33:
910:
511:
500:
782:), Jiutian Xuannü is described as one of the three deities who are sitting on divine tortoises. The author comments: "The Mysterious Woman is the mother of the Way of the void and nothingness." The text gives instructions to adepts: "Close your eyes and meditate on a white breath between your shoulders. In its centre is a white tortoise. On top of the tortoise is the Mysterious Woman." There are two governors beside her, which adepts are instructed to summon by saying: "Governor of Destiny and Governor of the Registers, pare so-and-so's name from the death list and inscribe it on the Life List of the Jade Calendar." This ritual therefore points to a procedure in which a long life is promised.
454:"The Yellow Emperor came into power. Chiyou and his brothers, a total of 80 people, all had the bodies of beasts and spoke like human beings; they had bronze heads and iron foreheads. They ate sand and rocks, built military weapons, and intimidated the world. They killed at will and without principle, showing no mercy. The Yellow Emperor governed the state, and he looked at the sky and sighed. Heaven dispatched the Mysterious Woman down to earth to deliver military messages and sacred talismans to the Yellow Emperor, enabling him to subjugate Chiyou. The returning statesman (the Yellow Emperor) therefore used them to suppress the enemy and seized control of the eight directions."
1019:
409:
250:
1064:"On her head, she has a nine-dragon and flying phoenix topknot, and on her body she wears a red silken gown decorated with golden thread; blue jade-like strips run down the long gown and a white jade ritual object rises above her colored sleeves. Her face is like a lotus calyx and her eyebrows fit naturally with her hair. Her lips are like cherries, and her snow-white body appears elegant and relaxed. She appears to be the
1006:, another important deity in Daoism, which promoted the empress and her family's position in the imperial court. This was during a time of strife between the Zhang family and Zhou family (of Empress Dowager Zhou, the grandmother of the Hongzhi Emperor), the latter who adhered to Buddhism. Jiutian Xiannü is a fertility goddess, which also may have contributed to Empress Zhang's worship of the deity.
300:
cruelly crossing us. His poison is harming all the black-haired people. The four seas are sobbing. No one can protect his own nature or life. I want the art of winning a myriad victories in a myriad battles. Can I cut the harm facing my people?" Thereupon the goddess bestowed various objects and artifacts. The following is a few of the listed items:
606:) conceals one's spirit. Achieving invisibility is seen as a military strategy to defeat enemies and protect the state, as the text claims that practitioners must first learn to conceal their bodies if they hope to expel evil and return to righteousness. The goddess and the six maidens together represent the
395:
not only exceptionally nimble and skilled in martial arts, but also versed in Taoism and apparently immortal, to heaven where he becomes responsible for heavenly books that he is forbidden to browse. One day, overcome by curiosity, he opens a secret box and brings Heaven's
Teachings to earth, leading
381:
encounters on two separate occasions. The first time, he takes shelter in a temple while evading soldiers trying to arrest him, and encounters the deity, who presents him a set of three divine books to aid him in his quest to "deliver justice on Heaven's behalf". The second time, she appears in his
299:
and clouds as reins, into the great mist. She wore variegated kingfisher-feather garments of nine colors. Huangdi greeted her and received her command. Jiutian Xuannü said: "I base myself on the teachings of the Grand
Supreme. If you have any doubts, you may question me." Huangdi responded: " is
769:), probably dating to the 5th century, mentions that she is "located between the kidneys, dressed only in the white of Venus and the brilliant stars. Her pearl of Great Brilliance shines to illuminate the inside of the adept's whole body, so that he can extend his years and not die."
933:
gave way to a new imagery of a high goddess of war who won by magical and intellectual means, and who transmitted the arts of immortality. The aspects of sexuality, victory over enemies in warfare, and everlasting life was slowly modified to fit this new image. Moreover, the Daoist
972:. This inscription ranks Jiutian Xuannü above all other celestial warriors by placing her ahead of the divine categories Generals, Marshals, Heavenly Soldiers, the Six Ding Jade Maidens, and the Six Jia Generals. Furthermore, it granted her the expanded official title
1001:
The veneration and elevation of
Jiutian Xuannü may have had an underlying political rationale, as it positioned an aristocratic family over another. The relationship of Empress Zhang and Jiutian Xuannü closely paralleled the relationship of the Ming emperors and
1009:
In contemporary times, she has also been considered a patron of marriage and fertility, and is regarded by believers to have been responsible for the customs in
Chinese culture by which people with the same surnames have been forbidden to marry.
938:
attempted to expunge all the heterodox and crude elements from
Jiutian Xuannü's popular legends, such as the erotic and sexually-empowering nature of the goddess, to create a new image of a martial goddess that was appropriate for the
672:), which represents a rift in the universe. The irregular gate must be approached by performing the paces of Yu and serves as the entrance to the emptiness of the otherworld in which invisibility to evil influences is achieved.
901:, there's a passage in which Jiutian Xuannü tells Huangdi that sexual techniques are "like the intermingling of water and fire—it can kill or bring new life depending upon whether or not one uses the correct methods."
666:, translated "Hidden Stem") from which the immediate position in the space-time structure of the six ding could be calculated. The six ding are the spirits who are responsible for the position of the irregular gate (
1837:
32:
793:, it is noted that the goddess Jiutian Xuannü helps prepare elixirs with other deities, that adepts erected altars to the goddess when they create elixirs of metal, and that she had discussed
295:. Chiyou had caused a great mist, which was so impenetrable that it obscured day and night. Huangdi would dwell in the mist for several days. Jiutian Xuannü rode a cinnabar phoenix, holding
741:. These texts locate Jiutian Xuannü along the central median of the body and associate her with the circulation of breath, which nourishes the vital spirit and provides longevity.
2022:
400:'s rebellion in the 1040s. Eventually Yuan Gong redeems himself and for his role in quashing the revolt, he is restored to his former position of Lord of White Cloud Cave.
737:
The goddess
Jiutian Xuannü appears in several works of physiological microcosmology in which the human body is seen as a microcosm of the universe and
1037:
and the brilliant stars, with her pearl of Great
Brilliance shining in illumination. When Jiutian Xuannü appeared before Huangdi as narrated in the
610:
force in the universe, which is the means to concealment of the body. Herein, their magic and their femininity are intertwined with each other.
1838:"Tower of Saviors Coliseum Event "Jiutian Xuannü"! Selena's Ultimate Stage "Beauty in Strangling"! New Series "Gifted Scientists" Coming Soon!"
891:
The sexual practices that
Jiutian Xuannü supposedly taught were often compared to alchemy and physiological procedures for prolonging life. In
992:) with the goddess and emphasizes that "in order to slay evil and return to righteousness, one first needs to know how to become invisible" (
529:
A set of Daoist texts, produced after the Tang dynasty, associates the goddess with magical capabilities, such as the skill of invisibility (
368:
It was subsequently noted that
Huangdi was able to defeat Chiyou and ascend to heaven on the basis of the items bestowed by Jiutian Xuannü.
382:
dream when he is leading the
Liangshan forces to resist the Liao invaders, and teaches him how to break the Liao forces' battle formation.
909:
1899:
Liu, Peng (2016). ""Conceal my Body so that I can Protect the State": The Making of the Mysterious Woman in Daoism and Water Margin".
962:, which contains numerous images of deities (but not Jiutian Xuannü) and an inscription composed by the Daoist master Zhang Xuanqing (
387:
1041:, she wore variegated kingfisher-feather garments of nine colors and rode a cinnabar phoenix with phosphors and clouds as reins.
855:. From the Han dynasty onwards, these handbooks would be familiar to the upper class. On the other side, during the Han dynasty,
1637:
921:
The goddess Jiutian Xuannü was actively worshiped by the ancient Chinese, but the extent of the worship diminished after the
817:
While most books bearing Jiutian Xuannü's name were about warfare, books that focus on her link to sexuality also exist. The
1093:
552:
Jiutian Xuannü has the ability to magically conceal the body and her power is exercised through the Six Ding Jade Maidens (
950:, Jiutian Xuannü officially became a celestial protectress and was venerated as a tutelary goddess of the state. In 1493,
291:. The work relates a story about the goddess appearing before Huangdi during a time when the latter was in conflict with
1076:
who resides in the moon palace. Her gorgeous immortal face cannot be depicted, nor can the image of her majestic body."
510:
499:
1997:
1937:
1868:
1801:
2017:
1972:
1099:
340:
Charts for Grabbing the Mechanism of Victory and Defeat of the Grand Unity from the Ten Essences and Four Spirits (
1878:
Cahill, Suzanne E. (2013). "Sublimation in Medieval China: The Case of the Mysterious Woman of the Nine Heavens".
1123:
1119:
283:(850–933), contains a biographical account of Jiutian Xuannü. It mentions that Jiutian Xuannü is the teacher of
859:
had criticized the sexual arts as "not only harming the body but infringing upon the nature of man and woman."
204:). The name has been variously translated as the "Dark Lady" or the "Mysterious Lady" in English. In the late
1962:
685:) states that Jiutian Xuannü taught the method to mobilize the stars of the Northern Dipper to Yuan Qing (
888:, contains explicit descriptions of the sexual arts that was supposedly transmitted from Jiutian Xuannü.
692:
1044:
The physical appearance of Jiutian Xuannü has been described in a poem that appears in the Rongyu Tang (
2007:
1992:
1957:
627:, gives an incantation associated with Jiutian Xuannü. By reciting this incantation and performing the
2002:
1987:
1967:
392:
1288:
Translated as "The Scripture of Martial Power, of the Method of Government of the Northern Dipper" (
313:
The Book by which the Five Emperors of the Numinous Treasure Force Ghosts and Spirits into Service (
1977:
1258:
Translated as "Book of the Six Yin of the Sublime Grotto, Veritable Scripture of the Hidden Days" (
2012:
951:
238:
1982:
562:, the Jade Maidens perform specific tasks during the concealment: the Jade Maiden of Dingmao (
458:「黃帝攝政。蚩尤兄弟八十人，並獸身人語，銅頭鐵額。食沙石，造兵杖，威震天下。誅殺無道，不仁不慈。黃帝行天下，仰事天而歎。天遣玄女下，授黃帝兵信神符， 而令制伏蚩尤，歸臣因使鎮兵以制八方。」
1623:
982:, translated "Dark Lady of the Nine Heavens who Slays Evil and Protects Righteousness"). The
464:
Her intervention in warfare is a common narrative in Daoist texts, such as in texts from the
1080:「頭綰九龍飛鳳髻，身穿金縷絳綃衣，藍田玉帶曳長裾，白玉圭璋擎彩袖。臉如蓮萼，天然眉目映雲環﹔脣似櫻桃，自在規模端雪體。猶如王母宴蟠桃，卻似嫦娥居月殿。正大仙容描不就，威嚴形像畫難成。」
746:
322:
The Seal of the Five Bright-Shiners for Regulating Demons and Communicating with Spirits (
8:
304:
The Talismans of the Martial Tokens of the Six Jia Cyclicals and the Six Ren Cyclicals (
40:
encounters Jiutian Xuannü, woodblock print, published in the Rongyu Tang edition of the
1916:
1857:
1105:
1168:
Translated as "Records of the Assembled Transcendents of the Fortified Walled City" (
925:. Over the following centuries, she was gradually assimilated into Daoism. During the
756:), where the adept is instructed to send down his breath to enter the goddess' mouth.
148:
1933:
1920:
1864:
1807:
1797:
1633:
175:
438:. This text describes the manifestation of the goddess herself in front of Huangdi (
1930:
The Tao Of Craft: Fu Talismans and Casting Sigils in the Eastern Esoteric Tradition
1908:
1887:
1629:
1301:
Translated as "Correct Method of the Heart of Heaven, of the Shangqing Tradition" (
1245:
Translated as "Secret Lingbao Method Concerning the Spirits of the Six Ding Days" (
1114:
940:
866:
and earlier periods, Jiutian Xuannü was often associated with the sexual arts. The
82:
51:
1912:
729:, translated "Incantation of the Heavenly Mainstay") that accompanies the method.
955:
738:
536:
391:
Xuannü takes Yuan Gong (袁公; Mr. Yuan—Yuan being a homonym for "gibbon"), a white
1891:
1034:
798:
284:
103:
1442:
1018:
785:
Since the 3rd century AD, Jiutian Xuannü has been associated with alchemy. In
408:
1951:
929:, contrary views about Jiutian Xuannü coexisted. In this period, the rise of
183:
1811:
331:
The Formula of the Five Yin and Five Yang for Concealing the Jia Cyclicals (
249:
1189:. The list below, providing the esoteric items, follows the translation in
1145:
1069:
1057:
1052:
1003:
947:
935:
926:
914:
885:
863:
802:
794:
716:
654:
624:
607:
373:
280:
209:
205:
138:
89:
42:
1791:
969:
922:
871:
848:
840:
435:
1388:
Translated as "Bedchamber Arts of the Master of the Grotto Mysteries" (
1073:
856:
828:
597:
587:
378:
37:
1065:
958:, was ordained and her ordination was certified in a scroll entitled
288:
254:
117:
1336:
Translated as "Central Classic of Lord Lao from the Supreme Realm" (
1033:, Jiutian Xuannü is described as being dressed only in the white of
986:
associates the phrase "slaying evil and protecting righteousness" (
296:
124:
1022:
Jiutian Xuannü as depicted in a 1829 Japanese picture book of the
179:
1091:
Jiutian Xuannü appears as a character in the 2007 Hong Kong film
897:
892:
786:
650:
639:
476:
424:
The association of this goddess with warfare is derived from the
397:
145:
1135:
224:
930:
806:
292:
276:
1445:[Quashing the Demons' Revolt (Chapter 1)] (in Chinese)
549:) specifies that Jiutian Xuannü's magic is martial in origin.
1150:
1140:
153:
1271:
Translated as "Book of the Master Who Embraces Simplicity" (
843:, were handbooks in dialogue form about sex. Texts from the
653:(b. 283), the paces of Yu are described as elements of the
628:
568:) conceals one's physical body, the Jade Maiden of Dingsi (
637:), invisibility to others was said to be achieved. In the
913:
Altar to Jiutian Xuannü at the Baikeng Yusheng Temple in
705:, translated "Twelve Stars of the Northern Dipper"). The
349:
Charts of the Five Marchmounts and the Four Holy Rivers (
129:
1206:
Translated as "Chart of the River of the Dragon-Fish" (
870:
remained a familiar work among the literati during the
16:
Goddess of war, sex, and longevity in Chinese mythology
615:
Micang Tongxuan Bianhua Liuyin Dongwei Dunjia Zhenjing
580:) conceals one's fortune, the Jade Maiden of Dingyou (
574:) conceals one's destiny, the Jade Maiden of Dinghai (
1625:
Narratives of Kingship in Eurasian Empires, 1300-1800
108:
94:
1219:
Translated as "The Section of Miscellaneous Magic" (
884:), which was likely written by the 7th-century poet
220:(meaning " Nine Heavens"), to refer to the goddess.
744:Jiutian Xuannü appears at least three times in the
1856:
358:Instructions in the Essentials of Divining Slips (
227:are divine sisters. Both their names combined, as
2023:The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt characters
1323:Translated as "Classic of the Yellow Courtyard" (
1949:
1118:. She makes an appearance in the video games of
535:) and the method of mobilizing the stars of the
1773:
1771:
1769:
412:The seal of Jiutian Xuannü, as depicted in the
253:The goddess Jiutian Xuannü was known to ride a
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1548:
1546:
1197:, 95) provides a translation of a longer list.
1185:These items are specifically mentioned in the
1863:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1678:
1676:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1078:
1045:
993:
987:
977:
963:
879:
834:
822:
777:
764:
751:
724:
710:
700:
686:
680:
667:
661:
644:
632:
618:
601:
591:
581:
575:
569:
563:
553:
544:
530:
481:
469:
456:
445:
439:
429:
359:
350:
341:
332:
323:
314:
305:
270:
232:
199:
174:is the goddess of war, sex, and longevity in
56:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1621:
1103:, and the 1985 Hong Kong television series
693:transition from the Sui to the Tang dynasty
396:to a series of disasters that culminate in
1700:
1523:
1462:
1460:
1362:Translated as "Mysterious Woman Classic" (
1349:Translated as "Central Classic of Laozi" (
805:, the goddess was closely associated with
68:Mysterious / Dark Lady of the Nine Heavens
31:
1653:
1558:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
558:) who are her acolytes. According to the
1729:
1017:
908:
407:
261:), holding phosphors and clouds as reins
248:
1854:
1789:
1478:
1457:
1375:Translated as "Natural Woman Classic" (
847:have been partly incorporated into the
1950:
1877:
1777:
1740:
1723:
1694:
1609:
1552:
1417:
1404:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1276:
1194:
1169:
1097:, the 1980s Chinese television series
444:) during his conflict against Chiyou (
388:The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt
1489:
1487:
1275:) or "Master of the Uncarved Block" (
954:(1470–1541), who was the wife of the
519:The six Jade Maidens, as depicted in
1840:. Mad Head Limited. 4 February 2019.
194:This goddess was initially known as
1927:
1898:
1824:
1682:
1597:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1466:
1429:
1302:
1289:
1272:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1190:
1173:
1112:She is featured in the mobile game
600:, and the Jade Maiden of Dingchou (
13:
1932:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
1859:Chinese Mythology: An Introduction
1793:Chinese gods = Fo xiang shen xiang
1484:
1086:
434:), presumably produced during the
14:
2034:
1072:banquet, but she also looks like
739:where the gods are present within
623:), written in the early Northern
377:, Jiutian Xuannü is a deity whom
719:, gives an incantation entitled
509:
498:
489:
1847:
1830:
1818:
1796:. London: Collins & Brown.
1783:
1688:
1615:
1603:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1265:
1252:
1239:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1179:
1124:The Legend of Sword and Fairy 7
1120:The Legend of Sword and Fairy 4
960:The Ordination of Empress Zhang
521:The Ordination of Empress Zhang
403:
154:
130:
1511:
1499:
1472:
1435:
1423:
1232:Translated as "Daoist Canon" (
1162:
974:Jiutian Zhanxie Huzheng Xuannü
904:
590:, the Jade Maiden of Dingwei (
109:
95:
57:
1:
1913:10.1080/0147037X.2016.1228876
1622:Van Leeuwen, Richard (2017).
1398:
1013:
239:Daoist arts of the bedchamber
1880:Journal of Chinese Religions
812:
732:
715:), produced in the Southern
212:(850–933) created the title
189:
7:
1129:
10:
2039:
1892:10.1179/073776992805307692
1790:Stevens, Keith G. (1997).
691:), an official during the
539:to protect the state. The
419:
244:
1998:Sky and weather goddesses
1314:As Cahill (2013) terms it
1079:
1046:
1031:Taishang Laojun Zhongjing
994:
988:
978:
964:
880:
835:
823:
778:
765:
761:Taishang Laojun Zhongjing
752:
725:
711:
707:Shangqing Tianxin Zhengfa
701:
695:. The method is known as
687:
681:
668:
662:
645:
633:
619:
602:
592:
582:
576:
570:
564:
554:
545:
531:
482:
470:
457:
446:
440:
430:
393:interconnected-arm gibbon
360:
351:
342:
333:
324:
315:
306:
271:
259:type of creature depicted
233:
200:
165:
144:
137:
123:
116:
102:
88:
81:
76:
72:
64:
50:
30:
26:
21:
1156:
876:Dongxuanzi Fangzhong Shu
874:and Tang dynasties. The
2018:Water Margin characters
1973:Love and lust goddesses
1050:) edition of the novel
677:Beidou Zhifa Wuwei Jing
1928:Wen, Benebell (2016).
1855:Birrell, Anne (1993).
1084:
1026:
918:
839:), both dating to the
462:
416:
262:
1094:It's a Wonderful Life
1062:
1021:
917:on the Penghu Islands
912:
655:divinatory system of
452:
411:
252:
131:gau2 tin1 jyun4 neoi5
1100:Outlaws of the Marsh
984:Lingbao Liuding Mifa
560:Lingbao Liuding Mifa
541:Lingbao Liuding Mifa
414:Lingbao Liuding Mifa
287:and the disciple of
208:, the Daoist master
1963:Fertility goddesses
1187:Yongcheng Jixian Lu
1039:Yongcheng Jixian Lu
267:Yongcheng Jixian Lu
186:of Jiutian Xuannü.
110:Chiu-t'ien Hsuan-nu
1632:. pp. 88–98.
1056:(published in the
1027:
968:, d. 1509) of the
919:
697:Beidou Shi'er Xing
417:
275:), written by the
263:
178:. The swordswoman
2008:Creator goddesses
1993:Justice goddesses
1958:Chinese goddesses
1639:978-90-04-34054-1
1612:, 92–96 & 98.
1508:, 48, 50, and 66.
809:(inner alchemy).
721:Tiangang Shenzhou
596:) conceals one's
586:) conceals one's
176:Chinese mythology
169:
168:
161:
160:
83:Standard Mandarin
2030:
2003:Venusian deities
1988:Mother goddesses
1968:Health goddesses
1943:
1924:
1895:
1874:
1862:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1787:
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1595:
1556:
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1503:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
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1450:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1393:
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1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1166:
1115:Tower of Saviors
1082:
1081:
1049:
1048:
997:
996:
991:
990:
981:
980:
967:
966:
941:Shangqing school
883:
882:
838:
837:
826:
825:
781:
780:
768:
767:
755:
754:
728:
727:
714:
713:
704:
703:
690:
689:
684:
683:
671:
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665:
664:
648:
647:
636:
635:
622:
621:
605:
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584:
579:
578:
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572:
567:
566:
557:
556:
548:
547:
534:
533:
513:
502:
485:
484:
473:
472:
460:
459:
449:
448:
443:
442:
433:
432:
363:
362:
354:
353:
345:
344:
336:
335:
327:
326:
318:
317:
309:
308:
274:
273:
236:
235:
203:
202:
157:
156:
155:Kiú-thian Hiânlú
133:
132:
112:
111:
98:
97:
74:
73:
60:
59:
35:
19:
18:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2027:
1978:Magic goddesses
1948:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1871:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1747:
1739:
1730:
1722:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1654:
1644:
1642:
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1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1559:
1551:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1132:
1106:The Yang's Saga
1089:
1087:Popular culture
1077:
1016:
956:Hongzhi Emperor
907:
851:edition of the
815:
774:Laozi Zhongjing
735:
537:Northern Dipper
527:
526:
525:
524:
516:
515:
514:
505:
504:
503:
492:
455:
422:
406:
247:
237:), signify the
216:(九天玄女), adding
192:
65:Literal meaning
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Taoist deities
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1925:
1896:
1875:
1869:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1829:
1817:
1802:
1782:
1745:
1728:
1699:
1687:
1652:
1638:
1614:
1602:
1557:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1483:
1479:Birrell (1993)
1471:
1456:
1434:
1422:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1368:
1355:
1342:
1329:
1316:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1178:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1088:
1085:
1015:
1012:
970:Zhengyi school
906:
903:
814:
811:
797:and diet with
747:Huangting Jing
734:
731:
649:), written by
620:秘藏通玄變化六陰洞微遁甲真經
518:
517:
508:
507:
506:
497:
496:
495:
494:
493:
491:
488:
421:
418:
405:
402:
366:
365:
356:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
246:
243:
214:Jiutian Xuannü
191:
188:
172:Jiutian Xuannü
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
151:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
121:
120:
118:Yue: Cantonese
114:
113:
106:
100:
99:
96:Jiǔtiān Xuánnǚ
92:
86:
85:
79:
78:
77:Transcriptions
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
54:
48:
47:
36:
28:
27:
24:
23:
22:Jiutian Xuannü
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:War goddesses
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1941:
1939:9781623170660
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:(74): 48–71.
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:(1): 91–102.
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1870:0-8018-4595-5
1866:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1803:1-85028-409-1
1799:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1778:Cahill (2013)
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1741:Cahill (2013)
1737:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:Cahill (2013)
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:Cahill (2013)
1691:
1684:
1679:
1677:
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1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1610:Cahill (2013)
1606:
1599:
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1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:Cahill (2013)
1549:
1547:
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1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
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1490:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1418:Cahill (2013)
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1304:
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1285:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
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1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1175:
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1165:
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1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1007:
1005:
999:
985:
975:
971:
961:
957:
953:
952:Empress Zhang
949:
944:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
916:
915:Huxi Township
911:
902:
900:
899:
894:
889:
887:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
832:
831:
820:
810:
808:
804:
801:. During the
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
775:
770:
762:
757:
749:
748:
742:
740:
730:
722:
718:
708:
698:
694:
678:
673:
659:
658:
652:
642:
641:
630:
626:
616:
611:
609:
599:
589:
561:
550:
542:
538:
522:
512:
501:
490:Martial magic
487:
479:
478:
467:
461:
451:
437:
427:
415:
410:
401:
399:
394:
390:
389:
385:In the novel
383:
380:
376:
375:
371:In the novel
369:
357:
348:
339:
330:
321:
312:
303:
302:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
268:
260:
256:
251:
242:
240:
230:
229:xuansu zhidao
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
197:
187:
185:
184:reincarnation
181:
177:
173:
164:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
128:
126:
122:
119:
115:
107:
105:
101:
93:
91:
87:
84:
80:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Song Gongming
34:
29:
25:
20:
1929:
1904:
1901:Ming Studies
1900:
1883:
1879:
1858:
1848:Bibliography
1832:
1820:
1792:
1785:
1690:
1643:. Retrieved
1624:
1617:
1605:
1513:
1501:
1474:
1447:. Retrieved
1437:
1425:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1332:
1319:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1202:
1195:Cahill (2013
1186:
1181:
1164:
1146:Lishan Laomu
1113:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1070:saturn peach
1068:who hosts a
1066:Queen Mother
1063:
1058:Ming dynasty
1053:Water Margin
1051:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1024:Water Margin
1023:
1008:
1000:
983:
973:
959:
948:Ming dynasty
945:
936:Du Guangting
927:Tang dynasty
920:
896:
890:
886:Liu Zongyuan
875:
867:
864:Tang dynasty
861:
852:
844:
829:
818:
816:
803:Song dynasty
795:calisthenics
790:
784:
773:
771:
760:
758:
745:
743:
736:
720:
706:
696:
676:
674:
656:
638:
614:
612:
559:
551:
540:
528:
520:
475:
465:
463:
453:
425:
423:
413:
404:Associations
386:
384:
374:Water Margin
372:
370:
367:
343:太一十精四神勝負握機之圖
281:Du Guangting
266:
264:
258:
228:
222:
217:
213:
210:Du Guangting
206:Tang dynasty
195:
193:
171:
170:
139:Southern Min
90:Hanyu Pinyin
43:Water Margin
41:
1390:Cahill 2013
1377:Cahill 2013
1364:Cahill 2013
1351:Cahill 2013
1338:Cahill 2013
1325:Cahill 2013
1277:Cahill 2013
1170:Cahill 2013
943:of Daoism.
923:Han dynasty
905:Development
868:Xuannü Jing
862:During the
849:Sui dynasty
845:Xuannü Jing
841:Han dynasty
819:Xuannü Jing
717:Song period
629:paces of Yu
625:Song period
466:Zhongshu Bu
436:Xin dynasty
426:Longyu Hetu
1952:Categories
1825:Liu (2016)
1780:, 100–101.
1683:Liu (2016)
1598:Liu (2016)
1518:Liu (2016)
1506:Liu (2016)
1494:Wen (2016)
1467:Liu (2016)
1430:Liu (2016)
1399:References
1193:, 50–51).
1014:Appearance
995:斬邪歸正，先須知隱形
857:Wang Chong
827:) and the
379:Song Jiang
316:靈寶五帝策使鬼神之書
104:Wade–Giles
1921:164447144
1726:, 98–100.
1443:"平妖傳 第一回"
1191:Liu (2016
853:Sunü Jing
830:Sunü Jing
813:Sexuality
733:Longevity
474:) in the
297:phosphors
289:Xi Wangmu
190:Etymology
1827:, 52–58.
1812:38184849
1685:, 58–64.
1600:, 49–52.
1555:, 92–96.
1303:Liu 2016
1290:Liu 2016
1273:Liu 2016
1260:Liu 2016
1247:Liu 2016
1234:Liu 2016
1221:Liu 2016
1208:Liu 2016
1174:Liu 2016
1130:See Also
979:九天斬邪護正玄女
588:hun soul
523:(detail)
325:制妖通靈五明之印
307:六甲六壬兵信之符
223:She and
125:Jyutping
1645:26 June
1449:26 June
1074:Chang'e
1029:In the
946:In the
898:Baopuzi
893:Ge Hong
799:Huangdi
791:Baopuzi
787:Ge Hong
772:In the
682:北斗治法武威經
651:Ge Hong
640:Baopuzi
598:po soul
477:Daozang
420:Warfare
398:Wang Ze
334:五陰五陽遁之式
285:Huangdi
279:master
255:phoenix
245:Stories
218:Jiutian
146:Hokkien
52:Chinese
1936:
1919:
1867:
1810:
1800:
1743:, 100.
1636:
1496:, 318.
1481:, 137.
1004:Xuanwu
931:Daoism
881:洞玄子房中術
807:neidan
766:太上老君中經
712:上清天心正法
657:dunjia
546:靈寶六丁秘法
293:Chiyou
277:Daoist
196:Xuannü
1917:S2CID
1697:, 98.
1630:Brill
1520:, 51.
1469:, 66.
1432:, 48.
1420:, 91.
1157:Notes
1151:Doumu
1141:Houtu
1035:Venus
702:北斗十二星
272:墉城集仙錄
182:is a
180:Yuenü
58:九天玄女
1934:ISBN
1905:2016
1865:ISBN
1808:OCLC
1798:ISBN
1647:2024
1634:ISBN
1451:2024
1136:Nüwa
1122:and
989:斬邪護正
779:老子中經
759:The
726:天罡神咒
675:The
613:The
603:丁丑玉女
593:丁未玉女
583:丁酉玉女
577:丁亥玉女
571:丁巳玉女
565:丁卯玉女
555:六丁玉女
431:龍魚河圖
361:策精之訣
265:The
234:玄素之道
225:Sunü
1909:doi
1888:doi
1060:):
1047:容與堂
998:).
965:張玄慶
895:'s
872:Sui
836:素女經
824:玄女經
789:'s
753:黃庭經
646:抱朴子
608:yin
486:).
471:眾術部
450:):
352:五河圖
149:POJ
1954::
1915:.
1903:.
1884:20
1882:.
1806:.
1748:^
1731:^
1702:^
1655:^
1628:.
1560:^
1525:^
1486:^
1459:^
1406:^
1172:;
1126:.
1109:.
688:遠清
669:奇門
663:遁甲
634:禹步
532:隱身
483:道藏
447:蚩尤
441:黃帝
241:.
201:玄女
1942:.
1923:.
1911::
1894:.
1890::
1873:.
1814:.
1649:.
1453:.
1392:)
1379:)
1366:)
1353:)
1340:)
1327:)
1305:)
1292:)
1279:)
1262:)
1249:)
1236:)
1223:)
1210:)
1176:)
976:(
878:(
833:(
821:(
776:(
763:(
750:(
723:(
709:(
699:(
679:(
660:(
643:(
631:(
617:(
543:(
480:(
468:(
428:(
364:)
355:)
346:)
337:)
328:)
319:)
310:)
269:(
257:(
231:(
198:(
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