33:
385:
789:
573:. In 1932, his preamble was published as a book, though it was censured by the colonial government. He later resigned from being chief judge following an ultimatum from the colonial government to pick between his job or being part of the nationalist movement, and he became a lawyer instead. As an advocate, one of his first cases was suing sugar factories for taking over local farmers' land. Latuharhary won the case and gained local renown in
850:
and in
Jakarta clashes occurred between the nationalist armed forces and KNIL's Ambonese soldiers, with reprisal attacks against Ambonese civilians in Jakarta. Latuharhary issued an appeal to the Ambonese to join the nationalist cause on 9 October, but on 13 October a nationalist-affiliated group issued a declaration calling for guerrilla and economic warfare against the Dutch, the Eurasians and the Ambonese, complicating affairs.
688:
706:. Latuharhary had called a meeting of Ambonese leaders in Java in May 1945 and informed them that Japanese authorities wanted the Ambonese to stop resistance activities and instead participate in the independence movement. At the BPUPK, Latuharhary proposed the formation of a federal state over a unitary state, though proposal was shot down after only 2 out of 19 members of the BPUPK voted for it.
533:. Latuharhary was, however, opposed to the inclusion of religious organizations in political movements, and the SA did not join the PPPKI initially. Eventually, however, in the SA's third congress in early 1932, the leadership made the decision to join the PPPKI. Latuharhary had previously participated in the PPPKI's congress in January 1932, where he delivered his
867:
another call for
Moluccans to join the revolutionary cause and later in December 1945 established offices in urban centers across Java to arrange for the safety and return of Moluccans. Aside from those in the KNIL, there were Moluccan soldiers fighting on the side of the Indonesian government β notably, in Surabaya, where the Ambonese youth had formed the
1001:. I. O. Nanulaitta, Latuharhary's biographer, wrote that Latuharhary's assignment in the Ministry of Home Affairs did not carry any particular tasks and had pressured him psychologically β with both Nanulaitta and Latuharhary's brother-in-law noting that Latuharhary would become pensive often. He was buried in the
849:
This resulted in significant distrust of the
Ambonese in Java, and there were a considerable number of Ambonese who sided with the Dutch instead of with the nationalists. In the Moluccas itself, recruitment of Ambonese soldiers to the KNIL resumed as soon as the Dutch regained control of the region,
760:
on the evening of 17 August The officer warned Hatta that
Christian nationalists from Eastern Indonesia "prefer to stand outside the Republic of Indonesia" unless the seven words were removed. Hatta called an emergency meeting and managed to convince the Muslim nationalists to yield on the clauses,
806:
Latuharhary was appointed
Governor of Maluku in the PPKI's 19 August 1945 meeting, alongside governors for seven other formed provinces. This appointment, however, did not come with any administrative duties as Latuharhary was unable to travel to the Moluccas at the time, due to Australian troops
866:
to be able to manage
Moluccans there, but he was initially denied. Later, Hatta intervened and Latuharhary's request was granted with the condition that the authority would be transferred to another appointed official upon Latuharhary's departure to Maluku. Shortly afterwards, Latuharhary issued
1046:
was briefly detained in the United States during a period of tensions with
Indonesia. Australian historian Richard Chauvel wrote that Latuharhary was "the first Ambonese leader to formulate an argument for Ambon's inclusion in an independent Indonesia and to consider Ambonese as Indonesians".
2228:
620:
of the colony, Latuharhary and other
Parindra leaders were arrested and imprisoned. After around four months, his wife managed to convince a Japanese admiral to arrange for the party leader's release. In September 1942, Latuharhary moved to the recently renamed
2482:
721:
that only
Muslims would be allowed to become President and/or Vice President, noting that the majority Christian regions in Indonesia would not be willing to be part of an Islamic state. The proposal was also opposed by secular nationalists such as
951:
on 12 December 1950. Latuharhary began reestablishing the government, recruiting former SA members and some former colonial civil servants to fill in government positions. He also eliminated the South Maluku area and split it into two halves: the
960:
regencies. The reconstruction of Ambon also commenced at the start of his term. Throughout his term, Maluku was placed under a "State of War
Emergency" until 30 July 1952, when it was converted to a "State of War" just in Ambon and
2475:
2468:
660:
commander to arrange for their release. In late 1944, he was again arrested after a Moluccan prisoner escaped from a prison. Japanese authorities at the time were particularly suspicious of the Ambonese after the
918:
Group" β largely comprising former law students in the Netherlands. In December 1948, following a split within the PNI over negotiations between Hatta and the Dutch, Latuharhary left the PNI and joined the
993:
Latuharhary died on 8 November 1959, after having fallen in a coma on 6 November. He fell comatose in his house as he was preparing to depart for a church meeting, and he was brought to the
415:), to the couple of Jan Latuharhary, a school teacher in a neighboring village, and Josefin Hiarej. He initially studied at the local first grade school in Saparua which taught students the
656:, and due to the fact that Latuharhary had partly used his position within the Japanese administration for political purposes. However, his wife and two others again managed to convince a
2714:
1021:
600:, campaigning in Ambon. Throughout the campaigns, Latuharhary spread his nationalist views and set up or restored several SA branches. In the end, he lost to a candidate from the
119:
1209:
Original: "Orang boleh bertentangan politik dengan Latuharhary, tetapi mengenai perjuangannya, kejujurannya dan pengabdiannya kepada tanah air, jarang kita temukan bandingannya".
518:
2492:
699:
692:
321:
2619:
2419:
838:
for a meeting in Jakarta on 6 October 1945. The outcome of the meeting was to support the independence movement. Soon afterwards, however, the Dutch returned under the
1122:
584:
During his time at Kraksaan, Latuharhary married Yet Pattyrajawane on 26 September 1931. The couple had seven children together. Latuharhary moved with his family to
2923:
2539:
2529:
470:(Master of Law) degree from the university. By the time Latuharhary returned home, his time in Leiden had made him a proponent of Indonesian nationalism and unity.
429:(ELS) there. Though the ELS was primarily designated for Europeans, He was admitted as his father was a teacher. He studied there up until 1917, before he moved to
2604:
2579:
1149:
for "God" and "Preamble") were replaced with "Tuhan" and "Pembukaan" respectively β more generic terms, though "Allah" eventually remained in the Constitution.
727:
3118:
2734:
2589:
2066:
2906:
2559:
2882:
2584:
965:. Latuharhary pushed for the status to be removed in entirety. Latuharhary's tenure as governor ended following the split between the PIR and the ruling
2870:
1036:, Poland, and given to her Indonesian owners early in October 1964. There is also a "Mr. J. Latuharhary Foundation" based in Ambon which published the
1382:
2935:
2894:
1051:
745:
325:
717:
for Muslims") β due to its consequences for non-Muslims and to its impact on customary laws. Furthermore, Latuharhary also opposed a proposition by
3108:
2689:
2819:
2704:
2609:
486:'s High Court, and he was later promoted to a judge there before being appointed chief judge in the district court at Kraksaan (in what is today
761:
and the assembly further removed several terms and clauses which was seen as favoring Islam. Latuharhary was also opposed to the formation of a
3098:
2865:
2849:
2534:
452:(PI), but he had significant interactions with its members and is often considered as a member due to his connections with PI leaders such as
2442:
1069:
Padang also credited Latuharhary with establishing the foundations for governance in Maluku during the difficult times of the RMS rebellion.
766:
2433:
633:. After moving to Jakarta, Latuharhary also began working for the Japanese, under the Department of Home Affairs to manage the Moluccans in
882:
until Dutch authorities sent reinforcements from Ambon and captured or killed the pro-Indonesian soldiers. Due to the establishment of the
317:
544:. He also wrote that the Dutch education system for the Moluccans was geared towards creating "scribes and clerks, soldiers and sailors".
936:
834:/API-Ambon (Ambonese Indonesian Youth Movement) on 5 September. He then called for the community leaders of the Moluccan communities in
2794:
2744:
2719:
2654:
2460:
506:, and applied for the SA to be granted legal status in 1930, though it did not receive it until 1933. Latuharhary also formed a trade
2928:
2599:
1810:
914:(PNI), where he was a member of its central leadership in the organizational section. Within the party, he was considered part of a "
762:
355:, but could not take power and instead organized Moluccans in Java to join the revolutionary cause. He was for some time part of the
344:
312:
with the mainstream movement of Indonesian nationalism after initial rifts caused by the issue of religion in politics. He moved to
2779:
1094:
1032:, are named after him, in addition to a cargo ship. The ship was a ca. 14,000 dwt general B-454 class cargo motor ship, built in
839:
348:
1814:
2759:
812:
356:
2399:
982:
273:, Latuharhary was an early proponent of Moluccan inclusion in the Indonesian state and he was an active participant in the
910:, which it did in January 1948 with Latuharhary being sent as the envoy. Politically, Latuharhary was affiliated with the
665:
and the strategic bombing of Ambon in 1944, further fueled by Allied espionage operations in the Moluccas led by Ambonese
1872:
1065:
One can be opposed politically with Latuharhary, but regarding his struggle, honesty and patriotism, that is rarely found
1868:
843:
2277:
2875:
2388:
2360:
2335:
1730:
1679:
939:
and the recognition of Indonesian sovereignty, Latuharhary assumed his post as the Governor of Maluku following the
320:
to manage Moluccans in Java, being arrested three times for different reasons. By 1945, had become a member of the
966:
367:. He eventually took office in 1950, where he attempted to establish the government and rebuild the ruined city of
2077:
3103:
994:
499:
1084:
De jure appointed on 19 August 1945, became a governorβinβexile, but did not assume office in Maluku until 1950.
875:. These youths would later form the Pattimura Division in October 1946, to which Latuharhary was Chief Adviser.
592:(provincial council). He was a member of the council until 1942. Latuharhary was later named as chairman of the
778:
384:
274:
494:(SA; Ambon Association) and worked on its reorganization after its leader Alexander Jacob Patty was exiled to
899:
744:β yielded following Sukarno's request. On 14 August, Latuharhary was appointed to the BPUPK's successor, the
597:
596:(Ambon Youth) upon the organization's founding in 1936. Three years later, Latuharhary ran for a seat in the
364:
301:
769:
instead β the formation failed at first, though a religious ministry was eventually formed in January 1946.
478:
Following his return to the Indies, Latuharhary (who had secured a recommendation letter from his professor
3113:
3093:
1002:
150:
448:. Throughout his time at Leiden, Latuharhary did not directly participate within the student organization
2729:
2073:
1127:
920:
163:
2490:
2380:
974:
907:
883:
617:
430:
289:
466:
2789:
2574:
2514:
911:
749:
741:
522:
425:
332:
169:
32:
2348:
Nationalists, Soldiers and Separatists: The Ambonese Islands from Colonialism to Revolt, 1880 - 1950
2774:
957:
944:
541:
479:
331:
Through his membership in the BPUPK and PPKI, Latuharhary took part in the initial drafting of the
1722:"Public Religion" and the Pancasila-based State of Indonesia: An Ethical and Sociological Analysis
1269:
308:. He later resigned from his position as judge and became an advocate and politician, merging the
3006:
2940:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2644:
1197:
1017:
903:
878:
Latuharhary also arranged for a small expedition to the Moluccas β which briefly seized power in
732:
2764:
2724:
2614:
1193:
953:
915:
793:
657:
653:
449:
2346:
1669:
3000:
2549:
2519:
1720:
1189:
887:
605:
457:
3083:
3078:
3033:
2809:
2694:
2544:
788:
753:
270:
8:
2824:
2739:
2649:
1133:
487:
434:
2629:
2282:
1185:
1056:
872:
808:
800:
453:
360:
352:
262:
48:
1109:
wrote that the referred persons were among the five members of the BPUPK from outside
2839:
2594:
2524:
2384:
2356:
2331:
2321:
1726:
1675:
1168:
948:
940:
662:
445:
408:
293:
266:
216:
123:
902:
in May 1949. Latuharhary also pushed for the Indonesian government to recognize the
521:(PPPKI), which consisted of various nationalist and local organizations such as the
3047:
2974:
2799:
2554:
2352:
1806:
1006:
511:
973:
to replace Latuharhary. Eventually, the cabinet opted to replace Latuharhary with
815:(KNIP) and was elected as one of its deputy speakers in the body's first session.
713:β "dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariat Islam bagi pemeluknya" ("an obligation of
2969:
2684:
2374:
2325:
1146:
978:
710:
440:
After graduating from the HBS, Latuharhary later received a scholarship from the
340:
83:
3088:
2754:
2709:
2679:
2669:
2639:
2634:
1383:"Orang Maluku Dan Kebangkitan Nasional : Sepetak Sejarah Yang Terlupakan?"
891:
757:
570:
416:
220:
2418:
Manus, MPB; Ghazali, Zulfikar; Zuhdi, Susanto; Sumardi; Kuswiah, Wiwi (1993).
1860:
1158:
At the time, there were around 30,000 Moluccans living across Java and Madura.
890:, Sukarno abolished the Governor of Maluku's office in July 1947. Following a
269:
from 1945 until 1955, though he did not assume office in Maluku until 1950. A
3123:
3072:
3028:
2674:
1172:
1118:
1038:
1029:
895:
894:-brokered ceasefire, Latuharhary was part of the Indonesian delegation under
819:
698:
By early 1945, the Japanese began promising Indonesian independence, and the
666:
562:
526:
420:
368:
1175:, the division was reduced to a regiment in 1947 and to a battalion in 1948.
2918:
2844:
2834:
2699:
2569:
2370:
1106:
962:
924:
723:
718:
561:
structure for the future Indonesian state, in accordance to others such as
1375:
502:. He was also assigned as the chief editor of the SA's official newspaper
2829:
2659:
507:
254:
2421:
Tokoh-Tokoh Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia
540:(Suffering of the Mollucas) which described economic devastation by the
517:
Several members of the SA had proposed for the organization to join the
2564:
740:
Eventually, Latuharhary β alongside the other Christian representative
566:
558:
530:
336:
292:
to pursue higher education, before receiving a scholarship to study at
211:
871:/PRIM (Republic of Indonesia Moluccan Youth), which fought during the
645:
630:
574:
461:
412:
297:
258:
2327:
Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944 β 1946
687:
359:
leadership and he participated in the Indonesian delegations of the
2804:
1033:
703:
641:
534:
495:
483:
371:, before he was removed from his post. He died on 8 November 1959.
2814:
2784:
2769:
2749:
2664:
1110:
1025:
970:
863:
859:
827:
823:
748:(PPKI). The clauses preferring Islam were later removed from the
702:(BPUPK) was formed with Latuharhary as a member representing the
622:
404:
393:
313:
285:
253:(6 July 1900 β 8 November 1959) was an Indonesian politician and
139:
115:
2244:
2242:
1136:, who had shown disagreement during the drafting of the clauses.
807:
already establishing themselves in the region shortly after the
756:). This was preceded by a visit from a Japanese navy officer to
339:
and opposed the inclusion of religion in government through the
1010:
826:
failed to defend the older leadership against a motion led by
714:
709:
He was also opposed to the inclusion of the seven words in the
625:, where he took care of the wives and children of Moluccan and
585:
519:
Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian People
433:
for higher education. In Batavia, he graduated from the city's
400:
389:
281:
111:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1594:
1592:
1590:
296:. Upon his return to the East Indies, he worked as a judge in
3011:
2493:
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
2239:
2194:
2182:
2146:
2095:
2023:
2011:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1539:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1184:
Members of the "Kaigun Group" included Latuharhary, Maramis,
700:
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
693:
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
678:
649:
626:
510:
for Moluccans in response to the economic hardships from the
460:. In June 1927, he graduated from Leiden, becoming the first
2259:
2257:
2211:
2209:
2112:
2110:
997:. Previously, he had just returned from an official trip to
818:
On 17 October, Latuharhary handed over KNIP's leadership to
557:
Throughout this time, Latuharhary had leaned towards a more
1960:
1948:
1914:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1700:
1651:
1649:
1609:
1607:
1587:
1527:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1452:
1406:
1404:
1114:
1005:
the following day, with fellow Ambonese nationalist leader
998:
879:
835:
682:
634:
316:
and worked under the Department of Home Affairs during the
2427:. Vol. 2. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
2047:
1763:
1416:
1324:
1226:
1196:. The group was considered close to Japanese Rear Admiral
2254:
2206:
2170:
2158:
2134:
2107:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1904:
1902:
1624:
1622:
1515:
985:. Latuharhary maintained his post until 9 February 1955.
2067:"Political Factions in East Indonesia and Their Leaders"
1780:
1739:
1668:
He, Baogang; Galligan, Brian; Inoguchi, Takashi (2009).
1646:
1634:
1604:
1575:
1551:
1500:
1440:
1428:
1401:
1363:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1288:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1887:
1312:
1171:
and "rationalization and reorganization" following the
2435:
Mr. Johanes Latuharhary: Hasil Karya dan Pengabdiannya
2298:
2122:
2035:
1984:
1931:
1899:
1829:
1751:
1619:
1563:
1464:
1300:
1336:
1245:
947:(RMS). Latuharhary arrived in an Ambon devastated by
830:
to replace KNIP's leadership. Latuharhary formed the
1861:"History of the Indonesian House of Representatives"
1841:
1688:
1476:
1667:
765:and proposed it be included as a bureau under the
2962:
2400:"Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy"
1097:that morning, where Latuharhary was also present.
1050:One of his successors as the Governor of Maluku,
862:, requesting to be granted authority in Java and
746:Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
16:Indonesian politician and nationalist (1900β1959)
3070:
1145:As examples, the words "Allah" and "Mukadimah" (
608:(Parindra), a pro-independence political party.
629:soldiers who were arrested or had evacuated to
969:, which was followed by pressure from PNI and
2476:
588:in 1934 and later was elected to East Java's
3119:People of the Indonesian National Revolution
2417:
2053:
1774:
1545:
853:
783:
652:as they were suspected of espionage for the
637:, holding responsibility for their actions.
318:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
1042:newspaper there. In 1965, the cargo vessel
644:including Latuharhary were arrested by the
604:(nobles' association). He later joined the
2483:
2469:
2431:
2263:
2248:
2215:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2101:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1925:
1745:
1706:
1655:
1640:
1613:
1598:
1581:
1557:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1494:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1410:
1369:
1357:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1239:
846:soldiers, a number of whom were Ambonese.
792:Latuharhary (second from left) aboard the
304:through the Ambonese diaspora association
31:
1061:, wrote the following about Latuharhary:
672:
61:19 August 1945 β 9 February 1955
2320:
2128:
2116:
1893:
1757:
1674:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 144.
981:, and Latuharhary was reassigned to the
787:
686:
552:
399:Latuharhary was born on 6 July 1900, in
383:
374:
343:and later opposing the formation of the
3109:Members of the Central Advisory Council
2344:
2304:
2041:
1993:
1942:
1908:
1835:
1628:
1569:
1470:
1422:
1256:
937:DutchβIndonesian Round Table Conference
840:Netherlands Indies Civil Administration
3071:
1270:"Putra Maluku yang Tak Melupakan Sagu"
772:
611:
3099:Indonesian National Party politicians
2760:Siti Sukaptinah Sunaryo Mangunpuspito
2464:
2397:
2369:
1847:
1817:from the original on 5 September 2019
1793:
1718:
1694:
1482:
1387:Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Maluku
1345:
930:
813:Central Indonesian National Committee
577:, and he was elected a member of the
357:Central Indonesian National Committee
275:struggle for Indonesia's independence
869:Pemoeda Repoeblik Indonesia Maloekoe
2322:Anderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman
2229:"Fungerend gouverneur van Molukken"
1807:"Sekilas Tentang Kementerian Agama"
988:
811:. Later on, Latuharhary joined the
547:
13:
2275:
2076:. 13 December 1948. Archived from
14:
3135:
2443:Ministry of Education and Culture
1875:from the original on 16 July 2019
767:Ministry of Education and Culture
581:(municipal council) of Kraksaan.
538:Azab Sengsara Kepoelauan Maloekoe
261:descent, who served as the first
2715:Poerbonegoro Soemitro Kolopaking
2376:The Idea of Indonesia: A History
1719:Intan, Benyamin Fleming (2006).
949:fighting between TNI and the RMS
2269:
2221:
2059:
1869:People's Representative Council
1853:
1799:
1712:
1661:
1276:(in Indonesian). 13 August 2012
1203:
1178:
1161:
1152:
1139:
1100:
1087:
1016:After Latuharhary's death, the
995:Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
832:Angkatan Pemuda Indonesia Ambon
482:) was hired as an assistant at
473:
335:. He unsuccessfully championed
302:Indonesian nationalist movement
300:and began participating in the
192:
3048:Saibun Abdul Jalil Rahmat Sjah
1725:. Peter Lang. pp. 41β42.
1262:
1078:
799:in January 1948, prior to the
779:Indonesian National Revolution
618:Japanese invasion and takeover
490:) in 1929. He also joined the
423:at the age of 9 to study at a
388:Latuharhary's home village of
1:
1811:Ministry of Religious Affairs
1215:
345:Ministry of Religious Affairs
1220:
1095:proclamation of independence
1024:. A bridge and two roads in
898:which eventually led to the
379:
349:proclamation of independence
7:
2730:Roosseno Soerjohadikoesoemo
2074:Central Intelligence Agency
943:and the suppression of the
921:Great Indonesia Unity Party
10:
3140:
3052:Sjech Mohd. Djamil Djambek
2620:Jenal Asikin Wijaya Kusuma
2441:(in Indonesian). Jakarta:
2432:Nanulaitta, I. O. (1982).
2381:Cambridge University Press
2313:
975:Indonesian Socialist Party
967:Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet
908:United States of Indonesia
884:United States of Indonesia
776:
676:
365:RoemβVan Roijen Agreements
2955:
2858:
2790:Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo
2575:Alexander Andries Maramis
2507:
2500:
2345:Chauvel, Richard (2008).
2278:"Ship on Way to New York"
1003:Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery
912:Indonesian National Party
900:RoemβVan Roijen Agreement
854:Later National Revolution
784:Early National Revolution
750:Constitution of Indonesia
742:Alexander Andries Maramis
523:Indonesian National Party
426:Europeesche Lagere School
333:Constitution of Indonesia
244:
227:
210:
202:
179:
156:
151:Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery
146:
129:
98:
93:
89:
77:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
2775:Surachman Tjokroadisurjo
1123:Andi Pangerang Pettarani
1117:: Latuharhary, Maramis,
1072:
1022:Bintang Mahaputera Utama
983:Ministry of Home Affairs
945:Republic of South Maluku
542:Dutch East India Company
480:Cornelis van Vollenhoven
419:, but he later moved to
3038:Mohd. Sjafei (chairman)
3007:Ferdinand Lumban Tobing
2924:Tanaka Minoru (soldier)
2645:Margono Djojohadikusumo
2540:Abdulrahim Pratalykrama
1169:Dutch offensive in 1947
1018:Government of Indonesia
904:State of East Indonesia
858:Latuharhary spoke with
407:, in what was then the
288:, Latuharhary moved to
37:Official portrait, 1954
3104:Indonesian Protestants
2765:Soekiman Wirjosandjojo
2725:Rajiman Wediodiningrat
2615:Hoesein Djajadiningrat
2605:Boentaran Martoatmodjo
2330:. Equinox Publishing.
1067:
803:
695:
673:Constitutional debates
450:Perhimpoenan Indonesia
396:
3001:Djamaluddin Adinegoro
2580:Ashar Sutejo Munandar
2550:Abikusno Tjokrosujoso
2520:Abdoel Kahar Moezakir
2398:Elson, R. E. (2009).
1190:Gatot Taroenamihardja
1063:
888:Linggadjati Agreement
791:
691:First Session of the
690:
677:Further information:
606:Great Indonesia Party
553:Dutch colonial period
467:Meester in de Rechten
458:Iwa Koesoemasoemantri
387:
375:Early life and career
3034:Teuku Mohammad Hasan
2810:Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
2695:Oto Iskandar di Nata
2625:Johannes Latuharhary
2545:Abdurrahman Baswedan
1044:Johannes Latuharhary
728:Husein Jayadiningrat
640:In 1944, a group of
442:Ambonsch Studiefonds
271:Protestant Christian
251:Johannes Latuharhary
25:Johannes Latuharhary
3114:People from Saparua
3094:Governors of Maluku
2825:Susanto Tirtoprodjo
2740:Samsi Sastrawidagda
2735:Ruslan Wongsokusumo
2650:Maria Ulfah Santoso
2590:Bagoes Hadikoesoemo
2251:, pp. 156β159.
2203:, pp. 145β146.
2191:, pp. 140β141.
2155:, pp. 127β134.
2104:, pp. 122β125.
2032:, pp. 117β118.
2020:, pp. 115β116.
1796:, pp. 120β121.
1425:, pp. 137β138.
1134:I Gusti Ketut Pudja
773:National Revolution
612:Japanese occupation
435:Hogere Burgerschool
351:, he was appointed
263:Indonesian governor
2979:A. R. Sutan Mansur
2963:Indonesian members
2907:Matsuura Mitsukiyo
2630:Ki Hajar Dewantara
2560:Agus Muhsin Dasaad
2508:Indonesian members
2283:The New York Times
2276:AP (15 May 1965).
2235:. 9 February 1955.
2083:on 23 January 2017
1671:Federalism in Asia
1186:Iwa Kusumasumantri
1093:Shortly after the
931:Governor of Maluku
873:Battle of Surabaya
809:surrender of Japan
804:
801:Renville Agreement
763:religious ministry
696:
454:Ali Sastroamidjojo
397:
353:Governor of Maluku
72:Office established
49:Governor of Maluku
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3041:Perpatih Baringek
2951:
2950:
2883:Itagaki Masamitsu
2840:Wiranatakusumah V
2595:Besar Mertokusumo
2585:Asikin Natanegara
2525:Abdul Fatah Hasan
2119:, pp. 92β94.
2054:Manus et al. 1993
1969:, pp. 97β98.
1957:, pp. 95β96.
1928:, pp. 93β95.
1809:(in Indonesian).
1775:Manus et al. 1993
1709:, pp. 77β78.
1601:, pp. 62β66.
1548:, pp. 12β13.
1546:Manus et al. 1993
1536:, pp. 52β53.
1497:, pp. 50β51.
1461:, pp. 48β49.
1348:, pp. 45β46.
1333:, pp. 12β13.
1242:, pp. 90β91.
941:invasion of Ambon
663:Battle of Morotai
446:Leiden University
409:Dutch East Indies
294:Leiden University
248:
247:
217:Leiden University
185:Yet Pattyrajawane
124:Dutch East Indies
120:Amboina Afdeeling
3131:
2997:Chatib Soeleiman
2975:Adnan Kapau Gani
2960:
2959:
2944:
2932:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2871:Itibangase Yosio
2859:Japanese members
2800:Sosrodiningrat V
2555:Achmad Soebardjo
2505:
2504:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2428:
2426:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2366:
2341:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1778:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1182:
1176:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1060:
1020:awarded him the
1007:Johannes Leimena
989:Death and legacy
958:Southeast Maluku
736:
590:Provinciale Raad
579:Regentschapsraad
548:Political career
512:Great Depression
444:to study at the
347:. Following the
196:
194:
136:
108:
106:
94:Personal details
80:
68:
59:
35:
21:
20:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3058:
2970:Teuku Nyak Arif
2947:
2938:
2936:Tokonami Tokuji
2926:
2909:
2897:
2895:Masuda Toyohiko
2885:
2873:
2854:
2685:Oey Tiang Tjoei
2496:
2491:Members of the
2489:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2424:
2402:
2391:
2363:
2338:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2274:
2270:
2264:Nanulaitta 1982
2262:
2255:
2249:Nanulaitta 1982
2247:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2216:Nanulaitta 1982
2214:
2207:
2201:Nanulaitta 1982
2199:
2195:
2189:Nanulaitta 1982
2187:
2183:
2177:Nanulaitta 1982
2175:
2171:
2165:Nanulaitta 1982
2163:
2159:
2153:Nanulaitta 1982
2151:
2147:
2141:Nanulaitta 1982
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2102:Nanulaitta 1982
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2030:Nanulaitta 1982
2028:
2024:
2018:Nanulaitta 1982
2016:
2012:
2006:Nanulaitta 1982
2004:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1979:Nanulaitta 1982
1977:
1973:
1967:Nanulaitta 1982
1965:
1961:
1955:Nanulaitta 1982
1953:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1926:Nanulaitta 1982
1924:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1746:Nanulaitta 1982
1744:
1740:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1707:Nanulaitta 1982
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1656:Nanulaitta 1982
1654:
1647:
1641:Nanulaitta 1982
1639:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1614:Nanulaitta 1982
1612:
1605:
1599:Nanulaitta 1982
1597:
1588:
1582:Nanulaitta 1982
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1558:Nanulaitta 1982
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1534:Nanulaitta 1982
1532:
1528:
1522:Nanulaitta 1982
1520:
1516:
1510:Nanulaitta 1982
1508:
1501:
1495:Nanulaitta 1982
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1459:Nanulaitta 1982
1457:
1453:
1447:Nanulaitta 1982
1445:
1441:
1435:Nanulaitta 1982
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1411:Nanulaitta 1982
1409:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1370:Nanulaitta 1982
1368:
1364:
1358:Nanulaitta 1982
1356:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1331:Nanulaitta 1982
1329:
1325:
1319:Nanulaitta 1982
1317:
1313:
1307:Nanulaitta 1982
1305:
1301:
1297:, pp. 1β3.
1295:Nanulaitta 1982
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1246:
1240:Nanulaitta 1982
1238:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1183:
1179:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1125:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1054:
1052:Muhammad Padang
1009:delivering his
991:
979:Muhammad Djosan
933:
906:as part of the
856:
822:, after he and
786:
781:
775:
730:
711:Jakarta Charter
685:
675:
648:and brought to
614:
555:
550:
476:
437:(HBS) in 1923.
382:
377:
341:Jakarta Charter
328:organizations.
240:
198:
195: 1931)
190:
186:
175:
157:Political party
138:
134:
133:8 November 1959
110:
104:
102:
84:Muhammad Djosan
78:
66:
60:
55:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Sastromoeljono
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Parada Harahap
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Oey Tjong Hauw
2687:
2682:
2680:Mohammad Yamin
2677:
2672:
2670:Mohammad Hatta
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2640:Liem Koen Hian
2637:
2635:Kusumah Atmaja
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2429:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2367:
2361:
2342:
2336:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2307:, p. 140.
2297:
2268:
2266:, p. 160.
2253:
2238:
2220:
2218:, p. 150.
2205:
2193:
2181:
2179:, p. 137.
2169:
2167:, p. 136.
2157:
2145:
2143:, p. 119.
2133:
2121:
2106:
2094:
2058:
2046:
2044:, p. 204.
2034:
2022:
2010:
2008:, p. 113.
1998:
1996:, p. 203.
1983:
1981:, p. 106.
1971:
1959:
1947:
1945:, p. 201.
1930:
1913:
1911:, p. 199.
1898:
1896:, p. 174.
1886:
1852:
1850:, p. 118.
1840:
1838:, p. 198.
1828:
1798:
1779:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1731:
1711:
1699:
1697:, p. 115.
1687:
1680:
1660:
1645:
1633:
1631:, p. 196.
1618:
1603:
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 151.
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1524:, p. 166.
1514:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1473:, p. 145.
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1400:
1389:. 15 June 2020
1374:
1362:
1350:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1261:
1259:, p. 393.
1244:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1177:
1160:
1151:
1138:
1099:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1071:
990:
987:
954:Central Maluku
932:
929:
892:United Nations
855:
852:
785:
782:
774:
771:
758:Muhammad Hatta
674:
671:
616:Following the
613:
610:
571:Mohammad Hatta
554:
551:
549:
546:
475:
472:
417:Dutch language
381:
378:
376:
373:
246:
245:
242:
241:
239:
238:
235:
231:
229:
225:
224:
214:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
188:
184:
183:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
167:
160:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
137:(aged 59)
131:
127:
126:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
52:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3136:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Daud Beureueh
3027:
3024:
3022:Indra Tjahaja
3021:
3018:
3016:Hsu Hua Chang
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:Sumatra BPUPK
2954:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Suryohamijoyo
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Panji Singgih
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Mohammad Noor
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Hindromartono
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2390:9780521876483
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:9789004253957
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2337:9789793780146
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2306:
2301:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2131:, p. 45.
2130:
2129:Anderson 2006
2125:
2118:
2117:Anderson 2006
2113:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2056:, p. 15.
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
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1975:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1922:
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1918:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1894:Anderson 2006
1890:
1874:
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1837:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1808:
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1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1777:, p. 14.
1776:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1760:, p. 64.
1759:
1758:Anderson 2006
1754:
1748:, p. 79.
1747:
1742:
1734:
1732:9780820476032
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1681:9781847207029
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1658:, p. 75.
1657:
1652:
1650:
1643:, p. 69.
1642:
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1616:, p. 67.
1615:
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1593:
1591:
1584:, p. 56.
1583:
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1518:
1512:, p. 47.
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1484:
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1449:, p. 43.
1448:
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1437:, p. 44.
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1419:
1413:, p. 34.
1412:
1407:
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1372:, p. 45.
1371:
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489:
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29:
22:
19:
3025:M. A. Sjarif
2919:Miyano Shozo
2866:Ide Teitiroo
2850:Wuryaningrat
2845:Wongsonegoro
2835:Wahid Hasyim
2700:P. F. Dahler
2624:
2570:Ahmad Sanusi
2535:Abdul Kaffar
2457:
2446:. Retrieved
2434:
2420:
2410:
2406:
2375:
2371:Elson, R. E.
2347:
2326:
2305:Chauvel 2008
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:
2232:
2223:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2061:
2049:
2042:Chauvel 2008
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1994:Chauvel 2008
1974:
1962:
1950:
1943:Chauvel 2008
1909:Chauvel 2008
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1843:
1836:Chauvel 2008
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1801:
1753:
1741:
1721:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1670:
1663:
1636:
1629:Chauvel 2008
1577:
1570:Chauvel 2008
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1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1490:
1478:
1471:Chauvel 2008
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1423:Chauvel 2008
1418:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1326:
1314:
1309:, p. 7.
1302:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1257:Chauvel 2008
1205:
1180:
1163:
1154:
1141:
1107:Robert Elson
1102:
1089:
1080:
1068:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1015:
992:
934:
925:Wongsonegoro
923:(PIR) under
877:
868:
857:
848:
831:
817:
805:
795:
739:
724:Wongsonegoro
719:Wahid Hasyim
708:
697:
639:
615:
602:Regentenbond
601:
593:
589:
583:
578:
556:
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516:
503:
491:
477:
474:Early career
465:
441:
439:
424:
398:
330:
309:
305:
279:
250:
249:
135:(1959-11-08)
79:Succeeded by
71:
56:
18:
3084:1959 deaths
3079:1900 births
3003:(secretary)
2985:Abdul Abbas
2939: [
2927: [
2910: [
2898: [
2886: [
2874: [
2830:Tan Eng Hoa
2660:Mas Mansoer
2530:Abdul Kadir
2515:Abdul Halim
2286:. p. 8
2087:6 September
1879:5 September
1821:5 September
1393:16 November
1280:6 September
1167:Due to the
1126: [
1055: [
731: [
508:cooperative
488:Probolinggo
255:nationalist
172:(1946β1948)
166:(1948β1959)
142:, Indonesia
109:6 July 1900
67:Preceded by
3073:Categories
2988:Aminoeddin
2982:A. Sjagoff
2565:Agus Salim
2501:Java BPUPK
2413:: 105β130.
2290:9 February
1848:Elson 2008
1794:Elson 2009
1695:Elson 2009
1483:Elson 2008
1346:Elson 2008
1216:References
935:After the
777:See also:
594:Jong Ambon
567:Tan Malaka
559:federalist
531:Budi Utomo
337:federalism
234:Politician
228:Occupation
212:Alma mater
105:1900-07-06
2448:11 August
2407:Indonesia
2233:Java-bode
1865:dpr.go.id
1221:Citations
1194:Soeprapto
754:Pancasila
646:Kenpeitai
631:Australia
598:Volksraad
575:East Java
413:Indonesia
380:Education
298:East Java
57:In office
3055:Tjik Wan
3044:Pirngadi
2805:Sudirman
2795:Soewandi
2745:Samsudin
2720:Purubojo
2655:Mas Aris
2373:(2008).
2324:(2006).
1873:Archived
1815:Archived
1034:Szczecin
796:Renville
752:and the
704:Moluccas
642:Ambonese
627:Timorese
535:preamble
496:Bengkulu
484:Surabaya
462:Moluccan
363:and the
361:Renville
280:Born in
259:Moluccan
237:advocate
203:Children
47:1st
3019:Ibrahim
2994:Azairin
2815:Sukarno
2785:Soeroso
2770:Soepomo
2750:Sartono
2665:Masjkur
2600:Bintoro
2495:(BPUPK)
2314:Sources
1111:Sumatra
1026:Jakarta
977:member
971:Masyumi
886:in the
864:Sumatra
860:Sukarno
828:Sukarni
824:Sartono
623:Jakarta
504:Haloean
431:Batavia
405:Saparua
394:Saparua
314:Jakarta
310:Sarekat
290:Batavia
286:Saparua
197:
189:
140:Jakarta
116:Saparua
2780:Soerjo
2387:
2359:
2334:
1729:
1678:
1147:Arabic
1011:eulogy
916:Kaigun
715:sharia
586:Malang
401:Ullath
390:Ullath
282:Ullath
267:Maluku
180:Spouse
112:Ullath
3089:BPUPK
3012:Hamka
2943:]
2931:]
2914:]
2902:]
2890:]
2878:]
2439:(PDF)
2425:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
2353:BRILL
2081:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
1274:Gatra
1130:]
1073:Notes
1059:]
963:Ceram
842:with
735:]
679:BPUPK
650:Bogor
500:Digul
498:then
421:Ambon
411:(now
369:Ambon
322:BPUPK
191:(
187:
3124:PPKI
2991:Amir
2450:2019
2385:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2292:2020
2089:2019
1881:2019
1823:2019
1727:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1395:2022
1282:2019
1192:and
1132:and
1115:Java
1113:and
1028:and
999:Riau
956:and
880:Buru
844:KNIL
836:Java
794:USS
726:and
683:PPKI
681:and
635:Java
569:and
529:and
456:and
326:PPKI
324:and
130:Died
99:Born
265:of
257:of
221:Mr.
170:PNI
164:PIR
3075::
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2888:ja
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