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Lamb, noted that
Burgoyne "shunned no danger; his presence and conduct animated the troops (for they greatly loved their general)." Accounts of the lavish lifestyle that he maintained on the Saratoga campaign, combined with a gentlemanly bearing and his career as a playwright led less-than-friendly contemporaries to caricature him, as the historian George Billias wrote, "a buffoon in uniform who bungled his assignments badly." Much of the historical record, Billias noted, is based upon those characterisations. Billias considered Burgoyne to be a ruthless and risk-taking general with a keen perception of his opponents and also a perceptive social and political commentator.
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607:. In late 1754, Burgoyne's wife gave birth to a daughter, Charlotte Elizabeth, who was to prove to be the couple's only child. In the hope that a granddaughter would soften Derby's opposition to their marriage, the Burgoynes returned to Britain in 1755. Lord Strange interceded on their behalf with Derby, who soon changed his mind and accepted them back into the family. Burgoyne soon became a favourite of Derby, who used his influence to boost Burgoyne's prospects.
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406:. He designed an invasion scheme and was appointed to command a force moving south from Canada to split away New England and end the rebellion. Burgoyne advanced from Canada but his slow movement allowed the Americans to concentrate their forces. Instead of coming to his aid according to the overall plan, the British Army in New York City moved south to capture Philadelphia. Burgoyne fought
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1000:, but, pushing on, decided to break his communications with Quebec. The news of the capture of Fort Ticonderoga was hailed in Britain as a great victory, which even King George III is said to have celebrated and Burgoyne was subsequently promoted to lieutenant-general. Burgoyne's force however was eventually hemmed in by a superior force led by American Major General
414:, "was a great turning point of the war, because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory". France had been supplying the North American colonists since the spring of 1776. Burgoyne and his officers returned to England; the enlisted men became prisoners of war. He came under sharp criticism when he returned to London.
733:) and Burgoyne. This was a revolutionary step, and Burgoyne was a pioneer in the early development of British light cavalry. Burgoyne admired independent thought amongst common soldiers, and encouraged his men to use their own initiative, in stark contrast to the established system employed at the time by the British army.
1050:, Burgoyne had agreed to a convention that involved his men surrendering their weapons, and returning to Europe with a pledge not to return to North America. Burgoyne had been most insistent on this point, even suggesting he would try to fight his way back to Quebec if it was not agreed. Soon afterwards the
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out of the army with loss of rank; a rare public rebuke of a high-ranking officer for which
Burgoyne received widespread ridicule in Britain. He was not formally re-instated to the army until 1782 when the Whigs returned to power. Following the defeat, France recognised the United States and formally
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As a result of this miscommunication, Burgoyne ended up conducting the campaign single-handedly. He was not yet aware that he would not be gaining additional support, and was still reasonably confident of success. Having amassed an army of over 7,000 troops in Quebec, Burgoyne was also led to believe
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was killed on 15 October. On 17 October 1777, Burgoyne surrendered his entire army, numbering 5,800. This was the greatest victory the
American forces had up to that point in the Revolutionary War, and it proved to be the turning point in the war, as France entered into an alliance with the American
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Burgoyne has often been portrayed by historians and commentators as a classic example of the marginally-competent aristocratic
British general who acquired his rank by political connections, rather than ability. However, accounts of those that served under him, particularly that of Corporal Roger
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From the beginning, Burgoyne was vastly overconfident. Leading what he believed was an overwhelming force, he saw the campaign largely as a stroll that would make him a national hero who had saved the rebel colonies for the crown. Before leaving London, he had wagered
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who would rally to the flag once the
British came south. Even if the countryside was not as pro-British as expected, much of the area between Lake Champlain and Albany was underpopulated anyway, and Burgoyne was skeptical any major enemy force could gather there.
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10 pounds that he would return victorious within a year. He refused to heed more cautious voices, both
British and American, that suggested a successful campaign using the route he proposed was impossible, as the failed attempt the previous year had shown.
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together and married without his permission in April 1751. An outraged Derby cut his daughter off without a penny. Unable to support his wife otherwise, Burgoyne again sold his commission, raising ÂŁ2,600, which they lived off for the next few years.
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Following
Saratoga, the indignation in Britain against Burgoyne was great. He returned at once, with the leave of the American general, to defend his conduct and demanded but never obtained an inquiry. He was deprived of his regiment and the
532:. He soon acquired the nickname "Gentleman Johnny" and became well known for his stylish uniforms and general high living which saw him run up large debts. In 1741 Burgoyne sold his commission, possibly to settle gambling debts.
972:'s orders dispatched from London were not clear on this point, with the effect that Howe took no action to support Burgoyne, and Clinton moved from New York too late and in too little strength to be any great help to Burgoyne.
1090:. Germain had overseen the overall strategy for the campaign and had significantly neglected to order General Howe to support Burgoyne's invasion, instead leaving him to believe that he was free to launch his own attack on
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Underlining the plan was the belief that
Burgoyne's aggressive thrust from Quebec would be aided by the movements of two other large British forces under Generals Howe and Clinton, who would support the advance. However,
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near
Saratoga but was surrounded by American forces and, with no relief in sight, surrendered his entire army of 6,200 men on 17 October 1777. His surrender, according to the historian
551:, a commission he did not have to pay for as it was newly created. In April 1745, he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1747, Burgoyne managed to scrape the money together to purchase a
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799:. For the next few years he occupied himself chiefly with his parliamentary duties, in which he was remarkable for his general outspokenness and, in particular, for his attacks on
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where it was very successful in 1788. Had it not been for his role in the
American War of Independence, Burgoyne would most likely be foremost remembered today as a dramatist.
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valley. The plan, largely of his own creation, was for Burgoyne and his force to cross Lake Champlain from Quebec and capture Ticonderoga before advancing on
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Although Burgoyne at the time was widely held to blame for the defeat, historians have over the years shifted responsibility for the disaster at Saratoga to
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Patriots. Burgoyne's journey through the wilderness of New York was hampered by his insistence of bringing 30 carriages of fine clothes and champagne.
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and his government of Carleton's faults, Burgoyne was given command of the British forces charged with gaining control of Lake Champlain and the
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that are set during the Saratoga campaign also feature him, and alternate or mystical history versions of his campaign are featured in
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government in 1783, Burgoyne withdrew more and more into private life. His last public service was his participation in the
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Through his friendship with Lord Strange, Burgoyne came to know Strange's sister, Lady Charlotte Stanley, the daughter of
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in Portugal which had just entered the war. Burgoyne won particular distinction by leading his cavalry in the capture of
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After the death of his wife in 1776, Burgoyne had four children by his mistress Susan Caulfield; one was Field Marshal
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1872:– Ephemeral Works for Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby by Robert Adam, London, 1773 and The Oaks, Epsom, 1774
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The fĂŞte champĂŞtre at Lord Stanley's ... Everybody agrees it was beyond any entertainment ever given in the Country
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alleging widespread corruption by its officials and much later in life Burgoyne would take an active part in the
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The British Campaign of 1777, Volume Two – The Burgoyne Expedition: Burgoyne's Native and Loyalist Auxiliaries
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in 1782 saw a brief revival of his military career. He was appointed commander-in-chief of crown forces in
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In his time Burgoyne was a notable playwright, writing a number of popular plays. The most notable were
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in September and October 1777. Benedict Arnold played a significant role in those battles. Burgoyne's
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London marriage licences 1521–1869, ed. Joseph Foster, Bernard Quaritch (Piccadilly), 1887, p. 219
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Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 28th edition, Sir Bernard Burke, Harrison & Sons, 1866, p. 154
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The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire
1485:"Burgoyne, John (1723–92), of Hertford Street, Mayfair, Mdx. | History of Parliament Online"
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811:. During the interwar years Burgoyne devoted much attention to art and drama (his first play,
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775:. Burgoyne's conduct during the invasion greatly impressed his superior; the Field Marshal
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from the southern colonies, and, it was believed, make it easier to end the rebellion.
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by reports that he could rely on the support of large numbers of Native Americans and
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travelling through France and Italy. While in France, Burgoyne met and befriended the
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858:(commander of the major British Army garrison in Scotland). At the outbreak of the
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on 24 February 1722, son of Army officer Captain John Burgoyne (died 1768; son of
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In 1776, he was at the head of the British reinforcements that sailed up the
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555:. The end of the war in 1748 cut off any prospect of further active service.
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2048:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 819–820.
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entered the war on 6 February 1778, transforming it into a global conflict.
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2336:"The Best of Burgoyne", excerpts from Gen. Sir John Burgoyne's stage-plays
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Burgoyne was also an accomplished playwright, known for his works such as
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Magnificent Entertainments: Temporary Architecture for Georgian Festivals
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and continue negotiations for its return. When Burgoyne refused he was
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into the British Army. The two regiments then formed were commanded by
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Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
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American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by the United States
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1004:. Several attempts to break through the enemy lines were repulsed at
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1122:. Following his return from Saratoga he began to associate with the
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The Dramatic and Poetical Works of the Late Lieut. Gen. J. Burgoyne
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between the United States and Great Britain in the 19th century.
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repudiated the treaty and imprisoned the remnants of the army in
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when he participated in several battles, most notably during the
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Baldwin, Olive & Wilson, Thelma (2001). "John Burgoyne". In
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2189:. Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 340–342.
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Burgoyne has made appearances as a character in historical and
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1797:. New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center.
1142:. He died quite unexpectedly on 4 August 1792 at his home in
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and the painting was held by Lippe's descendants until 1943.
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British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
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In the army, he had been promoted to major-general and made
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In 1758, he participated in several expeditions against the
695:. In 1758, he became captain and lieutenant-colonel in the
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In October 1751, Burgoyne and his new wife went to live in
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merchant. There were rumours that Burgoyne was in fact the
489:, and Anna Maria, daughter of Charles Burneston, a wealthy
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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
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The Generals of Saratoga: John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates
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779:. La Lippe commissioned the 1766 portrait of Burgoyne by
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British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
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The Cambridge Introduction to English Theatre, 1660–1900
721:. During this period he was instrumental in introducing
512:, as did many British army officers of the time such as
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in the drive that chased the Continental Army from the
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2244:(July 1972), Vol. 22 Issue 7, p. 470–480, online.
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From the age of 10, Burgoyne attended the prestigious
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Misadventures of an English General in the Revolution
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in 1784 marked the end of Burgoyne's active service.
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In 1768, he was elected to the House of Commons for
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Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolutionary War
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2013:
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543:. In April 1745, Burgoyne joined the newly raised
391:from 1761 to 1792. He first saw action during the
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387:general, dramatist and politician who sat in the
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992:The campaign was initially successful. Burgoyne
771:. This played a major part in repulsing a large
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1907:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
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4605:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
4414:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
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2204:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
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996:of the vital outposts of Fort Ticonderoga and
4680:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
4590:People educated at Westminster School, London
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1895:
839: General John Burgoyne
1775:
979:Burgoyne's march on Albany June–October 1777
905:. Carleton then led the British forces onto
3527:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
2240:Bahshian, Aram Jr. "General John Burgoyne"
1288:(1778) possible collaboration with Sheridan
751:, and in the following year he served as a
649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
402:Burgoyne is best known for his role in the
4404:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
2658:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
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1602:
1395:List of American Revolutionary War battles
1110:, London W1, Burgoyne's home in later life
931:The following year, having convinced King
38:
19:For other people named John Burgoyne, see
16:British general and playwright (1722–1792)
1845:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey
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669:Learn how and when to remove this message
567:John Burgoyne, 1758, (after Allan Ramsay)
452:for many years, sitting for the seats of
383:(24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a
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1428:"French Aid Before the Alliance of 1778"
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1068:governorship of Fort William in Scotland
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4685:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
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1337:fiction. He appears as a character in
773:Spanish force bent on invading Portugal
539:led to an expansion in the size of the
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4409:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
2252:General Burgoyne in Canada and America
2148:O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2013).
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2517:4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot
2278:, Global Heritage Press, Milton, 2013
2094:
1693:Duffy-Zeballos, Lisa (October 2001).
1659:
1585:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1501:
1118:Burgoyne had been a supporter of the
429:. However the return to power of the
417:The rise of the politically friendly
4695:Military personnel from Bedfordshire
4524:Daughters of the American Revolution
4322:
2874:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
1315:Credited with writing the lyrics to
1165:. A grandchild of Burgoyne, Admiral
920:
683:Great Britain in the Seven Years War
647:adding citations to reliable sources
614:
187:Anglo-Portuguese expeditionary force
4519:Children of the American Revolution
4399:Timeline of the American Revolution
2131:The Turning Point of the Revolution
2119:The Birth of the Republic 1763–1789
1795:"Timothy Murphy: Frontier Rifleman"
1686:
1627:
1363:respectively. Historical novels by
1273:(1776), a satire on the conduct of
1211:(1780). He also wrote a translated
1088:Secretary of State for the Colonies
743:Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)
13:
3180:European allies of King George III
3036:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
2971:Committee of Secret Correspondence
2633:No taxation without representation
2327:Works by or about Gentleman Johnny
2234:
2176:"Burgoyne, John (1722–1792)"
1703:Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery
1267:with music by François Barthélemon
1019:
829:
767:, compensating for the Portuguese
747:In 1761, he sat in parliament for
687:A month after the outbreak of the
610:
599:. While in Rome, Burgoyne had his
179:Anglo-Canadian expeditionary force
14:
4706:
4635:16th The Queen's Lancers officers
4546:Museum of the American Revolution
2282:
2198:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
2135:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat.
2053:Doderer-Winkler, Melanie (2013).
1489:www.historyofparliamentonline.org
4585:People from Sutton, Bedfordshire
4434:Continental Currency dollar coin
4419:Women in the American Revolution
2304:Map from a London Newspaper 1778
2201:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2186:Dictionary of National Biography
619:
367:
4529:Sons of the American Revolution
2318:Works by or about John Burgoyne
1889:
1834:
1801:
1787:
893:, which was under siege by the
765:Battle of Valencia de Alcántara
239:Battle of Valencia de Alcántara
4429:Continental currency banknotes
3517:Staten Island Peace Conference
2269:, 1927; Garden City Publishers
2254:, Gordon & Cremonesi, 1976
2219:. Cambridge University Press.
2126:
2012:Billias, George Athan (1969).
1781:
1507:
1477:
1468:
1432:The American Historical Review
1419:
1140:impeachment of Warren Hastings
897:. He led forces under General
809:Impeachment of Warren Hastings
603:painted by the British artist
537:War of the Austrian Succession
483:Sir John Burgoyne, 3rd Baronet
314:Privy Council of Great Britain
204:War of the Austrian Succession
21:John Burgoyne (disambiguation)
1:
4247:
3223:German supporters of Congress
2921:Massachusetts Circular Letter
2016:George Washington's Opponents
1830:. 30 October 1779. p. 1.
1817:. 30 October 1779. p. 1.
1355:film adaptions, portrayed by
1097:
1030:Surrender of General Burgoyne
842:engraving by S. Hellyer, 1860
463:
425:and appointed colonel of the
54:
4690:Burials at Westminster Abbey
4640:Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland
2904:Committees of correspondence
2127:Nickerson, Hoffman (1967) .
2080:. Little, Brown Book Group.
2020:. New York: William Morrow.
1645:History of Parliament Online
1176:
825:American War of Independence
558:
253:American War of Independence
234:Spanish invasion of Portugal
7:
4541:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
3746:
3572:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
3557:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
3331:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
2986:Declaration of Independence
2951:Second Continental Congress
2348:Parliament of Great Britain
2206:University of Toronto Press
1867:, pp. 59–74, chapter:
1388:
786:
591:who would later become the
520:. In August 1737, Burgoyne
10:
4711:
4625:Coldstream Guards officers
4424:Financial costs of the war
2931:First Continental Congress
2782:Royal Proclamation of 1763
2727:Second Rockingham ministry
2566:American Revolutionary War
2194:Stokesbury, James (1979).
2116:Morgan, Edmund S. (1956).
1984:
1640:"BURGOYNE, John (1723-92)"
1207:'s only successful opera,
1169:was notable in helping to
1039:
924:
860:American Revolutionary War
850:American Revolutionary War
847:
740:
706:
680:
473:John Burgoyne was born in
404:American Revolutionary War
18:
4391:
4360:
4336:
4332:
4317:
4278:Constitutional Convention
4258:Society of the Cincinnati
4253:
4242:
4167:
4062:
3906:
3899:
3844:
3763:
3756:
3752:
3741:
3698:
3620:
3606:
3580:
3547:Carlisle Peace Commission
3509:
3381:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
3310:
3235:
3188:
3155:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3077:
3046:Hutchinson letters affair
3013:
2996:Articles of Confederation
2856:
2843:Proclamation of Rebellion
2755:
2707:First Rockingham ministry
2684:
2651:All men are created equal
2590:
2586:
2572:
2523:
2513:
2505:
2499:Sir William Augustus Pitt
2495:
2485:
2477:
2467:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2431:
2416:Member of Parliament for
2414:
2402:
2388:
2367:Member of Parliament for
2365:
2353:
2346:
2259:Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne
2154:. Yale University Press.
2101:. Yale University Press.
2059:. Yale University Press.
1379:CBS Radio Mystery Theater
1324:
1195:Richard Brinsley Sheridan
1128:King's Own Royal Regiment
363:
340:
319:
309:
280:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
196:
161:
151:
143:
131:
121:
109:
92:
72:
64:
46:Portrait of John Burgoyne
37:
30:
3542:Entry of France into war
3157:Kingdom of Great Britain
2461:Governor of Fort William
2289:Burgoyne burial site at
1910:(2nd ed.). London:
1715:10.1001/archfaci.3.4.300
1426:Van Tyne, C. H. (1925).
1400:
1236:
1134:. After the fall of the
1046:Rather than an outright
915:Battle of Valcour Island
913:after winning the naval
856:Governor of Fort William
487:Sherbourne, Warwickshire
285:Battle of Freeman's Farm
268:British counteroffensive
183:Governor of Fort William
4273:Ratification Day (1784)
3598:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3282:Northern after Saratoga
3262:New York and New Jersey
2936:Continental Association
2833:Conciliatory Resolution
2692:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
2665:Consent of the governed
2406:Sir Peter Leicester, Bt
2297:14 October 2006 at the
2213:Thomson, Peter (2006).
2074:Harvey, Robert (2001).
2045:Encyclopædia Britannica
1453:2027/mdp.39015027014961
1227:Thomas Linley the elder
1048:unconditional surrender
290:Battle of Bemis Heights
105:, London, Great Britain
4534:Sons of the Revolution
4263:Treaty of Paris (1783)
3593:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
3588:Cherokee–American wars
3201:Franco-American Treaty
3056:Philadelphia Tea Party
3026:Treaty of Paris (1763)
3005:Confederation Congress
2598:American Enlightenment
2439:William Cunliffe Shawe
2410:Sir Frank Standish, Bt
2396:Hon. Charles James Fox
2309:Works by John Burgoyne
2095:Mintz, Max M. (1990).
2039:"Burgoyne, John"
1991:Bicheno, Hugh (2003).
1865:Doderer-Winkler (2013)
1695:"Sir Joshua Reynolds'
1318:Dashing White Sergeant
1271:The Blockade of Boston
1114:Although elected as a
1111:
1037:
980:
845:
727:George Augustus Eliott
568:
522:purchased a commission
191:Burgoyne's Light Horse
4675:British MPs 1790–1796
4670:British MPs 1784–1790
4665:British MPs 1780–1784
4660:British MPs 1774–1780
4655:British MPs 1768–1774
4650:British MPs 1761–1768
4630:11th Hussars officers
4620:13th Hussars officers
4595:British Army generals
4479:Washington's Birthday
4284:The Federalist Papers
4268:Evacuation Day (1783)
3321:Lexington and Concord
3021:French and Indian War
2961:Olive Branch Petition
2435:Sir Henry Hoghton, Bt
2427:Sir Henry Hoghton, Bt
2267:Bobbs-Merrill Company
2171:Stephens, Henry Morse
1697:General John Burgoyne
1309:Richard Coeur de Lion
1293:The Lord of the Manor
1277:, written during the
1222:Richard Coeur de lion
1209:The Lord of the Manor
1197:in his production of
1105:
1040:Further information:
1027:
978:
925:Further information:
868:Battle of Bunker Hill
837:
757:Valencia de Alcántara
703:Raids on French coast
681:Further information:
566:
144:Years of service
4484:Jefferson's Birthday
4474:Pulaski Memorial Day
3481:Guilford Court House
3132:Continental Congress
2909:Committees of safety
2884:Daughters of Liberty
2879:Virginia Association
2628:Rights of Englishmen
2357:Sir John Peachey, Bt
1912:Macmillan Publishers
1672:The Frick Collection
1344:The Devil's Disciple
1260:The Maid of the Oaks
1193:(1786). He assisted
1184:The Maid of the Oaks
1159:Hugh Talbot Burgoyne
1052:Continental Congress
951:. This would divide
887:Saint Lawrence River
814:The Maid of the Oaks
643:improve this section
535:The outbreak of the
469:Family and education
439:The Maid of the Oaks
427:4th Regiment of Foot
244:Battle of Vila Velha
224:Battle of Saint-Cast
171:4th Regiment of Foot
86:Sutton, Bedfordshire
3612:colony or location)
3567:Newburgh Conspiracy
3426:Sullivan Expedition
2946:Provincial Congress
2737:Fox–North coalition
2676:Settler colonialism
2623:Freedom of religion
2580:American Revolution
1886:, pp. 120–121.
1855:; 1882), pp. 238/9.
1339:George Bernard Shaw
1335:alternative history
1217:Michel-Jean Sedaine
761:Vila Velha de RĂłdĂŁo
737:Portuguese campaign
229:Battle of Belle ĂŽle
4514:Semiquincentennial
4439:Libertas Americana
2869:Stamp Act Congress
2759:Acts of Parliament
2732:Shelburne ministry
2702:Grenville ministry
2488:Commander-in-Chief
2077:A Few Bloody Noses
1827:The London Gazette
1814:The London Gazette
1370:For Want of a Nail
1263:(1774), staged by
1231:Drury Lane Theatre
1112:
1038:
1013:Sir Francis Clerke
986:American Loyalists
981:
903:province of Quebec
846:
817:, was produced by
805:East India Company
585:continental Europe
569:
545:1st Royal Dragoons
518:Lord James Strange
510:Westminster School
419:Shelburne ministry
263:Invasion of Quebec
166:Commander-in-Chief
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4313:
4312:
4300:Shays's Rebellion
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4163:
4162:
4130:Richard Henry Lee
3895:
3894:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3581:Related conflicts
3451:Connecticut Farms
3231:
3230:
3124:Thirteen Colonies
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
2533:
2532:
2524:Succeeded by
2509:Studholme Hodgson
2496:Succeeded by
2471:Hon. John Vaughan
2468:Succeeded by
2446:Military offices
2432:Succeeded by
2422:1768–1792
2389:Succeeded by
2373:1761–1768
2313:Project Gutenberg
2291:Westminster Abbey
2257:Huddleston, F.J.
2226:978-0-521-83925-9
2161:978-0-300-19107-3
2108:978-0-300-05261-9
2087:978-1-4721-0796-1
2066:978-0-300-18642-0
2004:978-0-00-715625-2
1997:. HarperCollins.
1921:978-1-56159-239-5
1755:Stokesbury (1979)
1622:Stokesbury (1979)
1603:Stokesbury (1979)
1416:, pp. 82–83.
1253:978-0-8201-1285-5
1155:John Fox Burgoyne
1148:Westminster Abbey
994:gained possession
961:Charles James Fox
927:Saratoga campaign
921:Saratoga campaign
843:
753:brigadier-general
713:Raid on Cherbourg
697:Coldstream Guards
679:
678:
671:
408:two small battles
397:Portugal campaign
375:
374:
324:John Fox Burgoyne
275:Saratoga campaign
219:Raid on Cherbourg
115:Westminster Abbey
4702:
4504:Sesquicentennial
4464:Independence Day
4368:Founding Fathers
4334:
4333:
4319:
4318:
4244:
4243:
4172:
4171:
3904:
3903:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3441:Cape St. Vincent
3116:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3079:
3078:
3051:Boston Tea Party
2976:Halifax Resolves
2926:Suffolk Resolves
2717:Grafton ministry
2712:Chatham ministry
2608:Colonial history
2588:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2506:Preceded by
2478:Preceded by
2454:William Kingsley
2451:Preceded by
2403:Preceded by
2378:William Hamilton
2354:Preceded by
2344:
2343:
2331:Internet Archive
2322:Internet Archive
2230:
2209:
2196:"Burgoyne, John"
2190:
2178:
2165:
2144:
2134:
2123:
2112:
2091:
2070:
2049:
2041:
2029:
2019:
2008:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1782:Nickerson (1967)
1779:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1667:"BURGOYNE, John"
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1636:
1625:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1589:
1583:
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1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1357:Laurence Olivier
1132:privy councillor
1124:Rockingham Whigs
1120:North government
941:Albany, New York
911:Fort Ticonderoga
895:Continental Army
841:
689:Seven Years' War
674:
667:
663:
660:
654:
623:
615:
593:Foreign Minister
450:House of Commons
393:Seven Years' War
389:House of Commons
371:
346:House of Commons
296:
209:Seven Years' War
133:
99:
83:24 February 1722
82:
80:
68:Gentleman Johnny
59:
56:
42:
28:
27:
4710:
4709:
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4703:
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4563:
4550:
4489:Von Steuben Day
4387:
4356:
4328:
4309:
4249:
4226:
4168:Colonial allies
4159:
4058:
3891:
3852:King George III
3840:
3748:
3725:
3694:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3576:
3505:
3486:Lochry's Defeat
3371:Assunpink Creek
3361:Fort Washington
3306:
3240:
3238:
3227:
3218:Hortalez et Cie
3189:Colonial allies
3184:
3151:
3120:United Colonies
3103:
3065:
3031:Boston Massacre
3009:
3000:Perpetual Union
2956:United Colonies
2889:Sons of Liberty
2852:
2760:
2758:
2757:Related British
2751:
2680:
2582:
2578:Origins of the
2568:
2563:
2529:
2527:George Morrison
2520:
2515:Colonel of the
2511:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2473:
2464:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2394:
2392:Lord Stavordale
2383:Bamber Gascoyne
2381:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2341:
2299:Wayback Machine
2285:
2272:Watt, Gavin K.
2248:Glover, Michael
2237:
2235:Further reading
2227:
2181:Stephen, Leslie
2162:
2109:
2088:
2067:
2005:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1863:
1859:
1839:
1835:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1770:Stephens (1886)
1768:
1761:
1753:, p. 341;
1751:Stephens (1886)
1749:, p. 209;
1745:
1741:
1735:Chisholm (1911)
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1628:
1618:Chisholm (1911)
1616:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1573:, pp. 6–7.
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1549:, pp. 4–5.
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:, pp. 3–4.
1500:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1444:10.2307/1904500
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1391:
1365:Chris Humphreys
1327:
1279:Siege of Boston
1239:
1205:William Jackson
1179:
1167:Geoffrey Hornby
1108:Hertford Street
1100:
1072:Convention Army
1044:
1042:Convention Army
1022:
1020:Convention Army
949:Barry St. Leger
929:
923:
870:, in which the
864:Siege of Boston
852:
844:
840:
832:
830:Early campaigns
827:
789:
781:Joshua Reynolds
769:loss of Almeida
745:
739:
731:Lord Heathfield
715:
709:Raid on St Malo
707:Main articles:
705:
685:
675:
664:
658:
655:
640:
624:
613:
611:Seven Years War
589:Duc de Choiseul
561:
471:
466:
341:Other work
335:Geoffrey Hornby
333:
326:
305:
258:Siege of Boston
214:Raid on St Malo
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:Convention Army
173:
169:
117:
101:
97:
88:, Great Britain
84:
78:
76:
60:
57:
51:Joshua Reynolds
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4708:
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4496:
4494:Minor holidays
4491:
4486:
4481:
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4325:Related topics
4315:
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4297:
4295:Bill of Rights
4292:
4287:
4280:
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3685:South Carolina
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3670:North Carolina
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2036:, ed. (1911).
2034:Chisholm, Hugh
2030:
2009:
2003:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:, p. 144.
1975:Billias (1969)
1967:
1965:, p. 142.
1963:Billias (1969)
1955:
1953:, p. 151.
1951:Bicheno (2003)
1943:
1941:, p. 143.
1939:Billias (1969)
1928:
1920:
1898:Sadie, Stanley
1888:
1884:Thomson (2006)
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1523:Billias (1969)
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872:British forces
848:Main article:
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777:Count La Lippe
763:following the
741:Main article:
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2645:Spirit of '76
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2618:Republicanism
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2242:History Today
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1902:Tyrrell, John
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1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:David Garrick
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:Massachusetts
1053:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1035:John Trumbull
1032:
1031:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Horatio Gates
999:
995:
990:
987:
977:
973:
971:
965:
962:
956:
954:
950:
947:valley under
946:
942:
938:
934:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:and relieved
888:
883:
881:
880:Henry Clinton
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
851:
836:
822:
820:
819:David Garrick
816:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:light cavalry
720:
714:
710:
700:
698:
694:
693:11th Dragoons
690:
684:
673:
670:
662:
652:
648:
644:
638:
637:
633:
628:This section
626:
622:
617:
616:
608:
606:
602:
598:
595:and directed
594:
590:
586:
581:
578:
574:
565:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
412:Edmund Morgan
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:John Burgoyne
379:
370:
366:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
328:Hugh Burgoyne
325:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
297:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
130:
127:
126:Great Britain
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:4 August 1792
95:
91:
87:
75:
71:
67:
63:
52:
48:
47:
41:
36:
32:John Burgoyne
29:
26:
22:
4509:Bicentennial
4392:Other topics
4378:Liberty Tree
4350:
4290:Constitution
4282:
4187:Beaumarchais
4075:Samuel Adams
3826:William Howe
3821:Richard Howe
3780:
3721:West Florida
3706:East Florida
3680:Rhode Island
3675:Pennsylvania
3608:Involvement
3552:Gordon Riots
3537:Valley Forge
3532:Conway Cabal
3510:Other events
3272:Philadelphia
3170:British Army
3061:Powder Alarm
2991:Model Treaty
2913:
2671:Expansionism
2639:Common Sense
2637:
2514:
2486:
2459:
2425:
2415:
2376:
2366:
2361:John Sargent
2340:
2290:
2273:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2241:
2215:
2199:
2184:
2150:
2130:
2118:
2097:
2076:
2055:
2043:
2015:
1993:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1905:
1891:
1879:
1869:
1860:
1844:
1836:
1825:
1812:
1803:
1789:
1777:
1742:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1706:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1643:
1588:, p. 7.
1586:Mintz (1990)
1571:Mintz (1990)
1566:
1561:, p. 6.
1559:Mintz (1990)
1554:
1547:Mintz (1990)
1542:
1537:, p. 4.
1535:Mintz (1990)
1530:
1518:
1509:
1502:Mintz (1990)
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1438:(1): 20–40.
1435:
1431:
1421:
1409:
1382:
1375:Robert Sobel
1368:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1270:
1258:
1242:
1220:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1157:, father of
1152:
1113:
1092:Philadelphia
1084:Lord Germain
1081:
1064:
1045:
1028:
1010:aide-de-camp
991:
982:
970:Lord Germain
966:
957:
945:Mohawk River
937:Hudson River
930:
917:in October.
899:Guy Carleton
884:
876:William Howe
874:were led by
853:
812:
790:
746:
729:(afterwards
719:French coast
716:
686:
665:
656:
641:Please help
629:
605:Allan Ramsay
582:
570:
541:British Army
534:
530:high society
526:Horse Guards
507:
499:Lord Bingley
495:illegitimate
479:Bedfordshire
472:
443:
437:
435:
416:
401:
380:
376:
197:Battles/wars
138:British Army
98:(1792-08-04)
44:
25:
4580:1792 deaths
4575:1722 births
4155:Witherspoon
4039:von Steuben
3994:Charles Lee
3711:Nova Scotia
3630:Connecticut
3501:The Saintes
3456:Springfield
3421:Stony Point
3351:Long Island
3336:Bunker Hill
3257:Nova Scotia
2848:Prohibitory
2838:Restraining
2828:Intolerable
2808:Declaratory
2166:pp 123–164.
1853:John Murray
1822:"No. 12026"
1809:"No. 12026"
1383:Windandingo
1301:The Heiress
1215:version of
1190:The Heiress
1187:(1774) and
1171:avert a war
998:Fort Edward
953:New England
891:Quebec City
514:Thomas Gage
445:The Heiress
65:Nickname(s)
58: 1766
4569:Categories
4499:Centennial
4454:television
4305:Jay Treaty
4202:de Guichen
4110:Huntington
4070:John Adams
4009:Montgomery
3914:Washington
3877:Rockingham
3862:Barrington
3831:Knyphausen
3801:Cornwallis
3660:New Jersey
3491:Chesapeake
3446:Charleston
3401:Germantown
3396:Brandywine
3386:Bennington
3175:Royal Navy
3165:Parliament
3112:Combatants
3085:Combatants
2864:Loyal Nine
2797:Quartering
2767:Navigation
2613:Liberalism
2603:John Locke
2591:Philosophy
2521:1782–1792
2493:1782–1784
2490:, Ireland
2465:1769–1779
2385:1765–1768
1720:4 February
1709:(4): 300.
1678:4 February
1651:3 December
1213:semi-opera
1136:Rockingham
1098:Later life
933:George III
821:in 1775).
801:Lord Clive
573:Lord Derby
464:Early life
122:Allegiance
79:1722-02-24
4373:Diplomacy
4361:Political
4344:Prisoners
4248:Aftermath
4222:Vergennes
4197:de Grasse
4192:d'Estaing
4182:Louis XVI
4120:Jefferson
4085:Dickinson
4029:St. Clair
4014:Nicholson
3989:Lafayette
3949:Duportail
3919:Alexander
3887:Shelburne
3771:Arbuthnot
3610:(by
3476:Pensacola
3436:Gibraltar
3411:St. Lucia
3376:Princeton
3088:Campaigns
2941:Minutemen
2857:Colonials
2813:Townshend
2742:Loyalists
2685:Royalists
2380:1761–1765
1177:Dramatist
659:July 2017
630:does not
559:Elopement
553:captaincy
503:godfather
399:of 1762.
364:Signature
358:Dramatist
320:Relations
168:, Ireland
147:1737–1784
4337:Military
4090:Franklin
4063:Civilian
4044:Sullivan
4034:Schuyler
3964:Hamilton
3939:Claghorn
3907:Military
3900:Colonial
3882:Sandwich
3845:Civilian
3791:Carleton
3786:Campbell
3781:Burgoyne
3764:Military
3690:Virginia
3665:New York
3645:Maryland
3635:Delaware
3496:Yorktown
3431:Savannah
3406:Monmouth
3391:Saratoga
3297:Yorktown
3287:Southern
3277:Northern
3267:Saratoga
3239:theaters
3100:Colonies
3091:Theaters
2894:Patriots
2804:up i.p.o
2792:Currency
2777:Molasses
2369:Midhurst
2295:Archived
2173:(1886).
1904:(eds.).
1784:, p. 161
1389:See also
1347:and its
1341:'s play
1285:The Camp
1229:for the
1219:'s work
1200:The Camp
1076:gazetted
1060:Virginia
1006:Saratoga
787:Politics
749:Midhurst
601:portrait
454:Midhurst
162:Commands
132:Service/
4459:theater
4217:Suffren
4207:Luzerne
4125:Laurens
4095:Hancock
4080:Carroll
3999:Lincoln
3979:de Kalb
3969:Hopkins
3867:Germain
3857:Amherst
3796:Clinton
3757:British
3747:Leaders
3640:Georgia
3471:Cowpens
3416:Grenada
3366:Trenton
3313:battles
3292:Western
3147:Marines
3094:Battles
2418:Preston
2329:at the
2320:at the
2183:(ed.).
1985:Sources
1462:1904500
1275:the war
1144:Mayfair
793:Preston
759:and of
651:removed
636:sources
524:in the
497:son of
491:Hackney
458:Preston
423:Ireland
385:British
378:General
350:Preston
292: (
156:General
103:Mayfair
4351:Turtle
4175:French
4145:Revere
4140:Morris
4135:McKean
4100:Hanson
4024:Rodney
4019:Putnam
4004:Mercer
3959:Greene
3929:Arnold
3836:Rodney
3816:Graves
3806:Fraser
3716:Quebec
3461:Camden
3341:Quebec
3326:Boston
3311:Major
3252:Quebec
3247:Boston
3196:France
3097:Events
3014:Events
2823:Quebec
2424:With:
2375:With:
2223:
2158:
2141:549809
2139:
2105:
2084:
2063:
2024:
2001:
1918:
1900:&
1849:London
1460:
1325:Legacy
1312:(1786)
1304:(1786)
1296:(1780)
1251:
1086:, the
577:eloped
549:cornet
485:), of
475:Sutton
431:Tories
310:Awards
134:branch
110:Buried
4105:Henry
4054:Wayne
3974:Jones
3954:Gates
3944:Clark
3934:Barry
3924:Allen
3872:North
3776:Brant
2802:Stamp
2787:Sugar
2179:. In
2026:11709
1458:JSTOR
1401:Notes
1381:play
1237:Works
795:as a
547:as a
4449:film
4349:The
4150:Rush
4049:Ward
3984:Knox
3811:Gage
3211:Navy
3206:Army
3142:Navy
3137:Army
2998:and
2772:Iron
2221:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2137:OCLC
2103:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2022:OCLC
1999:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1722:2024
1680:2024
1653:2017
1359:and
1353:1987
1351:and
1349:1959
1249:ISBN
1116:Whig
1058:and
878:and
797:Whig
711:and
634:any
632:cite
456:and
442:and
354:Whig
348:for
152:Rank
93:Died
73:Born
4115:Jay
2818:Tea
2311:at
1711:doi
1448:hdl
1440:doi
1373:by
1106:10
1033:by
645:by
356:),
295:POW
49:by
4571::
2265:,
2261:,
2250:.
2042:.
1931:^
1914:.
1851:;
1843:,
1824:.
1819:;
1811:.
1762:^
1705:.
1701:.
1669:.
1642:.
1629:^
1620:;
1610:^
1593:^
1578:^
1487:.
1456:.
1446:.
1436:31
1434:.
1430:.
1385:.
1163:VC
1161:,
1094:.
699:.
477:,
460:.
331:VC
55:c.
53:,
3122:/
2667:"
2663:"
2660:"
2656:"
2653:"
2649:"
2558:e
2551:t
2544:v
2229:.
2208:.
2164:.
2143:.
2122:.
2111:.
2090:.
2069:.
2028:.
2007:.
1926:‎
1924:.
1874:.
1847:(
1757:.
1737:.
1724:.
1713::
1707:3
1699:"
1682:.
1655:.
1624:.
1605:.
1491:.
1464:.
1450::
1442::
1255:.
672:)
666:(
661:)
657:(
653:.
639:.
352:(
298:)
81:)
77:(
23:.
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