3608: 3414: 3409:Gilbert de Clare 3397: 3388:Mary de Lusignan 3365: 3364:Earl of Cornwall 3215: 3214:Earl of Pembroke 3203:Aymer de Valence 3189: 3124: 3123: 3122: 1216–1272 3121: 3108: 3107:Duke of Brittany 2828: 2827: 2826: 1199–1216 2825: 2804: 2803:Duke of Brittany 2793: 2792: 2791: 1189–1199 2790: 2694: 2693: 2692: 1154–1189 2691: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2606:Falls the Shadow 2505: 2494: 2347:Fontevraud Abbey 2302:Henry's tomb in 2288:Fontevraud Abbey 2025:Pope Innocent IV 2023:kneeling before 1945:Henry's elephant 1930:Edinburgh Castle 1794:William of Savoy 1740:Eleanor's sister 1660:Statute of Jewry 1581:Pope Innocent IV 1522:Dominican friars 1514:mendicant orders 1396: 1394:HENRICUS REX III 1255:movable property 1013:Peter des Roches 918:Eustace the Monk 881:Eustace the Monk 772:on 17 May 1220. 758:Peter des Roches 592:Philip d'Aubigny 584:Peter des Roches 420:Statute of Jewry 373:Peter des Roches 243: 226: 224: 220: 132: 86:Gloucester Abbey 70: 69:16 November 1272 44: 32: 31: 21: 12909: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12808:from Wikisource 12802: 12797: 12795: 12785: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12771:sister projects 12768:at Knowledge's 12762: 12750: 12738: 12728: 12726: 12716: 12714: 12706: 12704: 12699: 12697:king of England 12685: 12660: 12658:House of Valois 12652: 12611: 12603: 12594: 12586: 12524: 12516: 12507: 12477: 12472: 12455: 12382: 12358: 12323:Oliver Cromwell 12299: 12274: 12269: 12116:Constantine III 12025: 11850:Harold Harefoot 11840:Edmund Ironside 11751: 11746: and 11737: 11707: 11702: 11685: 11648: 11631: 11618: 11601: 11584:Bridget of York 11522: 11505: 11484: 11467: 11446: 11429: 11373: 11356: 11347:Anne of Bohemia 11337: 11320: 11292:Mary of Waltham 11272:Joan of England 11245: 11228: 11184: 11167: 11096: 11079: 11038: 11021: 11018:William de Forz 10984:Richard FitzRoy 10934: 10917: 10895: 10878: 10856: 10839: 10770: 10757: 10742: 10703:Empress Matilda 10693: 10680: 10675: 10641: 10632: 10629:Lord of Ireland 10627: 10623: 10621:King of England 10616: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10581: 10546: 10541: 10535: 10513: 10494: 10475: 10454: 10435: 10416: 10394: 10373: 10354: 10310: 10291: 10256: 10231: 10224: 10222: 10192: 10173: 10154: 10135: 10116: 10097: 10078: 10056: 10021:10.2307/2856155 10005:Langmuir, Gavin 9997: 9978: 9959: 9938: 9919: 9900: 9881: 9860: 9841: 9822: 9803: 9781: 9762: 9743: 9724: 9705: 9686: 9667: 9648: 9629: 9610: 9589: 9570: 9551: 9532: 9513: 9494: 9475: 9456: 9434: 9421: 9410: 9393: 9388: 9387: 9379: 9375: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9342: 9338: 9326: 9322: 9315: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9273: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9242: 9238: 9230: 9223: 9215:, p. 102, 9211: 9207: 9198: 9194: 9183: 9179: 9164: 9160: 9148: 9144: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9078: 9074: 9066:, p. 306; 9062: 9058: 9042: 9038: 9030:, p. 306; 9026: 9022: 9013: 9011: 8998: 8997:, p. 271; 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8969: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8915:, p. 253; 8911:, p. 166; 8907: 8903: 8892:, p. 166; 8888: 8884: 8877:, p. 247; 8873:, p. 382; 8869:, p. 165; 8865: 8861: 8849: 8842: 8834:, p. 382; 8830:, p. 164; 8826: 8822: 8814: 8810: 8802:, p. 164; 8798: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8758: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8727: 8723: 8715:, p. 150; 8711: 8707: 8699:, p. 381; 8695: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8552: 8544: 8540: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8392: 8385: 8373: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8250: 8243: 8235: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8099: 8095: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047:, p. 156; 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8015: 8011: 8003:, p. 153; 7999: 7995: 7988:, p. 153; 7980: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932:, p. 153; 7928: 7924: 7912: 7908: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764:, p. 152; 7760: 7753: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7666:, p. 123; 7662: 7658: 7654:, pp. 3, 6 7650: 7646: 7638:, p. 345; 7634: 7630: 7623:, p. 342; 7619:, p. 345; 7615: 7611: 7603:, p. 342; 7599:, p. 345; 7595: 7591: 7579: 7575: 7568:, p. 123; 7560: 7556: 7545: 7541: 7534:, p. 140; 7526: 7522: 7515:, p. 278; 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7471: 7467: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7427: 7423: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7383: 7379: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7296:, p. 364; 7292: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7252: 7248: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7217: 7205: 7201: 7197:, pp. 9–10 7193: 7189: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7149: 7145: 7137: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7082: 7078: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7040: 7031: 7023: 7016: 7008:, p. 342; 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6787: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703:, p. 341; 6699: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6660:, p. 173; 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620:, p. 104; 6616: 6612: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6487: 6483: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6450: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6327:, p. 463; 6323: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6300:, p. 125; 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6186: 6182: 6170: 6163: 6151: 6147: 6135:, p. 185; 6131: 6127: 6115:, p. 185; 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980:, p. 187; 5976: 5972: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896:, p. 343; 5892: 5888: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5763:, p. 105; 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5732: 5725: 5718:, p. 353; 5710: 5706: 5698: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5516:, p. 310; 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5478: 5470:, p. 159; 5456:Gillingham 1984 5454: 5450: 5444:Gillingham 1984 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5375: 5371: 5363:, p. 383; 5359: 5355: 5347:, p. 379; 5343: 5339: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291:, p. 176; 5287: 5283: 5275:, p. 306; 5267: 5263: 5256:, p. 305; 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5104: 5100: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004:, p. 321; 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797:, p. 302; 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741:, p. 198; 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4673: 4669: 4661:, p. 301; 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558:, p. 260; 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4480: 4476: 4469:, p. 189; 4461: 4454: 4446: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4325: 4321: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4232: 4228: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4068: 4061: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3782:Hubert de Burgh 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3733: 3729: 3723:Nicholas Trevet 3720: 3716: 3711: 3688:Guy de Montfort 3652: 3638: 3625: 3612: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3412: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3363: 3353:Henry of Almain 3213: 3187: 3181: 3168: 3155: 3138: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3106: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2802: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2661: 2618: 2572:Warwick Deeping 2491:Chronica Majora 2483:The chronicler 2481: 2479:Popular culture 2439:David Carpenter 2431:Maurice Powicke 2364: 2359: 2296: 2255: 2222:Battle of Lewes 2177: 2171: 2123: 2072: 2067: 2015:A 14th century 2009: 2003: 1973:Seventh Crusade 1961:Michael Clanchy 1938: 1856: 1808: 1802: 1677: 1672: 1607:Jews in England 1603: 1597: 1595:Jewish policies 1499:Sainte-Chapelle 1459:washed the feet 1435: 1392: 1350:Tower of London 1295:; the brothers 1281: 1275: 1195: 1190: 1152:Tower of London 1139: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1051:as well as the 1017:Hubert de Burgh 959:Prince Llywelyn 938: 906:Hubert de Burgh 890:excommunication 813: 754:Simon of Exeter 734:Stephen Langton 719:Guala Bicchieri 715:William Marshal 706: 701: 638:English Channel 603:David Carpenter 599:drooping eyelid 548: 540:Main articles: 538: 498:Battle of Lewes 416:Jews in England 369:Hubert de Burgh 349:William Marshal 345:Guala Bicchieri 325:Lord of Ireland 321:King of England 274: 237: 236: 228: 216: 212: 199: 182: 166: 153: 146:Hubert de Burgh 134: 133: 128: 97: 91: 84: 83:28 October 1216 68: 59: 53:King of England 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12907: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12811: 12810: 12793: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12748: 12736: 12724: 12701: 12700: 12693:count of Rouen 12690: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12677: 12671: 12664: 12662: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12650: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12627: 12621: 12615: 12613: 12605: 12604: 12598: 12596: 12592:House of Blois 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12573: 12568: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12541: 12535: 12528: 12526: 12518: 12517: 12506: 12505: 12498: 12491: 12483: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12470: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12380: 12364: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12315: 12310: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12297: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12219:Edward Balliol 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12079:Constantine II 12076: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12028: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12007: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11906: 11901: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11871:Edgar Ætheling 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11788: 11781: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11760: 11753: 11752: 11736: 11735: 11728: 11721: 11713: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11675: 11671:Illegitimate: 11668: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11629: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11549:Cecily of York 11546: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11459: 11458: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11362: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11326: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11314:Jane Northland 11312: 11308:Illegitimate: 11305: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11222:Illegitimate: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11015:Philip FitzRoy 11013: 11012:Isabel FitzRoy 11010: 11007: 11004: 11001: 11000:Osbert Gifford 10998: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10988:Oliver FitzRoy 10986: 10981: 10977:Illegitimate: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10911:Illegitimate: 10908: 10907: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10869: 10868: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10832: 10828:Illegitimate: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10759: 10758: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10726:Illegitimate: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10706: 10705: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10682: 10681: 10674: 10673: 10666: 10659: 10651: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10634: 10617: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10606:Regnal titles 10603: 10602: 10593:1 October 1207 10582: 10579: 10574: 10573: 10559: 10558:at BBC History 10553: 10545: 10544:External links 10542: 10540: 10539: 10533: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10511: 10492: 10479: 10473: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10452: 10433: 10420: 10414: 10398: 10392: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10371: 10358: 10352: 10314: 10308: 10295: 10289: 10276: 10260: 10254: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10190: 10177: 10171: 10158: 10152: 10139: 10133: 10120: 10114: 10101: 10095: 10082: 10076: 10060: 10054: 10041: 10015:(3): 459–482. 10001: 9995: 9982: 9976: 9963: 9957: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9936: 9917: 9904: 9898: 9885: 9879: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9858: 9839: 9826: 9820: 9807: 9801: 9785: 9779: 9766: 9760: 9747: 9741: 9728: 9722: 9709: 9703: 9690: 9684: 9671: 9665: 9652: 9646: 9633: 9627: 9614: 9608: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9587: 9574: 9568: 9555: 9549: 9536: 9530: 9511: 9498: 9492: 9479: 9473: 9460: 9454: 9441: 9414: 9408: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383:, p. xxii 9381:Carpenter 2020 9373: 9361: 9354: 9336: 9320: 9313: 9307:. p. 28. 9291: 9279: 9264: 9252: 9236: 9221: 9205: 9192: 9185:Carpenter 2004 9177: 9172:, p. 12; 9168:, p. 50; 9158: 9142: 9135:Carpenter 1990 9127: 9115: 9108:Carpenter 1990 9100: 9088: 9072: 9068:Carpenter 2005 9056: 9050:, p. 79; 9046:, p. 86; 9036: 9020: 8987: 8975: 8960: 8948: 8932: 8928:Carpenter 2004 8920: 8901: 8882: 8871:Carpenter 2004 8859: 8853:, p. 53; 8840: 8832:Carpenter 2004 8820: 8808: 8792: 8780: 8768: 8764:Carpenter 2004 8749: 8737: 8733:Carpenter 2004 8721: 8717:Carpenter 2004 8705: 8697:Carpenter 2004 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8599:, p. 132 8589: 8577: 8562: 8550: 8538: 8522: 8510: 8498: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8422: 8410: 8398: 8383: 8379:Carpenter 2004 8367: 8355: 8343: 8331: 8319: 8307: 8295: 8283: 8268: 8256: 8241: 8229: 8217: 8205: 8193: 8181: 8169: 8157: 8153:Carpenter 2004 8145: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8093: 8089:Carpenter 2004 8077: 8065: 8053: 8037: 8025: 8009: 8005:Carpenter 1996 7993: 7974: 7970:Carpenter 1996 7962: 7950: 7946:Carpenter 1996 7938: 7934:Carpenter 2004 7922: 7918:Carpenter 2004 7906: 7902:Carpenter 2004 7890: 7878: 7874:Carpenter 2004 7862: 7850: 7838: 7834:Carpenter 2004 7826: 7822:Carpenter 2004 7820:, p. 13; 7810: 7798: 7782: 7770: 7751: 7747:Carpenter 2004 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7675: 7670:, p. 12; 7664:Carpenter 1996 7656: 7652:Carpenter 2005 7644: 7636:Carpenter 2004 7628: 7617:Carpenter 2004 7609: 7597:Carpenter 2004 7589: 7573: 7554: 7549:, p. 63; 7539: 7530:, p. 63; 7520: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7465: 7449: 7445:Carpenter 2004 7437: 7433:Carpenter 2004 7431:, p. 51; 7421: 7417:Carpenter 2004 7415:, p. 84; 7405: 7401:Carpenter 2004 7393: 7389:Carpenter 2004 7387:, p. 85; 7377: 7373:Carpenter 2004 7371:, p. 84; 7361: 7349: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7309:Carpenter 2004 7301: 7294:Carpenter 2004 7286: 7282:Carpenter 2004 7274: 7270:Carpenter 2004 7262: 7258:Carpenter 2004 7246: 7242:Carpenter 2004 7240:, p. 82; 7230: 7226:Carpenter 2004 7215: 7199: 7187: 7181:, p. 90; 7171: 7159: 7153:, p. 18; 7143: 7131: 7119: 7104: 7092: 7076: 7061: 7057:Maddicott 2004 7049: 7044:, p. 11; 7029: 7014: 7006:Carpenter 2004 6998: 6986: 6970: 6958: 6942: 6930: 6911: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6818:, p. 45; 6808: 6785: 6779:, p. 57; 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6701:Carpenter 2004 6693: 6681: 6679:, pp. 1–2 6669: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6610: 6591: 6576: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6508: 6496: 6481: 6465: 6448: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6360: 6345: 6341:Carpenter 2004 6333: 6325:Carpenter 2004 6317: 6305: 6290: 6288:, pp. 189 6278: 6276:, pp. 7–9 6266: 6260:, p. 28; 6258:Carpenter 2005 6250: 6246:Carpenter 2005 6238: 6226: 6221:, p. 97; 6219:Carpenter 1996 6211: 6199: 6192:Carpenter 2004 6180: 6176:Carpenter 2004 6161: 6155:, p. 19; 6145: 6139:, p. 19; 6125: 6119:, p. 19; 6105: 6101:Carpenter 1996 6093: 6077: 6065: 6059:, p. 66; 6046: 6042:Carpenter 1996 6034: 6022: 6010: 5998: 5986: 5982:Carpenter 1996 5970: 5966:Carpenter 1996 5954: 5950:Carpenter 1996 5942: 5926: 5922:Carpenter 1996 5914: 5910:Carpenter 2004 5902: 5898:Carpenter 1996 5894:Carpenter 2004 5886: 5879:Carpenter 2004 5871: 5867:Carpenter 1996 5859: 5855:Carpenter 1996 5847: 5843:Carpenter 1996 5835: 5831:Carpenter 2004 5827:Carpenter 1996 5819: 5804: 5802:, pp. 2–3 5792: 5788:Carpenter 2004 5780: 5776:Carpenter 1996 5768: 5761:Carpenter 1996 5753: 5749:Carpenter 1990 5741: 5734:Carpenter 1996 5723: 5716:Carpenter 2004 5712:Carpenter 1996 5704: 5689: 5685:Carpenter 1990 5677: 5673:Carpenter 1990 5665: 5661:Carpenter 2004 5650: 5648:, pp. 338 5646:Carpenter 2004 5638: 5634:Carpenter 2004 5623: 5619:Carpenter 2004 5608: 5604:Carpenter 2004 5587: 5583:Carpenter 2004 5575: 5571:Carpenter 2004 5560: 5556:Carpenter 2004 5545: 5541:Carpenter 2004 5533: 5529:Carpenter 2004 5521: 5514:Carpenter 2004 5503: 5491: 5476: 5466:, p. 94; 5462:, p. 94; 5448: 5436: 5424: 5409: 5405:Carpenter 1990 5397: 5393:Carpenter 1990 5385: 5381:Carpenter 2004 5377:Carpenter 1990 5369: 5365:Carpenter 2004 5361:Carpenter 1990 5353: 5349:Carpenter 2004 5345:Carpenter 1990 5337: 5329:Carpenter 1990 5321: 5317:Carpenter 1990 5309: 5305:Carpenter 1990 5297: 5281: 5273:Carpenter 2004 5269:Carpenter 1990 5261: 5254:Carpenter 2004 5250:Carpenter 1990 5242: 5238:Carpenter 1990 5230: 5226:Carpenter 1990 5218: 5214:Carpenter 1990 5206: 5202:Carpenter 2004 5198:Carpenter 1990 5190: 5186:Carpenter 1990 5178: 5174:Carpenter 2004 5166: 5162:Carpenter 2004 5158:Carpenter 1990 5150: 5146:Carpenter 1990 5138: 5134:Carpenter 1990 5126: 5114: 5110:Carpenter 2004 5098: 5094:Carpenter 2004 5090:Carpenter 1990 5082: 5078:Carpenter 1990 5070: 5066:Carpenter 1990 5058: 5054:Carpenter 1990 5046: 5042:Carpenter 1990 5034: 5030:Carpenter 1990 5022: 5018:Carpenter 1990 5010: 5002:Carpenter 2004 4994: 4990:Carpenter 1990 4982: 4978:Carpenter 1990 4970: 4966:Carpenter 1990 4958: 4948:, p. 40; 4946:Carpenter 2004 4938: 4934:Carpenter 1990 4926: 4922:Carpenter 1990 4914: 4910:Carpenter 1990 4895: 4891:Carpenter 1990 4883: 4879:Carpenter 1990 4868: 4864:Carpenter 1990 4856: 4839: 4835:Carpenter 1990 4827: 4823:Carpenter 2004 4815: 4811:Carpenter 1990 4803: 4795:Carpenter 2004 4791:Carpenter 1990 4783: 4779:Carpenter 1990 4771: 4767:Carpenter 1990 4759: 4755:Carpenter 1990 4747: 4731: 4727:Carpenter 1990 4719: 4715:Carpenter 1990 4707: 4703:Carpenter 1990 4695: 4691:Carpenter 1990 4683: 4679:Carpenter 1990 4677:, p. 30; 4667: 4663:Carpenter 1990 4659:Carpenter 2004 4651: 4647:Carpenter 1990 4639: 4624: 4620:Carpenter 1990 4612: 4608:Carpenter 1990 4600: 4596:Carpenter 1990 4588: 4584:Carpenter 1990 4576: 4572:Carpenter 1990 4564: 4560:Carpenter 1990 4548: 4536: 4532:Carpenter 1990 4520: 4509:on 11 May 2012 4490: 4486:Carpenter 1990 4484:, p. 31; 4474: 4465:, p. 13; 4463:Carpenter 1990 4452: 4448:Carpenter 1990 4433: 4429:Carpenter 1990 4421: 4409: 4397: 4393:Carpenter 2004 4385: 4373: 4369:Carpenter 2004 4361: 4357:Carpenter 2004 4346: 4334: 4327:Carpenter 2004 4319: 4310:, p. 97; 4308:Carpenter 1996 4297: 4253: 4241: 4236:, p. 46; 4226: 4220:, p. 46; 4210: 4198: 4186: 4182:Carpenter 1990 4173: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4144: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4059: 4026: 4017: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3930: 3920: 3906: 3896: 3883: 3873: 3860: 3850: 3819: 3810: 3800: 3790: 3769: 3760: 3727: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3644: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3618: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3401: 3399: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3176: 3174: 3163: 3161: 3150: 3148: 3141:Isabel Marshal 3133: 3131: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2617: 2614: 2602:Edith Pargeter 2480: 2477: 2406:William Stubbs 2391:Matthew Parker 2363: 2362:Historiography 2360: 2358: 2355: 2331:William Torell 2312:Eighth Crusade 2295: 2292: 2254: 2251: 2210:Mise of Amiens 2173:Main article: 2170: 2167: 2122: 2119: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2005:Main article: 2002: 1999: 1937: 1934: 1921:Treaty of York 1855: 1852: 1801: 1798: 1738:, named after 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1596: 1593: 1550:Teutonic Order 1495:Passion Relics 1434: 1431: 1427:City of London 1362:Windsor Castle 1277:Main article: 1274: 1271: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1138: 1135: 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1037:Bedford Castle 993:Bedford Castle 937: 934: 853:Lincoln Castle 844:English Church 812: 809: 777:Cardinal Guala 742:Walter de Gray 705: 702: 700: 697: 618:Western Europe 614:Angevin Empire 542:Angevin Empire 537: 534: 424:invaded Poitou 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 276: 275: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 246: 244: 230: 229: 214: 208: 207: 205: 201: 200: 194: 192: 188: 187: 179: 175: 174: 165:1 October 1207 163: 159: 158: 155: 154: 152: 151: 143: 127: 126: 125: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 96: 95: 88: 80: 78: 72: 71: 65: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12906: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12807: 12806: 12794: 12790: 12789: 12777: 12776: 12773: 12767: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12735: 12725: 12723: 12713: 12712: 12709: 12698: 12694: 12688: 12681: 12678: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12648: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12616: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12583: 12582:William (III) 12580: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12542: 12539: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12504: 12499: 12497: 12492: 12490: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12462: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12372: 12369: 12365: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12302: 12296: 12294: 12289: 12288: 12285: 12281: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12220: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12194: 12192: 12191:Alexander III 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12047:Constantine I 12044: 12042: 12041: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12005: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11928: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11782: 11780: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11754: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11734: 11729: 11727: 11722: 11720: 11715: 11714: 11711: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11682: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11529: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11516: 11512: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11474: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11457: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11445: 11440: 11436: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11383:Mary de Bohun 11380: 11379: 11376: 11372: 11367: 11363: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11331: 11327: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11244: 11239: 11235: 11225: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11187: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11086: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11037: 11032: 11028: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11003:Eudes FitzRoy 11002: 10999: 10997:Henry FitzRoy 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10945: 10941: 10940: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10889: 10885: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10850: 10846: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10753: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10733:Emma of Anjou 10731: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10667: 10665: 10660: 10658: 10653: 10652: 10649: 10640: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10615: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10592: 10587: 10586: 10577: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10514: 10508: 10504: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10480: 10476: 10474:0-413-45520-3 10470: 10466: 10461: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10374: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10282: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10268:History Today 10265: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10235: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10140: 10136: 10130: 10126: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10107: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10088: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10047: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9988: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9950: 9945: 9939: 9933: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9918:0-85115-325-9 9914: 9910: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9872: 9867: 9861: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9789:Goodall, John 9786: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9761:0-7131-6249-X 9757: 9753: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9725: 9723:0-85115-325-9 9719: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9704:0-85115-325-9 9700: 9696: 9691: 9687: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9531:1-85285-137-6 9527: 9523: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9427: 9420: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9395: 9382: 9377: 9370: 9365: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9329: 9328:John Marriott 9324: 9316: 9314:9781474402972 9310: 9306: 9303:. Edinburgh: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9277:, p. 466 9276: 9271: 9269: 9261: 9256: 9250:, p. 105 9249: 9245: 9240: 9233: 9228: 9226: 9218: 9217:Langmuir 1972 9214: 9213:Huscroft 2006 9209: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9189:Ridgeway 2004 9186: 9181: 9175: 9174:Ridgeway 2004 9171: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9151: 9150:Ridgeway 2004 9146: 9140: 9139:Ridgeway 2004 9137:, p. 5; 9136: 9131: 9125: 9124:Ridgeway 2004 9119: 9113: 9112:Ridgeway 2004 9109: 9104: 9098:, p. 261 9097: 9092: 9086:, p. 261 9085: 9081: 9080:Ridgeway 2004 9076: 9069: 9065: 9060: 9054:, p. 306 9053: 9049: 9045: 9040: 9034:, p. 194 9033: 9029: 9024: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8965: 8957: 8952: 8946:, p. 247 8945: 8941: 8936: 8929: 8924: 8918: 8917:Ridgeway 2004 8914: 8910: 8905: 8899: 8898:Ridgeway 2004 8895: 8891: 8886: 8880: 8879:Ridgeway 2004 8876: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8856: 8855:Huscroft 2006 8852: 8847: 8845: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8812: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8776:Ridgeway 1988 8772: 8766:, p. 382 8765: 8761: 8756: 8754: 8746: 8741: 8735:, p. 381 8734: 8730: 8725: 8719:, p. 381 8718: 8714: 8709: 8703:, p. 155 8702: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8674: 8669: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8621: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8581: 8574: 8569: 8567: 8559: 8554: 8547: 8542: 8536:, p. 208 8535: 8531: 8526: 8520:, p. 337 8519: 8514: 8508:, p. 283 8507: 8502: 8496:, p. 283 8495: 8491: 8486: 8480:, p. 103 8479: 8474: 8467: 8462: 8456:, p. 100 8455: 8450: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8406:Huscroft 2006 8402: 8395: 8390: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8347: 8340: 8335: 8328: 8323: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8275: 8273: 8265: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8246: 8238: 8233: 8226: 8221: 8214: 8209: 8202: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8154: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8130: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8102: 8097: 8091:, p. 371 8090: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8069: 8063:, p. 156 8062: 8057: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7991: 7990:Ridgeway 2004 7987: 7983: 7978: 7971: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7920:, p. 347 7919: 7915: 7910: 7904:, p. 346 7903: 7899: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7876:, p. 347 7875: 7871: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7836:, p. 347 7835: 7830: 7824:, p. 347 7823: 7819: 7814: 7807: 7802: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7780:, p. 158 7779: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7749:, p. 347 7748: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7721:, p. 151 7720: 7715: 7708: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7672:Ridgeway 2004 7669: 7665: 7660: 7653: 7648: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7626: 7625:Ridgeway 2004 7622: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7587:, p. 123 7586: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7570:Ridgeway 2004 7567: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7551:Ridgeway 2004 7548: 7543: 7537: 7536:Ridgeway 2004 7533: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7517:Ridgeway 2004 7514: 7509: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7479:, p. 220 7478: 7475:, p. 4; 7474: 7469: 7463:, p. 275 7462: 7458: 7453: 7447:, p. 367 7446: 7441: 7435:, p. 367 7434: 7430: 7425: 7419:, p. 328 7418: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7391:, p. 327 7390: 7386: 7381: 7375:, p. 327 7374: 7370: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7311:, p. 361 7310: 7305: 7299: 7298:Ridgeway 2004 7295: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7272:, p. 364 7271: 7266: 7260:, p. 364 7259: 7255: 7250: 7244:, p. 362 7243: 7239: 7234: 7228:, p. 362 7227: 7222: 7220: 7212: 7211:Ridgeway 1988 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7185:, p. 294 7184: 7180: 7179:Ridgeway 1988 7175: 7169:, p. 234 7168: 7163: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7139:Ridgeway 1988 7135: 7128: 7127:Ridgeway 1988 7123: 7116: 7115:Ridgeway 1988 7111: 7109: 7102:, p. 180 7101: 7096: 7089: 7086:, p. 9; 7085: 7080: 7074: 7073:Ridgeway 2004 7070: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7046:Ridgeway 2004 7043: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6979: 6978:Ridgeway 1988 6974: 6967: 6966:Ridgeway 1988 6962: 6956:, p. 230 6955: 6951: 6946: 6940:, p. 101 6939: 6934: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6908: 6903: 6896: 6891: 6884: 6879: 6872: 6867: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6820:Ridgeway 2004 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6783:, p. 27. 6782: 6778: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6707:, p. 168 6706: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6666:Ridgeway 2004 6663: 6659: 6654: 6648:, p. 173 6647: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6606:Langmuir 1972 6603: 6598: 6596: 6589:, p. 102 6588: 6587:Huscroft 2006 6583: 6581: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6558: 6557:Huscroft 2006 6553: 6546: 6541: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6504:Huscroft 2006 6500: 6494: 6493:Ridgeway 2004 6490: 6485: 6478: 6475:, p. 3; 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6430:, p. 274 6429: 6424: 6418:, p. 273 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6370:, p. 261 6369: 6364: 6358:, p. 260 6357: 6352: 6350: 6343:, p. 464 6342: 6337: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6315:, p. 112 6314: 6309: 6303: 6302:Ridgeway 2004 6299: 6294: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6236:, p. 230 6235: 6230: 6224: 6223:Ridgeway 2004 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6196:Ridgeway 2004 6193: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6172:Ridgeway 2004 6168: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6133:Spufford 1989 6129: 6123:, p. 155 6122: 6118: 6114: 6113:Spufford 1989 6109: 6102: 6097: 6091:, p. 153 6090: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6020:, p. 187 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5996:, p. 184 5995: 5990: 5984:, p. 209 5983: 5979: 5974: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5883:Ridgeway 2004 5880: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5857:, p. 105 5856: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5833:, p. 356 5832: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5796: 5790:, p. 355 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5765:Ridgeway 2004 5762: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5738:Ridgeway 2004 5735: 5730: 5728: 5721: 5720:Ridgeway 2004 5717: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5687:, p. 409 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5663:, p. 353 5662: 5657: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5636:, p. 316 5635: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5606:, p. 315 5605: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5585:, p. 314 5584: 5579: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5558:, p. 313 5557: 5552: 5550: 5542: 5537: 5531:, p. 310 5530: 5525: 5519: 5518:Ridgeway 2004 5515: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5495: 5489:, p. 267 5488: 5483: 5481: 5474:, p. 119 5473: 5469: 5468:Bradbury 1998 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5422: 5421:Ridgeway 2004 5418: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5395:, p. 389 5394: 5389: 5383:, p. 307 5382: 5378: 5373: 5367:, p. 307 5366: 5362: 5357: 5351:, p. 307 5350: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5258:Ridgeway 2004 5255: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5204:, p. 304 5203: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5176:, p. 305 5175: 5170: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5136:, p. 128 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5112:, p. 304 5111: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4956:, p. 237 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 173 4853: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4831: 4825:, p. 302 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4801:, p. 216 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4530:, p. 1; 4529: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4488:, p. 188 4487: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4471:Ridgeway 2004 4468: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4331:Ridgeway 2004 4328: 4323: 4317: 4316:Ridgeway 2004 4314:, p. 7; 4313: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4295: 4294:Ridgeway 2004 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4238:Ridgeway 2004 4235: 4230: 4224:, p. 230 4223: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4184:, p. 262 4183: 4178: 4174: 4157: 4148: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045:'s daughter, 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4007:Thomas Fuller 4004: 4000: 3999:Matthew Paris 3994: 3985: 3976: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3942:at each mass. 3941: 3934: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3814: 3804: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3699: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3650: 3642: 3637: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3543: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3469: 3459: 3443: 3441: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3405: 3396:Earl of Derby 3393: 3361: 3354: 3324: 3321: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3289: 3259: 3251: 3220: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3197: 3185: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3159: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3129: 3115: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2978: 2964: 2962: 2944: 2942: 2932: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2886: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2851: 2819: 2800: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2729: 2727: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2685: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2568:The Red Saint 2565: 2564:Thomas Leland 2561: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536:, as well as 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2513:Divine Comedy 2509: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2485:Matthew Paris 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2460:Barrie Dobson 2457: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387:Matthew Paris 2384: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:sequestration 2250: 2248: 2244: 2241:gathering at 2238: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2152:Pope Urban IV 2148: 2144: 2141: 2132: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2062: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2008: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1925:Alexander III 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1806:Saintonge War 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1771:Rett syndrome 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1667: 1665: 1664:Jewish badges 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:touching them 1488: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1204: 1199: 1188:Henry as king 1185: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148:Merton Priory 1144: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003:, a powerful 1002: 994: 990: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 966: 964: 963:Welsh Marches 960: 956: 952: 942: 933: 931: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902:siege engines 899: 894: 891: 882: 878: 873: 869: 866: 865:took the city 862: 858: 854: 848: 845: 841: 837: 830: 829:Matthew Paris 826: 822: 817: 808: 806: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 696: 694: 690: 685: 681: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 636:, across the 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 547: 543: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 483:King Louis IX 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 398:. He married 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 306: 303: 299: 296: 293: 289: 286: 283: 281: 277: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 245: 242: 241: 235: 231: 211: 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 176: 173: 170:, Hampshire, 169: 164: 160: 156: 150: 147: 144: 142: 139: 136: 135: 131: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 94: 89: 87: 82: 81: 79: 77: 73: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 12803: 12791:from Commons 12786: 12765: 12646: 12467: 12446:Elizabeth II 12374: 12290: 12217: 12195: 12186:Alexander II 12103: 12066: 12059: 12052: 12045: 12038: 12031: 12013: 12002: 11932: 11925: 11908: 11896: 11869: 11832: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11658:Anne Neville 11626: 11544:Mary of York 11035: 11009:Maud FitzRoy 10994:John FitzRoy 10950: 10619: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10524: 10502: 10483: 10464: 10443: 10424: 10405: 10383: 10362: 10343: 10326: 10322: 10299: 10280: 10271: 10267: 10245: 10223:, retrieved 10219:the original 10204: 10181: 10162: 10143: 10124: 10105: 10086: 10067: 10045: 10012: 10008: 9986: 9967: 9948: 9927: 9908: 9889: 9870: 9849: 9830: 9811: 9792: 9770: 9751: 9732: 9713: 9694: 9675: 9656: 9637: 9618: 9599: 9578: 9559: 9540: 9521: 9502: 9483: 9464: 9445: 9429: 9425: 9399: 9391:Bibliography 9376: 9371:, p. 72 9364: 9345: 9339: 9331: 9323: 9300: 9294: 9282: 9255: 9239: 9208: 9200: 9195: 9180: 9161: 9156:, p. 12 9145: 9130: 9118: 9103: 9091: 9075: 9070:, p. 29 9059: 9039: 9032:Vincent 2006 9023: 9012:, retrieved 9008:the original 9003: 8990: 8978: 8973:, p. 75 8958:, p. 74 8951: 8935: 8923: 8904: 8885: 8862: 8823: 8811: 8795: 8783: 8771: 8740: 8724: 8708: 8692: 8680: 8668: 8656: 8644: 8632: 8620: 8608: 8592: 8580: 8553: 8541: 8525: 8513: 8501: 8485: 8473: 8461: 8449: 8437: 8425: 8413: 8401: 8396:, p. 53 8370: 8358: 8353:, p. 84 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8305:, p. 73 8298: 8293:, p. 77 8286: 8259: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8191:, p. 47 8184: 8179:, p. 46 8172: 8160: 8148: 8136: 8124: 8119:, p. 33 8112: 8107:, p. 25 8096: 8080: 8075:, p. 24 8068: 8056: 8040: 8035:, p. 21 8028: 8023:, p. 20 8012: 8007:, p. 99 7996: 7977: 7972:, p. 99 7965: 7958:Tyerman 1996 7953: 7941: 7925: 7909: 7893: 7881: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7813: 7808:, p. 13 7801: 7796:, p. 13 7785: 7773: 7768:, p. 13 7738: 7726: 7714: 7702: 7690: 7685:, p. 14 7678: 7659: 7647: 7631: 7612: 7607:, p. 12 7592: 7585:Tyerman 1996 7576: 7566:Tyerman 1996 7557: 7542: 7523: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7477:Clanchy 1998 7468: 7452: 7440: 7424: 7408: 7396: 7380: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7249: 7233: 7202: 7190: 7174: 7162: 7151:Vincent 2006 7146: 7141:, p. 85 7134: 7122: 7100:Vincent 2007 7095: 7090:, p. 18 7088:Vincent 2006 7079: 7064: 7052: 7027:, p. 11 7001: 6989: 6973: 6968:, p. 81 6961: 6945: 6933: 6928:, p. 64 6902: 6897:, p. 35 6890: 6885:, p. 30 6878: 6866: 6861:, p. 45 6850: 6838: 6826: 6811: 6806:, p. 57 6772: 6767:, p. 24 6760: 6748: 6743:, p. 15 6736: 6724: 6719:, p. 14 6712: 6696: 6684: 6672: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6613: 6574:, p. 52 6559:, p. 96 6552: 6540: 6535:, p. 51 6528: 6499: 6484: 6479:, p. 49 6468: 6463:, p. 37 6461:Hillaby 2003 6446:, p. 37 6444:Hillaby 2003 6435: 6423: 6411: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6363: 6336: 6329:Senocak 2012 6320: 6313:Tyerman 1996 6308: 6293: 6286:Vincent 2006 6281: 6274:Vincent 2006 6269: 6262:Vincent 2006 6253: 6248:, p. 28 6241: 6229: 6214: 6207:Vincent 2006 6202: 6188:Vincent 2006 6183: 6148: 6143:, p. 28 6128: 6108: 6096: 6080: 6075:, p. 20 6068: 6063:, p. 71 6037: 6030:Goodall 2011 6025: 6018:Goodall 2011 6013: 6006:Goodall 2011 6001: 5989: 5978:Goodall 2011 5973: 5962:Goodall 2011 5957: 5945: 5934:Vincent 2006 5929: 5917: 5905: 5889: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5838: 5822: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5756: 5744: 5707: 5680: 5668: 5641: 5578: 5536: 5524: 5494: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5372: 5356: 5340: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5295:, p. 20 5284: 5264: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5122:Vincent 2007 5117: 5106:Vincent 2007 5101: 5085: 5080:, p. 62 5073: 5061: 5049: 5044:, p. 51 5037: 5025: 5013: 5006:McGlynn 2013 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4954:McGlynn 2013 4941: 4929: 4917: 4912:, p. 44 4886: 4881:, p. 42 4859: 4837:, p. 41 4830: 4818: 4806: 4799:McGlynn 2013 4786: 4781:, p. 36 4774: 4762: 4750: 4743:Tyerman 1996 4739:McGlynn 2013 4734: 4722: 4717:, p. 27 4710: 4705:, p. 25 4698: 4686: 4670: 4654: 4649:, p. 19 4642: 4635:McGlynn 2013 4622:, p. 17 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4574:, p. 16 4567: 4562:, p. 13 4551: 4539: 4523: 4511:. Retrieved 4507:the original 4502: 4493: 4477: 4467:McGlynn 2013 4450:, p. 13 4424: 4419:, p. 30 4412: 4400: 4388: 4383:, p. 73 4381:McGlynn 2013 4376: 4364: 4337: 4322: 4312:Vincent 2006 4251:, p. 47 4244: 4229: 4213: 4208:, p. 45 4201: 4189: 4177: 4156: 4147: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4071: 4029: 4020: 4010: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3933: 3923: 3909: 3899: 3886: 3876: 3863: 3853: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3785: 3772: 3763: 3730: 3717: 3113: 2654: 2619: 2605: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2567: 2559: 2548: 2546: 2511: 2497: 2482: 2465:antisemitism 2453: 2435: 2419: 2415:Kate Norgate 2410:William Hunt 2403: 2380: 2339: 2335:naturalistic 2316: 2309: 2284: 2280: 2256: 2239: 2227: 2214: 2206: 2201:River Thames 2198: 2194: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2140:peace treaty 2136: 2111: 2104: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2033: 1995: 1982: 1970: 1966:Frederick II 1954: 1917:Alexander II 1910: 1903:. The local 1901:native Irish 1898: 1891: 1884: 1857: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1824: 1775: 1752: 1729: 1721: 1706: 1657: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1615:antisemitism 1604: 1578: 1566: 1511: 1483: 1448: 1415:gold pennies 1399: 1393: 1391:, inscribed 1347: 1338:John Goodall 1334: 1290: 1267: 1259: 1248: 1232: 1228:patron saint 1216: 1207: 1171: 1156: 1140: 1116: 1105: 1101: 1096:Earl of Kent 1092: 1052: 1045: 1033: 998: 979:royal forest 967: 947: 922: 895: 886: 857:Dover Castle 849: 833: 801: 774: 731: 723:papal legate 710:Corfe Castle 707: 670: 607: 596: 549: 487: 464: 412:patron saint 393: 381:the invasion 316: 312: 311: 238: 148: 140: 129: 29: 12834:1272 deaths 12829:1207 births 12746:Middle Ages 12695:• ** Also 12682:(1465–1469) 12676:(1355–1364) 12670:(1332–1350) 12555:Richard III 12451:Charles III 12436:Edward VIII 12166:Alexander I 12146:Malcolm III 12121:Kenneth III 12021:Elizabeth I 11983:Richard III 11317:Joan Skerne 10274:(7): 94–97. 10264:Saul, Nigel 9369:Howell 1992 9275:Fritts 2008 9232:Stacey 1988 9166:Beeler 1972 9064:Howell 2001 9052:Howell 2001 9044:Stacey 1997 9028:Howell 2001 8995:Goebel 2007 8944:Howell 2001 8913:Howell 2001 8909:Jobson 2012 8894:Howell 2001 8890:Jobson 2012 8875:Howell 2001 8867:Jobson 2012 8851:Stacey 2003 8836:Howell 2001 8828:Jobson 2012 8816:Jobson 2012 8804:Howell 2001 8800:Jobson 2012 8788:Jobson 2012 8760:Jobson 2012 8745:Jobson 2012 8729:Jobson 2012 8713:Jobson 2012 8701:Jobson 2012 8685:Jobson 2012 8673:Jobson 2012 8661:Jobson 2012 8649:Jobson 2012 8637:Jobson 2012 8625:Jobson 2012 8597:Jobson 2012 8585:Jobson 2012 8573:Jobson 2012 8558:Jobson 2012 8546:Jobson 2012 8534:Howell 2001 8530:Jobson 2012 8490:Jobson 2012 8478:Jobson 2012 8466:Jobson 2012 8454:Jobson 2012 8430:Jobson 2012 8418:Jobson 2012 8394:Stacey 2003 8375:Jobson 2012 8363:Jobson 2012 8351:Jobson 2012 8339:Jobson 2012 8327:Jobson 2012 8315:Jobson 2012 8303:Jobson 2012 8291:Jobson 2012 8279:Jobson 2012 8264:Jobson 2012 8252:Jobson 2012 8237:Jobson 2012 8225:Jobson 2012 8213:Jobson 2012 8201:Jobson 2012 8189:Jobson 2012 8177:Jobson 2012 8165:Jobson 2012 8141:Jobson 2012 8129:Jobson 2012 8117:Jobson 2012 8105:Jobson 2012 8101:Howell 2001 8085:Jobson 2012 8073:Jobson 2012 8061:Howell 2001 8049:Jobson 2012 8045:Howell 2001 8033:Jobson 2012 8021:Jobson 2012 8017:Howell 2001 8001:Howell 2001 7986:Howell 2001 7982:Jobson 2012 7930:Howell 2001 7914:Howell 2001 7898:Weiler 2012 7886:Weiler 2012 7870:Weiler 2012 7858:Weiler 2012 7846:Weiler 2012 7818:Jobson 2012 7806:Jobson 2012 7794:Jobson 2012 7790:Weiler 2012 7778:Weiler 2012 7766:Jobson 2012 7762:Weiler 2012 7743:Weiler 2012 7731:Weiler 2012 7719:Weiler 2012 7707:Weiler 2012 7695:Weiler 2012 7683:Weiler 2012 7668:Jobson 2012 7605:Jobson 2012 7581:Weiler 2012 7562:Weiler 2012 7532:Weiler 2012 7503:, p. 4 7501:Weiler 2012 7489:Weiler 2012 7473:Weiler 2012 7457:Aurell 2003 7429:Davies 2006 7413:Davies 2006 7385:Davies 2006 7369:Davies 2006 7254:Davies 2006 7238:Davies 2006 7207:Jobson 2012 7195:Jobson 2012 7183:Aurell 2003 7167:Aurell 2003 7155:Howell 2001 7084:Jobson 2012 7069:Jobson 2012 7042:Jobson 2012 7025:Jobson 2012 7012:, p. 8 7010:Jobson 2012 6996:, p. 8 6994:Jobson 2012 6984:, p. 8 6982:Jobson 2012 6950:Howell 2001 6938:Howell 2001 6926:Howell 1992 6922:Howell 2001 6907:Howell 2001 6895:Howell 2001 6883:Howell 2001 6871:Howell 2001 6859:Howell 2001 6855:Howell 1992 6843:Howell 1992 6831:Howell 1992 6816:Howell 2001 6804:Howell 1992 6781:Howell 2001 6777:Howell 1992 6765:Howell 2001 6753:Howell 2001 6741:Howell 2001 6729:Howell 2001 6717:Howell 2001 6705:Howell 2001 6689:Howell 2001 6677:Howell 2001 6662:Howell 2001 6658:Weiler 1999 6646:Weiler 1999 6634:Stacey 2003 6622:Stacey 2003 6572:Stacey 2003 6533:Stacey 2003 6489:Stacey 2003 6477:Stacey 2003 6473:Jobson 2012 6440:Stacey 2003 6404:Weiler 2012 6298:Robson 2010 6157:Bolton 2012 6153:Eaglen 1992 6141:Jobson 2012 6137:Eaglen 1992 6121:Bolton 2012 6117:Eaglen 1992 6089:Bolton 2012 6085:Eaglen 1992 6073:Eaglen 1992 6061:Weiler 2012 5940:, p. 2 5938:Weiler 2012 5817:, p. 3 5815:Jobson 2012 5800:Jobson 2012 5751:, p. 3 5702:, p. 2 5700:Jobson 2012 5464:Turner 2009 5434:, p. 2 5432:Weiler 2012 5417:Hillen 2007 5293:Weiler 2012 4980:, p. 1 4950:Pounds 1994 4675:Aurell 2003 4534:, p. 1 4528:Weiler 2012 4513:16 February 4499:"Henry III" 4405:Warren 1991 3846:North Wales 2799:Geoffrey II 2659:Family tree 2594:Jean Plaidy 2327:tomb effigy 2247:Isle of Ely 2100:coup d'état 2029:papal tiara 1905:Irish kings 1887:South Wales 1832:Taillebourg 1703:, 1300–1308 1467:pilgrimages 1371:an elephant 1342:Westminster 1220:Anglo-Saxon 1167:South Wales 1059:Magna Carta 1049:Magna Carta 827:(left), by 684:Magna Carta 365:Magna Carta 343:. Cardinal 285:Plantagenet 184:Westminster 149:(1219–1227) 141:(1216–1219) 102:Predecessor 90:17 May 1220 12818:Categories 12635:Richard IV 12565:William II 12550:Richard II 12426:Edward VII 12416:William IV 12406:George III 12335:Charles II 12230:Robert III 12176:Malcolm IV 12151:Donald III 12126:Malcolm II 12111:Kenneth II 11993:Henry VIII 11953:Richard II 11948:Edward III 11882:William II 11855:Harthacnut 10633:1216–1272 10236:required.) 9287:Davis 2013 9260:Lewis 1987 9248:Davis 2013 9244:Lewis 1987 9170:Davis 2013 9154:Davis 2013 9096:Davis 2013 9084:Davis 2013 9048:Duffy 2003 8983:Duffy 2003 8971:Duffy 2003 8956:Duffy 2003 8940:Duffy 2003 7547:Maier 2003 7528:Maier 2003 7357:Frame 1992 7345:Frame 1992 7333:Frame 1992 7321:Frame 1992 6057:Kalof 2007 4482:Davis 2013 4417:Davis 2013 4249:Davis 2013 4234:Davis 2013 4218:Davis 2013 4206:Davis 2013 4194:Davis 2013 4169:References 2608:(1988) by 2600:(1979) by 2592:(1979) by 2580:(1927) by 2570:(1909) by 2562:(1762) by 2502:Purgatorio 2422:pipe rolls 2231:Kenilworth 2070:Revolution 2019:depicting 1526:Canterbury 1518:confessors 1503:Holy Cross 1423:gold coins 1381:Gold penny 1297:Hugh Bigod 1251:parliament 1249:The term " 1211:chancellor 1203:great seal 908:, Henry's 738:Canterbury 704:Coronation 632:, through 530:George III 389:the Church 76:Coronation 12734:Biography 12647:Henry III 12612:1144–1259 12595:1135–1144 12571:Robert II 12544:Richard I 12538:William I 12441:George VI 12411:George IV 12401:George II 12313:Charles I 12295:from 1603 12245:James III 12225:Robert II 12181:William I 12156:Duncan II 12084:Malcolm I 12074:Donald II 11998:Edward VI 11988:Henry VII 11973:Edward IV 11943:Edward II 11933:Henry III 11916:Richard I 11877:William I 11798:Æthelstan 11520:Edward IV 10556:Henry III 10550:Henry III 10465:King John 10225:17 August 10037:162262613 9014:17 August 9004:V & A 8442:Wild 2011 6954:Cole 2002 6234:Cole 2002 5472:Moss 2007 5460:Holt 1984 4222:Cole 2002 3940:sacrament 3778:justiciar 3660:Katherine 3114:Henry III 2783:Richard I 2649:Katherine 2550:King John 2518:purgatory 2399:Charles I 2343:canonised 2133:of France 1986:Alfonso X 1763:Katherine 1701:Katherine 1649:Dominican 1558:Cambridge 1475:St Albans 1367:menagerie 971:exchequer 910:justiciar 666:Richard I 564:wet nurse 556:King John 522:canonised 471:Lusignans 371:and then 333:King John 313:Henry III 112:Successor 57:(more...) 35:Henry III 12758:Monarchy 12624:Henry II 12619:Geoffrey 12560:Robert I 12525:911–1135 12514:Normandy 12431:George V 12421:Victoria 12396:George I 12265:James VI 12250:James IV 12240:James II 12213:David II 12208:Robert I 12197:Margaret 12131:Duncan I 12040:Donald I 11978:Edward V 11968:Henry VI 11958:Henry IV 11938:Edward I 11904:Henry II 11803:Edmund I 11792:Ælfweard 11750:monarchs 11744:Scottish 11698:Category 11616:Edward V 11554:Edward V 10639:Edward I 10404:(1996). 10066:(2004). 10009:Speculum 9791:(2011). 4012:Sir Hugh 3748:Portugal 3636:Beatrice 3623:Margaret 3601:Edward I 3166:Isabella 3103:Arthur I 2684:Henry II 2637:Beatrice 2631:Margaret 2625:Edward I 2306:, London 2237:ensued. 2131:Louis IX 2021:Louis IX 1913:Scotland 1786:Flanders 1782:Burgundy 1769:such as 1744:Beatrice 1736:Margaret 1697:Beatrice 1689:Margaret 1675:Marriage 1487:scrofula 1471:Bromholm 1433:Religion 1317:Lusignan 1313:Savoyard 1143:crusades 1123:Normandy 1119:Brittany 1108:Louis IX 1087:Brittany 1041:slighted 1029:Touraine 1005:Poitevin 955:sheriffs 898:Sandwich 797:crusader 762:The Wash 646:Brittany 642:Normandy 626:Scotland 622:Henry II 576:Isabella 518:miracles 467:Poitevin 357:Sandwich 130:See list 116:Edward I 12722:England 12708:Portals 12680:Charles 12674:Charles 12600:Stephen 12576:Henry I 12349:Mary II 12255:James V 12235:James I 12171:David I 12136:Macbeth 12068:Eochaid 11963:Henry V 11898:Matilda 11892:Stephen 11887:Henry I 11748:British 11742:, 11740:English 11381:Wives: 11345:Wives: 11104:Wives: 10564:at the 10029:2856155 9432:: 7–64. 4047:Yolande 3970:Papacy. 3780:. When 3740:Denmark 3179:Eleanor 2469:pogroms 2374:in the 2191:in 1265 2041:Manfred 1991:Eleanor 1893:Ireland 1880:Gwynedd 1538:Reading 1530:Norwich 1389:sceptre 1354:Lincoln 1322:Castile 1226:as his 1181:Gilbert 1163:Ireland 1131:Gascony 861:Lincoln 836:Ireland 766:corolla 680:fiefdom 662:Gascony 634:England 580:Eleanor 568:Richard 460:Gascony 454:to the 452:crusade 385:Richard 353:Lincoln 227: 215: 204:Consort 172:England 122:Regents 12260:Mary I 12141:Lulach 12105:Amlaíb 12099:Cuilén 12089:Indulf 12015:Philip 12010:Mary I 11813:Eadwig 11808:Eadred 11656:Wife: 11530:Wife: 11492:Wife: 11454:Wife: 11253:Wife: 11192:Wife: 11046:Wife: 10942:Wife: 10903:Wife: 10864:Wife: 10778:Wife: 10701:Wife: 10596: 10531: 10509: 10490: 10471: 10450: 10431: 10412: 10390: 10369: 10350: 10306: 10287: 10252: 10230: 10188: 10169: 10150: 10131: 10112: 10093: 10074: 10052: 10035: 10027: 9993: 9974: 9955: 9934: 9915: 9896: 9877: 9856: 9837: 9818: 9799: 9777: 9758: 9739: 9720: 9701: 9682: 9663: 9644: 9625: 9606: 9585: 9566: 9547: 9528: 9509: 9490: 9471: 9452: 9406: 9352: 9311: 3808:sides. 3756:Sweden 3754:, and 3752:Sicily 3744:Poland 3736:Aragon 3360:Edmund 2643:Edmund 2532:, and 2357:Legacy 2121:Crisis 1868:Dafydd 1819:Poitou 1784:, and 1755:Edmund 1732:Edward 1715:, and 1699:, and 1693:Edmund 1685:Edward 1589:tithes 1572:, the 1554:Oxford 1540:, and 1534:Oxford 1516:; his 1463:lepers 1411:hoards 1330:Sicily 1324:, the 1175:, the 1127:Poitou 1025:Poitou 1021:Oxford 1015:; and 789:vassal 781:homage 721:, the 658:Poitou 652:, and 586:, the 578:, and 502:Edward 456:Levant 448:Sicily 327:, and 319:, was 301:Mother 291:Father 240:Detail 221: 191:Burial 12805:Texts 12788:Media 12691:* As 12532:Rollo 12510:Dukes 12161:Edgar 12061:Giric 11927:Louis 11834:Sweyn 11118:Henry 10598:Died: 10591:Born: 10033:S2CID 10025:JSTOR 9422:(PDF) 4142:1239. 3709:Notes 2616:Issue 2508:Dante 2351:Anjou 2324:brass 2294:Death 1872:Owain 1778:Savoy 1451:piety 1419:Italy 1358:Dover 1273:Court 1263:eyres 1222:king 693:Louis 677:papal 654:Anjou 650:Maine 630:Wales 404:piety 280:House 234:Issue 225:) 217:( 213: 64:Reign 12668:John 12641:John 12391:Anne 12354:Anne 12347:and 12203:John 12012:and 12004:Jane 11921:John 11845:Cnut 11224:Adam 10614:John 10529:ISBN 10507:ISBN 10488:ISBN 10469:ISBN 10448:ISBN 10429:ISBN 10410:ISBN 10388:ISBN 10367:ISBN 10348:ISBN 10304:ISBN 10285:ISBN 10250:ISBN 10227:2013 10186:ISBN 10167:ISBN 10148:ISBN 10129:ISBN 10110:ISBN 10091:ISBN 10072:ISBN 10050:ISBN 9991:ISBN 9972:ISBN 9953:ISBN 9932:ISBN 9913:ISBN 9894:ISBN 9875:ISBN 9854:ISBN 9835:ISBN 9816:ISBN 9797:ISBN 9775:ISBN 9756:ISBN 9737:ISBN 9718:ISBN 9699:ISBN 9680:ISBN 9661:ISBN 9642:ISBN 9623:ISBN 9604:ISBN 9583:ISBN 9564:ISBN 9545:ISBN 9526:ISBN 9507:ISBN 9488:ISBN 9469:ISBN 9450:ISBN 9404:ISBN 9350:ISBN 9309:ISBN 9016:2013 4515:2020 4051:Joan 3639:(m. 3626:(m. 3613:(m. 3407:(m. 3390:(m. 3182:(m. 3169:(m. 3156:(m. 3153:Joan 3139:(m. 3126:(m. 2818:John 2604:and 2540:and 2385:and 2370:The 2320:gilt 2215:The 1874:and 1792:and 1605:The 1556:and 1542:York 1477:and 1455:mass 1387:and 1356:and 1328:and 1315:and 1299:and 1165:and 1027:and 875:The 819:The 793:ward 791:and 752:and 746:York 740:and 660:and 628:and 572:Joan 558:and 544:and 355:and 335:and 223:1236 178:Died 162:Born 106:John 12512:of 12094:Dub 12054:Áed 10331:doi 10211:doi 10017:doi 2553:by 2510:'s 2349:in 1885:In 1830:at 1750:. 1651:or 1461:of 1385:orb 744:of 736:of 12820:: 12649:** 12643:** 12637:** 12626:** 12602:** 12578:** 12567:** 10327:61 10325:. 10321:. 10272:70 10270:. 10203:, 10031:. 10023:. 10013:47 10011:. 9430:13 9428:. 9424:. 9330:, 9267:^ 9224:^ 9152:; 9082:; 9002:, 8963:^ 8843:^ 8752:^ 8565:^ 8386:^ 8271:^ 8244:^ 7754:^ 7218:^ 7107:^ 7032:^ 7017:^ 6914:^ 6788:^ 6594:^ 6579:^ 6564:^ 6511:^ 6451:^ 6348:^ 6174:; 6164:^ 6049:^ 5807:^ 5726:^ 5692:^ 5653:^ 5626:^ 5611:^ 5590:^ 5563:^ 5548:^ 5506:^ 5479:^ 4898:^ 4871:^ 4842:^ 4627:^ 4501:. 4455:^ 4436:^ 4349:^ 4300:^ 4256:^ 4062:^ 3822:^ 3750:, 3746:, 3742:, 3738:, 3651:, 3607:r. 3411:, 3394:, 3362:, 3212:, 3186:, 3143:; 3120:r. 3105:, 2824:r. 2801:, 2789:r. 2690:r. 2612:. 2596:, 2584:, 2574:, 2566:, 2528:, 2524:, 2475:. 2401:. 2094:, 1882:. 1780:, 1695:, 1691:, 1687:, 1655:. 1536:, 1532:, 1528:, 1473:, 1352:, 1303:; 1043:. 965:. 648:, 644:, 574:, 570:, 462:. 391:. 323:, 219:m. 12774:: 12710:: 12546:* 12540:* 12534:* 12502:e 12495:t 12488:v 11732:e 11725:t 11718:v 10670:e 10663:t 10656:v 10537:. 10515:. 10496:. 10477:. 10456:. 10437:. 10418:. 10396:. 10375:. 10356:. 10337:. 10333:: 10312:. 10293:. 10258:. 10213:: 10194:. 10175:. 10156:. 10137:. 10118:. 10099:. 10080:. 10058:. 10039:. 10019:: 9999:. 9980:. 9961:. 9940:. 9921:. 9902:. 9883:. 9862:. 9843:. 9824:. 9805:. 9783:. 9764:. 9745:. 9726:. 9707:. 9688:. 9669:. 9650:. 9631:. 9612:. 9591:. 9572:. 9553:. 9534:. 9515:. 9496:. 9477:. 9458:. 9412:. 9358:. 9317:. 4517:. 3918:. 3758:. 3643:) 3630:) 3617:) 3415:) 3398:) 3190:) 3173:) 3160:) 3147:) 3130:) 2322:- 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index