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3125:), and breathwork. Instead, the school focused on using mental cultivation to return to the mind's original purity and clarity (which could become obscured by desires and emotions). Key figures of this school include Xu Xun, Liu Yu, Huang Yuanji, Xu Yi, and Liu Yuanran. Some of these figures taught at the imperial capital and were awarded titles. Their emphasis on practical ethics and self-cultivation in everyday life (rather than ritual or monasticism) made it very popular among the literati class.
2228:
6720:
4190:. The classic Daoist view is that humans are originally and naturally aligned with Tao, thus their original nature is inherently good. It emphasizes doing things that are natural, following the Tao, which is a cosmic force that flows through all things and binds and releases them. However, one can fall away from this due to personal habits, desires, and social conditions. Returning to one's nature requires active attunement through Daoist practice and ethical cultivation.
7687:
on the
Response of the Tao (T'ai-shang kan-ying p'ien). Li sparked a popular movement which focused on the everyday life of ordinary persons instead of on temples, monasteries and sages. At the core of this tradition is living in harmony with the Tao and with the Way of Heaven, which means acting with benevolence, kindness and compassion. Doing evil is considered a transgression against the way and this evil will be punished by deities, celestial ministers and judges.
3195:
26156:
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6708:
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2859:. Thus, according to Russell Kirkland, "in several important senses, it was really Lu Hsiu-ching who founded Taoism, for it was he who first gained community acceptance for a common canon of texts, which established the boundaries, and contents, of 'the teachings of the Tao' (Tao-chiao). Lu also reconfigured the ritual activities of the tradition, and formulated a new set of liturgies, which continue to influence Taoist practice to the present day."
24061:
6697:
2875:
5425:, this method "encourages openness to all sorts of stimuli and leads to a sense of free-flowing awareness. It often begins with the recognition of physical sensations and subtle events in the body but may also involve paying attention to outside occurrences." Guan is associated with deep listening and energetic sensitivity. The term most often refers to "inner observation" (neiguan), a practice that developed through Buddhist influence (see:
3605:
3903:
2701:
3243:(1966–1976), many Taoist priests were laicized and sent to work camps, and many Taoist sites and temples were destroyed or converted to secular use. This period saw an exodus of Taoists out of China. They immigrated to Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and to Europe and North America. Thus, the communist repression had the consequence of making Taoism a world religion by disseminating Taoists throughout the world.
5604:
18130:
36:
5161:(6) I will maintain harmony with my ancestors and family and never disregard my kin; (7) When I see someone do good, I will support him with joy and delight; (8) When I see someone unfortunate, I will support him with dignity to recover good fortune; (9) When someone comes to do me harm, I will not harbor thoughts of revenge; (10) As long as all beings have not attained the Dao, I will not expect to do so myself.
6974:
3311:(beginning in 1979) during which mainland China experienced increased religious freedom. This led to the restoration of many temples and communities, the publishing of Taoist literature and the preservation of Taoist material culture. Several Chinese intellectuals, like Hu Fuchen (Chinese Academy of Social Studies) and Liu Xiaogan (Chinese University of Hong Kong) have worked to developed a "New Daojia" (
3972:, the intellectual and emotional center (zhong) of a person. It is associated with the chest cavity, the physical heart as well as with emotions, thoughts, consciousness, and the storehouse of spirit (shen). When the heartmind is unstable and separated from the Tao, it is called the ordinary heartmind (suxin). On the other hand, the original heartmind (benxin) pervades Tao and is constant and peaceful.
3668:) of all people, a nature which is seen by Taoists as being ultimately good. In a naturalistic sense, the Tao as visible pattern, "the Tao that can be told", that is, the rhythmic processes and patterns of the natural world that can be observed and described. Thus, Kohn writes that Tao can be explained as twofold: the transcendent, ineffable, mysterious Tao and the natural, visible, and tangible Tao.
4151:
27698:
26143:
3630:) can mean way, road, channel, path, doctrine, or line. The Tao is a natural order that enables all things to exist and dominate every action, not so much through force as through a natural curvature of space and time. It is the origin and power of all creation - its essence is unknown, but it can be observed in its manifestation - this is behind the operation and change of nature.
2566:
4530:. In other cases, they are depicted as the ideal rulers which practice ruling through non-intervention and under which nations prosper peacefully. Sages are the highest humans, mediators between heaven and earth and the best guides on the Taoist path. They act naturally and simply, with a pure mind and with wuwei. They may have supernatural powers and bring good fortune and peace.
5408:). According to Louis Komjathy, this type of meditation "emphasizes emptiness and stillness; it is contentless, non-conceptual, and non-dualistic. One simply empties the heart-mind of all emotional and intellectual content." The texts of classical Taoism state that this meditation leads to the dissolution of the self and any sense of separate dualistic identity. Sima Chengzhen's
7263:. Quanzhen lineages are mainly monastic and ascetic tradition, based on meditation and internal cultivation, while the Orthodox Unity tradition is based on a lay priests (daoshi) who are expected to master an extensive ritual repertoire. These two traditions developed during the Song dynasty and grew to become recognized by the imperial government during late imperial China.
2638:, who was said to have had a vision of Laozi in 142 CE and claimed that the world was coming to an end. Zhang sought to teach people to repent and prepare for the coming cataclysm, after which they would become the seeds of a new era of great peace. It was a mass movement in which men and women could act as libationers and tend to the commoners. A related movement arose in
619:
5375:
5738:(c. CE 300) helped establish the text as an important source for Taoist thought. One traditional view is that a sage called Zhuang Zhou wrote the first seven chapters (the "inner chapters"), and his students and related thinkers were responsible for the other parts (the outer and miscellaneous chapters). However, some modern scholars, like Russell Kirkland, argue that
2213:; 'follower of Dao'), with the meaning of "Taoist" as "lay member or believer of Taoism", is a modern invention that goes back to the introduction of the Western category of "organized religion" in China in the 20th century, but it has no significance for most of Chinese society in which Taoism continues to be an "order" of the larger body of Chinese religion.
4027:
100:
3560:
associations include: Associacion de Taoism de España, Association
Francaise Daoiste, British Daoist Association, Daoist Foundation (San Diego, California), American Taoist and Buddhist Association (New York), Ching Chung Taoist Association (San Francisco), Universal Society of the Integral Way (Ni Hua-Ching), and Sociedade Taoista do Brasil.
2946:, "had frequent meetings with senior masters, ritual specialists, Taoist poets, and official patriarchs, such as Sima Chengzhen." He reorganized imperial rituals based on Taoist forms, sponsored Taoist shrines and monasteries, and introduced a separate examination system based on Taoism. Another important Taoist figure of the Tang dynasty was
4638:. The One then brought forth "the Two", the two energies yin and yang, which in turn merged in harmony to create the next level of existence, "the Three" (yin-yang combined), from which the myriad beings came forth. From original oneness, the world thus continued to move into ever greater states of distinction and differentiation.
2050:
of liturgical or explicitly supernatural character, used in contexts either of abstract metaphysics or of the ordinary conditions required for human flourishing. This distinction is still understood in everyday contexts among
Chinese people, and has been echoed by modern scholars of Chinese history and philosophy such as
3567:'s Healing Tao. While traditional Taoism initially arrived in the West through Chinese immigrants, more recently, Western run Taoist temples have also appeared, such as the Taoist Sanctuary in San Diego and the Dayuan Circle in San Francisco. Kohn notes that all of these centers "combine traditional ritual services with
3983:". Later Taoist sources also refer to it by other terms like "awakened nature" (wuxing), "original nature" (benxing), "original spirit" (yuanshen), and "scarlet palace". This pure heartmind is seen as being characterized by clarity and stillness (qingjing), purity, pure yang, spiritual insight, and emptiness.
7495:. The patriarch of this sect resides in Taiwan and this tradition performs numerous ceremonies which are often sponsored by the Taiwanese government. The training for Zhengyi priesthood, who are not celibate, focuses mainly on learning extensive rituals and liturgy, so that they can perform them flawlessly.
7694:
Karmic Taoism is a nonsectarian tradition adopted by many Taoist sects. The Laozu
Treatise on the Response of the Tao is studied in Quanzhen Taoism, Hsien-t'ien Tao and in the Wu-Liu sect. All major schools of Taoism view ethics as the foundation for spirituality. Furthermore, there are those who are
5753:
uses anecdotes, parables, and dialogues to express one of its main themes—avoiding cultural constructs and instead living in a spontaneous way aligned with the natural world. This way of living might be perceived as "useless" by most people who follow their own "common sense" and social and political
3820:
To attain naturalness, one has to identify with the Tao and flow with its natural rhythms as expressed in oneself. This involves freeing oneself from selfishness and desire, and appreciating simplicity. It also involves understanding one's nature and living in accordance with it, without trying to be
2972:
The Song era saw new scriptures and new movements of ritualists and Taoist rites, the most popular of which were the
Thunder Rites (leifa). The Thunder rites were protection and exorcism rites that evoked the celestial department of thunder, and they became central to the new Heavenly Heart (Tianxin)
2333:
formulated many of their precepts, including the quest for "long life". Traditionally, the Yellow
Emperor's founding of Taoism was said to have been because he "dreamed of an ideal kingdom whose tranquil inhabitants lived in harmonious accord with the natural law and possessed virtues remarkably like
2143:
embedded into
Chinese history and tradition, while also assuming many different "forms of philosophy and practical wisdom". Chung-ying Cheng also noted that the Taoist view of 'heaven' mainly from "observation and meditation, the teaching of can also include the way of heaven independently of human
7690:
These ideas are quite ancient, the
Taiping Jing (Scripture of Great Peace) states: "accumulate good deeds, and prosperity will come to you from the Tao". Besides wealth and prosperity, Karmic Taoism also believes that doing good increases longevity, while doing evil decreases it. Another common idea
5090:
reject animal sacrifice. Sacrifices to the deities remains a key element of Taoist rituals however. There are various kinds of Taoist rituals, which may include presenting offerings, scripture reading, sacrifices, incantations, purification rites, confession, petitions and announcements to the gods,
3951:
Taoism does not identify one's will as the root problem. Rather, it asserts that one must place their will in harmony with the natural way of the universe. Thus, a potentially harmful interference may be avoided, and in this way, goals can be achieved effortlessly. "By wu-wei, the sage seeks to come
2610:
are important sources from this period. An unorganized form of Taoism was popular in the Han dynasty that syncretized many preexisting forms in multiple ways for different groups existed during a rough span of time throughout the 2nd century BCE. Also during the Han, the earliest extant commentaries
2049:
is an ancient, deeply-rooted one. Taoism is a positive philosophy that aims for the holistic unification of an individual's reality with everything that is not only real but also valuable, encompassing both the natural world and society. The earliest references to 'the Tao' per se are largely devoid
7686:
Karmic Taoism, or "Action and Karma Taoism", according to Wong, focuses on ethics and is grounded in the idea that the sacred celestial powers aid and reward those who do good and punish those who do evil. This tradition can be traced back to Song dynasty Taoist Li Ying-chang and his Laozu
Treatise
7553:
of jing, qi and shen), which become dissipated, weak and lost as we age. To prevent this and to increase our inner vital energies, one must practice various methods of "internal alchemy" (neidan) to harmonize the internal energy in one's body and refine the "golden elixir" (jindan) inside the body.
6583:
Taoist temples may fly square or triangular flags. They typically feature mystical writing, talismans, or diagrams and are intended to fulfill various functions including providing guidance for the spirits of the dead, bringing good fortune, increasing life span, etc. Other flags and banners may be
4954:
and see humans as an important class of things in the world. However, in most Taoist views humans were not held to be especially important in comparison to other aspects of the world and Taoist metaphysics that were seen as equally or more special. Similarly, some
Taoists had similar views on their
4926:
Some key elements of Taoist practice include a commitment to self-cultivation, wu wei, and attunement to the patterns of the Tao.The practice of Taoism seeks to develop the body back to its original level of energy and restore it to its original state of creation. The body is no longer just a means
3634:
describes the Tao as "the underlying cosmic power which creates the universe, supports culture and the state, saves the good and punishes the wicked. Literally 'the way', Tao refers to the way things develop naturally, the way nature moves along and living beings grow and decline in accordance with
7440:
and devotion towards various celestial deities and spirits. The basic belief of ceremonial Taoism is that through various rites, human beings can honor the deities and these deities may then grant them with power, protection and blessings. Rituals and festivals can include chanting, offerings, and
6559:
are important symbols in Taoism because they represent key elements of Taoist cosmology (see above). Many Taoist (as well as non-Taoist) organizations make use of these symbols, and they may appear on flags and logos, temple floors, or stitched into clerical robes. What has become the standardised
3926:
carries the meaning of "there is no ..." or "lacking, without". Common translations are nonaction, effortless action, action without intent, noninterference and nonintervention. The meaning is sometimes emphasized by using the paradoxical expression "wei wu wei": action without action. Kohn writes
14288:
The taiji diagram (taiji tu) first appeared in a Taoist context at the beginning of the Song dynasty (960-1279). Several Song sources state that it originated with the Taoist Chen Tuan (c. 906-989), although Isabelle Robinet has shown that an antecedent for the diagram appeared in the work of the
5658:
is "actually a multi-vocal anthology consisting of a variety of historical and textual layers; in certain respects, it is a collection of oral teachings of various members of the inner cultivation lineages." Meanwhile, Russell Kirkland argues that the text arose out of "various traditions of oral
4962:
Throughout the history of Taoism, mountains have occupied a special place for Taoist practice. They are seen as sacred spaces and as the ideal places for Taoist cultivation and Taoist monastic or eremitic life, which may include "cloud wandering" (yunyou) in the mountains and dwelling in mountain
4669:
and organs). Qi is in constant transformation between its condensed state (life) and diluted state (potential). These two different states of qi are embodiments of yin and yang, two complementary forces that constantly play against and with each other and where one cannot exist without the other.
4648:, which applies to various sets of complementary ideas: bright – dark, light – heavy, soft – hard, strong – weak, above – below, ruler – minister, male – female, and so on. Cosmically, these two forces exist in mutual harmony and interdependence. Yin and yang are further divided into five phases (
4545:) with Tao. This is the main goal that all Daoist practices are aiming towards and can be felt in various ways, such as a sense of psychosomatic vitality and aliveness as well as stillness and a "true joy" (zhenle) or "celestial joy" that remains unaffected by mundane concerns like gain and loss.
3362:
Taoist institutions are state-owned, monastics are paid by the government, several bureaus compete for revenues and administrative power, and training centers require courses in Marxism as preparation for full ordination. Still, temple compounds are growing on the five sacred mountains, on Taoist
7281:
Taoism is one of the oldest systems of Taoism and its practices are similar to the shamans and sorcerers of ancient China. Magical Taoism believes there are various natural powers, deities and spirits (benevolent and malevolent) in the universe that can be made use of by specialists who know the
5311:
Another key longevity method is "ingestion", which focuses on what one absorbs or consumes from one's environment and is seen as affecting what one becomes. Diatectics, closely influenced by Chinese medicine, is a key element of ingestion practice, and there are numerous Taoist diet regimens for
2171:; 'master of the Tao'), thus strictly defining the priests of Taoism, ordained clergymen of a Taoist institution who "represent Taoist culture on a professional basis", are experts of Taoist liturgy, and therefore can employ this knowledge and ritual skill for the benefit of a community.
16865:
Napier, Nancy K.; Pham, Hiep-Hung; Nguyen, Ha; Nguyen, Hong Kong; Ho, Manh-Toan; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Cuong, Nghiem Phu Kien; Bui, Quang-Khiem; Nhue, Dam; La, Viet-Phuong; Ho, Tung; Vuong, Quan Hoang (4 March 2018). "'Cultural additivity' and how the values and norms of Confucianism, Buddhism, and
7448:
There is a complex and large pantheon in Taoism. It includes various deities classified into various ranks within an administrative structure, at the top of which are the celestial lords (t'ien-tsun). These include judges, heralds, officers, generals, clerks and messengers. The main division is
7444:
There are various kinds of festivals in Ceremonial Taoism, including "Great Services" (chai-chiao) and Ritual Gatherings (fa-hui) that can last for days and can focus on repentance, rainmaking, disaster aversion or petitioning. There are feast days which honor specific deities. 164 Funerals and
2341:
Afterwards, Taoism developed and grew into two sects; One is Zhengyi Taoism, which mainly focuses on spells, and the other is Quanzhen Taoism, which mainly focuses on practicing inner alchemy. Overall, traditional Taoist thought, content, and sects are varied, reflecting the ideal of "absorbing
7071:
practitioners and scholars, especially Chan Buddhists. On the other hand, Taoism also incorporated Buddhist elements during the Tang dynasty. Examples of such influence include monasteries, vegetarianism, prohibition of alcohol, the doctrine of emptiness, and collecting scripture in tripartite
6620:
celestials as emerging from the glint of light off of a pearl that existed "in the mists of chaos" and trapped in an endless cycle where they continually retrieve the pearl that makes them out of the mists. Some Internal Alchemy Taoists worshipped mercury as "divine water" and an embodiment of
2534:
Early Taoists studied the natural world in attempts to find what they thought were supernatural laws that governed existence. Taoists created scientific principles that were the first of their kind in China, and the belief system has been known to merge scientific, philosophical, and religious
5521:). Internal alchemy (neidan, literally: "internal elixir"), which focuses on the transformation and increase of qi in the body, developed during the late imperial period (especially during the Tang) and is found in almost all Taoist schools today, though it is most closely associated with the
5493:
practices, which include rituals, meditations, exercises, and the creation of various alchemical substances. The goals of alchemy include physical and spiritual transformation, aligning oneself spiritually with cosmic forces, undertaking ecstatic spiritual journeys, improving physical health,
3671:
Dao is a process of reality itself, a way for things to gather together while still changing. All of these reflect the deep-rooted belief of the Chinese people that change is the most fundamental characteristic of things. In the Book of Changes, this pattern of change is symbolized by numbers
2098:
state that "Taoism has never been a unified religion, and has constantly consisted of a combination of teachings based on a variety of original revelations." The distinction is fraught with hermeneutic difficulties when attempting to categorize different schools, sects, and movements. Russell
2085:
themselves, nor the early secondary sources written about them, put forward any particular supernatural ontology. Nonetheless, that religious Taoism emerged from a synthesis of folk religion with philosophical Taoist precepts is clear. The earlier, naturalistic was employed by pre-Han and Han
2089:
However, this distinction has been challenged or rejected by some scholars of religion, often those from a Western or Japanese background, who often use distinct interpretive models and techniques. This point of view characterizes the religious and philosophical characteristics of the Taoist
7817:
as the three gods Tianyi, Diyi, and "the Taiyi". These beings were varyingly interpreted as relatively simple heavenly, earthly, and all-purpose gods respectively, the "supreme deity" (an intangible god that represented the mind of the Tao), "his disciple", the Lord Tao (a more physical god
3559:
and culture. This is because, for most traditional Taoists, the religion is not seen as separate from Chinese ethnicity and culture. As such, most Western convert Taoist groups are led either by Chinese teachers or by teachers who studied with Chinese teachers. Some prominent Western Taoist
7801:
was written, many Taoists told stories and legends about heroes "whose bodies had been rendered invulnerable". This could be achieved by making contact with "dragon's blood" or a river in the afterlife, or drinking the "waters of the 'Well of Life' and eating the 'fungus of immortality'".
13739:. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in Guodian, Jingmen city, Hubei province, has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the
3656:
describes the Tao as an "ontological ground" and as "the One, which is natural, spontaneous, eternal, nameless, and indescribable. It is at once the beginning of all things and the way in which all things pursue their course." The Tao is thus an "organic order", which is not a willful or
4540:
The sages as thus because they have attained the primary goal of Taoism: a union with the Tao and harmonization or alignment with its patterns and flows. This experience is one of being attuned to the Tao and to our own original nature, which already has a natural capacity for resonance
2502:
and his followers insisted they were the heirs of ancient traditions and the ways of life of by-then legendary kingdoms. Pre-Taoist philosophers and mystics whose activities may have influenced Taoism included shamans, naturalists skilled in understanding the properties of plants and
3967:
In Taoism, one's innate or fundamental nature (xing) is ultimately the Tao expressing or manifesting itself as an embodied person. Innate nature is connected with one's heartmind (xin), which refers to consciousness, the heart, and one's spirit. The focus of Taoist psychology is the
6776:
is near to 950 million, which is 70% of Chinese. Among these, 173 million (13%) claim an affiliation with Taoist practices. 12 million people stated that they were "Taoists", a term traditionally used exclusively for initiates, priests, and experts of Taoist rituals and methods.
4333:
into its religious ethical system. Medieval Taoist thought developed the idea that ethics was overseen by a celestial administration that kept records of people's actions and their fate, as well as handed out rewards and punishments through particular celestial administrators.
2478:
were philosophically close to the School of Naturalists and relied greatly on astrological and calendrical speculations in their divinatory activities. Female shamans played an important role in the early Taoist tradition, which was particularly strong in the southern state of
4652:, or five materials): minor yang, major yang, yin/yang, minor yin, major yin. Each of these correlates with a specific substance: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water respectively. This schema is used in many different ways in Taoist thought and practice, from nourishing life (
2259:
meditation as a way of achieving union with the Tao. According to Louis Komjathy, their worldview "emphasized the Dao as sacred, and the universe and each individual being as a manifestation of the Dao." These communities were also closely related to and intermixed with the
14471:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
14438:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
14408:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
4697:(mainly seen as Lord Lao), representing order and creativity. Taoist cosmology influences Taoist soteriology, which holds that one can "return to the root" (guigen) of the universe (and of ourselves), which is also the Tao—the impersonal source (yuan) of all things.
1827:
were immortal beings with vast supernatural powers, also describing a principled, moral person. Since Taoist thought is syncretic and deeply rooted in Chinese culture for millennia, it is often unclear which denominations should be considered "Taoist". The status of
4866:
Different branches of Taoism often have differing pantheons of lesser deities, where these deities reflect different notions of cosmology. Lesser deities also may be promoted or demoted for their activity. Some varieties of popular Chinese religion incorporate the
7269:
There are also various smaller Taoist groups and traditions of practice. Eva Wong divides the major "systems" of Taoism into the following categories: Magical Taoism, Divinational Taoism, Ceremonial Taoism, Internal-Alchemical Taoism and Action and Karma Taoism.
4927:
of living in harmony in the world, it is itself a universe. Most Taoists throughout history have agreed on the importance of self cultivation through various practices, which were seen as ways to transform oneself and integrate oneself to the deepest realities.
4073:"human life is the accumulation of qi; death is its dispersal." Everyone has some amount of qi and can gain and lose qi in various ways. Therefore, Taoists hold that through various qi cultivation methods they can harmonize their qi, and thus improve health and
7411:
Contemporary divinational Taoism is practiced in temples and monasteries by various individuals and may not be sect specific (it is even practiced by non-daoists). This Taoist practice can be found in the Mao-shan sorcerers, the Celestial Masters sect and the
2894:(the teaching of the Tao). The Tang was the height of Taoist influence, during which Taoism, led by the Patriarch of Supreme Clarity, was the dominant religion in China. According to Russell Kirkland, this new Taoist synthesis had its main foundation in the
2849:; Mystery (Dongxuan), associated with Lingbao; and Spirit (Dongshen), associated with the Supreme Clarity tradition. Lu Xiujing also used this schema to arrange the Taoist scriptures and Taoist deities. Lu Xiujing worked to compile the first edition of the
2115:) is a modern Chinese construction largely rooted in earlier Chinese literati, European colonialist, and Protestant missionary interpretations. Contemporaneous Neo-Confucianists, for example, often self-identify as Taoist without partaking in any rituals.
5357:
regulated the body and bodily functions through a bureaucratic system "modeled after the Chinese system of government". Death occurs only when these gods leave, but life can be extended by meditating while visualizing them, doing good deeds, and avoiding
5525:. There are many systems of internal alchemy with different methods such as visualization and breathwork. In the late Imperial period, neidan developed into complex systems that drew on numerous elements, including: classic Taoist texts and meditations,
5417:
Concentration meditation, focusing the mind on one theme, like the breath, a sound, a part of the body (like one of the dantiens), a diagram or mental image, a deity etc. A subset of this is called "guarding the one", which is interpreted in different
2836:
During the sixth century, Taoists attempted to unify the various traditions into one integrated Taoism that could compete with Buddhism and Confucianism. To do this they adopted the schema known as the "three caverns", first developed by the scholar
2118:
In contrast, Komjathy characterizes Taoism as "a unified religious tradition characterized by complexity and diversity.", arguing that historically, none of these terms were understood according to a bifurcated 'philosophy' versus 'religion' model.
3816:
refers to the fact that "there is thus no ultimate cause to make things what they are. The universe exists by itself and of itself; it is existence just as it is. Nothing can be added or substracted from it; it is entirely sufficient upon itself."
13732:
research. The manuscripts, identified simply as "A" (jia) and "B" (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 B.C. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the "A" manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195
7203:
has been made by several authors, such as Martin Aronson, and Toropov & Hansen (2002), who believe that there are parallels that should not be ignored. In the opinion of J. Isamu Yamamoto, the main difference is that Christianity preaches a
7093:
philosophy emphasizing moral behavior and human perfection. In time, most Chinese people identified to some extent with all three traditions simultaneously. This became institutionalized when aspects of the three schools were synthesized in the
4232:
neutrally. However, some of the movements that were dour or skeptical about human nature did not believe that evil is permanent and believed that evil people can become good. Korean Daoists tended to think extremely positively of human nature.
5674:
is not organized in any clear fashion and is a collection of different sayings on various themes. The leading themes of the Tao Te Ching revolve around the nature of Tao, how to attain it and De, the inner power of Tao, as well as the idea of
5059:
5944:, a 4th-century BCE text that describes self-cultivation, meditation, how to work with qi', and how to train one's heart-mind (xin) as well as one's body. The ideas found in this text influenced later Taoist conceptions of internal alchemy.
6919:
represents the different regions, dialects, and time spans that are commonly associated with Taoism. Ancient Taoist art was commissioned by the aristocracy; however, scholars masters and adepts also directly engaged in the art themselves.
3964:. As Russell Kirkland writes, Taoists "generally assume that one's 'self' cannot be understood or fulfilled without reference to other persons, and to the broader set of realities in which all persons are naturally and properly embedded."
1660:). Although Taoism has no simple definitions, possible translations of Tao include 'way', 'road', and 'technique'. Taoist thought has informed the development of various practices within the Taoist tradition and beyond, including forms of
5746:).Zhuangzi also introduced seven versions of the meeting between Laozi and Confucius. Laozi is portrayed as growing old, and his Taoist teachings confuse his famous interlocutors. Zhuangzi also provides the only record of Laozi's death.
6838:. Organized Taoism seems not to have attracted a large non-Chinese following until modern times. In Taiwan, 7.5 million people, 33% of the population, identify themselves as Taoists. Data collected in 2010 for religious demographics of
4958:
According to Louis Komjathy, Taoist practice is a diverse and complex subject that can include "aesthetics, art, dietetics, ethics, health and longevity practice, meditation, ritual, seasonal attunement, scripture study, and so forth."
7647:
Much like Taoists who see writings made by influential members of their faith as having a divine nature, some Taoists view self-cultivation as a way for emotions and self to partake in divinity, and a smaller subset of these view some
5308:, are practiced by Taoists as methods of cultivating health and longevity as well as eliciting internal alchemical transformations. However, these methods are not specifically Taoist and are often practiced outside of Taoist contexts.
3643:
According to Komjathy, the Tao has four primary characteristics: "(1) Source of all existence; (2) Unnamable mystery; (3) All-pervading sacred presence; and (4) Universe as cosmological process." As such, Taoist thought can be seen as
2099:
Kirkland writes that "most scholars who have seriously studied Taoism, both in Asia and in the West" have abandoned this "simplistic dichotomy". Louis Komjathy writes that this is an untenable misconception because "the association of
4211:
was widely viewed by Taoists as a holy land because of influence from the Chinese public that viewed being born in China as a privilege and that outsiders were enemies. Preserving a sense of "Chineseness" in the country and rewarding
14679:; Murray, Daniel M., and James Miller. "TRADUÇAO: A Sociedade Taoísta do Brasil e a globalizaçao do Taoismo da Ortodoxia Unitária." Religare: Revista Do Programa De Pós Graduaç Ao Em Ciências Das Religi Oes Da Ufpb 12 (2016): 315–43.
7794:. In some Taoist sects, the Tao was the primary thing that was venerated and beings that would be gods in other sects were merely treated as supernatural beings similar to gods who could only act in accordance with the Tao's wishes.
4930:
Communal rituals are important in most Taoist traditions, as are methods of self-cultivation. Taoist self-cultivation practices tend to focus on the transformation of the heartmind together with bodily substances and energies (like
2518:
Significant movements in early Taoism disregarded the existence of gods, and many who believed in gods thought they were subject to the natural law of the Tao, in a similar nature to all other life. Roughly contemporaneously to the
7677:
Much of Taoism in general is about cleanliness in some way and involves free thinking, as well as rejecting the gratification of the senses, in order to purify oneself to make the mind like "the sky", "sun", and nature in general.
5438:
Visualization (cunxiang) of various mental images, including deities, cosmic patterns, the lives of saints, various lights in the bodies organs, etc. This method is associated with the Supreme Clarity school, which first developed
1786:. While Taoism and Confucianism often developed in a manner informed by the significant differences between the two traditions, they are not understood to be incompatible or mutually exclusive. The relationship between Taoism and
7673:
Hygiene Taoism is a Taoist tradition meant to increase life and "physical and mental harmony". Some Taoists from the "Hygiene School" believed that they could survive only on their own breath and saliva to purify their bodies.
2267:
Other scholars, like Russell Kirkland, argue that before the Han dynasty, there were no real "Taoists" or "Taoism". Instead, there were various sets of behaviors, practices, and interpretative frameworks (like the ideas of the
3326:, which saw a surge in the popularity of Qigong practice throughout China. During this period many new Taoist and Taoist influenced religions sprung up, the most popular being those associated with Qigong, such as Zangmigong (
2788:(960–1279) and focused on scriptural recitation and the use of talismans for harmony and longevity. The Lingbao school practiced purification rituals called "purgations" in which talismans were empowered. Lingbao also adopted
7506:
sect, though these schools understand ritual as mainly a way to develop internal alchemy. During the Song dynasty, a popular form of ceremonial Taoism was the Thunder Rites (leifa), which focused on exorcism and protection.
7360:
techniques to help one predict the future and live accordingly. This practice can also carry deeper spiritual significance, since it can help one appreciate the flux of the Tao. This form of Taoism owes much to the ancient
4337:
In its original form, the religion does not involve political affairs or complex rituals; on the contrary, it encourages the avoidance of public responsibility and the search for a vision of a spiritual transcendent world.
7067:, distrust of scripture and text, and emphasis on embracing "this life" and living in the "every-moment". Zhuangzi's statements that the Tao was omnipresent and that creation escorts animals and humans to death influenced
4003:
The cultivation of innate nature is often associated with the practice of stillness (jinggong) or quiet meditation, while the cultivation of life-destiny generally revolves around movement based practices (dongong) like
3940:, proposes that the universe works harmoniously according to its own ways. When someone exerts their will against the world in a manner that is out of rhythm with the cycles of change, they may disrupt that harmony and
7565:
forces internally to achieve immortality." A term used by some Taoists that sums up traditions that do not use these practices is "singular path". Most traditions follow the "singular path". These include the Longmen
3751:
sense, as well as to a higher spontaneous kind of sagely virtue or power that comes from following the Tao and practicing wu-wei. Thus, it is a natural expression of the Tao's power and not anything like conventional
3804:") is regarded as a central concept and value in Taoism and as a way of flowing with the Tao. It describes the "primordial state" of all things as well as a basic character of the Tao, and is usually associated with
1840:. Though generally lacking motivation for strong hierarchies, Taoist philosophy has often served as a theoretical foundation for politics, warfare, and Taoist organizations. Taoist secret societies precipitated the
7790:. Some Taoists chose not to worship beings they saw as gods, and only worshipped guardian spirits or "celestials", such as devas, various kinds of beings occupying heaven, members of the celestial bureaucracy, and
5341:
fields" that represented a higher level of reality or a spiritual kind of cinnabar that does not exist in normal reality. A method of meditation used by these Taoists was "visualizing light" that was thought to be
4158:. When some officials came to offer Zhuang zhou a job at court, he replied he preferred to continue to live a life of solitary simplicity, like a turtle who prefers to live in the mud than to be displayed at court.
4142:. Some Taoists viewed ancestors as merely corpses that were improperly revered and respect for the dead as irrelevant and others within groups that followed these beliefs viewed almost all traditions as worthless.
6571:
are more ancient symbols for yin and yang respectively, and these two animals are still widely used in Taoist art. Taoist temples in southern China and Taiwan may often be identified by their roofs, which feature
4986:
One of the earliest schemas for Taoist practice was the "nine practices" or "nine virtues" (jiǔxíng 九行), which were taught in the Celestial Masters school. These were drawn from classic Taoist sources, mainly the
5333:(often 36,000), gods who were likely thought of as at least somewhat mental in nature because of the word's other meaning of consciousness, that could be communed with by doing various methods to manipulate the
2664:
Another important early Taoist movement was Taiqing (Great Clarity), which was a tradition of external alchemy (weidan) that sought immortality through the concoction of elixirs, often using toxic elements like
6284:
and has become a popular morality tract in the last few centuries. It asserts that those in harmony with Tao will live long and fruitful lives. The wicked, and their descendants, will suffer and have shortened
3639:
begins with: "The Tao that can be told is not eternal Tao." Likewise, Louis Komjathy writes that the Tao has been described by Taoists as "dark" (xuan), "indistinct" (hu), "obscure" (huang), and "silent" (mo).
3163:. The Longmen school synthesized the Quanzhen and neidan teachings with the Chan Buddhist and Neo-Confucian elements that the Jingming tradition had developed, making it widely appealing to the literati class.
1740:—widely regarded as the fundamental texts of Taoist philosophy—were largely composed. They form the core of a body of Taoist writings accrued over the following centuries, which was assembled by monks into the
5404:, where it is termed "fasting the heartmind" (xinzhai). This practice is also variously termed "embracing the one" (baoyi), "guarding the one" (shouyi), "quiet sitting" (jingzuo), and "sitting forgetfulness" (
4708:
organs. Another common belief is that there are various gods that reside in human bodies. As a consequence, it is believed that a deeper understanding of the universe can be achieved by understanding oneself.
2254:
Scholars like Harold Roth argue that early Taoism was a series of "inner-cultivation lineages" of master-disciple communities. According to Roth, these practitioners emphasized a contentless and nonconceptual
2135:. Komjathy notes that the earliest Taoist texts also "reveal a religious community composed of master-disciple lineages", and therefore, that "Taoism was a religious tradition from the beginning." Philosopher
7266:"Some sects are concerned with the ritual control of spirits and the cosmic currents of yin and yang; others specialize in inner disciplines of meditation or breath control and mind-body exercise regimes."
15503:
4223:
Foreigners who joined these Taoist sects were made to repent for their sins in another life that caused them to be born "in the frontier wilds" because of Buddhist ideas of reincarnation coming into their
1928:, much like the English "dow". One authority calls the pronunciation with a <t> as in "tie" to be a "mispronunciation" originally caused by the "clumsy Wade-Giles system," which misled most readers.
4066:– "psychosomatic transmutation" or "internal alchemy"). Taoist physical cultivation rely on purifying and transforming the body's qi (vital breath, energy) in various ways such as dieting and meditation.
2086:
thinkers, and continued to be used well into the Song, including among those who explicitly rejected cults, both private and state-sanctioned, that were often either labeled or self-identified as Taoist.
1916:
romanization system, which until the late 20th century was predominant in English-speaking countries and remains in use for certain terms with strongly established spellings. "Dao" is the spelling in the
7691:
in this group of Taoist traditions is that there deities, like the Kitchen Lord, who monitor our actions and report to Heaven and the Jade Emperor (who tallies them and metes out punishment and reward).
7809:
often worshipped local gods, Buddhist gods and devas, and Taoist gods simultaneously, and this population included a significant amount of the Taoists who have ever worshipped devas throughout history.
3499:
and in "popular Western Taoism", a kind of popularized hybrid spirituality. According to Louis Komjathy, this "popular Western Taoism" is associated with popular translations and interpretations of the
7441:
the reading of scripture. These rites are mostly performed by ritual masters who have trained extensively for this role and who may, through their mastery of ritual, intercede on behalf of laypersons.
6476:
generally do not consult published versions of the Daozang, but individually choose or inherit texts included in the Daozang. These texts have been passed down for generations from teacher to student.
4398:
and physical matter were thought of as being the same in a way held together by the microcosm of the spirits of the human body and the macrocosm of the universe itself, represented and embodied by the
2156:
Traditionally, the Chinese language does not have terms defining lay people adhering to the doctrines or the practices of Taoism, who fall instead within the field of folk religion. Taoist, in Western
17226:
3563:
Particularly popular in the West are groups that focus on internal martial arts like Taijiquan, as well as qigong and meditation. A smaller set of groups also focus around internal alchemy, such as
1950:
Firstly, a term encompassing a family of organized religious movements that share concepts and terminology from Taoist philosophy—what can be specifically translated as 'the teachings of the Tao', (
6580:(with the phoenix also standing for yin) made from multicolored ceramic tiles. In general though, Chinese Taoist architecture lacks universal features that distinguish it from other structures.
3886:; 'uncut wood'), the "uncarved log", which represents the "original nature... prior to the imprint of culture" of an individual. It is usually referred to as a state one may return to.
5637:. Authorship, precise date of origin, and even unity of the text are still subject of debate and will probably never be known with certainty. The earliest manuscripts of this work (written on
5350:
or believed in the existence of instead. The light was then channeled through the three cinnabar fields, forming a "microcosmic orbit" or through the hands and feet for a "macrocosmic orbit".
4665:(vital air, subtle breath), which is seen as a force that circulates throughout the universe and throughout human bodies (as both air in the lungs and as a subtle breath throughout the body's
4207:
or "barbarians", and some of these thought of foreigners as people who do not feel "human feelings" and who never live out the correct norms of conduct until they became Taoist. At this time,
3052:
tradition properly developed in Southern China among Taoists of the Chang clan. This liturgically focused tradition would continue to be supported by later emperors and survives to this day.
1614:
5742:
is actually the creator of the 33-chapter Zhuangzi text and that there is no solid historical data for the existence of Zhuang Zhou himself (other than the sparse and unreliable mentions in
3117:
The Ming era saw the rise of the Jingming ("Pure Illumination") school to prominence, which merged Taoism with Buddhist and Confucian teachings and focused on "purity, clarity, loyalty and
4614:—the universe is seen as being in constant change, with various forces and energies (qi) affecting each other in different complex patterns. Taoist cosmology shares similar views with the
1573:
7665:, parts of the celestial hierarchy, metaphorical ideals that people should strive to be like, reclusive Taoist masters who know how to control and harness spiritual energies or shamans.
3236:. A key Taoist figure during this period was Chen Yingning (1880–1969). He was a key member of the early Chinese Taoist Association and wrote numerous books promoting Taoist practice.
17257:
4069:
According to Livia Kohn, qi is "the cosmic energy that pervades all. The concrete aspect of Tao, qi is the material force of the universe, the basic stuff of nature." According to the
3039:
who ended up making him the leader of all Chinese religions as well as exempting Quanzhen institutions from taxation. Another important Quanzhen figure was Zhang Boduan, author of the
15862:
7628:, making his tradition the most powerful in all of China, and contributing to Longmen's lasting influence. Another important Quanzhen lineage is the Qingjing pai, founded by the nun
4537:
through their mastery of the Tao. After shedding their mortal form, spiritual immortals may have many superhuman abilities like flight and are often said to live in heavenly realms.
2657:
period, focusing on ritual confession and petition, as well as developing a well-organized religious structure. The Celestial Masters school was officially recognized by the warlord
3931:
refers to "letting go of egoistic concerns" and "to abstain from forceful and interfering measures that cause tensions and disruption in favor of gentleness, adaptation, and ease."
3110:
continued to invite Taoists to court and hold Taoist rituals that were believed to enhance the power of the throne. The most important of these were connected with the Taoist deity
6849:
Followers of Daoism are present in Chinese émigré communities outside Asia. It has attracted followers with no Chinese heritage. For example, in Brazil there are Daoist temples in
5429:). Neiguan entails developing introspection of one's body and mind, which includes being aware of the various parts of the body as well as the various deities residing in the body.
12371:
4628:
the root of creation Tao rested in deep chaos (ch. 42). Next, it evolved into the One, a concentrated state cosmic unity that is full of creative potential and often described in
4432:" where higher, spiritual versions of Daoists such as Laozi were thought to exist when they were alive and absorb "the purest Yin and Yang" were all possibilities for a potential
3948:
says: "act of things and you will ruin them. Grasp for things and you will lose them. Therefore the sage acts with inaction and has no ruin, lets go of grasping and has no loss."
2716:(Mysterious Learning or Deep Wisdom) tradition, which focused on philosophical inquiry and integrated Confucian teachings with Taoist thought. The movement included scholars like
4586:
3934:
In ancient Taoist texts, wu-wei is associated with water through its yielding nature and the effortless way it flows around obstacles. Taoist philosophy, in accordance with the
10895:
Assandri, Friederike (2020). "Buddhist–Daoist Interaction as Creative Dialogue: The Mind and Dào in Twofold Mystery Teaching". In Anderl, Christoph; Wittern, Christian (eds.).
3465:, are also popular around the world. Its influence is ubiquitous, especially in divination and magical practices. As such, Taoism is now a religion with a global distribution.
1813:, often ones shared with other traditions, which are venerated as superhuman figures exemplifying Taoist virtues. They can be roughly divided into two categories of "gods" and
5576:
was originally viewed as "human wisdom" and "written by humans for humans." It and other important texts "acquired authority...that caused them to be regarded...as sacred."
2653:
The Celestial Masters movement survived this period and did not take part in attempting to replace the Han. As such, they grew and became an influential religion during the
3208:
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Taoism suffered much destruction as a result of religious persecution and numerous wars and conflicts that beset China in the so-called
14671:
Murray, Daniel M. & Miller, James. "The Taoist Society of Brazil and the Globalization of Orthodox Unity Taoism." Journal of Taoist Studies, vol. 6, 2013, pp. 93–114.
11783:
11626:
7661:
as being divine. Xian were viewed in many lights and as completely different types of beings over different times and in different places. They were sometimes viewed as
5572:
Some religious Taoist movements view traditional texts as scriptures that are considered sacred, authoritative, binding, and divinely inspired or revealed. However, the
3695:
rejected wú as the source and held that instead the true source was spontaneous "self-production" (zìshēng 自生) and "self-transformation" (zìhuà 自化). Another school, the
2474:
Both terms were used to designate individuals dedicated to "...magic, medicine, divination,... methods of longevity and to ecstatic wanderings" as well as exorcism. The
5762:
5679:. Tao is said to be ineffable and accomplishes great things through small, lowly, effortless, and "feminine" (yin) ways (which are compared to the behavior of water).
3031:" (Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism), "when investigated, prove to be but one school". Quanzhen became the largest and most important Taoist school in China when master
6760:
movement, which had a strong basis in the lower classes (though even this movement had a hereditary leadership made up of figures of the Chang clan for generations).
10457:(1978). Orsag, Carol; Kempthorne, Elizebethe; Willis, Cathy; Fadness, Fern Bryant; Overman, Laurel; Chase, Linda; Lawson, Wayne; Beadle, Jeremy; Knipe, Judy (eds.).
7044:
with Taoism. Originally seen as a kind of "foreign Taoism", Buddhism's scriptures were translated into Chinese using the Taoist vocabulary. Representatives of early
6655:). Natural symbols are also common, and include gourds, caves, clouds, mountains, and the animals of the Chinese zodiac. Other symbols used by Taoists include: the
5786:
that are not themselves "Taoist" texts but that remain important sources for Taoists. Perhaps the most important of these is the ancient divination text called the
4681:, presenting a natural undirected process in which an apophatic undifferentiated potentiality (called wuwuji, "without non-differentiation") naturally unfolds into
4392:
Taoists' views about what happens in the afterlife tend to include the soul becoming a part of the cosmos (which was often thought of as an illusionary place where
9266:
6483:
has a tradition of approaching Taoism through scriptural study. It is believed that by reciting certain texts often enough one will be rewarded with immortality.
4563:, and Taoist thoughts on immortality were sometimes drawn from Confucian views on heaven and its status as an afterlife that permeates the mortal world as well.
3136:. Thus, during this period, the status and influence of Taoism declined. During the 18th century, the Qing imperial library excluded virtually all Taoist books.
14362:
4559:
Becoming an immortal through the power of yin-yang and heaven, but also specifically Taoist interpretations of the Tao, was sometimes thought of as possible in
4322:
sphere, translated them as: "abstention from aggressive war and capital punishment", "absolute simplicity of living", and "refusal to assert active authority".
8787:
2552:
2515:, tribal chieftains, court scribes and commoner members of governments, members of the nobility in Chinese states, and the descendants of refugee communities.
7838:
was not worshipped alone, although gods do exist that anthropomorphize it in various ways. Laozi was sometimes thought to be a god or "the image of the Tao".
6867:
2543:
17203:
10253:
2178:
framework for the development of local cults", in other words a scheme or structure for Chinese religion, proposed first by the scholar and Taoist initiate
5312:
different effects (such as ascetic diets, monastic diets, therapeutic diets, and alchemical diets that use herbs and minerals). One common practice is the
14576:
4458:
More specifically, possibilities for "the spirit of the body" include "join the universe after death", exploring or serving various functions in parts of
5165:
Apart from these common ethical precepts, Taoist traditions also have larger sets of precepts that are often reserved for ordained priests or monastics.
4798:
in a secondary sense (since they are considered to be emanations from the impersonal and nameless ultimate principle). Some Taoist theology presents the
3414:, where it is a major religion and retains unique features and movements that differ from mainland Taoism. Taoism is also practiced throughout the wider
8279:
7162:
in its dance of assertion/yielding), and where nature takes its course with no gods or masters. Other parallels include the similarities between Daoist
4863:) etc. "Xian" are those who have acquired perfect cultivation of the Tao, persons with vast supernatural powers, unpredictable changes and immortality.
2916:
During the Tang, several emperors became patrons of Taoism, inviting priests to court to conduct rituals and enhance the prestige of the sovereign. The
20518:
15980:
6780:
Since the creation of the People's Republic of China, the government has encouraged a revival of Taoist traditions in codified settings. In 1956, the
2494:(c. 370–290 BCE) was the most influential of the Taoist hermits. Some scholars holds that since he lived in the south, he may have been influenced by
17726:
11027:
7216:, Taoist values have been shown to adapt to social norms and formed emerging sociocultural beliefs together with Confucianism. It also imitates some
5548:. Louis Komjathy adds that neidan seeks to create a transcendent spirit, usually called the "immortal embryo" (xiantai) or "yang spirit" (yangshen).
3756:. Louis Komjathy describes De as the manifestation of one's connection to the Tao, which is a beneficial influence of one's cosmological attunement.
5540:
Livia Kohn writes that the main goal of internal alchemy is generally understood as a set of three transformations: "from essence (jing) to energy (
2523:, some believed the Tao was a force that was the "basis of all existence" and more powerful than the gods, while being a god-like being that was an
23004:
17668:
16672:
10728:
7420:
sects. There are also many lay practitioners that are not affiliated with any specific sect. These lay Taoist practitioners are called "kui-shih".
6126:
6085:
5258:
2326:
A common tradition holds that Laozi founded Taoism. Laozi's historicity is disputed, with many scholars seeing him as a legendary founding figure.
2123:
was a taxonomical category for Taoist texts, that was eventually applied to Taoist movements and priests in the early medieval period. Meanwhile,
4518:
Those who know the Tao, who flow with the natural way of the Tao and thus embody the patterns of the Tao are called sages or "perfected persons" (
22853:
17687:—with Pinyin transcription, interlinear and literary translation, contains a complete dictionary of the book Zhuangzi and a concordance to Laozi.
6613:
Many Taoists saw the Tao as "the pearl of the sage" and a "conjunction between yin... yang." Taoists also revered pearls more generally, seeing
3176:
1836:, or 'Taoist master', is traditionally attributed only to clergy in Taoist organizations, who distinguish between their traditions and others in
15953:
7534:
Internal Alchemy Taoism or Transformation Taoism focuses on internal transformation through the use of various self-cultivation techniques like
3672:
representing 64 related force relationships, known as hexagrams. Dao is the change of these forces, usually simply referred to as yin and yang.
3027:. The Quanzhen school was syncretic, combining elements from Buddhism and Confucianism with Taoist tradition. According to Wang Chongyang, the "
23910:
18183:
14598:
7550:
4091:
4021:
750:
7613:
and preached his teachings, founding various religious communities. His school popularized Internal Alchemy Taoism and the usage of the term.
7449:
between "earlier heaven" deities, who have existed since the beginning of time and "later heaven" deities, mortals who later became immortal.
5122:
carrying images of deities. The various participants are not considered performers, but rather possessed by the gods and spirits in question.
1995:
from the Warring States period. The earliest recorded use of the word 'Tao' to reference such a philosophical school is found in the works of
15002:
15826:
4872:
26193:
23862:
21215:
17580:
16312:
6891:
Throughout Chinese history, there have been many examples of art being influenced by Taoism. Notable painters influenced by Taoism include
4197:, do not believe this and believe that some people are irredeemably evil and destined to be so. Many Taoist movements from around the time
2773:
or ecstatic excursions, visualizations, and alchemical concoctions." The Shangqing revelations also introduced many new Taoist scriptures.
14648:
10308:
8943:, Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social Scientific Approach, vol. 5, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–111,
7554:
These meditative inner alchemical practices are believed to lead to greater longevity and even immortality (union with the Tao at death).
6853:
and Rio de Janeiro that are affiliated with the Taoist Society of China. Membership of these temples is entirely of non-Chinese ancestry.
1368:
24097:
18797:
8501:
6745:, monastics, teachers, householders, ascetics, family lineages, teacher-disciple lineages, urban associations, temples, and monasteries.
5734:, is a highly influential composite text of multi-vocal writings from various sources and historical periods. The commentator and editor
2661:
in 215 CE, legitimizing Cao Cao's rise to power in return. Laozi received imperial recognition as a divinity in the mid-2nd century BCE.
2490:
or recluses who did not participate in political life, while others sought to establish a harmonious society based on Taoist principles.
2148:
per se: while the two umbrella terms have considerable cultural overlap, core themes of both also diverge considerably from one another.
16408:
16213:
14009:
13987:
13965:
12355:
9386:
4436:
to be reborn in. These spiritual versions were thought to be abstract beings that can manifest in that world as mythical beings such as
3291:
3265:. Early proponents of Tai Chi Quan, like Sun Lutang, claimed that Tai Chi was a Taoist internal practice created by the Taoist immortal
24940:
22898:
22825:
20043:
19144:
17074:
11973:
7075:
Ideological and political rivals for centuries, Taoism, Confucianism,Hinduism and Buddhism deeply influenced one another. For example,
3442:
5544:), from energy to spirit (shen), and from spirit to Dao." Common methods for this include engaging the subtle body and activating the
4879:), one of the Three Pure Ones, as the highest God. Historical Taoist figures, and people who are considered to have become immortals (
4876:
3250:
and waiting until after death to live in "the dwelling of the immortals" was one of the faith's most popular and influential beliefs.
25218:
22703:
19122:
5261:(647–735). The goal of these methods range from better health and longevity to immortality. Key elements of these "nourishing life" (
3992:(life destiny), which is one's corporeal existence, one's body and vitality. Generally speaking, Taoist cultivation seeks a holistic
3979:(ch.14) calls this pure original heartmind the "inner heartmind", "an awareness that precedes language", and "a lodging place of the
3421:
23149:
18775:
14127:
431:
22989:
22863:
22848:
7632:(1119–1182), the only female member of the "seven perfected". Today, Quanzhen is mainly made up of celibate monastics who practice
7320:
According to Eva Wong, the main sects of magical Taoism today are the Maoshan sect (a very secretive sect, not to be confused with
1971:
largely based on core Taoist texts themselves—a term that can be translated as 'the philosophical school of the Tao' or 'Taology' (
15676:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
14895:
12757:
White, R.J. Teaching the Dao: monotheism, transcendence, and intercultural philosophy. Int. Commun. Chin. Cult 8, 271–287 (2021).
9119:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
9083:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
5537:, and Buddhist influences. Neidan systems tend to be passed on through oral master-disciple lineages that are often to be secret.
4775:, given its philosophical emphasis on the formlessness and unknowable nature of the Tao, and the primacy of the "Way" rather than
3551:
On the other hand, traditionally minded Taoists in the West are often either ethnically Chinese or generally assume some level of
2866:, which merged the high deities from different Taoist traditions into a common trinity that has remained influential until today.
17937:
6768:
The number of Taoists is difficult to estimate, due to a variety of factors, including defining Taoism. According to a survey of
5237:
4892:. Being one with the Tao does not necessarily indicate a union with an eternal spirit in, for example, the Hindu theistic sense.
3739:; often translated with virtue or power), in a sense that De results from an individual living and cultivating the Tao. The term
16866:
Taoism co-exist, interact, and influence Vietnamese society: A Bayesian analysis of long-standing folktales, using R and Stan".
10528:
Herman, Jonathan R. (2001), "Taoist Environmentalism in the West: Ursula K. Le Guin's Reception and Transmission of Taoism," in
15785:
14706:
12458:
1684:, a deeper appreciation of the Tao, and more harmonious existence. Taoist ethics vary, but generally emphasize such virtues as
25855:
7305:, as well as specific rites. Protection rites often include ritual petitions to the celestial deities of the northern bushel.
4130:
was important and their differing views on it and humanity's place in the universe were a point of distinction from Confucian
27733:
23009:
17889:
17809:
17785:
17761:
17738:
17716:
17680:
17619:
17600:
17568:
17502:
17483:
17464:
17445:
17350:
17303:
17246:
17183:
17137:
17101:
17068:
16954:
16912:
16855:
16815:
16643:
16587:
16535:
16497:
16402:
16381:
16306:
16207:
16165:
16141:
16025:
15990:
15899:
15848:
15525:
15166:
14940:
14769:
14485:
14452:
14422:
14274:
13292:
12335:
12265:
12184:
12149:
11884:
11811:
11727:
11654:
11556:
10988:
10924:
10671:
10494:
10423:
10233:
10047:
9922:
9332:
9311:
9247:
9175:
8956:
8849:
8603:
8265:
8104:
6595:
of the 2nd millennium BCE, Chinese thought regarded the Big Dipper as a deity, while, in later periods, it came to symbolize
5817:, which was later adopted as a Taoist text by Taoists (who also saw master Mo – Mozi – as a Taoist immortal and included the
5651:–249). Apart from the Guodian text and the Wang Bi edition, another alternative version exists, the Mawangdui Tao Te Chings.
1794:
is characterized as one of mutual influence, with long-running discourses shared between Taoists and Buddhists; the distinct
17107:
16171:
16031:
14623:
10874:
9442:
8110:
2025:. This particular usage precedes the emergence of the Celestial Masters and associated later religions. It is unlikely that
23474:
20513:
17897:
13926:
7228:
4618:. Taoist cosmology focuses on the impersonal transformations (zaohua) of the universe, which are spontaneous and unguided.
12223:
7818:
representing the Tao), and Lord Lao (Laozi "deified"), or an emanation of the Tao that was ultimately singular in nature.
7033:, hierarchical social order, and conventional morality, and favors "naturalness", spontaneity, and individualism instead.
4915:, Early Ming dynasty (1368–1644). This silk scroll painting is based on the story that the Yellow Emperor went out to the
3575:
philosophy as well as with various health practices, such as breathing, diet, meditation, qigong, and soft martial arts."
2909:(850–933). Du wrote numerous works about Taoist rituals, history, myth, and biography. He also reorganized and edited the
1875:, and also has significant populations of adherents throughout the Sinosphere and Southeast Asia. In the West, Taoism has
23592:
22873:
22474:
18747:
17855:
13702:
10545:
7703:
Taoism has traditionally been divided into religious Taoism and philosophical Taoism (Dàojiào and Dàojiā), respectively.
6272:
2765:
schools. Shangqing was based on a series of revelations by gods and spirits to a certain Yang Xi between 364 and 370. As
1460:
13639:
13558:
9263:
5225:
2483:. Early Taoist movements developed their own tradition in contrast to shamanism while also absorbing shamanic elements.
24424:
23802:
23532:
23414:
22868:
21453:
19407:
18420:
13711:
8385:
7949:
7428:
5641:) date back to the late 4th century BCE, and these contain significant differences from the later received edition (of
4034:, a diagram which illustrates the complex Taoist schema of the body as a way to aid practitioners of inner cultivation.
2846:
1078:
25481:
15923:
8913:
6748:
According to Russell Kirkland, throughout most of its history, most Taoist traditions "were founded and maintained by
5337:
of the body, as well as its qi. These Taoists also thought of the human body as a metaphorical existence where three "
4000:). Taoism believes in a "pervasive spirit world that is both interlocked with and separate from the world of humans."
3157:(1734–1821) and Min Yide (1758–1836) worked to promote and preserve Taoist inner alchemy practices through books like
2580:(206 BCE–220 CE), the various sources of Taoism had coalesced into a coherent tradition of ritualists in the state of
25506:
23852:
22678:
19928:
19062:
18839:
17657:
17638:
17540:
17521:
17426:
17407:
17388:
17369:
17331:
17160:
17038:
17001:
16973:
16935:
16890:
16834:
16796:
16777:
16756:
16733:
16714:
16688:
16662:
16606:
16554:
16516:
16475:
16456:
16437:
16360:
16341:
16276:
16257:
16238:
16093:
15716:
15683:
15629:
14977:
14354:
13520:
12826:
12120:
12045:
12008:
11934:
11508:
11370:
9215:
9126:
9090:
8889:
8752:
8197:
7997:
5928:, a 4th-century BCE classic Taoist work, which during the Tang was seen as the third great Taoist work alongside the
3212:. This period of persecution was caused by numerous factors including Confucian prejudices, anti-traditional Chinese
2197:
1388:
71:
8777:
5414:
is a key text that outlines this method. The practice is also closely connected with the virtue of wuwei (inaction).
3253:
The 20th century was also a creative period for Taoism despite its many setbacks. The Taoist influenced practice of
27655:
26487:
26186:
26038:
23905:
21463:
19089:
14649:"Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion"
14601:. Taiwan Government Information Office, Department of Civil Affairs, Ministry of the Interior. 2006. Archived from
8002:
6491:
4416:
who can appear in the human world at will, but normally lives in another plane. "acred forests and mountains" or a
4038:
Many Taoist practices work with ancient Chinese understandings of the body, its organs and parts, "elixir fields" (
3491:
centers, and translations of Taoist texts by western scholars as well as non-specialists. Taoist classics like the
2950:, who is considered the founder of the jindan meditation tradition and an influential figure in the development of
1518:
46:
12900:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales"
12077:
11757:
7549:
The basic worldview of this Taoist tradition is that all beings are born with certain forms of energy (mainly the
6516:
5400:
or quietistic meditation, which was the main method of classical Taoism and can be found in classic texts like the
4201:
elements started being syncretized with Daoism had an extremely negative view of foreigners, referring to them as
27537:
26812:
26808:
26638:
26309:
26068:
24090:
23867:
23762:
22888:
22883:
22839:
22469:
21313:
20572:
19562:
18920:
18790:
18515:
14551:
2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in
11718:
Guangwei, He; Hualing, Tong; Wenzhen, Yang; Zhenguo, Chang; Zeru, Li; Ruicheng, Dong; Weijan, Gong, eds. (1999).
10250:
6932:
positions justified a strong emperor as the legitimate ruler, the Taoist "primitivists" (of chapters 8–11 of the
6784:
was formed to administer the activities of all registered Taoist orders, and received official approval in 1957.
6289:
6246:
5448:
3487:, leading to various forms of Taoist communities in the West, with Taoist publications, websites, meditation and
3281:
3159:
1181:
25676:
9692:
6946:
in which the political life is presented with disdain and some kind of pluralism or perspectivism is preferred.
6815:
tradition. Since 1980, many Taoist monasteries and temples have been reopened or rebuilt, both belonging to the
5663:
that were written, circulated, edited, and rewritten by different hands. He also suggests that authors from the
2932:) was constructed. Wudang would eventually become a major center for Taoism and a home for Taoist martial arts (
2796:, worldview, scriptures, and practices, and created a vast new collection of Taoist texts in close imitation of
2455:
folk religions in China. In particular, many Taoist practices drew from the Warring States era phenomena of the
27728:
26094:
25254:
23722:
23547:
22820:
21839:
21780:
21667:
21546:
21478:
19906:
19544:
19463:
18844:
18640:
14568:
13735:
Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the
4888:
Despite these hierarchies of deities, most conceptions of Tao should not be confused with the Western sense of
4819:) believed in by Taoism can be roughly divided into two categories, namely "gods" and "xian". "Gods" refers to
2021:
1960:), often interpreted as the Taoist "religion proper", or the "mystical" or "liturgical" aspects of Taoism. The
1879:, both those hewing to historical practice, as well as highly synthesized practices variously characterized as
1373:
527:
320:
21959:
21834:
14297:
were symbolized by the tiger and dragon, and this symbolism has continued through the history of later Taoism.
7392:. There many forms of Daoist divination, they include: celestial divination (which include various systems of
6610:
Some Taoists saw the stars as "knots in the 'net of Heaven'" that connected everything in "heaven and earth".
4354:
4107:
3149:) school of Wang Kunyang (1552–1641), a branch of Quanzhen from southern China that became established at the
2430:
Meanwhile, Isabelle Robinet identifies four components in the emergence of Taoism: the teachings found in the
27743:
27738:
26253:
24668:
24253:
23872:
23287:
23024:
22688:
22537:
22459:
21881:
20923:
20476:
19115:
18630:
18395:
8941:
Rituals and Practices in World Religions: Cross-Cultural Scholarship to Inform Research and Clinical Contexts
8287:
7822:
7744:
Taoists venerated one or more of these kinds of spiritual entities: "deified heroes...forces of nature" and "
7469:
6535:
5899:
5692:
commentary, was most likely written in the 2nd century CE. Other important commentaries include the one from
5075:
to gods and ancestors, which could include slaughtered animals (such as pigs and ducks) or fruit. The Taoist
4964:
4704:
of the universe, and thus the cosmological forces, like the five phases, are also present in the form of the
3370:
at Beijing remains the most important center for the training of Taoist monastics on the mainland, while the
2689:
2684:
After this point, Taoism did not have nearly as significant an effect on the passing of law as the syncretic
2382:
2283:
1769:
1363:
1063:
389:
261:
18935:
13728:
silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern
12295:
10897:
Chán Buddhism in Dūnhuáng and Beyond: A Study of Manuscripts, Texts, and Contexts in Memory of John R. McRae
7813:
The trinity is thought by scholars to have evolved into the Three Pure Ones. It was thought of in the early
7491:
The largest and most prominent sect of Ceremonial Taoism is the Way of the Celestial Masters, also known as
26335:
26073:
25978:
25626:
24343:
23930:
23732:
20945:
19695:
19057:
18965:
18834:
18635:
17881:
7862:
7325:
6757:
6496:
5534:
4762:
4553:
4059:
3771:
in front of a waterfall. The natural downward flow of water is a common metaphor for naturalness in Taoism.
2627:
2524:
2358:
1791:
1358:
1095:
21969:
6539:
Chinese Taoist Priest's Robe, 19th century. Aside from Taoist symbols like the dragon, it also adopts the
4790:
concepts in Taoism. However, Taoism does include many deities and spirits and thus can also be considered
3910:. Butcher Ding was so expert at butchering a carcass, that he barely had to use any force to cut the meat.
1925:
439:
27606:
26179:
25877:
25591:
24220:
23940:
23652:
23647:
23419:
21942:
21903:
21458:
21372:
20940:
19312:
19031:
18019:
17930:
12367:
11969:
11864:
10651:
10403:
10176:
8470:
7385:
6982:
4666:
4649:
4047:
3533:
2886:
The new Integrated Taoism, now with a united Taoist identity, gained official status in China during the
2408:
693:
217:
21974:
21964:
16747:
A theology of world religions: Interpreting God, self, and world in Semitic, Indian, and Chinese thought
9911:
The Story of China: The Epic History of a World Power from the Middle Kingdom to Mao and the China Dream
9838:
Littlejohn, Ronnie (n.d.). "Taoist Philosophy". The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002.
5968:), an old text (5th–6th century BCE) that claims that Laozi traveled to China and is thus the source of
4740:
3635:
cosmic laws." The Tao is ultimately indescribable and transcends all analysis and definition. Thus, the
2769:
writes, these revelations included detailed descriptions of the heavens as well as "specific methods of
1876:
27723:
27676:
26323:
26263:
25744:
25413:
24719:
24495:
24083:
22718:
22663:
22359:
21099:
20616:
19307:
19249:
19036:
18893:
18783:
17838:
15887:
14506:
13050:
10486:
10464:
8096:
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World – From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present
7992:
6781:
6644:
3415:
3351:
2820:
1992:
1896:
1480:
299:
24129:
20697:
7515:
5754:
rules, but this uselessness is actually a wiser alternative, since it is more in accord with reality.
2329:
While Taoism is often regarded in the West as arising from Laozi, many Chinese Taoists claim that the
1924:
The Standard Chinese pronunciation of both romanizations of the character "Dao" is the same, that is,
26968:
26634:
25950:
24162:
24152:
23965:
23754:
23612:
23064:
21952:
21731:
21362:
20992:
20557:
19689:
19441:
19278:
19233:
19077:
19072:
18805:
18715:
16706:
15945:
12104:
8420:
7310:
7158:
describes a naturalist cosmology where there are only atoms and void (a primal duality which mirrors
7116:
encouraged this, and Taoists who agreed with him and his laws incorporated elements of Christianity,
6604:
5214:
5076:
3664:
in themselves, as well as in natural and social patterns. Thus, the Tao is also the "innate nature" (
3371:
3004:
1485:
1418:
22070:
17090:
Toropov, Brandon; Hansen, Chadwick (2002). "Chapter 15: The Tao and the Judeo-Christian Tradition".
14602:
9767:"On the Historical Background and Ideological Resources of the Confluence of Islam and Confucianism"
4810:
is considered the incarnation of one of the three and worshiped as the ancestral founder of Taoism.
27748:
26053:
25616:
24866:
24706:
24703:
24429:
24263:
24248:
23469:
23429:
23384:
23174:
23164:
22969:
22723:
22548:
22484:
22454:
22344:
22109:
22018:
21986:
21947:
21859:
20766:
20023:
19959:
19429:
19414:
19108:
18400:
16680:
15150:
9906:
7461:
6652:
4744:
4724:
4163:
2965:, were active in promoting Taoism, collecting Taoist texts, and publishing updated editions of the
2939:
1782:
1703:
1053:
800:
20466:
15010:
3700:
27486:
27292:
27116:
26768:
26318:
25631:
25572:
25525:
25383:
25346:
24714:
24629:
24619:
24543:
24409:
24381:
23920:
23857:
23807:
23767:
23712:
23347:
23342:
23232:
23179:
23069:
22999:
22795:
22606:
22521:
21726:
21704:
21503:
21325:
20850:
20508:
20435:
20119:
19490:
19290:
19199:
19083:
18990:
18898:
18437:
18405:
18368:
18203:
18189:
15919:
15621:
14969:
13922:
13554:
13512:
12818:
12436:
12218:
12037:
12000:
11926:
11753:
11500:
10478:
10458:
9045:
8909:
8841:
8007:
7944:
7826:
7113:
6453:
5329:
5130:
Taking up and living by sets of ethical precepts is another important practice in Taoism. By the
4701:
4181:
4111:
4103:
3960:
The Taoist view of the self is a holistic one that rejects the idea of a separate individualized
3941:
3343:
3008:
2962:
2925:
2917:
2647:
2557:
2365:) and its relationship to humanity. According to modern scholars of Taoism, such as Kirkland and
1880:
1841:
1058:
1026:
865:
768:
756:
27628:
17577:
17343:
The Secret of Everlasting Life: The first translation of the ancient Chinese text on immortality
16808:
Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China
16296:
7089:), was a Confucian. The three rivals also share some similar values, with all three embracing a
5098:, street parades take place. These are lively affairs that involve firecrackers, the burning of
5043:
3986:
Taoists see life (sheng) as an expression of the Tao. The Tao is seen as granting each person a
3652:(the Tao is both the sacred world and what is beyond it, immanent and transcendent). Similarly,
3171:
2334:
those espoused by early Taoism. On waking from his dream, Huangdi sought to" bring about "these
27621:
27247:
26993:
26829:
25764:
25696:
24776:
24614:
24192:
24167:
24157:
23787:
23682:
23642:
23622:
23479:
23454:
23359:
23332:
23282:
23252:
23242:
23159:
23124:
23109:
23094:
23049:
22984:
22658:
22589:
22494:
22489:
22230:
22153:
21915:
21797:
21721:
21518:
21508:
21367:
21335:
21273:
21244:
20761:
20756:
20453:
20413:
20198:
19539:
19534:
19514:
19510:
18888:
18495:
18111:
17923:
14752:
Roth, Harold D. (27 September 2014). "Huainanzi: The Pinnacle of Classical Daoist Syncretism".
14655:
14260:
10315:
8935:
Guoqing, Yu (2020), Yaden, David Bryce; Zhao, Yukun; Peng, Kaiping; Newberg, Andrew B. (eds.),
8068:
7328:
and the Kun-Lun sect (which is strongly influenced by Tibetan magic and make use of Taoist and
7245:
6753:
6648:
5313:
5209:
5142:
4908:
4203:
4168:
Daoist ethics tends to emphasize various themes from the Taoist classics, such as naturalness (
4094:, which is a specifically Taoist schema of the main elements in Taoist physical practices like
3993:
3588:
3209:
3122:
1748:
canon starting in the 5th century CE. Early Taoism drew upon diverse influences, including the
1158:
858:
805:
17:
16871:
16371:
8493:
7340:
7212:, have argued that some moral and ethical tenets of the religions are similar. In neighboring
6643:
Symbols that represent longevity and immortality are particularly popular, and these include:
6310:(Longmen Pai), composed by the founder Wang Changyue (1622?–80), focus on Daoist monasticism:
4424:
realm inconceivable and incomprehensible by normal humans and even the virtuous Confucius and
4062:
and is used for health practices as well as for somatic and spiritual transformation (through
2443:
techniques for achieving ecstasy, practices for achieving longevity and becoming an immortal (
27447:
26978:
26606:
26467:
26278:
26001:
25940:
25920:
25754:
25666:
25646:
25636:
25269:
25118:
24751:
24683:
24591:
24558:
24386:
24366:
24172:
24028:
23973:
23890:
23842:
23817:
23617:
23439:
23434:
23302:
23292:
23114:
22790:
22733:
22553:
22499:
21920:
21898:
21817:
21758:
21424:
20863:
20724:
19886:
19485:
19397:
19021:
18883:
18829:
18116:
16392:
16197:
15740:
Zürcher, Erik (1980). "Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism: A Survey of Scriptural Evidence".
14932:
14756:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 6. Springer Netherlands. pp. 341–365.
14004:
13982:
13960:
12257:
11675:
Zürcher, Erik (1980). "Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism: A Survey of Scriptural Evidence".
10722:
9914:
7886:
7767:
7720:
6773:
6374:
5135:
4615:
4572:
4560:
4481:." They are also often seen as being made up of "pure breath and light" and as being able to
3308:
3229:
3064:
2733:
2709:
2400:
2370:
2275:
2145:
1837:
1757:
1710:
810:
20744:
20692:
17514:
A Path And A Practice: Using Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching as a Guide to an Awakened Spiritual Life
17058:
7251:
Today, there are various living Taoist traditions, the largest and most influential are the
7104:
and Taoist contact often took place in the Tang dynasty, and some scholars believe that the
3996:
form of training that is described as "dual cultivation of innate nature and life-destiny" (
26953:
26586:
26018:
25973:
25935:
25882:
25811:
25567:
25363:
25274:
25097:
25067:
24808:
24336:
24182:
24177:
24018:
24008:
23993:
23900:
23827:
23797:
23772:
23737:
23697:
23692:
23667:
23537:
23459:
23409:
23389:
23379:
23267:
23214:
23189:
23039:
23034:
23014:
22979:
22964:
22908:
22683:
22616:
22584:
22464:
22399:
22265:
22143:
21996:
21876:
21775:
21687:
21655:
21650:
21498:
21230:
20525:
20109:
19869:
19480:
19424:
19375:
19360:
19213:
17867:
17123:
11965:
10515:
7278:
7188:
7180:) as opposed to conventional virtues, and the prominence of the Epicurus-like Chinese sage
7148:
have focused on the absence of a creator or gods controlling the forces of nature in both.
6700:
6199:), a 6th-century CE text that was adopted by Quanzen school as one of their key scriptures.
6055:
5278:
5242:
4127:
4114:(神, spirit, subtle consciousness, a capacity to connect with the subtle spiritual reality).
3545:
3541:
3537:
3525:
3426:
2812:
1511:
1322:
573:
19722:
18333:
7841:"Some Taoist adepts" worshipped thousands of gods that were thought to exist in the body.
7734:
that contained numerous ministries and officials and which was "modelled on...the earthly
6997:
3090:
for state bureaucratic purposes. Taoist ideas also influenced Neo-Confucian thinkers like
2471:("method masters", which probably derived from the "archivist-soothsayers of antiquity").
8:
27601:
26783:
26616:
26591:
26472:
26268:
26159:
26114:
26104:
26063:
26011:
25996:
25925:
25905:
25887:
25719:
25686:
25547:
25534:
25341:
25138:
25049:
25004:
24910:
24796:
24609:
24457:
24023:
23998:
23978:
23955:
23882:
23832:
23812:
23727:
23717:
23672:
23632:
23587:
23582:
23572:
23562:
23557:
23552:
23542:
23527:
23522:
23517:
23512:
23507:
23484:
23394:
23369:
23247:
23237:
23199:
23169:
23154:
23139:
23129:
23119:
23084:
23079:
23029:
22974:
22949:
22893:
22750:
22738:
22626:
22621:
22611:
22479:
22280:
22193:
22138:
22114:
22001:
21886:
21844:
21639:
21488:
21116:
20908:
20793:
20589:
20391:
20276:
20204:
20094:
20015:
19842:
19495:
19319:
19165:
19067:
18995:
18975:
17750:
16103:
Chan, Kim-Kwong (2005). "Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios".
14131:
13707:
9207:
8782:
8381:
8051:
8012:
7309:
is also a widespread practice. A commonly used method of divination in magical Taoism is
7192:
6788:
5875:
an ancient Chinense medical text that was influential on Taoist inner cultivation theory.
5387:
4803:
4733:
4319:
4217:
4213:
3854:
3805:
3240:
3106:) rose to prominence, being part of local plays and folk culture. Ming emperors like the
3079:
3012:
1921:
system, officially adopted in China in the 1950s, which has largely replaced Wade–Giles.
457:
24871:
6846:
show that, respectively, 14% and 11% of the people of these cities identify as Taoists.
5622:
has been a central text, used for ritual, self-cultivation, and philosophical purposes.
5382:
There are many methods of Taoist meditation (often referred to as "stillness practice",
5102:, and flower-covered floats broadcasting traditional music. They also variously include
4900:
4485:, and some Taoists believed their afterlife natural "paradises" were palaces of heaven.
3277:
2942:(r. 712–755) was also a devoted Taoist who wrote various Taoist works, and according to
2646:", seeking to create a new world by replacing the Han dynasty. This movement led to the
27474:
26684:
26659:
26202:
26109:
26078:
26058:
26006:
25988:
25963:
25958:
25910:
25897:
25864:
25759:
25661:
25596:
25552:
25496:
25336:
25165:
25059:
24967:
24771:
24650:
24641:
24604:
24599:
24505:
24500:
24477:
24396:
24210:
24137:
24003:
23983:
23950:
23847:
23837:
23782:
23777:
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23687:
23677:
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23637:
23607:
23602:
23577:
23567:
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23464:
23449:
23354:
23327:
23317:
23277:
23262:
23257:
23209:
23204:
23144:
23099:
23059:
22954:
22941:
22728:
22653:
22526:
22349:
22023:
21981:
21822:
21790:
21765:
21692:
21672:
21493:
21441:
21429:
21407:
20999:
20957:
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20665:
20660:
20655:
20486:
20270:
20246:
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19549:
19297:
19243:
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18876:
18762:
18742:
18732:
18683:
18625:
18161:
17981:
17702:
17172:
16924:
16745:
16426:
16330:
16120:
16068:
15854:
15802:
15765:
14892:
12921:
11876:
11700:
10938:
10663:
10450:
10415:
10206:
10198:
10167:
8627:
8448:
8326:
8046:
7649:
7641:
7621:
7598:
7567:
7543:
7498:
Ceremonies are practiced, to a lesser extent, in the Longmen (Dragon Gate) sect of the
7413:
7401:
7256:
7105:
6884:
6800:
6712:
6560:
yin-yang taijitu originated as a Taoist symbol in the 10th century CE during the early
6307:
5797:
5526:
5397:
5262:
5230:
5154:
4916:
4772:
4653:
4635:
4603:
4078:
4009:
3822:
3454:
3407:
3395:
3367:
3181:
3150:
2816:
2793:
2643:
2631:
2256:
2235:
2179:
1891:
1868:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1342:
1307:
745:
674:
356:
348:
21111:
20670:
20298:
20028:
6741:
Taoist communities can include a wide variety of people and groups, including daoshi,
3453:
Outside of China, many traditionally Taoist practices have spread, especially through
2369:, Taoist philosophy also developed by drawing on numerous schools of thought from the
2127:
was originally used to specifically distinguish Taoist tradition from Buddhism. Thus,
375:
27702:
27640:
27513:
27467:
27442:
27424:
26699:
26566:
26407:
26289:
26221:
26147:
26048:
26043:
26028:
25968:
25930:
25915:
25872:
25443:
25403:
25321:
25249:
25232:
25210:
24838:
24813:
24624:
24444:
24187:
24060:
24054:
23988:
23945:
23935:
23925:
23915:
23822:
23742:
23702:
23627:
23597:
23489:
23444:
23424:
23399:
23374:
23337:
23322:
23297:
23272:
23184:
23134:
23089:
23074:
23054:
23044:
23019:
22959:
22903:
22668:
22444:
22040:
22011:
21935:
21930:
21891:
21829:
21785:
21770:
21753:
21748:
21743:
21682:
21417:
21303:
21069:
21039:
21019:
20840:
20645:
20626:
20621:
20567:
20530:
20251:
20166:
20089:
19987:
19977:
19945:
19933:
19901:
19878:
19860:
19756:
19611:
19519:
19505:
19468:
19456:
19285:
19204:
19156:
19041:
19026:
19005:
18960:
18861:
18821:
18813:
18383:
18178:
17990:
17954:
17805:
17799:
17781:
17757:
17734:
17712:
17676:
17653:
17634:
17615:
17596:
17564:
17536:
17517:
17498:
17479:
17460:
17441:
17422:
17403:
17384:
17365:
17346:
17327:
17299:
17242:
17218:
17179:
17156:
17149:
17133:
17127:
17097:
17064:
17034:
16997:
16969:
16950:
16931:
16908:
16886:
16867:
16851:
16830:
16811:
16792:
16773:
16767:
16752:
16729:
16710:
16684:
16658:
16639:
16602:
16583:
16550:
16531:
16512:
16493:
16471:
16452:
16433:
16398:
16377:
16356:
16337:
16302:
16272:
16253:
16234:
16203:
16161:
16137:
16089:
16082:
16072:
16021:
15986:
15895:
15858:
15844:
15794:
15757:
15722:
15712:
15689:
15679:
15635:
15625:
15521:
15162:
14983:
14973:
14946:
14936:
14765:
14481:
14448:
14418:
14270:
13526:
13516:
13288:
13053:, "Chinese Medicine: From Temples to Taoism," T'ai Chi, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1996): 28–33.
12832:
12822:
12331:
12271:
12261:
12180:
12145:
12116:
12051:
12041:
12014:
12004:
11940:
11930:
11880:
11807:
11723:
11692:
11650:
11552:
11514:
11504:
11366:
10984:
10942:
10930:
10920:
10710:
10667:
10490:
10419:
10229:
10210:
10190:
9918:
9788:
9307:
9243:
9211:
9181:
9171:
9163:
9155:
9132:
9122:
9096:
9086:
8962:
8952:
8885:
8855:
8845:
8758:
8748:
8599:
8452:
8440:
8100:
8056:
7896:
7393:
7377:
7213:
7200:
7196:
6835:
6769:
6636:
and various historiographies made in prior dynasties to assign a phase from the five
6191:
6133:
5638:
5545:
5182:
5150:
5095:
5068:
4713:
4682:
4599:
3834:
3801:
3584:
3529:
3296:
3221:
3045:, a classic of internal alchemy, and the founder of the southern branch of Quanzhen.
2770:
2674:
2495:
2462:
2222:
1961:
1937:
1856:
1665:
1661:
1041:
815:
667:
649:
633:
628:
283:
275:
21523:
21121:
20781:
20535:
18432:
17818:
The Tao of Steve, a 2000 film directed by Jenniphr Goodman and starring Donal Logue.
17031:
A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion
16124:
14850:
14702:
12925:
10226:
Lost T'ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch'ing Dynasty (Chinese Philosophy and Culture)
7695:
not affiliated with a Taoist sect who may still follow Karmic Taoism in daily life.
5091:
observing the ethical precepts, memorials, chanting, lectures, and communal feasts.
4507:, the goal is to become a sage, which he equates with being a "spiritual immortal" (
4373:
Taoists have different religious goals that include Taoist conceptions of sagehood (
4308:; 'not daring to act as first under the heavens', but usually translated as
2924:
was to be a topic in the imperial examinations. During the reign of the 7th century
27596:
27560:
27542:
27531:
27182:
26241:
26236:
26099:
26033:
26023:
25724:
25671:
25621:
25601:
25562:
25557:
25398:
25326:
25044:
24955:
24846:
24818:
24803:
24766:
24472:
24452:
24419:
24324:
24286:
24013:
23895:
23792:
23404:
23364:
23312:
23307:
23224:
23194:
23104:
22994:
22858:
22810:
22805:
22369:
22334:
22307:
22065:
22050:
21925:
21849:
21699:
21677:
21585:
21446:
21225:
21188:
21044:
21029:
20977:
20771:
20751:
20719:
20714:
20685:
20680:
20604:
20594:
20423:
20387:
20379:
20350:
20263:
20183:
20178:
20141:
20131:
20057:
19995:
19837:
19674:
19524:
19182:
19000:
18970:
18871:
18866:
18720:
18674:
18657:
17963:
17829:
17269:
17151:
The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought
17060:
Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China
16112:
16060:
15836:
15749:
15513:
14757:
14672:
12966:
12911:
12463:
12300:
11872:
11791:
11684:
11634:
10912:
10908:
10702:
10659:
10411:
10408:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)
10180:
9778:
8944:
8840:. Consulting work done by Cheng Kam Fong (Revised and Updated ed.). New York:
8432:
7775:
7763:
7735:
7711:
Some Taoist sects are expressly religious in the Western sense. "Lord Heaven" and "
7601:
who was said in legends to have met and learned secret methods from two immortals:
7523:
7480:. Taoists may also honor local spirits and deities, as well Buddhist deities (like
7417:
7389:
7329:
7321:
7241:
7095:
7068:
7045:
7037:
6892:
6875:
6749:
6673:
6656:
6480:
6428:
6074:
6017:
5783:
5250:
5083:
4776:
4580:
4488:
Taoists who sought to become one of the many different types of immortals, such as
4389:, variously understood as a kind of transcendent post-mortem state of the spirit).
4194:
3969:
3696:
3556:
3375:
3331:
3316:
3133:
3068:
2929:
2879:
2856:
2758:
2512:
2412:
2136:
1681:
1633:
1629:
1582:
1541:
1423:
1332:
1317:
176:
125:
21662:
17886:
8436:
8257:
5860:
4346:
4087:(Inward Training) is one of the earliest texts that teach qi cultivation methods.
3269:(though modern scholars note that this claim lacks credible historical evidence).
2845:" of Buddhism. The three caverns were: Perfection (Dongzhen), associated with the
2423:
27718:
27548:
27500:
27493:
27480:
27410:
27332:
26273:
26216:
25805:
25774:
25739:
25704:
25582:
25433:
25331:
25289:
25200:
25188:
25173:
25148:
25123:
24893:
24761:
24756:
24673:
24658:
24331:
24215:
24064:
22693:
22673:
22163:
22055:
22045:
21714:
21382:
21173:
21153:
21084:
21049:
20982:
20702:
20675:
20650:
20599:
20577:
20370:
20313:
20084:
19601:
19402:
19328:
19268:
19223:
19192:
18679:
18410:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18259:
17893:
17776:
17584:
17091:
16900:
16845:
16577:
16155:
16015:
16006:
The Divine Classic of Nan-Hua; Being the Works of Chuang Tsze, Taoist Philosopher
16004:
15996:
14899:
14761:
14616:
14264:
14013:
13991:
13969:
11803:
11646:
11031:
11022:
10878:
10871:
10549:
10257:
9446:
9439:
9270:
9239:
9231:
8094:
8024:
7987:
7939:
7787:
7759:
7590:
7571:
7499:
7453:
7252:
7154:
7109:
6986:
6968:
6941:
6831:
6827:
6812:
6603:
and may be seen on such roofs between two dragons as well as on the hairpin of a
6265:
6184:
5868:
5717:
5711:
5522:
5455:
4942:
Despite the detachment from reality and dissent from Confucian humanism that the
4799:
4752:
4515:) through the integration of "inner nature" (xing) and "worldly reality" (ming).
4500:
4399:
3907:
3764:
3387:
3099:
3060:
3028:
2992:
2863:
2842:
2438:
2304:
2030:
1810:
1735:
1504:
1337:
1108:
1068:
1014:
1009:
1004:
992:
915:
602:
247:
24945:
13918:
8948:
6795:, but was reestablished in 1980. The headquarters of the association are at the
6553:, commonly known as the "yin and yang symbol" or simply the "yin-yang", and the
1912:"Taoism" and "Daoism" are alternate spellings of the same word. "Tao" is in the
1859:
officially recognized by the Chinese government, also having official status in
132:
53:
27650:
27591:
27262:
27131:
26869:
26629:
25714:
25709:
25577:
25542:
25474:
25448:
25284:
25133:
25072:
24985:
24828:
24724:
24467:
24147:
22815:
22708:
22648:
22364:
22339:
22124:
22028:
21910:
21854:
21807:
21220:
21168:
21064:
21034:
21014:
21009:
21004:
20987:
20883:
20803:
20786:
20739:
20729:
19773:
19436:
19419:
19238:
19218:
19187:
18905:
18757:
18710:
18662:
18612:
18585:
18575:
18555:
18425:
16880:
16698:
15158:
12213:
12112:
11779:
11622:
10850:
10454:
9300:
Discovering God: The Origins of the Great Religions and the Evolution of Belief
7925:
7872:
7855:
7745:
7727:
7594:
7519:
7472:(Celestial, Earth, and Water). Some key later heaven deities include: Immortal
7369:
school of thought and often relies on the classic Chinese divination text, the
7030:
7002:
6916:
6896:
6808:
6633:
6614:
6573:
6568:
6520:
6445:
6239:
6094:
5852:
5480:
5426:
5111:
4685:(primordial oneness, "non-differentiation"), which then evolves into yin-yang (
4504:
4442:
4379:), spiritual self-cultivation, a happy afterlife or longevity and some form of
3653:
3473:
3469:
3437:
3140:
3107:
3056:
3000:
2895:
2797:
2781:
2762:
2654:
2589:
2528:
2330:
2291:
2055:
1651:
1413:
1327:
1295:
1262:
1249:
1229:
1083:
410:
403:
231:
27634:
25155:
24930:
20776:
20038:
17273:
17204:"People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011"
16116:
15783:
Stevens, Keith (1998). "Images of Sinicised Vedic Deities on Chinese Altars".
14259:
Little, Stephen (1 January 2000). "The Formation of the Taoist Tradition". In
12916:
12899:
12173:
Tao Te Ching: The Essential Translation of the Ancient Chinese Book of the Tao
10916:
10542:
10251:
Taijiquan and Daoism: From Religion to Martial Art and Martial Art to Religion
9980:
A Brief History of the Relationship Between Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism
9500:
8936:
6077:
in the 288 CE. It remained an influential Shangqin text and was important for
5327:
Some Taoists thought of the human body as a spiritual nexus with thousands of
4939:) and their connection to natural and universal forces, patterns, and powers.
3869:
3114:("Perfect Warrior"), which was the main dynastic protector deity of the Ming.
2976:
2905:
Perhaps the most important figure of the Tang was the court Taoist and writer
2898:
school's teachings, which was appealing to all classes of society and drew on
2227:
471:
27712:
27362:
27282:
26988:
26546:
26541:
26248:
25769:
25681:
25611:
25353:
25143:
25077:
25034:
24903:
24528:
24314:
24296:
22743:
22297:
22178:
21570:
21565:
21513:
21350:
21288:
21183:
21074:
20972:
20903:
20835:
20825:
20798:
20734:
20631:
20609:
20547:
20443:
20406:
20325:
20233:
19684:
19635:
19340:
18985:
18737:
18727:
18620:
18590:
18480:
18378:
18361:
18341:
18308:
18218:
18129:
18057:
17872:
17771:
17222:
15798:
15761:
15671:
15517:
14950:
13631:
13550:
13112:
12758:
12327:
12275:
12141:
11795:
11787:
11696:
11638:
11630:
10934:
10714:
10194:
9792:
9185:
9114:
9078:
8966:
8444:
7968:
7750:
7723:, and some conceptions of this deity thought of the two names as synonymous.
7656:
7633:
6929:
6725:
6681:
6660:
6592:
6398:
6161:
5989:
5906:
5664:
5495:
5472:
5317:
5146:
5134:, Taoism had created a system of lay discipleship in which one took a set of
5087:
5079:
4920:
4881:
4758:
4694:
4534:
4482:
4474:
4438:
4384:
4330:
3688:
3608:
3484:
3477:
3266:
3247:
3091:
3083:
2754:
2635:
2594:
2569:
2444:
2346:
1816:
1749:
1490:
1440:
1430:
1302:
1267:
1143:
1036:
1019:
999:
964:
731:
21412:
17902:
17877:
17834:
15753:
15726:
15693:
15639:
14987:
13875:"Daoism | Definition, Origin, Philosophy, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica"
13530:
12836:
12055:
12018:
11944:
11688:
11518:
9136:
9100:
8859:
8762:
8373:
8093:
Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tignor, Robert (16 December 2014).
7602:
7473:
6078:
4360:
4042:), inner substances (such as "essence" or jing), animating forces (like the
3194:
3103:
2947:
1991:; 'study of the Tao'). This would go on to be considered one of the
1628:—generally understood as an impersonal, enigmatic process of transformation
27690:
27645:
27554:
27525:
27403:
27372:
27367:
27352:
27347:
27277:
27187:
27162:
27136:
27066:
27026:
27021:
27013:
27003:
26963:
26933:
26928:
26912:
26907:
26834:
26816:
26798:
26793:
26747:
26382:
26344:
26231:
26226:
25800:
25790:
25749:
25729:
25501:
25464:
25423:
25309:
25259:
24920:
24898:
24876:
24823:
24791:
24663:
24523:
24434:
24230:
22878:
22780:
22641:
22329:
22324:
22302:
22292:
22173:
21605:
21540:
21483:
21468:
21434:
21059:
20967:
20005:
19896:
19891:
19742:
19712:
19586:
19554:
19302:
19273:
19260:
18851:
18667:
18570:
18565:
18550:
18470:
18373:
18294:
18252:
18066:
18035:
17997:
17795:
15915:
13697:
12432:
12176:
12168:
10694:
9295:
9167:
8905:
8029:
7920:
7806:
7716:
7712:
7629:
7625:
7606:
7522:, the founder of the Quanzhen School, and his seven disciples, depicted in
7457:
7366:
7205:
7170:
7145:
7129:
7101:
7060:
7010:
6990:
6904:
6719:
6668:
6625:
6561:
6540:
6524:
6386:
6382:
6378:
5895:
5841:
5767:
5688:
5598:
5503:
5334:
5301:
5131:
5107:
4868:
4787:
4729:
4659:
Taoists also generally see all things as being animated and constituted by
4644:
4611:
4549:
4425:
4417:
4366:
4315:
4229:
3748:
3712:
3552:
3513:
3379:
3323:
3258:
3198:
3129:
3118:
3111:
3095:
3075:
3036:
3024:
2988:
2958:
2906:
2887:
2801:
2785:
2780:
compiled a series of scriptures that later served as the foundation of the
2685:
2616:
2432:
2404:
2378:
2350:
2338:
in his own kingdom, to ensure order and prosperity among the inhabitants".
2311:
2287:
2069:, referring to the purported authors of the emerging Taoist canon, such as
1918:
1900:
1803:
1765:
1753:
1727:
1244:
1239:
1221:
1133:
1031:
950:
908:
847:
708:
680:
660:
365:
183:
145:
21106:
19793:
16064:
15840:
14676:
13874:
11722:. Translated by Wusun, Lin; Zhongping, Wu. Cologne: Könemann. p. 22.
10706:
8211:
7191:
of Taoism and Christianity. This has been of interest for students of the
6850:
5241:
Reconstructed drawings of guiding and pulling (Daoyin) exercises from the
3952:
into harmony with the great Tao, which itself accomplishes by nonaction."
3011:" and largely displaced them. The school focused on inner transformation,
2736:(267–300). Another later influential figure was the 4th century alchemist
2634:
movement at the end of the 2nd century CE. The latter had been founded by
27616:
27377:
27337:
27322:
27317:
27312:
27307:
27257:
27202:
27167:
27157:
27141:
27126:
27056:
27051:
27041:
26973:
26773:
26742:
26709:
26649:
26525:
26520:
26492:
25795:
25734:
25606:
25586:
25491:
25428:
25388:
25368:
25294:
25264:
24925:
24861:
24553:
24538:
24414:
24404:
24353:
24319:
24258:
22800:
22775:
22599:
22567:
22558:
22504:
22434:
22419:
22312:
22203:
21864:
21812:
21600:
21318:
21298:
21138:
21079:
20817:
20813:
20636:
20156:
20104:
20074:
19911:
19765:
19657:
19581:
19446:
19382:
19333:
18645:
18540:
18535:
18460:
18287:
18280:
18212:
18095:
16772:. Translated by Kierman, Frank A. Jr. University of Massachusetts Press.
16151:
14929:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
13284:
12254:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
9381:
7915:
7891:
7814:
7583:
7575:
7503:
7492:
7260:
7121:
7029:
tenets in his work. In general, Taoism rejects the Confucian emphasis on
7022:
6816:
6394:
6218:
6203:
6183:
Buddhist ideas. The text was adopted as one of the key scriptures of the
5995:
5977:
5953:
5731:
5697:
5660:
5432:
5253:. Many of these methods date back to Tang dynasty figures like alchemist
4947:
4523:
4380:
4055:
3862:
3768:
3676:
3649:
3564:
3517:
3505:
3383:
3350:. In mainland China, the government regulates its activities through the
3217:
3049:
3041:
3016:
3003:(1113–1170) to compete with religious Taoist traditions that worshipped "
2933:
2825:
2620:
2606:
2577:
2499:
2491:
2480:
2457:
2452:
2074:
2051:
2026:
2016:
1996:
1845:
1698:
1378:
1211:
1206:
1120:
936:
929:
853:
424:
22119:
22060:
21163:
20584:
20418:
19967:
15806:
14826:
9783:
9766:
7831:
in some branches of religious Taoism thought to be able to pardon sins.
7485:
6671:, and various Chinese characters (such as the character for Tao and the
6411:, "caves" or "grottoes"). They are arranged from "highest" to "lowest":
5837:), a Legalist work that also contains key Taoist themes, such as wu-wei.
4412:
by either achieving spiritual immortality in an afterlife or becoming a
3457:
as well as conversion by non-Chinese. Taoist influenced practices, like
3023:. Quanzhen flourished during the 13th and 14th centuries and during the
2323:, is dated by scholars to sometime between the 4th and 6th century BCE.
27357:
27327:
27302:
27287:
27252:
27222:
27192:
27177:
27106:
27096:
27091:
27086:
26889:
26874:
26864:
26844:
26724:
26714:
26601:
26576:
26437:
26432:
26387:
26357:
25641:
25469:
25418:
25408:
25279:
25183:
25128:
24935:
24915:
24781:
24548:
24462:
24291:
24238:
24202:
24106:
22766:
22761:
22636:
22631:
22594:
22572:
22429:
22409:
22404:
22245:
22235:
22198:
21802:
21580:
21528:
21268:
20913:
20893:
20471:
20396:
20335:
20099:
20079:
20000:
19652:
19620:
19591:
19370:
19365:
19350:
18910:
18752:
18694:
18545:
18525:
18475:
18415:
18225:
17698:
17258:"Religion and Society. A Summary of French Studies on Chinese Religion"
16509:
Reading Lao Tzu: A Companion to the Tao Te Ching With a New Translation
16485:
16290:. Translated by Trask, Willard R. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15769:
12069:
11749:
11704:
11585:
10327:
An address given to the Delegation EU–China of the European Parliament.
10202:
8500:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
7867:
7786:, a trinity of high gods that varied in how it was thought of, and the
7741:
7357:
7314:
7306:
7291:
7283:
7209:
7041:
6862:
6820:
6792:
6707:
6588:
6111:
6070:
6043:
5556:
5422:
5410:
5297:
5266:
5254:
5200:
5174:
5103:
5099:
4795:
4621:
4589:
4548:
The Taoist quest for immortality was inspired by Confucian emphasis on
4290:
4270:
4177:
4131:
4043:
4031:
3657:
self-conscious creator, but an infinite and boundless natural pattern.
3631:
3509:
3446:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3262:
3154:
3020:
2943:
2838:
2819:
by a local Taoist master named Yin Tong. This tradition was called the
2808:
2766:
2598:
movement, which was an influential school of thought at this time. The
2386:
2366:
2354:
2095:
1968:
1913:
1450:
1393:
1216:
1196:
1191:
1138:
1073:
870:
776:
292:
27417:
21610:
20491:
12553:
8034:
7640:, internal alchemy and recite daily liturgies. The largest lineage is
5807:
Taoism also drew on other non-Taoist Chinese classic texts including:
5564:
manuscript, ink on silk, 2nd century BCE, Han dynasty, unearthed from
3837:
in which one empties the mind. It is held that this can also activate
27567:
27342:
27267:
27242:
27227:
27197:
27172:
27101:
27046:
26958:
26948:
26938:
26923:
26884:
26849:
26824:
26669:
26571:
26482:
26462:
26417:
26372:
26362:
26171:
25656:
25651:
25511:
25438:
25373:
25244:
25178:
24990:
24980:
24975:
24950:
24746:
24306:
24268:
22713:
22509:
22424:
22414:
22285:
22240:
22225:
22158:
22006:
21473:
21395:
21355:
21345:
21308:
21283:
21263:
21158:
21024:
20878:
20868:
20640:
20498:
20308:
20293:
20258:
20241:
20223:
20136:
19916:
19832:
19811:
19806:
19783:
19778:
19737:
19732:
19669:
19606:
19529:
19500:
19451:
19392:
19345:
18955:
18940:
18580:
18560:
18520:
18490:
18465:
18301:
18273:
18013:
17708:
16468:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
16134:
Creativity and Taoism, A Study of Chinese Philosophy, Art, and Poetry
15832:
15509:
15065:
14654:. Singapore Department of Statistics. 12 January 2011. Archived from
11391:
11362:
11284:
Living in the Tao: The Effortless Path of Self-Discovery, Mantak Chia
10309:"Human Rights Without Frontiers "Religious Freedom in China in 2006""
9684:
9303:
8881:
7624:
lineage. Chuji was also made the leader of all religions in China by
7617:
7397:
7349:
7149:
7053:
6951:
6940:. A more moderate position is presented in the Inner Chapters of the
6937:
6843:
6839:
6696:
6600:
6577:
6261:
5960:
5879:
5826:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5565:
5305:
5186:
5119:
5072:
4678:
4674:
4409:
4074:
3850:
3692:
3521:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3346:). Today, Taoism is one of five official recognized religions in the
3300:
3285:
3225:
3213:
3087:
3032:
2874:
2800:." Louis Komjathy also notes that they adopted the Mahayana Buddhist
2777:
2729:
2725:
2600:
2001:
1860:
1849:
1673:
1254:
1234:
1186:
1153:
1125:
957:
922:
313:
24881:
20188:
19717:
17704:
Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life: Living the Wisdom of the Tao
16726:
Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world
12356:"Virtuous Life, Honored Afterlife and the Evolution of Confucianism"
11096:
10658:, Chandos Asian Studies Series, Chandos Publishing, pp. 40–71,
5686:
are important texts in their own right. Perhaps the oldest one, the
5149:(which are to avoid: killing , theft, sexual misconduct, lying, and
3648:(the Tao is one reality), panenhenic (seeing nature as sacred), and
2174:
This role of Taoist priests reflects the definition of Taoism as a "
114:
and is often translated as 'way', 'path', 'technique', or 'doctrine'
27455:
27431:
27272:
27237:
27207:
27111:
27081:
27061:
27036:
27031:
26983:
26854:
26788:
26694:
26654:
26556:
26536:
26477:
26442:
26352:
25486:
25393:
25358:
25316:
25304:
25092:
24886:
24786:
24729:
24533:
24487:
24371:
22516:
22260:
22250:
22105:
21595:
21575:
21402:
21278:
21133:
20707:
20461:
20401:
20320:
20228:
20215:
20193:
20173:
20151:
20146:
20126:
20066:
20033:
19972:
19816:
19801:
19679:
19640:
19596:
19387:
19324:
19228:
19131:
18689:
18595:
17277:
15657:(2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. p. 176.
15101:
14862:
14721:
11024:
Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more
10532:, ed. by N. J. Girardot et al., Harvard University Press, 391, 392.
10185:
10162:
8838:
Tong Sing: The Book of Wisdom: Based on the Ancient Chinese Almanac
7637:
7610:
7579:
7287:
7217:
7181:
7159:
7133:
7090:
7049:
6734:
6528:
6180:
5969:
5846:
5338:
5204:
5190:
4951:
4768:
4310:
4225:
4198:
4150:
4117:
These three are further associated with the three "elixir fields" (
3988:
3980:
3902:
3753:
3661:
3604:
3187:
2996:
2973:
tradition as well as for the Youthful Incipience (Tongchu) school.
2899:
2789:
2700:
2666:
2639:
2508:
2448:
2157:
2140:
2091:
1795:
1787:
1620:) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to
1350:
1272:
334:
197:
17691:
16449:
A Taoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation
16231:
ABC (Alphabetically Based Computerized) Chinese-English Dictionary
16189:
Syncretism: The Religious Context of Christian Beginnings in Korea
12107:(1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.).
8314:
6051:)—one of the earliest sources on Taoist internal alchemy (neidan).
5952:; attributed to a Disciple of Laozi but which likely dates to the
5603:
5533:
symbology, Taoist cosmology, external alchemy concepts and terms,
4526:. They often are depicted as living simple lives, as craftsmen or
4496:, wanted to "ensure complete physical and spiritual immortality".
3699:(Twofold Mystery), developed a metaphysics influenced by Buddhist
3374:
also contain influential Taoist centers. Other key sites include:
27232:
27217:
27076:
26943:
26859:
26839:
26729:
26719:
26704:
26689:
26674:
26664:
26611:
26596:
26507:
26452:
26422:
26397:
26392:
26367:
26304:
26296:
25113:
25087:
25082:
25024:
25019:
24851:
24739:
24734:
24693:
24515:
24361:
24243:
22785:
22389:
22354:
22275:
22188:
22129:
22033:
21736:
21590:
21340:
21293:
21178:
21054:
20873:
20340:
20303:
20114:
19664:
19630:
19473:
19174:
18945:
18652:
18600:
18530:
18510:
18500:
18322:
18315:
18105:
18027:
17195:
The Beaten Track of Science: The Life and Work of J.J.M. de Groot
16492:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
16157:
Sages and Filial Sons: Mythology and Archaeology in Ancient China
16009:. Translated by Balfour, Frederic Henry. Kelly & Walsh. 1881.
15041:
14477:
14444:
14414:
13117:
13115:
11871:, Chandos Asian Studies Series, Chandos Publishing, pp. iv,
11256:
11254:
11252:
9985:
7963:
7481:
7477:
7381:
7370:
7362:
7125:
7085:
7076:
6804:
6596:
6549:
6503:
6417:
6354:
6122:
6009:
6003:
5833:
5788:
5693:
5642:
5530:
5509:
5490:
5405:
5293:
5269:
in all things (drink, food, etc.), adapting to the cycles of the
5178:
5052:
5048:
4842:
4791:
4705:
4686:
4630:
4594:
4585:
4542:
4519:
4375:
4118:
4039:
3936:
3684:
3680:
3496:
3488:
3458:
3254:
3233:
3202:
2967:
2851:
2742:
2737:
2717:
2713:
2678:
2658:
2585:
2581:
2504:
2467:
2417:
2390:
2270:
2261:
2175:
2070:
1775:
1743:
1312:
1281:
1201:
1173:
1163:
1090:
978:
971:
901:
739:
701:
415:
372:
17850:
16298:
The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters
7056:, knew and were deeply influenced by the Taoist keystone texts.
6973:
5501:
Taoist alchemy can be found in early Taoist scriptures like the
5047:
A Taoist ritual at the Gray Goat Temple (Qingyang Gong, 青羊宫) in
3944:
may more likely result rather than the willed outcome. Thus the
2565:
2037:, and Zhuangzi himself may have died before the term was in use.
27611:
27519:
27297:
27121:
27071:
26894:
26879:
26778:
26763:
26679:
26581:
26561:
26551:
26497:
26447:
26258:
25378:
25299:
25029:
24678:
24376:
24278:
22698:
22577:
22562:
22381:
22270:
22255:
22213:
21991:
21869:
21143:
20898:
20888:
20542:
20503:
20345:
19953:
19647:
18505:
18485:
18169:
18153:
18145:
18076:
16394:
Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The Themes of Chaos (Hun-Tun)
14790:
14733:
14355:"Taoism Ritual, Worship, Devotion, Symbolism, Taoism Symbolism"
10904:
10900:
10554:
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
7901:
7539:
7535:
7437:
7345:
7298:
7164:
7026:
6912:
6908:
6742:
6730:
6685:
6628:, Taoists and intellectuals who leaned towards Taoism used the
6264:
by Daochun Li that outlines the teachings and practices of the
6147:
6143:, c. 8th century CE), a text on internal alchemy and astrology.
5891:
5676:
5561:
5518:
5514:
5484:
5289:
5285:
5274:
5270:
5115:
5007:
4968:
4912:
4889:
4527:
4478:
4186:
4139:
4135:
4099:
4095:
4063:
4005:
3906:
Illustration of the parable of the adept butcher Ding from the
3897:
3744:
3645:
3462:
3327:
3121:". The school derided internal and external alchemy, fasting (
3067:(often from the western parts of the Yuan dynasty's land), and
2951:
2721:
2487:
2451:. Robinet states that some elements of Taoism may be traced to
2395:
2374:
2335:
2279:
2162:
1903:. Philosophers of Taoism are marked by triangles in dark green.
1872:
1848:, attempting to create what has been characterized as a Taoist
1831:
1761:
1686:
1677:
1669:
1641:
1168:
1148:
882:
840:
831:
824:
716:
490:
21089:
16827:
The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture
16199:
What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History
11249:
8466:
7244:, 1553, anonymous woodblock print, James Michener Collection,
6599:. A related symbol is the flaming pearl, which stands for the
5207:
is a key element of some Taoist traditions. These can include
3849:, naturalness is also associated with rejection of the state (
27574:
27212:
26998:
26758:
26457:
26412:
26402:
26377:
25194:
24856:
24142:
24075:
22394:
22168:
22148:
22133:
21709:
21535:
21330:
21193:
21148:
21128:
20330:
19727:
19573:
19355:
18808:
18455:
18388:
18266:
18086:
18004:
17675:(in Chinese and German). Leipzig: Leipziger Literaturverlag.
14377:
14289:
Tang dynasty Buddhist monk Zongmi (780-841). Prior to this,
13791:
13789:
13787:
12932:
11778:
11717:
11621:
11551:. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. pp. 102–103.
8693:
7783:
7779:
7755:
7662:
7527:
7465:
7237:
7176:
7117:
6900:
6880:
6555:
6509:
6281:
5948:
5940:
5924:
5801:
5771:
5634:
4820:
4807:
4446:
4326:
4208:
4083:
4026:
3853:) and a desire to return to simpler pre-technological times (
3776:
3430:
3347:
2855:(the Taoist Canon), which was published at the behest of the
2757:(316–589) era saw the rise of two new Taoist traditions, the
2320:
2299:
1946:
is used to translate two related but distinct Chinese terms.
1864:
1691:
1621:
1603:
1591:
1562:
1550:
1115:
1046:
943:
724:
687:
550:
504:
394:
380:
17563:(2nd ed.). Pullman: Washington State University Press.
17440:(in Chinese, English, and German). Aachen: Hochschulverlag.
16267:
Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul (2005).
15786:
Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
14302:
13597:
13446:
13316:
12739:
12526:
12502:
11899:
11323:
10595:
10559:
10354:
10078:
7290:, healing, traveling to the underworld to help the dead and
7079:, one of the most influential philosophical commentators on
6591:(also called the Bushel) are also important symbols. In the
5796:
and its associated concepts of yin and yang mapped into 64 "
4885:), are also venerated as well by both clergy and laypeople.
4712:
Another important element of Taoist cosmology is the use of
4477:
because "of their life being totally at one with the Tao of
3675:
Throughout Taoist history, Taoists have developed different
3660:
Furthermore, the Tao is something that individuals can find
3483:
During the late 20th century, Taoism began to spread to the
3322:
During the 1980s and 1990s, China experienced the so-called
2345:
Early Taoism drew on the ideas found in the religion of the
2144:
nature". Taoism is generally not understood as a variant of
45:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
27507:
26502:
26427:
22319:
22208:
20161:
19100:
18231:
17863:
15371:
15369:
14470:
14437:
14407:
13845:
13843:
13463:
13461:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13348:
13346:
13333:
13331:
13306:
13304:
13247:
13211:
13199:
13189:
13187:
13185:
13183:
13181:
13102:
13100:
13008:
12996:
12949:
12947:
12763:
11450:
11448:
11340:
11338:
11002:
11000:
10998:
10996:
10652:"Chapter 4 - An overview of Vietnamese history and culture"
10373:
10371:
10369:
10002:
10000:
9870:
9796:
8984:
8982:
7771:
7731:
7652:
7405:
7302:
7233:
7208:
while Daoism does not. Yet, a number of authors, including
7199:, among others. A comparison of the teachings of Laozi and
7009:
Many scholars believe Taoism arose as a countermovement to
7005:, a temple which contains elements from all three teachings
6664:
5813:
5363:
5359:
5320:
and true fasting is also adopted (which may also be termed
5194:
5177:. There are many methods used by Chinese Taoists including
4429:
4404:
4350:
Illustrations of Taoist immortals at the White Cloud Temple
3961:
2670:
2548:
2362:
1369:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
876:
17752:
The Tao Jones Averages: A Guide to Whole-Brained Investing
17578:
The Taoist Translations of Thomas Cleary: A Reader's Guide
16636:
World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions
15155:
World Religions: The Great Faiths Explored & Explained
15053:
14905:
14530:
14528:
14513:
14146:
14110:
14108:
14106:
14043:
14031:
13941:
13893:
13855:
13806:
13804:
13784:
13760:
13748:
13614:
13612:
13573:
13020:
11086:
11084:
11069:
9654:
9652:
5435:("post standing")—standing meditation in various postures.
4806:
of deities, which was a hierarchy emanating from the Tao.
3406:. Meanwhile, Taoism is also practiced much more freely in
27397:
25039:
22218:
22183:
20858:
20237:
18950:
17972:
17915:
17844:
17552:
Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity
15949:
15354:
15089:
15017:
14269:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 131.
12654:
12652:
11237:
11042:
11040:
10851:"Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
10631:
9588:
9586:
9532:
9488:
9420:
9390:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
9276:
8705:
8671:
8669:
8654:
8467:"Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
7835:
6826:
Taoist literature and art has influenced the cultures of
6303:), an influential neidan text from the late 17th century.
5513:. There are two main kinds of alchemy, internal alchemy (
5374:
4780:
4642:
The main distinction in Taoist cosmology is that between
4533:
Some sages are also considered to have become one of the
4421:
4154:
Illustration of the tortoise in the mud parable from the
4054:
channels). The complex Taoist schema of the body and its
3599:
2792:
elements. According to Kohn, they "integrated aspects of
1895:
The birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the
1799:
1709:
The core of Taoist thought crystallized during the early
1625:
1597:
1556:
654:
618:
436:
353:
339:
325:
111:
17022:
The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Taotsang
16373:
An Introduction To The Philosophy And Religion Of Taoism
16353:
Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths
15707:
Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992).
15706:
15444:
15420:
15381:
15366:
15274:
15262:
15238:
15214:
14874:
13840:
13678:
13458:
13387:
13358:
13343:
13328:
13301:
13235:
13223:
13178:
13142:
13097:
12944:
12514:
12490:
12386:
12324:
World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts
12138:
World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts
11603:
11525:
11445:
11379:
11335:
11311:
11299:
11287:
10993:
10819:
10695:"Dao-di herbs and its change of cultivated origin place"
10583:
10571:
10366:
10342:
10289:
10277:
10142:
10066:
10024:
9997:
9561:
9559:
8979:
8807:
8805:
8743:
Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992).
8742:
8644:
8642:
8574:
8572:
8570:
6680:
Taoist priests also wear distinctive robes, such as the
6632:
as symbols of leadership and good governance, using old
6227:; 987?–1082), a Song era scholar of the three teachings.
5919:
There are many other important Taoist texts, including:
5778:
and the Northern Dipper, surrounded by Taoist talismans.
5346:
or another kind of life energy a Taoist substituted for
5249:
Taoist longevity methods are closely related to ancient
5173:
A key part of many Taoist traditions is the practice of
4522:). This is what is often considered salvation in Taoist
3955:
2740:, who wrote a key Taoist work on inner cultivation, the
2695:
2588:). One of the earliest forms of Taoism was the Han era (
304:
27461:
18196:
16905:
Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West
16655:
Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching
16250:
Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics
15599:
15597:
15595:
15558:
15556:
15554:
15541:
15539:
15537:
15483:
15461:
15459:
15410:
15408:
15344:
15342:
15340:
15291:
15289:
15175:
15130:
15128:
14814:
14525:
14389:
14254:
14252:
14103:
14091:
14079:
14067:
14055:
14019:
13801:
13772:
13666:
13609:
13488:
13478:
13476:
13436:
13434:
13132:
13130:
13063:
13061:
13059:
13032:
12984:
12703:
12691:
12681:
12679:
12637:
12565:
12413:
11547:
Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021).
11359:
Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals
11225:
11213:
11184:
11172:
11124:
11081:
10831:
10782:
10770:
10107:
10105:
9882:
9841:
9649:
9398:
9396:
9061:
9059:
8878:
Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals
8617:
8615:
8338:
8223:
8221:
8202:[Classification of Taoist gods and immortals].
8158:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8137:
6688:, which symbolize their status and school affiliation.
6385:
dynasties. The extant version was published during the
6278:
Treatise of the Exalted One on Response and Retribution
6039:), the two most influential Supreme Clarity scriptures.
5804:—has influenced Taoism from its inception until today.
5541:
4975:
4661:
4576:
4451:
4402:), somehow aiding the spiritual functions of nature or
4394:
4051:
3922:
refers to any intentional or deliberated action, while
3838:
2811:, the first Taoist monastic institution (influenced by
762:
19143:
17801:
Infinite Self: 33 Steps to Reclaiming Your Inner Power
16864:
15711:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 126.
15655:
Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan
15192:
15190:
15107:
14802:
14778:
14563:
14561:
12843:
12649:
12543:
12541:
12478:
12403:
12401:
11423:
11421:
11408:
11406:
11059:
11057:
11055:
11037:
10758:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10738:
9860:
9858:
9856:
9820:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9739:
9737:
9637:
9625:
9583:
9571:
9363:
9339:
9121:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. pp. 123–124.
9015:
9013:
8817:
8747:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 124.
8717:
8666:
8400:
8092:
7468:, the Seven Star Lords of the Northern Bushel and the
6772:
in 2010, the number of people practicing some form of
6463:) grotto, which includes texts predating the Maoshan (
5273:
by following injunctions regarding healing exercises (
4511:) and with the attainment of "clarity and stillness" (
2403:(from which Taoism draws its main cosmological ideas,
578:
99:
27674:
16982:
16266:
15615:
15071:
14963:
14856:
14832:
14474:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
14441:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
14411:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
13654:
13506:
12812:
12664:
12031:
11994:
11920:
11494:
9712:
9710:
9615:
9613:
9556:
9544:
9408:
9351:
9025:
8802:
8681:
8639:
8567:
8543:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8171:
7715:" were terms for a Taoist supreme deity also used in
7040:
into China was marked by significant interaction and
5494:
extending one's life, and even becoming an immortal (
5284:
A number of physical practices, like modern forms of
4236:
Some of the most important virtues in Taoism are the
3224:. By the 20th century, only one complete copy of the
2704:
A Taoist talisman from one of the Lingbao Scriptures.
2204:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1773:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1600:
1559:
280:
266:
252:
236:
222:
202:
188:
15592:
15580:
15568:
15551:
15534:
15471:
15456:
15432:
15405:
15393:
15337:
15325:
15313:
15301:
15286:
15250:
15226:
15202:
15125:
14838:
14249:
14245:(Third ed.). New York: Routhledge. p. 150.
13473:
13431:
13375:
13166:
13127:
13073:
13056:
12727:
12676:
11832:
11266:
10794:
10619:
10607:
10383:
10330:
10117:
10102:
9393:
9056:
8776:
Hackett, Conrad; Grim, Brian J. (18 December 2012).
8612:
8555:
8286:. US Federal Government. 29 May 2018. Archived from
8280:"Taiwan 2017 International Religious Freedom Report"
8240:
8238:
8236:
8218:
8149:
4602:
which gives birth to "the two" – yin and yang (i.e.
3833:
is to practice the "fasting of the mind", a kind of
3354:. Regarding the status of Taoism in mainland China,
2650:, and after years of bloody war, they were crushed.
1588:
1547:
532:
17400:
Mysticism and Morality: a new look at old questions
17201:
17020:Schipper, Kristopher; Verellen, Franciscus (2004).
16047:Carr, Michael (1990). "Whence the Pronunciation of
15187:
15113:
14558:
14552:
12625:
12613:
12601:
12589:
12577:
12538:
12398:
11844:
11433:
11418:
11403:
11160:
11148:
11136:
11112:
11052:
10735:
10518:. pp. First page, which doesn't have a number.
10449:
10261:. Journal of Asian Martial Arts (Vol. 16, Issue 4).
9955:
9943:
9853:
9803:
9734:
9010:
8531:
8367:
8365:
8086:
7139:
7021:are indeed shared by both Taoism and Confucianism.
6928:Taoism never had a unified political theory. While
5910:, which discusses Taoist ideas in several chapters.
3918:constitutes the leading ethical concept in Taoism.
2928:, the Five Dragons Temple (the first temple at the
2297:Some of the main early Taoist sources include: the
2290:" ideas), which were eventually synthesized in the
2249:
1964:
school is a well-known early example of this sense.
1585:
1544:
17749:
17171:
17148:
16923:
16847:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
16744:
16425:
16332:Comparative Religious Ethics: a narrative approach
16329:
16081:
15882:
15880:
14682:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13268:
13266:
13264:
13262:
12099:
12097:
12095:
11357:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.).
10483:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
10272:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
10137:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
9707:
9685:"Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains"
9610:
9520:
9464:
9204:Dragons, Gods & Spirits from Chinese Mythology
8876:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.).
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8350:
8168:
6962:
6069:) is a work on Taoist meditation revealed by Lady
5063:Taoist ritual specialists in a procession, Taiwan.
5031:Knowing how to stop and be content (zhī zhǐzú 知止足)
4823:and there are many kinds: heaven gods/celestials (
4673:Taoist texts present various creation stories and
4624:explains the basic Taoist cosmological theory as:
4341:
3078:(1368–1644), aspects of Confucianism, Taoism, and
2804:in its promotion of "universal salvation" (pudu).
2342:everything inside and mixing everything outside".
17287:Buddhism, Taoism, and Other Far Eastern Religions
16994:The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion'
16566:The Taoist Monastic Manual: A Translation of the
15700:
15678:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. p. 166.
12808:
12806:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12289:
12287:
12285:
11800:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
11643:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
11565:
9085:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. p. 161.
9043:
8596:The Routledge companion to philosophy of religion
8233:
8125:
7557:Another worldview is that beings must "harmonize
6157:), a 10th-century CE classic on internal alchemy.
5864:, which is widely quoted in early Taoist sources.
5157:.) The other five were a set of five injunctions:
4428:, such as the mental realm sometimes called "the
4106:(精, essence, the foundation for one's vitality),
2190:are comparable to the non-Taoist ritual masters (
27710:
17202:Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina; Strait, David (2012).
17019:
16983:Ruokanen, Miikka; Zhanzhu Huang, Paulos (2010).
15820:
15818:
15816:
14902:Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
14466:
14464:
14349:
14347:
14345:
14343:
14341:
14204:
14188:
14176:
14164:
13834:
13822:
13421:
13281:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy
12796:
12794:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12778:
12349:
12347:
12163:
12161:
11916:
11914:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11542:
11540:
11490:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11476:
9170:. London: Penguin Random House UK. p. 249.
8871:
8869:
8362:
7730:was a primary deity among polytheists who had a
7384:, along with the teachings of yin and yang, the
6949:The syncretist position found in texts like the
5393:Some of the key forms of Taoist meditation are:
3679:views regarding the Tao. For example, while the
3342:(which came to be outlawed and repressed by the
3257:developed during this time, led by figures like
3132:(1644–1912) mainly promoted Buddhism as well as
2681:, as well as ritual and purificatory practices.
476:
462:
17692:Popular (nonacademic) interpretations of Taoism
16723:
16327:
15877:
15666:
15664:
15145:
15143:
14868:
14796:
13544:
13542:
13540:
13259:
12326:(1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota:
12140:(1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota:
12092:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11772:
11743:
11741:
11739:
11260:
10543:Tracing the Contours of Daoism in North America
9238:(First American ed.). Broadway, New York:
9197:
9195:
8729:
7396:, like Tzu-wei tu-su), terrestrial divination (
7376:This tradition also relies on the cosmology of
5994:a Han dynasty text that is the earliest Taoist
5914:
5792:(circa 1150 BCE). The divination method in the
5667:may have been involved in the editing process.
5193:divination), and the interpretation of various
4845:, the spirit of all things); netherworld gods (
4783:. Nearly all the sects share this core belief.
4693:. Later medieval models included the idea of a
4193:Some popular Daoist beliefs, such as the early
2486:During the early period, some Taoists lived as
1806:(607–917) incorporates many ideas from Taoism.
14922:
14920:
12282:
11615:
11546:
9150:
9148:
9146:
6129:(647–735 CE), which is influenced by Buddhism.
6107:), a manual of longevity practices and neidan.
4325:Taoism also adopted the Buddhist doctrines of
4022:Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)
3841:(vital energy). In some passages found in the
3528:(which are often unrelated to Taoism proper),
3468:Taoism has been traditionally associated with
3284:, one of the most important Taoist temples in
2784:, which was most influential during the later
555:
56:to make improvements to the overall structure.
26187:
24091:
19116:
18791:
17931:
17907:
17211:Religions & Christianity in Today's China
17089:
16671:
16597:Kohn, Livia; LaFargue, Michael, eds. (1998).
15813:
15609:
15501:
15047:
14461:
14383:
14338:
14308:
14228:
14192:
13912:
13910:
13908:
13500:
12775:
12344:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12241:
12158:
12025:
11988:
11911:
11663:
11537:
11473:
11460:
11203:
11201:
11199:
10046:harvp error: no target: CITEREFEsposito2001 (
9384:(1911). "Lâo-Tsze". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
8866:
6959:blend Taoist positions with Confucian views.
6464:
6458:
6439:
6422:
6406:
6360:
6294:
6255:
6236:Fifteen discourses to Establish the Teachings
6222:
6208:
6166:
6152:
6138:
6116:
6064:
5453:
5386:), some of which were strongly influenced by
4858:
4852:
4846:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4814:
4689:) and then into the myriad beings, as in the
3615:
3144:
2191:
1907:
1512:
130:
105:
17478:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
17419:The Face of the Deep: A Theology of Becoming
17340:
16878:
16596:
16328:Fasching, Darrell J.; deChant, Dell (2001).
15894:. New York: Avenel Books. pp. 317–318.
15661:
15140:
14957:
14547:
14545:
14543:
13603:
13537:
12745:
11951:
11736:
11017:
11015:
10885:(Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
10727:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
9974:
9972:
9970:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9192:
8593:
8589:
8587:
7849:
7698:
7059:Taoism especially shaped the development of
6915:, Tang Mi, and Wang Zengzu. Taoist arts and
5489:A key element of many schools of Taoism are
5462:Pointers on Spiritual Nature and Bodily Life
5257:(582–683) and the Highest Clarity Patriarch
4946:teaches, Taoists were and are generally not
4656:) and medicine to astrology and divination.
3295:Taoist ceremony at Xiao Ancestral Temple in
2862:This period also saw the development of the
1981:; 'school of the Tao', or sometimes
509:
495:
17647:
17056:
17015:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16150:
15653:Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.).
14917:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12198:
12196:
11075:
9143:
8775:
8419:Xiong, Qinjing; Ju, Yucui (21 March 2023).
7452:146 Key earlier heaven deities include the
7174:(live in obscurity), focus on naturalness (
7063:, introducing elements like the concept of
6871:Carved Jade boulder with a Taoist paradise.
6584:those of the gods or immortals themselves.
6217:) is a work on internal alchemy written by
5579:Perhaps the most influential texts are the
5288:, as well as modern internal martial arts (
3860:An often cited metaphor for naturalness is
2869:
2626:The first organized form of Taoism was the
1594:
1553:
26194:
26180:
24098:
24084:
19123:
19109:
18798:
18784:
17962:
17938:
17924:
17631:Chinese Dialectics: From Yijing To Marxism
17192:
17122:
16703:The Columbia History of Chinese Literature
15023:
14240:
13997:
13905:
13795:
12759:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40636-021-00225-1
12238:
11782:; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton;
11625:; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton;
11207:
11196:
9832:
6621:consciousness that was a "flowing pearl".
4974:Tao can serve as a life energy instead of
3808:and creativity. According to Kohn, in the
3524:. This popular spirituality also draws on
3443:Weaverville Joss House State Historic Park
2196:) of vernacular traditions (the so-called
1519:
1505:
98:
17747:
17612:Chinese Religion: An Anthology of Sources
17359:
16899:
16742:
16484:
16294:
16269:Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China)
16228:
15886:
14540:
13849:
13690:
13278:
12938:
12915:
12103:
11243:
11012:
10637:
10274:, p. 41. Princeton: Princeton University.
10217:
10184:
10139:, p. 40. Princeton: Princeton University.
10036:
9967:
9847:
9782:
9749:
9432:
9230:
8835:
8594:Meister, Chad; Copan, Paul, eds. (2010).
8584:
7445:birthday blessings are a common service.
6756:' class". The only real exception is the
6105:Complete Methods of the Numinous Treasure
4462:or other spiritual worlds, or becoming a
3825:one's experience. One way of cultivating
3086:school, which eventually became Imperial
2538:
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
21638:
17725:
17666:
17530:
17473:
17284:
17193:Werblowsky, Raphael Jehudah Zwi (2002).
17010:
16944:
16724:Markham, Ian S.; Ruparell, Tinu (2001).
16652:
16624:
16615:
16525:
16390:
16247:
15908:
15489:
15059:
14880:
14534:
14519:
14395:
14152:
14114:
14097:
14085:
14073:
14061:
14049:
14037:
14025:
13947:
13899:
13861:
13810:
13778:
13766:
13754:
13684:
13618:
13579:
13494:
13467:
13452:
13393:
13369:
13352:
13337:
13322:
13253:
13241:
13229:
13217:
13205:
13193:
13091:
13038:
13026:
13014:
13002:
12990:
12953:
12769:
12709:
12697:
12643:
12571:
12532:
12520:
12508:
12496:
12456:
12419:
12392:
12293:
12193:
11905:
11609:
11531:
11454:
11397:
11385:
11356:
11344:
11329:
11317:
11305:
11293:
11231:
11219:
11190:
11106:
11090:
11006:
10983:p. 25. Columbia University Press. 1968.
10894:
10837:
10825:
10788:
10776:
10764:
10692:
10601:
10589:
10577:
10565:
10402:Wright, James D., ed. (1 January 2015),
10377:
10360:
10295:
10283:
10148:
10096:
10084:
10072:
10060:
10042:
10030:
10018:
10006:
9991:
9888:
9876:
9826:
9658:
9643:
9631:
9592:
9577:
9538:
9494:
9426:
9369:
9345:
9282:
9000:
8988:
8875:
8823:
8723:
8711:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8660:
8633:
8578:
8549:
8332:
8320:
8192:
8190:
8143:
7616:One of his "seven perfected" disciples,
7514:
7427:
7339:
7297:Protection magic can include the use of
7227:
6996:
6972:
6879:A 16th century painting of the immortal
6874:
6866:
6718:
6706:
6695:
6534:
6515:
6490:
6397:. Following the example of the Buddhist
6373:. It was originally compiled during the
5873:(The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor),
5761:
5602:
5555:
5447:
5373:
5236:
5224:
5058:
5042:
4899:
4739:
4723:
4598:diagram. The red circle is the formless
4584:
4466:who can do one or more of those things.
4353:
4345:
4149:
4058:components contains many parallels with
4025:
3901:
3763:
3603:
3436:
3420:
3290:
3276:
3193:
3170:
2975:
2873:
2699:
2564:
2542:
2226:
1890:
1706:of compassion, frugality, and humility.
22930:
17595:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
17549:
17531:Pas, Julian F.; Leung, Man Kam (1998).
17321:
17293:
17047:
16968:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
16963:
16921:
16805:
16765:
16633:
15982:Jesus and Lao Tzu: The Parallel Sayings
15978:
15824:
15782:
15739:
15502:Stanley-Baker, Michael (19 June 2022).
15083:
15035:
14886:
14844:
14820:
14808:
14216:
13425:
13409:
13160:
13121:
12885:
12861:
12849:
12670:
12658:
12559:
12353:
12167:
11674:
11178:
10967:
10883:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10699:China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
9728:
9670:
9604:
9514:
9510:
9482:
9458:
9414:
9402:
9357:
9201:
9031:
9019:
8934:
8811:
8621:
8561:
8521:
8498:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8418:
8371:
8344:
8227:
8181:
7879:
7356:Divinational Taoism focuses on various
7282:right methods. Their magic can include
6752:or by members of the later well-to-do '
6016:). This text is a major source for the
5985:), a key source for Han dynasty Taoism.
5452:Illustration of Taoist neidan from the
5168:
5110:, human-occupied puppets (often of the
3882:
3796:
3717:The active expression of Tao is called
3139:The Qing era also saw the birth of the
1656:
14:
27711:
26201:
17609:
17511:
17416:
17360:Carr, David T.; Zhang, Canhui (2004).
17262:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
17028:
16843:
16786:
16465:
16446:
16423:
16369:
16350:
16288:A History of Religious Ideas, Volume 2
16285:
16013:
15670:
15149:
14784:
14739:
14727:
14258:
13660:
13591:
13548:
12321:
12135:
11747:
11102:
11046:
10955:
10649:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10401:
10228:. State University of New York Press.
9676:
9449:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
9331:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKohn (
9154:
9113:
9077:
9065:
9004:
8491:
8406:
7432:Interior of the Xiaomen Zhengyi Temple
7400:), the casting of incense sticks with
7335:
6955:and some of the Outer Chapters of the
5618:Throughout the history of Taoism, the
5229:Sun Simiao as depicted by Gan Bozong,
5220:
4700:In Taoism, human beings are seen as a
3691:(nothingness, negativity, not-being),
3480:, and originated from Southern China.
3166:
3098:. During the Ming, the legends of the
2535:conceits from close to its beginning.
2373:(4th to 3rd centuries BCE), including
1680:. A common goal of Taoist practice is
355:
282:
26175:
25837:
24579:
24117:
24079:
22929:
22087:
21637:
19142:
19104:
18779:
17919:
17906:
17794:
17590:
17561:Taoism and the Rite of Cosmic Renewal
17476:The Taoist Tradition: An Introduction
17435:
17397:
17378:
17169:
17146:
17077:from the original on 1 September 2023
16991:
16824:
16627:The Daoist Tradition: An Introduction
16411:from the original on 1 September 2023
16315:from the original on 1 September 2023
16216:from the original on 1 September 2023
16195:
16186:
16174:from the original on 1 September 2023
16131:
16034:from the original on 1 September 2023
15892:China & Japan (Myths and Legends)
15652:
15095:
15000:
14911:
14857:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005)
14833:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005)
14688:
14579:from the original on 15 November 2011
14365:from the original on 20 February 2023
13743:. The tomb...is dated around 300 B.C.
13672:
12897:
12873:
12226:from the original on 21 February 2023
12111:(First American ed.). New York:
11826:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9695:from the original on 23 February 2023
9294:
9160:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
8790:from the original on 1 September 2023
8504:from the original on 1 September 2023
8473:from the original on 11 February 2021
8187:
8131:
8113:from the original on 1 September 2023
7184:in the foundational Taoist writings.
6985:" which illustrates the unity of the
6486:
6280:, C. 12th century) discusses sin and
6125:("sitting forgetting") meditation by
6037:Purple Texts Inscribed by the Spirits
6029:Perfect Scripture of the Great Cavern
5034:Yielding and withdrawing (tuīràng 推讓)
4981:
4955:gods or the gods of other religions.
4445:who eat yin and yang energy and ride
4220:was important to many Taoist groups.
4216:policies such as the building of the
3956:Aspects of self (xing, xin, and ming)
3504:and the work of popular figures like
3272:
2993:Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) School
2696:Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties eras
2160:, is traditionally used to translate
27:Religious and philosophical tradition
17898:University of Michigan Museum of Art
17770:
17697:
17652:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
17628:
17593:Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies
17558:
17492:
17454:
17438:The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi – Taodejing
17236:
17093:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Taoism
16697:
16575:
16571:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16563:
16544:
16102:
16079:
16046:
15620:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
15603:
15586:
15574:
15562:
15545:
15477:
15465:
15450:
15438:
15426:
15414:
15399:
15387:
15375:
15360:
15348:
15331:
15319:
15307:
15295:
15280:
15268:
15256:
15244:
15232:
15220:
15208:
15196:
15181:
15134:
15119:
14968:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
14926:
14751:
14700:
14591:
14332:
14320:
13642:from the original on 16 October 2009
13511:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
13482:
13440:
13405:
13381:
13310:
13172:
13148:
13136:
13106:
13079:
13067:
12817:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
12733:
12721:
12685:
12631:
12619:
12607:
12595:
12583:
12547:
12484:
12407:
12251:
12036:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11999:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11925:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11862:
11850:
11838:
11794:; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999).
11637:; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999).
11583:
11571:
11499:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11439:
11427:
11412:
11272:
11166:
11154:
11142:
11130:
11118:
11063:
10899:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 165.
10813:
10800:
10752:
10625:
10613:
10509:
10477:
10471:
10389:
10348:
10336:
10223:
10160:
10123:
10111:
9961:
9949:
9937:
9905:
9864:
9814:
9764:
9743:
9716:
9619:
9565:
9550:
9526:
9506:
9470:
9049:
8916:from the original on 4 November 2021
8537:
8525:
8356:
8308:
8244:
8210:]. 21 April 2019. Archived from
8162:
7770:, various kinds of beings occupying
7423:
7025:explicitly criticized Confucian and
6923:
6020:and its inner-cultivation practices.
5966:Classic on converting the barbarians
5094:On particular holidays, such as the
4919:to meet with the famous Taoist sage
4008:and health and longevity practices (
3246:In the 1910s, Taoist doctrine about
3082:were consciously synthesized in the
2033:, was familiar with the text of the
29:
17856:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
17457:The Taoist Experience: An Anthology
17324:Taijiquan: Through the Western Gate
17232:from the original on 27 April 2017.
17057:Slingerland, Edward Gilman (2003).
16949:. 2 volume set. London: Routledge.
16506:
16084:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
15618:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
15616:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
15072:Ruokanen & Zhanzhu Huang (2010)
14966:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
14964:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
14709:from the original on 12 August 2020
13703:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13509:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
13507:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
12815:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
12813:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
12109:Illustrated Dictionary of Religions
12034:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
12032:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11997:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11995:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11923:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11921:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11497:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11495:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
10650:Nguyen, Lan, ed. (1 January 2009),
10438:
9288:
8421:"Taoism and teaching without words"
8378:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7706:
7510:
6663:, I Ching coins, Taoist talismans (
6346:
5890:), an ancient source that includes
5757:
5730:), named after its supposed author
5316:. In certain cases, practices like
5125:
5022:Clarity and stillness (qīngjìng 清靜)
4556:were thought to exist after death.
4121:) and the organs in different ways.
3363:mountains, and in all major cities.
3307:Taoism began to recover during the
2823:, and their main scripture was the
1461:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
24:
22899:Religions and spiritual traditions
19145:Religious groups and denominations
18421:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
17314:
17255:
17110:from the original on 26 March 2023
17052:. Honolulu: Sacred Mountain Press.
16530:. London and New York: Routledge.
16397:. University of California Press.
15971:
15003:"Contemplations on the Tao Series"
14754:Dao Companion to Daoist Philosophy
14705:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
14500:
13714:from the original on 28 April 2020
11976:from the original on 26 April 2023
11877:10.1016/b978-1-84334-332-5.50013-9
11760:from the original on 23 April 2023
10664:10.1016/b978-1-84334-550-3.50004-7
10416:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.99002-0
10410:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. iii,
9894:
9682:
8786:. The Global Religious Landscape.
8648:
8380:. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI,
8268:from the original on 14 July 2024.
8208:Wudang Mountain Taoist Association
7975:
7950:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
7404:on them and the interpretation of
7168:(effortless action) and Epicurean
5378:Illustration of Taoist meditation.
4015:
3216:ideologies, European and Japanese
2294:into the first forms of "Taoism".
2041:The distinction between Taoism in
1079:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
25:
27760:
19063:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
17823:
17495:Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu
17024:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
16825:Moore, Charles Alexander (1967).
16791:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
16618:Daoism: A guide for the Perplexed
16196:Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1982) .
16154:; Guisso, R. W. L., eds. (1991).
15825:Szostak, Rick (22 October 2020).
14629:from the original on 30 June 2014
14553:Wenzel-Teuber & Strait (2012)
13929:from the original on 1 April 2023
11863:Tang, Lei, ed. (1 January 2009),
10981:The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu.
9913:(First U.S. ed.). New York:
9273:Indiana University, History G380.
8425:Educational Philosophy and Theory
8388:from the original on 24 June 2013
8040:
7998:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
7668:
7273:
7108:influenced Taoist thought on the
6856:
6669:Four Symbols (mythical creatures)
6091:Perfect Writings in Five Sections
5016:Guarding the feminine (shǒucí 行守)
5013:Softness and weakness (róuruò 柔弱)
1931:
1724:), during which the epigrammatic
1389:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
27696:
27684:
26155:
26154:
26141:
24059:
24050:
24049:
23863:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
23005:Democratic Republic of the Congo
19090:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
18919:
18807:
18128:
16985:Christianity and Chinese Culture
16945:Pregadio, Fabrizio, ed. (2008).
16017:Chinese Thought: An Introduction
15938:
15865:from the original on 15 May 2023
15776:
15733:
15646:
15495:
14994:
14745:
14694:
14665:
14641:
14609:
14494:
14431:
14401:
14326:
14314:
14234:
14222:
14210:
14198:
14182:
14170:
14158:
14130:. Weber.ucsd.edu. Archived from
14120:
13975:
13953:
13916:
13867:
13828:
13816:
13624:
13585:
13415:
13399:
13154:
13085:
13044:
12959:
12891:
12879:
12867:
12855:
12751:
12715:
12450:
12425:
12374:from the original on 3 June 2023
12354:Murrell, Jasmyn (January 2017).
12315:
12129:
12076:(in Chinese). 16 November 2017.
12062:
11856:
11820:
11748:Stefon, Matt (5 December 2016).
11711:
11584:Mark, Emily (22 February 2016).
11577:
11350:
11278:
10973:
10961:
10949:
10888:
10864:
10843:
10806:
10686:
10643:
10535:
10522:
10503:
10395:
10301:
10264:
10242:
10154:
10129:
10090:
10054:
10012:
9326:
8258:"The State of Religion in China"
8003:Chinese spiritual world concepts
7762:and other celestial beings from
7681:
7140:Comparisons with other religions
6819:or Quanzhen schools, and clergy
6640:to different Chinese dynasties.
6340:Central Teachings of Dragon Gate
6332:Precepts for Celestial Immortals
6173:Classic of Clarity and Stillness
5421:Observation (guan)—according to
5112:"Seventh Lord" and "Eighth Lord"
4077:, and even attain magic powers,
3743:can be used to refer to ethical
3495:have also become popular in the
3102:(the most important of which is
2913:after a period of war and loss.
2776:Similarly, between 397 and 402,
2250:Classical Taoism and its sources
2090:tradition as being inseparable.
1632:. The concept originates in the
1581:
1540:
617:
34:
22470:Evolutionary origin of religion
18516:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
17533:Historical Dictionary of Taoism
16810:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
16202:. University of Chicago Press.
16136:. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
16014:Bishop, Donald H., ed. (1995).
15956:from the original on 4 May 2023
15926:from the original on 6 May 2023
13972:. Blue Snake Books, 2008. p. 21
13561:from the original on 8 May 2023
12080:from the original on 9 May 2023
10481:(1993). Laznovsky, Bill (ed.).
10161:Reid, Gilbert (February 1917).
9931:
9722:
9683:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
9664:
9598:
9476:
9452:
9375:
9320:
9256:
9224:
9107:
9071:
9037:
8994:
8928:
8898:
8829:
8769:
8515:
8485:
8459:
8412:
8302:
8272:
7726:The Taoist Jade Emperor in the
7578:(Earlier Heaven Way) sect, the
7144:Comparisons between Taoism and
7072:organization in certain sects.
6963:Relations with other traditions
6290:The Secret of the Golden Flower
6247:The Book of Balance and Harmony
6197:Scripture on the Inner Talisman
5654:Louis Komjathy writes that the
5590:
5213:mediumship and the practice of
4997:Scriptural Statutes of Lord Lao
4978:in some Taoist belief systems.
4747:(The Queen Mother of the West).
4592:'s (1017–1073 CE) cosmological
4342:Soteriology and religious goals
4228:. Some Daoist movements viewed
3445:, the oldest Chinese temple in
3315:), which parallels the rise of
3228:survived intact, stored at the
3160:The Secret of the Golden Flower
3055:In the Yuan dynasty, Taoism in
1624:, emphasizing harmony with the
1182:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
437:
416:
395:
381:
354:
340:
326:
305:
24105:
22821:Separation of church and state
21479:Polytheistic reconstructionism
18845:Chinese salvationist religions
17748:Goodspeed, Bennett W. (1983).
17648:Welch, H.; Seidel, A. (1979).
17497:. University of Hawaii Press.
17341:Bertschinger, Richard (2011).
17011:Schipper, Kristopher (1993) .
16926:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective
16829:. University of Hawaii Press.
16528:Taoism: The Enduring Tradition
16248:Demerath, Nicholas J. (2003).
16233:. University of Hawaii Press.
15007:Society of Friends of Epicurus
14859:, pp. 68, 70–73, 167–168.
14503:The Ageless Chinese: A History
14205:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14189:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14177:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14165:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13835:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13823:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13422:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
12294:Lagerwey, John (21 May 2018).
11549:World History: Our Human Story
10693:Xiangcai, MENG (1 July 2011).
8250:
7805:Ordinary Chinese in the early
7348:(geomantic compasses) used in
6763:
6215:Folios on Awakening to Reality
6014:Master who embraces simplicity
5145:are identical to the Buddhist
4905:Xuan Yuan Inquires of the Tao
4304:
4284:
4264:
4250:
3876:
3867:
3790:
3785:
3727:
3722:
3372:five sacred mountains of China
2831:Scripture of Western Ascension
2022:Records of the Grand Historian
2011:
1987:
1977:
1956:
1886:
1646:
1475:Institutions and organizations
1374:The Northern Celestial Masters
579:
533:
477:
281:
267:
253:
237:
223:
204:
203:
189:
131:
13:
1:
25838:
20477:Traditional Sabahan religions
18631:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
18396:Three Great Emperor-Officials
17129:Anthology of World Scriptures
16987:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
16751:. Augsburg Publishing House.
16743:Martinson, Paul Varo (1987).
16490:A Guide to Chinese Literature
16470:. Stanford University Press.
16229:DeFrancis, John, ed. (1996).
16105:Religion, State & Society
15828:Making Sense of World History
14869:Markham & Ruparell (2001)
14797:Markham & Ruparell (2001)
14243:Religions in the Modern World
13549:Stefon, Matt (2 April 2023).
11261:Fasching & deChant (2001)
9202:Sanders, Tao Tao Liu (1980).
8496:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
8437:10.1080/00131857.2022.2112031
8099:. W. W. Norton. p. 164.
8075:
7823:Three Great Emperor-Officials
7821:An unrelated trinity was the
7597:(1112–1170), a hermit in the
7466:Mother of the Bushel of Stars
7436:Ceremonial Taoism focuses on
7187:Some authors have undertaken
6444:) grotto, which includes the
6427:) grotto, which includes the
6369:) is also referred to as the
6175:), Taoist teachings from the
5884:
5645:
5465:
5369:
4184:, and most important of all,
3555:, especially the adoption of
2954:(internal alchemy) practice.
2264:(method master) communities.
2239:
2094:such as Isabelle Robinet and
2063:
1714:
1630:ultimately underlying reality
1364:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1064:Three Great Emperor-Officials
27734:Classical Chinese philosophy
25627:Ordinary language philosophy
24118:
19130:
19058:Freedom of religion in China
18636:Way of the Celestial Masters
17882:Internet Sacred Text Archive
16966:Taoism: Growth of a Religion
16879:Occhiogrosso, Peter (1994).
16789:Taoism: A Short Introduction
16677:Taoism and the Arts of China
16599:Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching
16391:Girardot, Norman J. (1988).
16252:. Rutgers University Press.
16160:. Chinese University Press.
14762:10.1007/978-90-481-2927-0_15
14730:, pp. 224–226, 370–374.
14266:Taoism and the Arts of China
14241:Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016).
13994:Doubleday, 1979. pp. 15, 20.
12322:Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995).
12136:Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995).
9765:Wang, Wei (16 August 2022).
8636:, Vol. 1, p. 326, "Taoshih".
8335:, Vol. 1, p. 327, "Taoshih".
8284:American Institute on Taiwan
8262:Council on Foreign Relations
8080:
7863:Hong Kong Taoist Association
7223:
6787:It was disbanded during the
6324:Precepts of the Central Pole
5915:Other important Taoist texts
5682:Ancient commentaries on the
5096:Qingming/Ching Ming festival
4895:
4857:); gods of the human ghost (
4763:Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)
4566:
4060:Traditional Chinese medicine
3578:
3449:and an active Taoist center.
3309:Reform and Opening up period
2890:. This tradition was termed
2628:Way of the Celestial Masters
2572:, the first Celestial Master
2151:
1967:The other, referring to the
1359:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
25677:Contemporary utilitarianism
25592:Internalism and externalism
22679:National religiosity levels
21904:Nauruan Indigenous religion
21459:Hellenism (modern religion)
17887:Collection: "Daoism/Taoism"
17633:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
17614:. Oxford University Press.
17550:Robinet, Isabelle (1993) .
17285:Yamamoto, J. Isamu (1998).
17197:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
17063:. Oxford University Press.
16992:Segal, Robert Alan (2006).
16964:Robinet, Isabelle (1997) .
16806:Mollier, Christine (2008).
16769:Taoism and Chinese Religion
16466:Hucker, Charles O. (1995).
16451:. Oxford University Press.
16295:Eskildsen, Stephen (2004).
15888:Mackenzie, Donald Alexander
15048:Toropov & Hansen (2002)
14384:Little & Eichman (2000)
14309:Little & Eichman (2000)
14229:Little & Eichman (2000)
14193:Little & Eichman (2000)
12368:California State University
11970:National Geographic Society
11869:The Chinese Consumer Market
11400:, p. 110-111, 122–125.
10177:University of Chicago Press
8949:10.1007/978-3-030-27953-0_8
8836:Windridge, Charles (2003).
7908:
7844:
6983:three laughs at tiger brook
6684:and Taoist versions of the
6401:, it is divided into three
5992:(Biographies of Immortals),
5703:
5454:
4991:, and are presented in the
4851:); gods of the human body (
4719:
2882:, a sacred space in Taoism.
2748:Master Embracing Simplicity
2630:, which developed from the
2205:
2200:) within Chinese religion.
2139:likewise views Taoism as a
1830:
1823:
1815:
1774:
1742:
1734:
1726:
10:
27765:
26324:Hundred Schools of Thought
24941:Svatantrika and Prasangika
24580:
22088:
18641:Northern Celestial Masters
17945:
17673:Gesamttext und Materialien
17417:Keller, Catherine (2003).
17398:Jones, Richard H. (2004).
17379:Chang, Stephen T. (1985).
17239:Taoism: An Essential Guide
16947:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
16844:Nadeau, Randal L. (2012).
16653:LaFargue, Michael (1994).
16526:Kirkland, Russell (2004).
16132:Chang, Chung-yuan (1968).
15624:. pp. 326, 393, 401.
14931:(1st ed.). New York:
14617:"2010 Yearbook – Religion"
14128:"Jordan: The Taoist Canon"
13604:Kohn & LaFargue (1998)
12898:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018).
12256:(1st ed.). New York:
11590:World History Encyclopedia
10487:Princeton University Press
10465:William Morrow and Company
10404:"Front Matter of Volume 1"
9982:, p. 389. Springer Nature.
9302:(1st ed.). New York:
7993:Chinese gods and immortals
7956:
7932:
7853:
7013:. The philosophical terms
6966:
6860:
6782:Chinese Taoist Association
6691:
6677:('longevity') character).
6523:at Guan Di Taoist Temple,
6352:
6242:, the founder of Quanzhen.
5709:
5596:
5478:
5443:
5314:avoidance of grains (bigu)
5038:
5028:Being desireless (wúyù 無欲)
5019:Being nameless (wúmíng 無名)
4756:
4750:
4677:. Classic cosmogonies are
4570:
4161:
4019:
3895:
3774:
3710:
3597:
3582:
3530:American Transcendentalism
3416:East Asian cultural sphere
3352:Chinese Taoist Association
3348:People's Republic of China
2821:Northern Celestial masters
2361:, and the idea of Heaven (
2220:
2216:
1993:Hundred Schools of Thought
1935:
1908:Spelling and pronunciation
1897:Hundred Schools of Thought
1809:Many Taoist denominations
1481:Chinese Taoist Association
27584:
27390:
27150:
27012:
26903:
26807:
26738:
26625:
26516:
26343:
26334:
26209:
26135:
26087:
25987:
25949:
25896:
25863:
25854:
25850:
25833:
25783:
25695:
25533:
25524:
25457:
25240:
25231:
25209:
25164:
25106:
25058:
25012:
25003:
24966:
24837:
24702:
24649:
24640:
24590:
24586:
24575:
24514:
24486:
24443:
24395:
24352:
24305:
24277:
24229:
24201:
24163:Philosophy of mathematics
24153:Philosophy of information
24128:
24124:
24113:
24045:
23964:
23881:
23753:
23498:
23223:
22940:
22936:
22925:
22834:
22759:
22535:
22443:
22380:
22098:
22094:
22083:
21646:
21633:
21558:
21381:
21363:Transcendental Meditation
21256:
21243:
21208:
20956:
20933:
20922:
20849:
20812:
20556:
20452:
20434:
20378:
20369:
20286:
20214:
20065:
20056:
20014:
19986:
19944:
19877:
19868:
19859:
19825:
19792:
19764:
19755:
19705:
19572:
19259:
19173:
19164:
19155:
19151:
19138:
19078:Ghosts in Chinese culture
19073:Regional Religious System
19050:
19014:
18928:
18917:
18820:
18716:Sacred Mountains of China
18703:
18611:
18448:
18332:
18244:
18137:
18126:
18056:
17953:
17913:
17908:Links to related articles
17559:Saso, Michael R. (1990).
17516:. Marlowe & Company.
17274:10.1163/22143955-04102008
16922:Prebish, Charles (1975).
16907:. Indiana: World Wisdom.
16850:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
16707:Columbia University Press
16675:; Eichman, Shawn (2000).
16634:Kraemer, Kenneth (1986).
16576:Kohn, Livia, ed. (2000).
16376:. Sussex Academic Press.
16370:Fowler, Jeaneane (2005).
16351:Fisher, Mary Pat (1997).
16117:10.1080/09637490500118570
14003:e.g. Cleary, Thomas, tr.
12917:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2
10917:10.1163/9789004439245_009
10709:(inactive 28 July 2024).
10485:. Princeton, New Jersey:
10163:"Taoism, an Appreciation"
9264:"4.8 Huang-Lao Ideology".
8311:, pp. 58, 60, 62, 68
8062:
7850:Schools and organizations
7699:Other divisions of Taoism
7620:(1148–1227), founded the
6465:
6459:
6440:
6423:
6407:
6361:
6295:
6256:
6223:
6209:
6167:
6153:
6139:
6117:
6065:
5782:Taoism draws on numerous
5770:with the Eight Trigrams (
5727:
5625:According to legend, the
5086:to the gods. Today, many
4859:
4853:
4847:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4815:
4299:
4279:
4259:
4245:
4145:
3889:
3868:
3616:
3145:
3048:During the Song era, the
2815:) was established in the
2210:
2192:
2168:
2062:dates to the Western Han
2006:
1982:
1972:
1951:
1772:theories, as well as the
1637:
1419:Sacred Mountains of China
801:Three Treasures (virtues)
592:
572:
567:
563:
556:
549:
544:
526:
521:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
484:
470:
456:
451:
430:
423:
409:
402:
388:
371:
364:
347:
333:
319:
312:
298:
291:
274:
260:
246:
230:
216:
196:
182:
175:
170:
166:
158:
154:
144:
140:
124:
119:
106:
97:
93:
88:
22990:Central African Republic
20024:Vietnamese folk religion
19415:Charismatic Christianity
18822:Major religions in China
18401:Queen Mother of the West
17873:Patheos Library – Taoism
17610:Sommer, Deborah (1995).
17587:. Shambala Publications.
17512:Martin, William (2005).
17474:Komjathy, Louis (2013).
17362:Space, Time, and Culture
17174:Tao: The Watercourse Way
17029:Sharot, Stephen (2001).
16996:. Blackwell Publishing.
16728:. Blackwell Publishing.
16681:Art Institute of Chicago
16625:Komjathy, Louis (2013).
16616:Komjathy, Louis (2014).
16447:Hansen, Chad D. (2000).
16336:. Blackwell Publishing.
16080:Chan, Wing-tsit (1963).
15979:Aronson, Martin (2002).
15518:10.4324/9780203740262-32
14742:, pp. 172, 306–311.
14622:. Hong Kong Government.
14016:. Shambhala, 1986. p. 6.
12967:"BBC - Religion: Taoism"
12328:Paragon House Publishers
12142:Paragon House Publishers
10541:Komjathy, Louis (2004),
10256:10 February 2023 at the
9269:10 February 2023 at the
8842:Barnes & Noble Books
8198:
8018:
7981:
7462:Queen Mother of the West
6653:Queen Mother of the West
6541:eight auspicious symbols
6056:The Yellow Court Classic
5551:
5517:) and external alchemy (
5233:, Tang dynasty (618–907)
5025:Being adept (zhūshàn 諸善)
5002:The nine practices are:
4813:The gods and immortals (
4728:Chinese painting of the
4473:are often seen as being
4288:, usually translated as
4268:, usually translated as
4164:Three Treasures (Taoism)
3821:something one is not or
3759:
3222:Christian missionization
2870:Later Imperial Dynasties
1999:historians: such as the
1857:five religious doctrines
1855:Today, Taoism is one of
1802:that emerged during the
1783:Spring and Autumn Annals
1054:Queen Mother of the West
26319:Nine Schools of Thought
25632:Postanalytic philosophy
25573:Experimental philosophy
22884:New religious movements
22522:Theories about religion
22475:Evolutionary psychology
21504:Modern Finnish paganism
19491:Independent Catholicism
19084:Three Persian religions
18991:Mongolian folk religion
18406:King Father of the East
17892:3 November 2020 at the
17629:Tian, Chenshan (2005).
17493:Mair, Victor H (1983).
17048:Silvers, Brock (2005).
17033:. New York: NYU Press.
16766:Maspero, Henri (1981).
16549:. New York: Routledge.
16511:. Xlibris Corporation.
16286:Eliade, Mircea (1984).
16020:. Motilal Banarsidass.
15920:Encyclopedia Britannica
15754:10.1163/156853280X00039
15622:Oxford University Press
14970:Oxford University Press
14703:"Taoism and Taoist Art"
14507:Charles Scribner's Sons
14261:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
14012:1 November 2015 at the
13990:17 October 2015 at the
13968:18 October 2015 at the
13923:Encyclopedia Britannica
13850:Idema & Haft (1997)
13555:Encyclopedia Britannica
13513:Oxford University Press
13412:, p. 228 & 103
13279:Stevenson, Jay (2000).
12904:Palgrave Communications
12819:Oxford University Press
12457:Lagerway, John (2005).
12437:Encyclopedia Britannica
12219:Encyclopedia Britannica
12038:Oxford University Press
12001:Oxford University Press
11927:Oxford University Press
11754:Encyclopedia Britannica
11689:10.1163/156853280X00039
11501:Oxford University Press
10460:The People's Almanac #2
9994:, p. 108-109, 165.
9387:Encyclopædia Britannica
9236:A Short History of Myth
8910:Encyclopedia Britannica
8008:Taoism and Confucianism
7945:Four heavenly ministers
7825:, three of the highest
7782:, "mythical emperors",
7766:, Indian Buddhism, and
6936:) argued for a kind of
6012:, also known as Baopu (
5821:into the Taoist canon).
4786:Arguments do exist the
4318:, applying them to the
4182:detachment from desires
4081:, and immortality. The
3942:unintended consequences
3427:Xisai Sacred Boat Rally
3344:Chinese Communist Party
3153:. Longmen authors like
2961:emperors, most notably
2648:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2353:, such as their use of
1969:philosophical doctrines
1881:new religious movements
1842:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1059:King Father of the East
1027:Four heavenly ministers
110:, which represents the
27622:State consequentialism
25765:Social constructionism
24777:Hellenistic philosophy
24193:Theoretical philosophy
24168:Philosophy of religion
24158:Philosophy of language
23533:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21519:Erzyan native religion
21368:Unitarian Universalism
20757:Native American Church
19535:Oneness Pentecostalism
18840:Folk ritual ministries
17830:BBC religions – Taoism
17591:Sivin, Nathan (1968).
17459:. Albany: SUNY Press.
17436:Klaus, Hilmar (2009).
17322:Barrett, Rick (2006).
17294:Zhiming, Yuan (2010).
17256:Wu, Nengchang (2014).
17178:. New York: Pantheon.
17147:Waley, Arthur (1958).
16787:Miller, James (2003).
16507:Kim, Ha Poong (2003).
16488:; Haft, Lloyd (1997).
16424:Graham, Angus (1989).
15001:Hiram (1 April 2015).
14599:"Taiwan Yearbook 2006"
13917:Ware, James Hamilton.
12115:. pp. 67–68, 70.
10510:Noss, John B. (1969).
10270:Dean, Kenneth (1993).
10224:Wile, Douglas (1995).
10135:Dean, Kenneth (1993).
9978:Zhongjian Mou (2003).
8069:Taoist Church of Italy
7531:
7478:Emperor Kuan (Kuan-yu)
7433:
7353:
7248:
7246:Honolulu Museum of Art
7006:
6994:
6888:
6872:
6738:
6716:
6704:
6649:peaches of immortality
6647:, pine trees, and the
6544:
6532:
6513:
6393:includes almost 1,500
5800:"—combinations of the
5779:
5615:
5569:
5476:
5379:
5246:
5234:
5163:
5143:Five precepts (Taoism)
5064:
5056:
4923:
4909:National Palace Museum
4748:
4737:
4640:
4607:
4370:
4363:crossing Lake Dongting
4351:
4305:bùgǎn wéi tiānxià xiān
4296:bugan wei tianxia xian
4159:
4140:political commentators
4035:
3911:
3772:
3620:
3593:
3589:Five precepts (Taoism)
3450:
3434:
3368:The White Cloud Temple
3365:
3338:(Central Qigong), and
3304:
3288:
3210:century of humiliation
3205:
3191:
3059:took inspiration from
2984:
2920:even decreed that the
2883:
2705:
2573:
2562:
2539:Early organized Taoism
2246:
1904:
1877:taken on various forms
463:
104:The Chinese character
27729:Chinese folk religion
26639:Northern and Southern
26148:Philosophy portal
25667:Scientific skepticism
25647:Reformed epistemology
24173:Philosophy of science
23853:Saint Kitts and Nevis
23150:São Tomé and Príncipe
23010:Republic of the Congo
21216:Aboriginal Australian
19887:Chinese folk religion
18830:Chinese folk religion
17554:. Albany: SUNY Press.
17383:. Tao Longevity LLC.
17296:Lao Tzu and the Bible
17132:. Thomson Wadsworth.
17124:Van Voorst, Robert E.
16187:Chung, David (2001).
16065:10.1353/dic.1990.0004
15841:10.4324/9781003013518
15505:Daoism and medicine 1
14677:10.1353/Tao.2013.0003
13724:The discovery of two
13515:. pp. 392, 394.
12360:History in the Making
12003:. pp. 392, 395.
11786:; Giarardot, Norman;
11629:; Giarardot, Norman;
11030:17 April 2016 at the
10707:10.4268/cjcmm20111301
10467:. pp. 1157–1158.
8598:. London: Routledge.
8492:Hansen, Chad (2020),
7776:celestial bureaucracy
7768:Chinese folk religion
7721:Chinese folk religion
7518:
7431:
7343:
7231:
7000:
6976:
6878:
6870:
6861:Further information:
6774:Chinese folk religion
6723:Xianguting Temple, a
6722:
6710:
6699:
6651:(associated with the
6538:
6519:
6494:
6306:The key texts of the
6273:Taishang Ganying Pian
5983:Great Peace Scripture
5765:
5724:Book of Master Zhuang
5606:
5559:
5451:
5377:
5240:
5228:
5159:
5136:Ten precepts (Taoism)
5062:
5046:
4903:
4743:
4727:
4626:
4616:School of Naturalists
4588:
4573:School of Naturalists
4571:Further information:
4561:Chinese folk religion
4408:after death or being
4357:
4349:
4153:
4029:
3905:
3767:
3706:
3607:
3440:
3424:
3360:
3330:Qigong influenced by
3294:
3280:
3230:White Cloud Monastery
3197:
3174:
3065:Chinese folk religion
2979:
2877:
2710:Three Kingdoms period
2703:
2568:
2546:
2447:), and practices for
2401:School of Naturalists
2371:Warring States period
2230:
2146:Chinese folk religion
1894:
1867:. It is considered a
1838:Chinese folk religion
1792:introduction to China
1711:Warring States period
162:"Religion of the Way"
27744:East Asian religions
27739:Dualism in cosmology
25568:Critical rationalism
25275:Edo neo-Confucianism
25119:Acintya bheda abheda
25098:Renaissance humanism
24809:School of the Sextii
24183:Practical philosophy
24178:Political philosophy
23475:United Arab Emirates
22266:Religious experience
21640:Historical religions
20044:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
19376:Schwenkfelder Church
17868:Chinese Text Project
17583:27 June 2021 at the
17455:Kohn, Livia (1993).
17326:. Blue Snake Books.
17170:Watts, Alan (1975).
16930:. Penn State Press.
16564:Kohn, Livia (2004).
16545:Kohn, Livia (2008).
16428:Disputers of the Tao
15999:on 24 November 2015.
15952:. 12 November 2009.
15512:. pp. 401–416.
15108:Napier et al. (2018)
14914:, pp. 133, 147.
14701:Augustin, Birgitta.
14569:"Taoism: Modern Age"
14447:. pp. 784–785.
13984:The I Ching Workbook
12144:. pp. 467–468.
12070:"青山王的秘書長－陰陽司公 | 保庇網"
10958:, pp. 77–78, 88
10911:. pp. 363–390.
10877:5 March 2023 at the
10516:Macmillan Publishers
9445:5 March 2023 at the
9306:. pp. 402–403.
9262:Eno, Robert (2010).
9044:Catherine Despeux. "
8844:. pp. 59, 107.
8702:, p. 20-33, 75.
7880:Concepts and objects
7542:(internal alchemy),
6316:Precepts for Novices
6301:Tàiyǐ Jīnhuá Zōngzhǐ
6093:), the first of the
6049:Kinship of the Three
5998:of Taoist immortals.
5844:) classics like the
5243:Mawangdui Silk Texts
5183:Chinese astrological
5169:Divination and magic
4610:Taoist cosmology is
4554:worshipped ancestors
4359:The Taoist immortal
4128:political philosophy
3747:in the conventional
3546:alternative medicine
3542:perennial philosophy
3538:New Age spirituality
3534:1960s counterculture
3526:Chinese martial arts
2839:Lu Xiujing (406–477)
2813:Buddhist monasticism
2807:During this period,
2712:saw the rise of the
2553:Wucheng Bamboo-slips
1323:Way of the Li Family
528:Revised Romanization
432:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
26269:School of Diplomacy
25139:Nimbarka Sampradaya
25050:Korean Confucianism
24797:Academic Skepticism
23868:Trinidad and Tobago
23763:Antigua and Barbuda
22931:Religion by country
21992:Cult of Magna Mater
20514:Philippine Dayawism
20095:Nimbarka Sampradaya
19843:Chinese Manichaeism
19515:Jehovah's Witnesses
19320:Proto-Protestantism
19068:Irreligion in China
18996:Qiang folk religion
18835:Ancestor veneration
18165:(self-cultivation)
17851:"Taoist philosophy"
17731:The Tao of Business
17535:. Scarecrow Press.
17402:. Lexington Books.
15922:. 3 February 2010.
15363:, p. 146, 159.
15050:, pp. 169–181.
14871:, pp. 248–249.
14509:. pp. 333–334.
14501:Li, Dun J. (1965).
14134:on 16 February 2007
13962:Walking the I Ching
13708:Stanford University
13051:David "Race" Bannon
12941:, pp. 168–169.
12746:Occhiogrosso (1994)
11972:. 30 January 2023.
11034:. Ultravisum, 2015.
10656:Guerilla Capitalism
10489:. pp. 24, 26.
10451:Wallechinsky, David
9784:10.3390/rel13080748
9208:Peter Bedrick Books
9052:, pp. 403–404.
8783:Pew Research Center
8651:, pp. 105–106.
8382:Stanford University
8214:on 26 January 2024.
8052:Taoism in Singapore
8013:Taoism in Hong Kong
7728:first millennium AD
7609:. He then moved to
7336:Divinational Taoism
7255:, particularly the
7193:history of religion
7189:comparative studies
6807:, belonging to the
6789:Cultural Revolution
6421:("real" or "truth"
5832:Writings of Master
5629:(also known as the
5265:) methods include:
5221:Longevity practices
5217:or spirit writing.
4218:Great Wall of China
4126:The body in Taoist
3800:; lit. "self-so", "
3282:Wong Tai Sin Temple
3241:Cultural Revolution
3167:Early modern Taoism
3080:East Asian Buddhism
3013:mystical experience
2619:commentary and the
458:Vietnamese alphabet
54:editing the article
26203:Chinese philosophy
25760:Post-structuralism
25662:Scientific realism
25617:Quinean naturalism
25597:Logical positivism
25553:Analytical Marxism
24772:Peripatetic school
24684:Chinese naturalism
24211:Aesthetic response
24138:Applied philosophy
23803:Dominican Republic
22849:Abrahamic prophets
21943:Proto-Indo-Iranian
20487:Aliran Kepercayaan
19690:Non-denominational
19612:Modernist Salafism
19298:Oriental Orthodoxy
18981:Miao folk religion
18877:Theravada Buddhism
18157:(external alchemy)
18149:(internal alchemy)
17864:Early Taoist texts
17733:. Earnshaw Books.
17345:. Singing Dragon.
17280:on 27 August 2017.
17237:Wong, Eva (2011).
16547:Introducing Daoism
15946:"Gods and spirits"
15453:, p. 173-174.
15429:, p. 172-173.
15390:, p. 155-157.
15378:, p. 147-154.
15283:, p. 124-131.
15271:, p. 115-121.
15247:, p. 115-117.
15223:, p. 105-106.
15098:, p. 141–145.
15013:on 8 October 2022.
14927:Chua, Amy (2007).
14898:2009-02-20 at the
14835:, pp. 70, 74.
14006:The Taoist I Ching
13879:www.britannica.com
13632:"Taoism: Overview"
13455:, p. 133-136.
13424:, pp. 70–71;
13325:, p. 133-134.
13313:, p. 136-140.
13163:, pp. 135–137
13151:, p. 132-135.
13124:, pp. 129–132
13109:, p. 133-142.
12535:, p. 163-166.
12511:, p. 162-163.
12252:Chua, Amy (2007).
11908:, p. 175-183.
11470:. Shambhala, 2000.
11332:, p. 116-117.
11076:Slingerland (2003)
10812:A. Chan, cited in
10604:, p. 222-224.
10568:, p. 207-208.
10548:2011-12-26 at the
10530:Taoism and Ecology
10363:, p. 215-216.
10351:, p. 185-187.
10168:The Biblical World
10087:, p. 202-203.
9915:St. Martin's Press
9879:, p. 103-104.
9242:. pp. 90–91.
9164:Harari, Yuval Noah
9156:Harari, Yuval Noah
9007:, pp. 203–204
8409:, pp. 170–171
8047:Taoism in Malaysia
7642:Dragon Gate Taoism
7599:Zhongnan mountains
7532:
7434:
7414:Dragon Gate Taoism
7354:
7249:
7136:into their faith.
7106:Church of the East
7007:
6995:
6977:A painting in the
6889:
6873:
6823:has been resumed.
6801:White Cloud Temple
6739:
6717:
6713:White Cloud Temple
6705:
6545:
6533:
6514:
6507:surrounded by the
6498:spider web ceiling
6487:Symbols and images
6359:The Taoist Canon (
6308:Dragon Gate School
5780:
5616:
5570:
5477:
5380:
5247:
5235:
5215:planchette writing
5082:rejected food and
5065:
5057:
4982:The nine practices
4924:
4917:Kongtong Mountains
4829:); earth spirits (
4802:at the top of the
4771:can be defined as
4749:
4738:
4734:the Heavenly Kings
4608:
4371:
4352:
4160:
4036:
3912:
3773:
3621:
3455:Chinese emigration
3451:
3435:
3396:Zhongnan mountains
3305:
3289:
3273:Late modern Taoism
3206:
3192:
3151:White Cloud Temple
2985:
2957:Likewise, several
2884:
2817:Zhongnan mountains
2794:Buddhist cosmology
2706:
2644:Way of Great Peace
2632:Five Pecks of Rice
2615:were written: the
2574:
2563:
2247:
2232:Laozi Riding an Ox
2180:Kristofer Schipper
2058:. Use of the term
1905:
1821:(or "immortals").
1790:upon the latter's
1732:and the anecdotal
1456:Cebu Taoist Temple
1446:White Cloud Temple
1308:Way of the Taiping
27724:Chinese astrology
27672:
27671:
27666:
27665:
27514:Mandate of Heaven
27386:
27385:
26169:
26168:
26131:
26130:
26127:
26126:
26123:
26122:
25829:
25828:
25825:
25824:
25821:
25820:
25548:Analytic feminism
25520:
25519:
25482:Kierkegaardianism
25444:Transcendentalism
25404:Neo-scholasticism
25250:Classical Realism
25227:
25226:
24999:
24998:
24814:Neopythagoreanism
24571:
24570:
24567:
24566:
24188:Social philosophy
24073:
24072:
24041:
24040:
24037:
24036:
23025:Equatorial Guinea
22921:
22920:
22917:
22916:
22460:Cognitive science
22079:
22078:
22012:Mysteries of Isis
21786:Frankish paganism
21629:
21628:
21625:
21624:
21621:
21620:
21373:White Brotherhood
21239:
21238:
21204:
21203:
20548:Sundanese Wiwitan
20365:
20364:
20361:
20360:
20090:Brahma Sampradaya
20052:
20051:
19855:
19854:
19851:
19850:
19833:Assianism/Uatsdin
19751:
19750:
19520:British Israelism
19506:Nontrinitarianism
19469:Plymouth Brethren
19464:Nondenominational
19398:Congregationalism
19286:Eastern Orthodoxy
19234:Reconstructionist
19098:
19097:
19006:Yao folk religion
18814:Religion in China
18773:
18772:
18384:Tianhuang Emperor
18124:
18123:
18046:
18045:
17811:978-1-56170-349-4
17787:978-0-14-006747-7
17763:978-0-525-24201-7
17740:978-988-18-1547-7
17718:978-1-4019-1750-0
17682:978-3-86660-222-9
17667:Zhuangzi (2018).
17621:978-0-19-508895-3
17602:978-0-674-12150-8
17570:978-0-87422-054-4
17504:978-0-8248-4700-5
17485:978-1-4411-6873-3
17466:978-0-7914-1579-5
17447:978-3-8107-0055-1
17352:978-1-84819-048-1
17305:978-1-4490-9110-1
17248:978-1-59030-882-0
17185:978-0-394-73311-1
17139:978-0-534-52099-1
17103:978-1-44-069573-5
17070:978-0-19-513899-3
17050:The Taoist Manual
16956:978-0-7007-1200-7
16914:978-1-933316-22-2
16857:978-1-4443-6143-8
16817:978-0-8248-3169-1
16645:978-0-8091-2781-8
16638:. Paulist Press.
16589:978-90-04-11208-7
16582:. Leiden: Brill.
16537:978-0-415-26321-4
16499:978-0-89264-123-9
16404:978-0-520-06460-7
16383:978-1-84519-086-6
16308:978-0-7914-6045-0
16209:978-0-226-12047-8
16167:978-962-201-469-5
16143:978-0-06-131968-6
16027:978-81-208-1139-3
15992:978-1-56975-319-4
15985:. Ulysses Press.
15901:978-0-517-60446-5
15850:978-1-003-01351-8
15793:: 62, 77–78, 85.
15709:Myths and Legends
15672:Cleary, Thomas F.
15527:978-0-203-74026-2
15184:, p. 99-198.
15168:978-0-7440-3475-2
15062:, pp. 69–70.
15024:Werblowsky (2002)
14942:978-0-385-51284-8
14771:978-90-481-2926-3
14487:978-3-8365-1448-4
14454:978-3-8365-1448-4
14424:978-3-8365-1448-4
14276:978-0-520-22785-9
14231:, p. 131–139
13796:Van Voorst (2005)
13294:978-0-02-863820-1
13256:, p. 142-43.
13220:, p. 138-39.
13208:, p. 150-51.
13017:, p. 182-92.
13005:, p. 191-93.
12772:, p. 99-100.
12337:978-1-55778-723-1
12267:978-0-385-51284-8
12186:978-0-670-02498-8
12179:. pp. ix–x.
12151:978-1-55778-723-1
12105:Wilkinson, Philip
11886:978-1-84334-332-5
11813:978-0-87779-044-0
11792:Pelikan, Jaroslav
11729:978-3-8290-1077-1
11720:Spectacular China
11656:978-0-87779-044-0
11635:Pelikan, Jaroslav
11558:978-1-60153-123-0
11208:Van Voorst (2005)
11133:, p. 21, 39.
10989:978-0-231-03147-9
10926:978-90-04-43191-1
10673:978-1-84334-550-3
10496:978-0-691-07417-7
10425:978-0-08-097087-5
10321:on 27 March 2009.
10235:978-0-7914-2654-8
9924:978-1-250-20257-4
9313:978-0-06-117389-9
9249:978-1-84195-716-6
9177:978-0-09-959008-8
9166:; Purcell, John;
9115:Cleary, Thomas F.
9079:Cleary, Thomas F.
8958:978-3-030-27953-0
8851:978-0-7607-4535-9
8778:"Other Religions"
8745:Myths and Legends
8605:978-0-415-43553-6
8323:, Vol. 1, p. xvi.
8106:978-0-393-91847-2
8057:Taoism in Vietnam
7897:Taoist coin charm
7774:, members of the
7424:Ceremonial Taoism
7394:Chinese astrology
7326:Celestial Masters
7201:Jesus of Nazareth
7197:J. J. M. de Groot
6924:Political aspects
6770:religion in China
6758:Celestial Masters
6260:) a 13th-century
6134:Huángdì Yǐnfújīng
5659:wisdom" from the
5633:) was written by
5546:microcosmic orbit
5084:animal sacrifices
5071:made much use of
4714:Chinese astrology
4102:. The three are:
4090:Qi is one of the
3998:xingming shuanxiu
3835:Taoist meditation
3802:self-organization
3687:described Tao as
3585:Taoist philosophy
3425:Taoist priest at
3175:Taoist clergy of
2790:Mahayana Buddhist
2513:environmentalists
2496:Chinese shamanism
2415:, especially the
2393:, which speak of
2223:History of Taoism
2111:with "religion" (
2002:Commentary of Zuo
1962:Celestial Masters
1938:Taoist philosophy
1811:recognize deities
1756:state religions,
1687:effortless action
1529:
1528:
1486:Celestial Masters
1042:Tianhuang Emperor
650:Taoist philosophy
596:
595:
588:
587:
540:
539:
447:
446:
321:Yale Romanization
262:Yale Romanization
177:Standard Mandarin
82:
81:
74:
47:layout guidelines
16:(Redirected from
27756:
27701:
27700:
27699:
27689:
27688:
27687:
27680:
27543:Self-cultivation
27448:Neo-Confucianism
27183:Chung-ying Cheng
26341:
26340:
26242:New Confucianism
26237:Neo-Confucianism
26196:
26189:
26182:
26173:
26172:
26158:
26157:
26146:
26145:
26144:
25861:
25860:
25852:
25851:
25835:
25834:
25725:Frankfurt School
25672:Transactionalism
25622:Normative ethics
25602:Legal positivism
25578:Falsificationism
25563:Consequentialism
25558:Communitarianism
25531:
25530:
25399:New Confucianism
25238:
25237:
25045:Neo-Confucianism
25010:
25009:
24819:Second Sophistic
24804:Middle Platonism
24647:
24646:
24588:
24587:
24577:
24576:
24420:Epiphenomenalism
24287:Consequentialism
24221:Institutionalism
24126:
24125:
24115:
24114:
24100:
24093:
24086:
24077:
24076:
24063:
24053:
24052:
23931:Papua New Guinea
23906:Marshall Islands
23733:Northern Ireland
22938:
22937:
22927:
22926:
22811:Secular theology
22806:Secular humanism
22096:
22095:
22085:
22084:
21960:Ancestral Pueblo
21635:
21634:
21254:
21253:
20931:
20930:
20376:
20375:
20132:Shaiva Siddhanta
20063:
20062:
19996:Korean shamanism
19875:
19874:
19866:
19865:
19762:
19761:
19675:Mahdawi movement
19545:Swedenborgianism
19525:Christadelphians
19171:
19170:
19162:
19161:
19153:
19152:
19140:
19139:
19125:
19118:
19111:
19102:
19101:
18971:Manchu shamanism
18923:
18872:Tibetan Buddhism
18867:Chinese Buddhism
18812:
18811:
18800:
18793:
18786:
18777:
18776:
18721:Wudang Mountains
18132:
18054:
18053:
18031:(transformation)
18008:(eight trigrams)
17960:
17959:
17940:
17933:
17926:
17917:
17916:
17904:
17903:
17860:
17815:
17791:
17767:
17755:
17744:
17727:Gerstner, Ansgar
17722:
17686:
17663:
17650:Facets of Taoism
17644:
17625:
17606:
17574:
17555:
17546:
17527:
17508:
17489:
17470:
17451:
17432:
17413:
17394:
17375:
17356:
17337:
17309:
17290:
17281:
17276:. Archived from
17252:
17233:
17231:
17208:
17198:
17189:
17177:
17166:
17154:
17143:
17119:
17117:
17115:
17086:
17084:
17082:
17053:
17044:
17025:
17016:
17007:
16988:
16979:
16960:
16941:
16929:
16918:
16901:Oldmeadow, Harry
16896:
16882:The Joy of Sects
16875:
16861:
16840:
16821:
16802:
16783:
16762:
16750:
16739:
16720:
16694:
16668:
16649:
16630:
16621:
16612:
16593:
16572:
16560:
16541:
16522:
16503:
16481:
16462:
16443:
16431:
16420:
16418:
16416:
16387:
16366:
16347:
16335:
16324:
16322:
16320:
16291:
16282:
16271:. World Wisdom.
16263:
16244:
16225:
16223:
16221:
16192:
16183:
16181:
16179:
16147:
16128:
16099:
16087:
16076:
16043:
16041:
16039:
16010:
16000:
15995:. Archived from
15966:
15965:
15963:
15961:
15942:
15936:
15935:
15933:
15931:
15912:
15906:
15905:
15884:
15875:
15874:
15872:
15870:
15822:
15811:
15810:
15780:
15774:
15773:
15748:(1/3): 125–126.
15737:
15731:
15730:
15704:
15698:
15697:
15668:
15659:
15658:
15650:
15644:
15643:
15613:
15607:
15601:
15590:
15584:
15578:
15572:
15566:
15560:
15549:
15543:
15532:
15531:
15499:
15493:
15487:
15481:
15475:
15469:
15463:
15454:
15448:
15442:
15436:
15430:
15424:
15418:
15412:
15403:
15397:
15391:
15385:
15379:
15373:
15364:
15358:
15352:
15346:
15335:
15329:
15323:
15317:
15311:
15305:
15299:
15293:
15284:
15278:
15272:
15266:
15260:
15254:
15248:
15242:
15236:
15230:
15224:
15218:
15212:
15206:
15200:
15194:
15185:
15179:
15173:
15172:
15147:
15138:
15132:
15123:
15117:
15111:
15105:
15099:
15093:
15087:
15081:
15075:
15069:
15063:
15057:
15051:
15045:
15039:
15033:
15027:
15021:
15015:
15014:
15009:. Archived from
14998:
14992:
14991:
14961:
14955:
14954:
14924:
14915:
14909:
14903:
14890:
14884:
14878:
14872:
14866:
14860:
14854:
14848:
14842:
14836:
14830:
14824:
14818:
14812:
14806:
14800:
14794:
14788:
14782:
14776:
14775:
14749:
14743:
14737:
14731:
14725:
14719:
14718:
14716:
14714:
14698:
14692:
14686:
14680:
14669:
14663:
14662:
14661:on 3 March 2011.
14660:
14653:
14645:
14639:
14638:
14636:
14634:
14628:
14621:
14613:
14607:
14606:
14595:
14589:
14588:
14586:
14584:
14565:
14556:
14549:
14538:
14532:
14523:
14522:, p. 41-43.
14517:
14511:
14510:
14498:
14492:
14491:
14468:
14459:
14458:
14435:
14429:
14428:
14405:
14399:
14393:
14387:
14381:
14375:
14374:
14372:
14370:
14351:
14336:
14330:
14324:
14318:
14312:
14306:
14300:
14299:
14285:
14283:
14256:
14247:
14246:
14238:
14232:
14226:
14220:
14214:
14208:
14202:
14196:
14186:
14180:
14174:
14168:
14167:, pp. 1, 30
14162:
14156:
14155:, p. 22-23.
14150:
14144:
14143:
14141:
14139:
14124:
14118:
14112:
14101:
14095:
14089:
14083:
14077:
14071:
14065:
14059:
14053:
14052:, p. 44-46.
14047:
14041:
14040:, p. 41-46.
14035:
14029:
14023:
14017:
14001:
13995:
13979:
13973:
13959:Pittman, Allen.
13957:
13951:
13950:, p. 37-38.
13945:
13939:
13938:
13936:
13934:
13914:
13903:
13902:, p. 34-37.
13897:
13891:
13890:
13888:
13886:
13871:
13865:
13864:, p. 34-35.
13859:
13853:
13847:
13838:
13837:, pp. 74–77
13832:
13826:
13820:
13814:
13808:
13799:
13793:
13782:
13776:
13770:
13769:, p. 65-66.
13764:
13758:
13757:, p. 53-55.
13752:
13746:
13745:
13721:
13719:
13694:
13688:
13682:
13676:
13675:, p. xxiii.
13670:
13664:
13658:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13647:
13628:
13622:
13616:
13607:
13601:
13595:
13589:
13583:
13582:, p. 31-32.
13577:
13571:
13570:
13568:
13566:
13546:
13535:
13534:
13504:
13498:
13492:
13486:
13480:
13471:
13465:
13456:
13450:
13444:
13438:
13429:
13419:
13413:
13403:
13397:
13391:
13385:
13379:
13373:
13367:
13356:
13350:
13341:
13335:
13326:
13320:
13314:
13308:
13299:
13298:
13283:. Indianapolis:
13276:
13257:
13251:
13245:
13239:
13233:
13227:
13221:
13215:
13209:
13203:
13197:
13191:
13176:
13170:
13164:
13158:
13152:
13146:
13140:
13134:
13125:
13119:
13110:
13104:
13095:
13094:, pp. 28–29
13089:
13083:
13077:
13071:
13065:
13054:
13048:
13042:
13036:
13030:
13029:, p. 85-86.
13024:
13018:
13012:
13006:
13000:
12994:
12988:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12977:
12963:
12957:
12951:
12942:
12939:Martinson (1987)
12936:
12930:
12929:
12919:
12895:
12889:
12883:
12877:
12871:
12865:
12859:
12853:
12847:
12841:
12840:
12810:
12773:
12767:
12761:
12755:
12749:
12743:
12737:
12731:
12725:
12719:
12713:
12707:
12701:
12695:
12689:
12683:
12674:
12668:
12662:
12656:
12647:
12641:
12635:
12629:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12599:
12593:
12587:
12581:
12575:
12569:
12563:
12557:
12551:
12545:
12536:
12530:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12506:
12500:
12494:
12488:
12487:, p. 23-24.
12482:
12476:
12475:
12473:
12471:
12464:Encyclopedia.com
12454:
12448:
12447:
12445:
12443:
12429:
12423:
12417:
12411:
12405:
12396:
12390:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12379:
12351:
12342:
12341:
12319:
12313:
12312:
12310:
12308:
12301:Encyclopedia.com
12291:
12280:
12279:
12249:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12210:
12191:
12190:
12165:
12156:
12155:
12133:
12127:
12126:
12101:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12066:
12060:
12059:
12029:
12023:
12022:
11992:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11981:
11962:
11949:
11948:
11918:
11909:
11903:
11897:
11896:
11895:
11893:
11860:
11854:
11848:
11842:
11836:
11830:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11806:. p. 1058.
11776:
11770:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11745:
11734:
11733:
11715:
11709:
11708:
11672:
11661:
11660:
11619:
11613:
11607:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11596:
11581:
11575:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11544:
11535:
11529:
11523:
11522:
11492:
11471:
11464:
11458:
11452:
11443:
11437:
11431:
11425:
11416:
11410:
11401:
11395:
11389:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11354:
11348:
11342:
11333:
11327:
11321:
11315:
11309:
11303:
11297:
11291:
11285:
11282:
11276:
11270:
11264:
11258:
11247:
11241:
11235:
11229:
11223:
11217:
11211:
11205:
11194:
11188:
11182:
11176:
11170:
11164:
11158:
11152:
11146:
11140:
11134:
11128:
11122:
11116:
11110:
11100:
11094:
11088:
11079:
11073:
11067:
11061:
11050:
11044:
11035:
11019:
11010:
11004:
10991:
10979:Watson, Burton.
10977:
10971:
10965:
10959:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10909:Brill Publishers
10892:
10886:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10857:
10847:
10841:
10835:
10829:
10823:
10817:
10810:
10804:
10798:
10792:
10786:
10780:
10774:
10768:
10762:
10756:
10750:
10733:
10732:
10726:
10718:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10647:
10641:
10638:DeFrancis (1996)
10635:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10605:
10599:
10593:
10587:
10581:
10575:
10569:
10563:
10557:
10539:
10533:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10514:(4th ed.).
10507:
10501:
10500:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10447:
10436:
10435:
10434:
10432:
10399:
10393:
10387:
10381:
10375:
10364:
10358:
10352:
10346:
10340:
10334:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10320:
10314:. Archived from
10313:
10305:
10299:
10293:
10287:
10281:
10275:
10268:
10262:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10188:
10158:
10152:
10146:
10140:
10133:
10127:
10121:
10115:
10109:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10082:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10040:
10034:
10028:
10022:
10016:
10010:
10004:
9995:
9989:
9983:
9976:
9965:
9959:
9953:
9947:
9941:
9935:
9929:
9928:
9903:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9851:
9848:Eskildsen (2004)
9845:
9839:
9836:
9830:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9801:
9800:
9786:
9762:
9747:
9741:
9732:
9726:
9720:
9714:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9680:
9674:
9668:
9662:
9656:
9647:
9641:
9635:
9629:
9623:
9617:
9608:
9602:
9596:
9590:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9568:, p. 71-72.
9563:
9554:
9553:, p. 69-70.
9548:
9542:
9541:, p. 28-29.
9536:
9530:
9524:
9518:
9504:
9498:
9497:, p. 86-87.
9492:
9486:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9436:
9430:
9429:, p. 26-27.
9424:
9418:
9412:
9406:
9400:
9391:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9361:
9355:
9349:
9343:
9337:
9336:
9324:
9318:
9317:
9292:
9286:
9285:, p. 76-81.
9280:
9274:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9232:Armstrong, Karen
9228:
9222:
9221:
9199:
9190:
9189:
9162:. Translated by
9152:
9141:
9140:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9075:
9069:
9063:
9054:
9053:
9041:
9035:
9029:
9023:
9017:
9008:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8932:
8926:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8902:
8896:
8895:
8873:
8864:
8863:
8833:
8827:
8821:
8815:
8809:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8740:
8727:
8721:
8715:
8714:, p. 23–33.
8709:
8703:
8697:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8664:
8663:, p. 8, 24.
8658:
8652:
8646:
8637:
8631:
8625:
8619:
8610:
8609:
8591:
8582:
8576:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:
8463:
8457:
8456:
8416:
8410:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8369:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8231:
8225:
8216:
8215:
8194:
8185:
8179:
8166:
8165:, p. 23–33.
8160:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8090:
7764:Chinese Buddhism
7707:Religious Taoism
7524:Changchun Temple
7511:Internal alchemy
7418:Wudang Mountains
7390:Chinese calendar
7330:Buddhist deities
7242:Muromachi period
7234:Taoist Talismans
7069:Chinese Buddhist
7046:Chinese Buddhism
6989:, 12th century,
6657:Yellow River Map
6605:Celestial Master
6587:Drawings of the
6481:Shangqing School
6468:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6443:
6442:
6426:
6425:
6410:
6409:
6364:
6363:
6348:The Taoist Canon
6298:
6297:
6259:
6258:
6232:Lijiao shiwu lun
6226:
6225:
6212:
6211:
6170:
6169:
6156:
6155:
6142:
6141:
6120:
6119:
6075:Shangqing school
6068:
6067:
6018:Shangqing School
6008:, attributed to
5889:
5886:
5784:Chinese classics
5758:Chinese classics
5729:
5650:
5647:
5535:Chinese medicine
5470:
5467:
5459:
5388:Buddhist methods
5251:Chinese medicine
5126:Ethical precepts
5077:Celestial Master
5069:Chinese religion
4862:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4581:Taoism and death
4535:immortals (xian)
4420:, yin, yang, or
4306:
4301:
4286:
4281:
4266:
4261:
4252:
4247:
4195:Shangqing school
4172:), spontaneity (
3884:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3798:
3792:
3787:
3729:
3724:
3619:
3618:
3557:Chinese language
3497:New Age movement
3332:Tibetan Buddhism
3317:New Confucianism
3185:
3148:
3147:
3134:Neo-Confucianism
3069:Tibetan Buddhism
3061:Tibetan cultural
2983:(1503) by Guo Xu
2940:Emperor Xuanzong
2930:Wudang Mountains
2878:A temple in the
2847:Three Sovereigns
2771:shamanic travels
2561:
2549:Chinese talisman
2413:Chinese classics
2385:theorists (like
2359:ancestor worship
2319:, attributed to
2276:yin-yang thought
2244:
2241:
2212:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2170:
2137:Chung-ying Cheng
2103:with "thought" (
2068:
2065:
2029:, author of the
2013:
2008:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1958:
1953:
1927:
1844:during the late
1835:
1826:
1820:
1779:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1682:self-cultivation
1678:internal alchemy
1658:
1648:
1639:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1424:Wudang Mountains
1333:Chongxuan School
1318:Shangqing School
866:Sexual practices
621:
598:
597:
584:
583:
565:
564:
559:
558:
536:
535:
519:
518:
513:
512:
499:
498:
480:
479:
466:
443:
442:
441:
419:
418:
398:
397:
384:
383:
360:
359:
358:
343:
342:
329:
328:
308:
307:
287:
286:
285:
270:
269:
256:
255:
242:
241:
240:
226:
225:
212:
211:
210:
208:
192:
191:
168:
167:
136:
135:
109:
108:
102:
86:
85:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
38:
37:
30:
21:
27764:
27763:
27759:
27758:
27757:
27755:
27754:
27753:
27749:Three teachings
27709:
27708:
27707:
27697:
27695:
27685:
27683:
27675:
27673:
27668:
27667:
27662:
27580:
27481:Three teachings
27382:
27333:Tsang Lap Chuen
27146:
27008:
26917:
26899:
26815:
26811:
26803:
26752:
26734:
26643:
26637:
26621:
26530:
26512:
26330:
26328:
26274:School of Names
26217:Agriculturalism
26205:
26200:
26170:
26165:
26142:
26140:
26119:
26083:
25983:
25945:
25892:
25846:
25845:
25817:
25806:Russian cosmism
25779:
25775:Western Marxism
25740:New Historicism
25705:Critical theory
25691:
25687:Wittgensteinian
25583:Foundationalism
25516:
25453:
25434:Social contract
25290:Foundationalism
25223:
25205:
25189:Illuminationism
25174:Aristotelianism
25160:
25149:Vishishtadvaita
25102:
25054:
24995:
24962:
24833:
24762:Megarian school
24757:Eretrian school
24698:
24659:Agriculturalism
24636:
24582:
24563:
24510:
24482:
24439:
24391:
24348:
24332:Incompatibilism
24301:
24273:
24225:
24197:
24120:
24109:
24104:
24074:
24069:
24033:
23960:
23941:Solomon Islands
23877:
23749:
23653:North Macedonia
23494:
23219:
22932:
22913:
22874:Mass gatherings
22842:
22837:
22830:
22769:
22764:
22755:
22694:Religiocentrism
22674:National church
22542:
22539:
22531:
22446:
22439:
22376:
22298:Bodies of water
22090:
22075:
21860:Jamaican Maroon
21642:
21617:
21554:
21384:
21377:
21248:
21246:
21235:
21200:
21174:Trinidad Orisha
20959:
20952:
20925:
20918:
20845:
20808:
20559:
20552:
20448:
20430:
20357:
20331:Srilankan Vedda
20282:
20210:
20085:Sri Vaishnavism
20048:
20010:
19982:
19940:
19847:
19821:
19788:
19747:
19701:
19626:Twelver Shi'ism
19568:
19430:Neo-charismatic
19403:Presbyterianism
19255:
19147:
19134:
19129:
19099:
19094:
19046:
19010:
18929:Other religions
18924:
18915:
18816:
18806:
18804:
18774:
18769:
18699:
18607:
18444:
18411:Eight Immortals
18369:Four Sovereigns
18357:Lingbao Tianzun
18352:Yuanshi Tianzun
18347:Three Pure Ones
18328:
18240:
18184:Three Treasures
18133:
18120:
18052:
18042:
17949:
17944:
17909:
17894:Wayback Machine
17849:
17826:
17821:
17812:
17788:
17777:The Tao of Pooh
17764:
17756:. E.P. Dutton.
17741:
17719:
17694:
17683:
17669:Kalinke, Viktor
17660:
17641:
17622:
17603:
17585:Wayback Machine
17571:
17543:
17524:
17505:
17486:
17467:
17448:
17429:
17410:
17391:
17372:
17353:
17334:
17317:
17315:Further reading
17312:
17306:
17249:
17229:
17206:
17186:
17163:
17155:. Grove Press.
17140:
17113:
17111:
17104:
17080:
17078:
17071:
17041:
17013:The Taoist Body
17004:
16976:
16957:
16938:
16915:
16893:
16858:
16837:
16818:
16799:
16780:
16759:
16736:
16717:
16699:Mair, Victor H.
16691:
16673:Little, Stephen
16665:
16646:
16609:
16590:
16579:Taoism Handbook
16557:
16538:
16519:
16500:
16478:
16459:
16440:
16414:
16412:
16405:
16384:
16363:
16355:. I.B. Tauris.
16344:
16318:
16316:
16309:
16279:
16260:
16241:
16219:
16217:
16210:
16177:
16175:
16168:
16144:
16096:
16037:
16035:
16028:
16003:
15993:
15974:
15972:General sources
15969:
15959:
15957:
15944:
15943:
15939:
15929:
15927:
15914:
15913:
15909:
15902:
15885:
15878:
15868:
15866:
15851:
15835:. p. 466.
15823:
15814:
15781:
15777:
15738:
15734:
15719:
15705:
15701:
15686:
15669:
15662:
15651:
15647:
15632:
15614:
15610:
15602:
15593:
15585:
15581:
15573:
15569:
15561:
15552:
15544:
15535:
15528:
15500:
15496:
15490:Komjathy (2014)
15488:
15484:
15476:
15472:
15464:
15457:
15449:
15445:
15437:
15433:
15425:
15421:
15413:
15406:
15398:
15394:
15386:
15382:
15374:
15367:
15359:
15355:
15347:
15338:
15330:
15326:
15318:
15314:
15306:
15302:
15294:
15287:
15279:
15275:
15267:
15263:
15255:
15251:
15243:
15239:
15231:
15227:
15219:
15215:
15207:
15203:
15195:
15188:
15180:
15176:
15169:
15161:. p. 169.
15148:
15141:
15133:
15126:
15118:
15114:
15106:
15102:
15094:
15090:
15082:
15078:
15070:
15066:
15060:Yamamoto (1998)
15058:
15054:
15046:
15042:
15034:
15030:
15022:
15018:
14999:
14995:
14980:
14972:. p. 393.
14962:
14958:
14943:
14925:
14918:
14910:
14906:
14900:Wayback Machine
14893:Windows on Asia
14891:
14887:
14881:Schipper (1993)
14879:
14875:
14867:
14863:
14855:
14851:
14843:
14839:
14831:
14827:
14819:
14815:
14807:
14803:
14795:
14791:
14783:
14779:
14772:
14750:
14746:
14738:
14734:
14726:
14722:
14712:
14710:
14699:
14695:
14687:
14683:
14670:
14666:
14658:
14651:
14647:
14646:
14642:
14632:
14630:
14626:
14619:
14615:
14614:
14610:
14605:on 8 July 2007.
14597:
14596:
14592:
14582:
14580:
14567:
14566:
14559:
14555:, p. 29–54
14550:
14541:
14535:Kirkland (2004)
14533:
14526:
14520:Komjathy (2014)
14518:
14514:
14499:
14495:
14488:
14480:. p. 784.
14469:
14462:
14455:
14436:
14432:
14425:
14417:. p. 518.
14406:
14402:
14396:Schipper (1993)
14394:
14390:
14382:
14378:
14368:
14366:
14359:www.patheos.com
14353:
14352:
14339:
14331:
14327:
14319:
14315:
14307:
14303:
14281:
14279:
14277:
14257:
14250:
14239:
14235:
14227:
14223:
14215:
14211:
14203:
14199:
14187:
14183:
14175:
14171:
14163:
14159:
14153:Komjathy (2014)
14151:
14147:
14137:
14135:
14126:
14125:
14121:
14115:Komjathy (2014)
14113:
14104:
14098:Komjathy (2014)
14096:
14092:
14086:Komjathy (2014)
14084:
14080:
14074:Komjathy (2014)
14072:
14068:
14062:Komjathy (2014)
14060:
14056:
14050:Kirkland (2004)
14048:
14044:
14038:Kirkland (2004)
14036:
14032:
14026:Kirkland (2004)
14024:
14020:
14014:Wayback Machine
14002:
13998:
13992:Wayback Machine
13980:
13976:
13970:Wayback Machine
13958:
13954:
13948:Kirkland (2004)
13946:
13942:
13932:
13930:
13915:
13906:
13900:Kirkland (2004)
13898:
13894:
13884:
13882:
13873:
13872:
13868:
13862:Kirkland (2004)
13860:
13856:
13848:
13841:
13833:
13829:
13821:
13817:
13811:Kirkland (2004)
13809:
13802:
13794:
13785:
13779:Kirkland (2004)
13777:
13773:
13767:Kirkland (2004)
13765:
13761:
13755:Kirkland (2004)
13753:
13749:
13734:
13717:
13715:
13696:
13695:
13691:
13685:Kirkland (2004)
13683:
13679:
13671:
13667:
13659:
13655:
13645:
13643:
13630:
13629:
13625:
13619:Komjathy (2014)
13617:
13610:
13602:
13598:
13590:
13586:
13580:Komjathy (2014)
13578:
13574:
13564:
13562:
13547:
13538:
13523:
13505:
13501:
13495:Komjathy (2014)
13493:
13489:
13481:
13474:
13468:Komjathy (2014)
13466:
13459:
13453:Komjathy (2014)
13451:
13447:
13439:
13432:
13420:
13416:
13408:, p. 672;
13404:
13400:
13394:Komjathy (2014)
13392:
13388:
13380:
13376:
13370:Komjathy (2014)
13368:
13359:
13353:Komjathy (2014)
13351:
13344:
13338:Komjathy (2014)
13336:
13329:
13323:Komjathy (2014)
13321:
13317:
13309:
13302:
13295:
13287:. p. 226.
13277:
13260:
13254:Komjathy (2014)
13252:
13248:
13242:Komjathy (2014)
13240:
13236:
13230:Komjathy (2014)
13228:
13224:
13218:Komjathy (2014)
13216:
13212:
13206:Komjathy (2014)
13204:
13200:
13194:Komjathy (2014)
13192:
13179:
13171:
13167:
13159:
13155:
13147:
13143:
13135:
13128:
13120:
13113:
13105:
13098:
13092:Schipper (1993)
13090:
13086:
13078:
13074:
13066:
13057:
13049:
13045:
13039:Komjathy (2014)
13037:
13033:
13027:Komjathy (2014)
13025:
13021:
13015:Komjathy (2014)
13013:
13009:
13003:Kirkland (2004)
13001:
12997:
12991:Kirkland (2004)
12989:
12985:
12975:
12973:
12965:
12964:
12960:
12954:Komjathy (2014)
12952:
12945:
12937:
12933:
12896:
12892:
12884:
12880:
12872:
12868:
12860:
12856:
12848:
12844:
12829:
12821:. p. 392.
12811:
12776:
12770:Komjathy (2014)
12768:
12764:
12756:
12752:
12744:
12740:
12732:
12728:
12720:
12716:
12710:Komjathy (2014)
12708:
12704:
12698:Komjathy (2014)
12696:
12692:
12684:
12677:
12669:
12665:
12657:
12650:
12644:Komjathy (2014)
12642:
12638:
12630:
12626:
12618:
12614:
12606:
12602:
12594:
12590:
12582:
12578:
12572:Komjathy (2014)
12570:
12566:
12558:
12554:
12546:
12539:
12533:Komjathy (2014)
12531:
12527:
12521:Komjathy (2014)
12519:
12515:
12509:Komjathy (2014)
12507:
12503:
12497:Kirkland (2004)
12495:
12491:
12483:
12479:
12469:
12467:
12455:
12451:
12441:
12439:
12431:
12430:
12426:
12420:Komjathy (2014)
12418:
12414:
12406:
12399:
12393:Kirkland (2004)
12391:
12387:
12377:
12375:
12352:
12345:
12338:
12320:
12316:
12306:
12304:
12292:
12283:
12268:
12250:
12239:
12229:
12227:
12212:
12211:
12194:
12187:
12166:
12159:
12152:
12134:
12130:
12123:
12102:
12093:
12083:
12081:
12068:
12067:
12063:
12048:
12040:. p. 396.
12030:
12026:
12011:
11993:
11989:
11979:
11977:
11964:
11963:
11952:
11937:
11929:. p. 395.
11919:
11912:
11906:Kirkland (2004)
11904:
11900:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11861:
11857:
11849:
11845:
11837:
11833:
11825:
11821:
11814:
11804:Merriam-Webster
11784:Reynolds, Frank
11780:Carrasco, David
11777:
11773:
11763:
11761:
11746:
11737:
11730:
11716:
11712:
11673:
11664:
11657:
11649:. p. 691.
11647:Merriam-Webster
11627:Reynolds, Frank
11623:Carrasco, David
11620:
11616:
11610:Komjathy (2014)
11608:
11604:
11594:
11592:
11582:
11578:
11570:
11566:
11559:
11545:
11538:
11532:Komjathy (2014)
11530:
11526:
11511:
11503:. p. 397.
11493:
11474:
11466:Blofeld, John.
11465:
11461:
11455:Komjathy (2014)
11453:
11446:
11438:
11434:
11426:
11419:
11411:
11404:
11398:Komjathy (2014)
11396:
11392:
11386:Komjathy (2014)
11384:
11380:
11373:
11365:. p. 430.
11355:
11351:
11345:Komjathy (2014)
11343:
11336:
11330:Komjathy (2014)
11328:
11324:
11318:Komjathy (2014)
11316:
11312:
11306:Komjathy (2014)
11304:
11300:
11294:Kirkland (2004)
11292:
11288:
11283:
11279:
11271:
11267:
11259:
11250:
11242:
11238:
11232:Kirkland (2004)
11230:
11226:
11220:Komjathy (2014)
11218:
11214:
11206:
11197:
11191:Girardot (1988)
11189:
11185:
11177:
11173:
11165:
11161:
11153:
11149:
11141:
11137:
11129:
11125:
11117:
11113:
11107:Girardot (1988)
11105:, p. 121;
11101:
11097:
11091:Girardot (1988)
11089:
11082:
11074:
11070:
11062:
11053:
11045:
11038:
11032:Wayback Machine
11020:
11013:
11007:Komjathy (2014)
11005:
10994:
10978:
10974:
10966:
10962:
10954:
10950:
10927:
10893:
10889:
10879:Wayback Machine
10869:
10865:
10855:
10853:
10849:
10848:
10844:
10838:Komjathy (2014)
10836:
10832:
10826:LaFargue (1994)
10824:
10820:
10811:
10807:
10799:
10795:
10789:Komjathy (2014)
10787:
10783:
10777:Komjathy (2014)
10775:
10771:
10765:Komjathy (2014)
10763:
10759:
10751:
10736:
10720:
10719:
10691:
10687:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10648:
10644:
10636:
10632:
10624:
10620:
10612:
10608:
10602:Komjathy (2014)
10600:
10596:
10590:Komjathy (2014)
10588:
10584:
10578:Komjathy (2014)
10576:
10572:
10566:Komjathy (2014)
10564:
10560:
10550:Wayback Machine
10540:
10536:
10527:
10523:
10512:Man's Religions
10508:
10504:
10497:
10476:
10472:
10455:Wallace, Irving
10448:
10439:
10430:
10428:
10426:
10400:
10396:
10388:
10384:
10378:Komjathy (2014)
10376:
10367:
10361:Komjathy (2014)
10359:
10355:
10347:
10343:
10335:
10331:
10324:
10318:
10311:
10307:
10306:
10302:
10296:Komjathy (2014)
10294:
10290:
10284:Komjathy (2014)
10282:
10278:
10269:
10265:
10258:Wayback Machine
10248:Wile, Douglas.
10247:
10243:
10236:
10222:
10218:
10159:
10155:
10149:Komjathy (2014)
10147:
10143:
10134:
10130:
10122:
10118:
10110:
10103:
10097:Schipper (1993)
10095:
10091:
10085:Komjathy (2014)
10083:
10079:
10073:Kirkland (2004)
10071:
10067:
10061:Kirkland (2004)
10059:
10055:
10045:
10043:Esposito (2001)
10041:
10037:
10031:Kirkland (2004)
10029:
10025:
10019:Schipper (1993)
10017:
10013:
10007:Kirkland (2004)
10005:
9998:
9992:Kirkland (2004)
9990:
9986:
9977:
9968:
9960:
9956:
9948:
9944:
9936:
9932:
9925:
9917:. p. 363.
9904:
9895:
9889:Kirkland (2004)
9887:
9883:
9877:Kirkland (2004)
9875:
9871:
9863:
9854:
9846:
9842:
9837:
9833:
9827:Komjathy (2014)
9825:
9821:
9813:
9804:
9763:
9750:
9742:
9735:
9727:
9723:
9715:
9708:
9698:
9696:
9681:
9677:
9669:
9665:
9659:Kirkland (2004)
9657:
9650:
9644:Kirkland (2004)
9642:
9638:
9632:Kirkland (2004)
9630:
9626:
9618:
9611:
9603:
9599:
9593:Kirkland (2004)
9591:
9584:
9578:Kirkland (2004)
9576:
9572:
9564:
9557:
9549:
9545:
9539:Komjathy (2014)
9537:
9533:
9525:
9521:
9513:, p. xvi;
9505:
9501:
9495:Kirkland (2004)
9493:
9489:
9481:
9477:
9469:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9447:Wayback Machine
9437:
9433:
9427:Komjathy (2014)
9425:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9401:
9394:
9380:
9376:
9370:Kirkland (2004)
9368:
9364:
9356:
9352:
9346:Kirkland (2004)
9344:
9340:
9330:
9325:
9321:
9314:
9293:
9289:
9283:Kirkland (2004)
9281:
9277:
9271:Wayback Machine
9261:
9257:
9250:
9240:Canongate Books
9229:
9225:
9218:
9200:
9193:
9178:
9153:
9144:
9129:
9112:
9108:
9093:
9076:
9072:
9064:
9057:
9046:Women in Taoism
9042:
9038:
9030:
9026:
9018:
9011:
9003:, p. 149;
9001:Demerath (2003)
8999:
8995:
8991:, p. 2-10.
8989:Kirkland (2004)
8987:
8980:
8971:
8969:
8959:
8933:
8929:
8919:
8917:
8904:
8903:
8899:
8892:
8884:. p. 431.
8874:
8867:
8852:
8834:
8830:
8824:Kirkland (2004)
8822:
8818:
8810:
8803:
8793:
8791:
8774:
8770:
8755:
8741:
8730:
8724:Kirkland (2004)
8722:
8718:
8712:Kirkland (2004)
8710:
8706:
8700:Kirkland (2004)
8698:
8694:
8688:Komjathy (2014)
8686:
8682:
8676:Komjathy (2014)
8674:
8667:
8661:Komjathy (2014)
8659:
8655:
8647:
8640:
8634:Pregadio (2008)
8632:
8628:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8592:
8585:
8579:Komjathy (2014)
8577:
8568:
8560:
8556:
8550:Kirkland (2004)
8548:
8544:
8536:
8532:
8520:
8516:
8507:
8505:
8490:
8486:
8476:
8474:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8417:
8413:
8405:
8401:
8391:
8389:
8370:
8363:
8355:
8351:
8347:, p. xxix.
8343:
8339:
8333:Pregadio (2008)
8331:
8327:
8321:Pregadio (2008)
8319:
8315:
8307:
8303:
8293:
8291:
8290:on 18 June 2020
8278:
8277:
8273:
8264:. 15 May 2024.
8256:
8255:
8251:
8243:
8234:
8226:
8219:
8200:
8196:
8195:
8188:
8180:
8169:
8161:
8150:
8146:, p. 2–10.
8144:Kirkland (2004)
8142:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8107:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8065:
8043:
8025:Taoism in Japan
8021:
7988:Chinese culture
7984:
7978:
7976:Regional Taoism
7973:
7959:
7954:
7940:Three Pure Ones
7935:
7930:
7911:
7906:
7882:
7877:
7858:
7852:
7847:
7788:Three Pure Ones
7709:
7701:
7684:
7671:
7593:was founded by
7591:Quanzhen School
7572:Quanzhen School
7551:three treasures
7513:
7500:Quanzhen School
7470:Three Officials
7454:Three Pure Ones
7426:
7338:
7276:
7253:Quanzhen School
7226:
7155:De rerum natura
7142:
7114:Emperor Taizong
7110:Three Pure Ones
6987:three teachings
6971:
6969:Three teachings
6965:
6926:
6865:
6859:
6766:
6703:temple of Laozi
6701:Laojun Mountain
6694:
6634:religious texts
6489:
6367:Treasury of Tao
6357:
6351:
6266:Quanzhen School
6185:Quanzhen school
6101:Ling Bao Bi Fai
6061:Huang Ting Jing
6025:Dadong zhenjing
5917:
5887:
5869:Huangdi Neijing
5760:
5714:
5712:Zhuangzi (book)
5708:
5648:
5611:edition of the
5601:
5595:
5554:
5523:Quanzhen School
5487:
5468:
5456:Xingming guizhi
5446:
5372:
5231:woodblock print
5223:
5171:
5128:
5041:
4984:
4898:
4808:Laozi (Lao Tzu)
4800:Three Pure Ones
4777:anthropomorphic
4765:
4755:
4753:Taoist theology
4722:
4583:
4569:
4475:eternally young
4400:Three Pure Ones
4365:, dated to the
4344:
4320:socio-political
4238:Three Treasures
4166:
4148:
4092:Three Treasures
4024:
4018:
4016:The Taoist body
3970:heartmind (xin)
3958:
3900:
3894:
3779:
3762:
3731:; also spelled,
3715:
3709:
3602:
3596:
3591:
3583:Main articles:
3581:
3388:Mount Qingcheng
3275:
3179:
3169:
3143:("Dragon Gate"
3100:Eight Immortals
3029:three teachings
2995:was founded in
2926:Emperor Taizong
2918:Gaozong Emperor
2872:
2864:Three Pure Ones
2857:Chinese emperor
2798:Buddhist sutras
2698:
2590:2nd century BCE
2555:
2541:
2463:Chinese shamans
2252:
2242:
2225:
2219:
2184:The Taoist Body
2154:
2066:
1940:
1934:
1910:
1889:
1721:
1717:
1704:three treasures
1612:
1611:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1543:
1539:
1525:
1496:
1495:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1355:
1338:Quanzhen School
1298:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1259:
1226:
1178:
1130:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1069:Eight Immortals
1015:Lingbao Tianzun
1010:Yuanshi Tianzun
1005:Three Pure Ones
995:
985:
984:
896:
888:
887:
796:
788:
787:
751:Three Treasures
645:
574:Revised Hepburn
452:Vietnamese name
248:Tongyong Pinyin
238:
218:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
206:
159:Literal meaning
115:
78:
67:
61:
58:
52:Please help by
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
27762:
27752:
27751:
27746:
27741:
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27721:
27706:
27705:
27693:
27670:
27669:
27664:
27663:
27661:
27660:
27659:
27658:
27651:Metaphilosophy
27648:
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27626:
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27594:
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27320:
27315:
27310:
27305:
27300:
27295:
27290:
27285:
27280:
27275:
27270:
27265:
27263:Lee Shui-chuen
27260:
27255:
27250:
27245:
27240:
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27165:
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27139:
27134:
27132:Zhang Xuecheng
27129:
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26910:
26904:
26901:
26900:
26898:
26897:
26892:
26887:
26882:
26877:
26872:
26870:Wang Chongyang
26867:
26862:
26857:
26852:
26847:
26842:
26837:
26832:
26827:
26821:
26819:
26809:Five Dynasties
26805:
26804:
26802:
26801:
26796:
26791:
26786:
26781:
26776:
26771:
26766:
26761:
26755:
26753:
26751:
26750:
26745:
26739:
26736:
26735:
26733:
26732:
26727:
26722:
26717:
26712:
26707:
26702:
26697:
26692:
26687:
26682:
26677:
26672:
26667:
26662:
26657:
26652:
26646:
26644:
26642:
26641:
26632:
26630:Three Kingdoms
26626:
26623:
26622:
26620:
26619:
26614:
26609:
26604:
26599:
26594:
26589:
26584:
26579:
26574:
26569:
26564:
26559:
26554:
26549:
26544:
26539:
26533:
26531:
26529:
26528:
26523:
26517:
26514:
26513:
26511:
26510:
26505:
26500:
26495:
26490:
26485:
26480:
26475:
26470:
26465:
26460:
26455:
26450:
26445:
26440:
26435:
26430:
26425:
26420:
26415:
26410:
26405:
26400:
26395:
26390:
26385:
26380:
26375:
26370:
26365:
26360:
26355:
26349:
26347:
26338:
26332:
26331:
26327:
26326:
26321:
26315:
26313:
26312:
26307:
26302:
26301:
26300:
26293:
26281:
26276:
26271:
26266:
26261:
26256:
26251:
26246:
26245:
26244:
26239:
26234:
26224:
26219:
26213:
26211:
26207:
26206:
26199:
26198:
26191:
26184:
26176:
26167:
26166:
26164:
26163:
26151:
26136:
26133:
26132:
26129:
26128:
26125:
26124:
26121:
26120:
26118:
26117:
26112:
26107:
26102:
26097:
26091:
26089:
26085:
26084:
26082:
26081:
26076:
26071:
26066:
26061:
26056:
26051:
26046:
26041:
26036:
26031:
26026:
26021:
26016:
26015:
26014:
26004:
25999:
25993:
25991:
25985:
25984:
25982:
25981:
25976:
25971:
25966:
25961:
25955:
25953:
25951:Middle Eastern
25947:
25946:
25944:
25943:
25938:
25933:
25928:
25923:
25918:
25913:
25908:
25902:
25900:
25894:
25893:
25891:
25890:
25885:
25880:
25875:
25869:
25867:
25858:
25848:
25847:
25844:
25843:
25839:
25831:
25830:
25827:
25826:
25823:
25822:
25819:
25818:
25816:
25815:
25808:
25803:
25798:
25793:
25787:
25785:
25781:
25780:
25778:
25777:
25772:
25767:
25762:
25757:
25752:
25747:
25742:
25737:
25732:
25727:
25722:
25717:
25715:Existentialism
25712:
25710:Deconstruction
25707:
25701:
25699:
25693:
25692:
25690:
25689:
25684:
25679:
25674:
25669:
25664:
25659:
25654:
25649:
25644:
25639:
25634:
25629:
25624:
25619:
25614:
25609:
25604:
25599:
25594:
25589:
25580:
25575:
25570:
25565:
25560:
25555:
25550:
25545:
25543:Applied ethics
25539:
25537:
25528:
25522:
25521:
25518:
25517:
25515:
25514:
25509:
25507:Nietzscheanism
25504:
25499:
25494:
25489:
25484:
25479:
25478:
25477:
25467:
25461:
25459:
25455:
25454:
25452:
25451:
25449:Utilitarianism
25446:
25441:
25436:
25431:
25426:
25421:
25416:
25411:
25406:
25401:
25396:
25391:
25386:
25381:
25376:
25371:
25366:
25361:
25356:
25351:
25350:
25349:
25347:Transcendental
25344:
25339:
25334:
25329:
25324:
25314:
25313:
25312:
25302:
25297:
25292:
25287:
25285:Existentialism
25282:
25277:
25272:
25267:
25262:
25257:
25252:
25247:
25241:
25235:
25229:
25228:
25225:
25224:
25222:
25221:
25215:
25213:
25207:
25206:
25204:
25203:
25198:
25191:
25186:
25181:
25176:
25170:
25168:
25162:
25161:
25159:
25158:
25153:
25152:
25151:
25146:
25141:
25136:
25131:
25126:
25121:
25110:
25108:
25104:
25103:
25101:
25100:
25095:
25090:
25085:
25080:
25075:
25073:Augustinianism
25070:
25064:
25062:
25056:
25055:
25053:
25052:
25047:
25042:
25037:
25032:
25027:
25022:
25016:
25014:
25007:
25001:
25000:
24997:
24996:
24994:
24993:
24988:
24986:Zoroastrianism
24983:
24978:
24972:
24970:
24964:
24963:
24961:
24960:
24959:
24958:
24953:
24948:
24943:
24938:
24933:
24928:
24923:
24918:
24908:
24907:
24906:
24901:
24891:
24890:
24889:
24884:
24879:
24874:
24869:
24864:
24859:
24854:
24843:
24841:
24835:
24834:
24832:
24831:
24829:Church Fathers
24826:
24821:
24816:
24811:
24806:
24801:
24800:
24799:
24794:
24789:
24784:
24774:
24769:
24764:
24759:
24754:
24749:
24744:
24743:
24742:
24737:
24732:
24727:
24722:
24711:
24709:
24700:
24699:
24697:
24696:
24691:
24686:
24681:
24676:
24671:
24666:
24661:
24655:
24653:
24644:
24638:
24637:
24635:
24634:
24633:
24632:
24627:
24622:
24617:
24612:
24602:
24596:
24594:
24584:
24583:
24573:
24572:
24569:
24568:
24565:
24564:
24562:
24561:
24556:
24551:
24546:
24541:
24536:
24531:
24526:
24520:
24518:
24512:
24511:
24509:
24508:
24503:
24498:
24492:
24490:
24484:
24483:
24481:
24480:
24475:
24470:
24465:
24460:
24455:
24449:
24447:
24441:
24440:
24438:
24437:
24432:
24427:
24422:
24417:
24412:
24407:
24401:
24399:
24393:
24392:
24390:
24389:
24384:
24379:
24374:
24369:
24364:
24358:
24356:
24350:
24349:
24347:
24346:
24344:Libertarianism
24341:
24340:
24339:
24329:
24328:
24327:
24317:
24311:
24309:
24303:
24302:
24300:
24299:
24294:
24289:
24283:
24281:
24275:
24274:
24272:
24271:
24266:
24261:
24256:
24251:
24246:
24241:
24235:
24233:
24227:
24226:
24224:
24223:
24218:
24213:
24207:
24205:
24199:
24198:
24196:
24195:
24190:
24185:
24180:
24175:
24170:
24165:
24160:
24155:
24150:
24148:Metaphilosophy
24145:
24140:
24134:
24132:
24122:
24121:
24111:
24110:
24103:
24102:
24095:
24088:
24080:
24071:
24070:
24068:
24067:
24057:
24046:
24043:
24042:
24039:
24038:
24035:
24034:
24032:
24031:
24026:
24021:
24016:
24011:
24006:
24001:
23996:
23991:
23986:
23981:
23976:
23970:
23968:
23962:
23961:
23959:
23958:
23953:
23948:
23943:
23938:
23933:
23928:
23923:
23918:
23913:
23908:
23903:
23898:
23893:
23887:
23885:
23879:
23878:
23876:
23875:
23870:
23865:
23860:
23855:
23850:
23845:
23840:
23835:
23830:
23825:
23820:
23815:
23810:
23805:
23800:
23795:
23790:
23785:
23780:
23775:
23770:
23765:
23759:
23757:
23751:
23750:
23748:
23747:
23746:
23745:
23740:
23735:
23730:
23723:United Kingdom
23720:
23715:
23710:
23705:
23700:
23695:
23690:
23685:
23680:
23675:
23670:
23665:
23660:
23655:
23650:
23645:
23640:
23635:
23630:
23625:
23620:
23615:
23610:
23605:
23600:
23595:
23590:
23585:
23580:
23575:
23570:
23565:
23560:
23555:
23550:
23545:
23540:
23535:
23530:
23525:
23520:
23515:
23510:
23504:
23502:
23496:
23495:
23493:
23492:
23487:
23482:
23477:
23472:
23467:
23462:
23457:
23452:
23447:
23442:
23437:
23432:
23427:
23422:
23417:
23412:
23407:
23402:
23397:
23392:
23387:
23382:
23377:
23372:
23367:
23362:
23357:
23352:
23351:
23350:
23345:
23335:
23330:
23325:
23320:
23315:
23310:
23305:
23300:
23295:
23290:
23285:
23280:
23275:
23270:
23265:
23260:
23255:
23250:
23245:
23240:
23235:
23229:
23227:
23221:
23220:
23218:
23217:
23212:
23207:
23202:
23197:
23192:
23187:
23182:
23177:
23172:
23167:
23162:
23157:
23152:
23147:
23142:
23137:
23132:
23127:
23122:
23117:
23112:
23107:
23102:
23097:
23092:
23087:
23082:
23077:
23072:
23067:
23062:
23057:
23052:
23047:
23042:
23037:
23032:
23027:
23022:
23017:
23012:
23007:
23002:
22997:
22992:
22987:
22982:
22977:
22972:
22967:
22962:
22957:
22952:
22946:
22944:
22934:
22933:
22923:
22922:
22919:
22918:
22915:
22914:
22912:
22911:
22906:
22901:
22896:
22891:
22886:
22881:
22876:
22871:
22866:
22861:
22856:
22851:
22845:
22843:
22835:
22832:
22831:
22829:
22828:
22823:
22818:
22816:Secularization
22813:
22808:
22803:
22798:
22796:Deconstruction
22793:
22788:
22783:
22778:
22772:
22770:
22760:
22757:
22756:
22754:
22753:
22748:
22747:
22746:
22741:
22736:
22726:
22721:
22716:
22711:
22706:
22701:
22696:
22691:
22686:
22681:
22676:
22671:
22666:
22661:
22656:
22651:
22649:Fundamentalism
22646:
22645:
22644:
22639:
22634:
22629:
22619:
22614:
22609:
22604:
22603:
22602:
22597:
22592:
22582:
22581:
22580:
22575:
22570:
22556:
22551:
22545:
22543:
22536:
22533:
22532:
22530:
22529:
22524:
22519:
22514:
22513:
22512:
22502:
22497:
22492:
22487:
22482:
22477:
22472:
22467:
22462:
22457:
22451:
22449:
22441:
22440:
22438:
22437:
22432:
22427:
22422:
22417:
22412:
22407:
22402:
22397:
22392:
22386:
22384:
22378:
22377:
22375:
22374:
22373:
22372:
22367:
22362:
22352:
22347:
22342:
22337:
22332:
22327:
22322:
22317:
22316:
22315:
22310:
22305:
22300:
22290:
22289:
22288:
22283:
22278:
22268:
22263:
22258:
22253:
22248:
22243:
22238:
22233:
22228:
22223:
22222:
22221:
22216:
22211:
22201:
22196:
22191:
22186:
22181:
22176:
22171:
22166:
22161:
22156:
22151:
22146:
22141:
22136:
22127:
22125:Call to prayer
22122:
22117:
22112:
22110:Disaffiliation
22102:
22100:
22092:
22091:
22081:
22080:
22077:
22076:
22074:
22073:
22068:
22063:
22058:
22053:
22048:
22043:
22038:
22037:
22036:
22031:
22026:
22016:
22015:
22014:
22009:
22004:
21999:
21994:
21984:
21979:
21978:
21977:
21972:
21967:
21957:
21956:
21955:
21950:
21940:
21939:
21938:
21933:
21928:
21923:
21913:
21908:
21907:
21906:
21896:
21895:
21894:
21889:
21879:
21874:
21873:
21872:
21862:
21857:
21852:
21847:
21842:
21837:
21832:
21827:
21826:
21825:
21820:
21815:
21810:
21808:Greco-Buddhism
21805:
21795:
21794:
21793:
21788:
21783:
21778:
21768:
21763:
21762:
21761:
21751:
21746:
21741:
21740:
21739:
21729:
21724:
21719:
21718:
21717:
21712:
21702:
21697:
21696:
21695:
21690:
21685:
21675:
21670:
21665:
21660:
21659:
21658:
21647:
21644:
21643:
21631:
21630:
21627:
21626:
21623:
21622:
21619:
21618:
21616:
21615:
21614:
21613:
21603:
21598:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21562:
21560:
21556:
21555:
21553:
21552:
21551:
21550:
21538:
21533:
21532:
21531:
21526:
21521:
21516:
21511:
21506:
21501:
21491:
21486:
21481:
21476:
21471:
21466:
21461:
21456:
21451:
21450:
21449:
21439:
21438:
21437:
21432:
21422:
21421:
21420:
21415:
21405:
21400:
21399:
21398:
21389:
21387:
21379:
21378:
21376:
21375:
21370:
21365:
21360:
21359:
21358:
21353:
21343:
21338:
21333:
21328:
21323:
21322:
21321:
21311:
21306:
21301:
21296:
21291:
21286:
21281:
21276:
21271:
21266:
21260:
21258:
21251:
21241:
21240:
21237:
21236:
21234:
21233:
21228:
21223:
21218:
21212:
21210:
21206:
21205:
21202:
21201:
21199:
21198:
21197:
21196:
21191:
21186:
21181:
21176:
21171:
21169:Tambor de Mina
21166:
21161:
21156:
21151:
21146:
21141:
21136:
21131:
21126:
21125:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21095:
21094:
21093:
21092:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21047:
21042:
21037:
21032:
21027:
21022:
21017:
21012:
21007:
21002:
20997:
20996:
20995:
20990:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20964:
20962:
20954:
20953:
20951:
20950:
20949:
20948:
20946:Guanche church
20937:
20935:
20928:
20920:
20919:
20917:
20916:
20911:
20906:
20901:
20896:
20891:
20886:
20881:
20876:
20871:
20866:
20861:
20855:
20853:
20851:Tibeto-Burmese
20847:
20846:
20844:
20843:
20838:
20833:
20828:
20822:
20820:
20810:
20809:
20807:
20806:
20801:
20796:
20791:
20790:
20789:
20784:
20774:
20769:
20767:Nuu-chah-nulth
20764:
20759:
20754:
20749:
20748:
20747:
20742:
20737:
20732:
20722:
20717:
20712:
20711:
20710:
20700:
20695:
20690:
20689:
20688:
20683:
20678:
20676:Muscogee Creek
20673:
20668:
20658:
20653:
20648:
20643:
20634:
20629:
20624:
20619:
20614:
20613:
20612:
20607:
20602:
20592:
20587:
20582:
20581:
20580:
20570:
20564:
20562:
20554:
20553:
20551:
20550:
20545:
20543:Sumbese Marapu
20540:
20539:
20538:
20533:
20523:
20522:
20521:
20511:
20506:
20501:
20496:
20495:
20494:
20489:
20481:
20480:
20479:
20474:
20464:
20462:Batak Parmalim
20458:
20456:
20450:
20449:
20447:
20446:
20440:
20438:
20432:
20431:
20429:
20428:
20427:
20426:
20421:
20411:
20410:
20409:
20404:
20399:
20384:
20382:
20373:
20367:
20366:
20363:
20362:
20359:
20358:
20356:
20355:
20354:
20353:
20348:
20338:
20333:
20328:
20323:
20318:
20317:
20316:
20311:
20301:
20296:
20290:
20288:
20284:
20283:
20281:
20280:
20273:
20268:
20267:
20266:
20256:
20255:
20254:
20249:
20244:
20226:
20220:
20218:
20212:
20211:
20209:
20208:
20201:
20196:
20191:
20186:
20181:
20176:
20171:
20170:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20134:
20124:
20123:
20122:
20117:
20112:
20107:
20102:
20097:
20092:
20087:
20082:
20071:
20069:
20060:
20054:
20053:
20050:
20049:
20047:
20046:
20041:
20036:
20031:
20026:
20020:
20018:
20012:
20011:
20009:
20008:
20003:
19998:
19992:
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18755:
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18711:Grotto-heavens
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18588:
18586:Zhang Guoxiang
18583:
18578:
18576:Wang Chongyang
18573:
18568:
18563:
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18556:Cheng Xuanying
18553:
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18173:(calisthenics)
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18127:
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17824:External links
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17792:
17786:
17772:Hoff, Benjamin
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17298:. AuthorHous.
17291:
17282:
17268:(1): 104–127.
17253:
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16695:
16689:
16669:
16663:
16657:. SUNY Press.
16650:
16644:
16631:
16622:
16613:
16607:
16601:. SUNY Press.
16594:
16588:
16573:
16561:
16555:
16542:
16536:
16523:
16517:
16504:
16498:
16482:
16476:
16463:
16457:
16444:
16438:
16432:. Open Court.
16421:
16403:
16388:
16382:
16367:
16361:
16348:
16342:
16325:
16307:
16301:. SUNY Press.
16292:
16283:
16277:
16264:
16258:
16245:
16239:
16226:
16208:
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15849:
15812:
15775:
15732:
15717:
15699:
15684:
15660:
15645:
15630:
15608:
15606:, p. 194.
15591:
15589:, p. 193.
15579:
15577:, p. 192.
15567:
15565:, p. 191.
15550:
15548:, p. 190.
15533:
15526:
15494:
15482:
15480:, p. 184.
15470:
15468:, p. 183.
15455:
15443:
15441:, p. 173.
15431:
15419:
15417:, p. 169.
15404:
15402:, p. 159.
15392:
15380:
15365:
15353:
15351:, p. 164.
15336:
15334:, p. 163.
15324:
15322:, p. 146.
15312:
15310:, p. 124.
15300:
15298:, p. 123.
15285:
15273:
15261:
15259:, p. 119.
15249:
15237:
15235:, p. 107.
15225:
15213:
15211:, p. 103.
15201:
15186:
15174:
15167:
15139:
15137:, p. 149.
15124:
15112:
15100:
15088:
15084:Zhiming (2010)
15076:
15074:, p. 137.
15064:
15052:
15040:
15036:Aronson (2002)
15028:
15016:
14993:
14978:
14956:
14941:
14935:. p. 71.
14916:
14904:
14885:
14883:, p. 192.
14873:
14861:
14849:
14845:Mollier (2008)
14837:
14825:
14823:, p. 192.
14821:Prebish (1975)
14813:
14809:Maspero (1981)
14801:
14799:, p. 254.
14789:
14787:, p. 167.
14777:
14770:
14744:
14732:
14720:
14693:
14681:
14664:
14640:
14608:
14590:
14557:
14539:
14524:
14512:
14493:
14486:
14460:
14453:
14430:
14423:
14400:
14388:
14386:, p. 128.
14376:
14337:
14325:
14313:
14301:
14275:
14248:
14233:
14221:
14217:Robinet (1997)
14209:
14197:
14191:, p. 15;
14181:
14169:
14157:
14145:
14119:
14102:
14090:
14078:
14066:
14054:
14042:
14030:
14018:
13996:
13974:
13952:
13940:
13904:
13892:
13881:. 9 April 2024
13866:
13854:
13839:
13827:
13815:
13800:
13798:, p. 165.
13783:
13771:
13759:
13747:
13689:
13687:, p. 53-.
13677:
13665:
13653:
13623:
13608:
13606:, p. 158.
13596:
13584:
13572:
13536:
13521:
13499:
13487:
13485:, p. 171.
13472:
13470:, p. 136.
13457:
13445:
13443:, p. 170.
13430:
13426:Robinet (1997)
13414:
13410:Robinet (1997)
13398:
13396:, p. 132.
13386:
13384:, p. 137.
13374:
13372:, p. 137.
13357:
13355:, p. 135.
13342:
13340:, p. 134.
13327:
13315:
13300:
13293:
13258:
13246:
13244:, p. 140.
13234:
13232:, p. 139.
13222:
13210:
13198:
13196:, p. 133.
13177:
13175:, p. 174.
13165:
13161:Silvers (2005)
13153:
13141:
13139:, p. 131.
13126:
13122:Silvers (2005)
13111:
13096:
13084:
13082:, p. 143.
13072:
13070:, p. 145.
13055:
13043:
13031:
13019:
13007:
12995:
12983:
12958:
12956:, p. 131.
12943:
12931:
12890:
12886:Maspero (1981)
12878:
12866:
12862:Maspero (1981)
12854:
12850:Robinet (1997)
12842:
12827:
12774:
12762:
12750:
12748:, p. 171.
12738:
12736:, p. 128.
12726:
12714:
12702:
12690:
12688:, p. 115.
12675:
12671:Robinet (1997)
12663:
12659:Robinet (1997)
12648:
12636:
12624:
12612:
12600:
12588:
12576:
12564:
12560:Robinet (1997)
12552:
12537:
12525:
12523:, p. 163.
12513:
12501:
12499:, p. 184.
12489:
12477:
12449:
12424:
12412:
12397:
12395:, p. 183.
12385:
12343:
12336:
12330:. p. 20.
12314:
12281:
12266:
12260:. p. 65.
12237:
12192:
12185:
12157:
12150:
12128:
12121:
12091:
12061:
12046:
12024:
12009:
11987:
11950:
11935:
11910:
11898:
11885:
11855:
11843:
11841:, p. 123.
11831:
11819:
11812:
11788:Neusner, Jacob
11771:
11735:
11728:
11710:
11662:
11655:
11631:Neusner, Jacob
11614:
11612:, p. 147.
11602:
11576:
11564:
11557:
11536:
11534:, p. 125.
11524:
11509:
11472:
11459:
11457:, p. 112.
11444:
11432:
11417:
11402:
11390:
11388:, p. 109.
11378:
11371:
11349:
11347:, p. 117.
11334:
11322:
11320:, p. 116.
11310:
11308:, p. 115.
11298:
11296:, p. 190.
11286:
11277:
11275:, p. 137.
11265:
11248:
11246:, p. 109.
11244:Oldmeadow 2007
11236:
11224:
11212:
11195:
11183:
11181:, p. 286.
11179:Kraemer (1986)
11171:
11159:
11147:
11135:
11123:
11111:
11095:
11080:
11068:
11051:
11049:, p. 122.
11036:
11011:
11009:, p. 108.
10992:
10972:
10968:Maspero (1981)
10960:
10948:
10925:
10887:
10863:
10842:
10830:
10828:, p. 283.
10818:
10805:
10803:, p. 136.
10793:
10781:
10769:
10757:
10734:
10685:
10672:
10642:
10640:, p. 113.
10630:
10628:, p. 208.
10618:
10616:, p. 210.
10606:
10594:
10592:, p. 220.
10582:
10580:, p. 208.
10570:
10558:
10534:
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10502:
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10470:
10437:
10424:
10394:
10392:, p. 219.
10382:
10380:, p. 201.
10365:
10353:
10341:
10339:, p. 183.
10329:
10325:(30.6 KB)
10300:
10298:, p. 212.
10288:
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10276:
10263:
10241:
10234:
10216:
10186:10.1086/475692
10153:
10151:, p. 205.
10141:
10128:
10126:, p. 184.
10116:
10114:, p. 185.
10101:
10089:
10077:
10075:, p. 168.
10065:
10053:
10035:
10033:, p. 110.
10023:
10011:
10009:, p. 165.
9996:
9984:
9966:
9964:, p. 163.
9954:
9952:, p. 178.
9942:
9940:, p. xvii
9930:
9923:
9893:
9891:, p. 105.
9881:
9869:
9867:, p. 155.
9852:
9840:
9831:
9819:
9817:, p. 154.
9802:
9748:
9746:, p. 153.
9733:
9729:Robinet (1997)
9721:
9706:
9689:whc.unesco.org
9675:
9671:Robinet (1997)
9663:
9661:, p. 163.
9648:
9636:
9624:
9609:
9605:Robinet (1997)
9597:
9582:
9570:
9555:
9543:
9531:
9519:
9517:, p. 150.
9515:Robinet (1997)
9511:Robinet (1997)
9509:, p. 68;
9499:
9487:
9483:Robinet (1997)
9475:
9463:
9451:
9431:
9419:
9415:Robinet (1997)
9407:
9403:Robinet (1997)
9392:
9374:
9362:
9358:Robinet (1997)
9350:
9338:
9319:
9312:
9287:
9275:
9255:
9248:
9223:
9216:
9210:. p. 73.
9191:
9176:
9142:
9127:
9106:
9091:
9070:
9055:
9036:
9032:Robinet (1997)
9024:
9020:Robinet (1997)
9009:
8993:
8978:
8957:
8927:
8897:
8890:
8865:
8850:
8828:
8816:
8812:Robinet (1997)
8801:
8768:
8753:
8728:
8716:
8704:
8692:
8680:
8665:
8653:
8638:
8626:
8622:Robinet (1997)
8611:
8604:
8583:
8566:
8562:Robinet (1997)
8554:
8542:
8540:, p. 174.
8530:
8522:Robinet (1997)
8514:
8484:
8458:
8431:(4): 496–507.
8411:
8399:
8361:
8349:
8345:Robinet (1997)
8337:
8325:
8313:
8301:
8271:
8249:
8232:
8228:Maspero (1981)
8217:
8186:
8182:Robinet (1997)
8167:
8148:
8136:
8124:
8105:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8071:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8042:
8041:Southeast Asia
8039:
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8017:
8016:
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7958:
7955:
7953:
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7942:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7926:Taoist Tai Chi
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7873:Zhengyi Taoism
7870:
7865:
7859:
7856:Taoist schools
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7746:nature spirits
7708:
7705:
7700:
7697:
7683:
7680:
7670:
7669:Hygiene Taoism
7667:
7595:Wang Chongyang
7582:sect, and the
7570:) sect of the
7546:and so forth.
7520:Wang Chongyang
7512:
7509:
7425:
7422:
7337:
7334:
7286:, protection,
7275:
7274:Magical Taoism
7272:
7225:
7222:
7141:
7138:
7003:Hanging Temple
6964:
6961:
6925:
6922:
6917:belles-lettres
6897:Huang Gongwang
6858:
6857:Art and poetry
6855:
6811:branch of the
6765:
6762:
6693:
6690:
6576:, tigers, and
6567:The tiger and
6543:from Buddhism.
6521:Chinese dragon
6488:
6485:
6471:
6470:
6469:) revelations.
6449:
6432:
6353:Main article:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6304:
6286:
6269:
6243:
6240:Wang Chongyang
6228:
6200:
6188:
6158:
6144:
6130:
6127:Sima Chengzhen
6108:
6098:
6086:Wupian zhenwen
6082:
6052:
6040:
6021:
5999:
5986:
5973:
5957:
5945:
5937:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5903:
5888: 139 BCE
5876:
5865:
5857:
5838:
5822:
5759:
5756:
5710:Main article:
5707:
5702:
5639:bamboo tablets
5597:Main article:
5594:
5589:
5553:
5550:
5481:Taoist alchemy
5445:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5419:
5415:
5371:
5368:
5259:Sima Chengzhen
5222:
5219:
5170:
5167:
5127:
5124:
5088:Taoist temples
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
4983:
4980:
4897:
4894:
4751:Main article:
4721:
4718:
4568:
4565:
4505:Wang Chongyang
4343:
4340:
4254:). These are:
4162:Main article:
4147:
4144:
4079:social harmony
4017:
4014:
3957:
3954:
3896:Main article:
3893:
3888:
3775:Main article:
3761:
3758:
3711:Main article:
3708:
3705:
3654:Wing-Tsit Chan
3598:Main article:
3595:
3592:
3580:
3577:
3474:Southern China
3470:Northern China
3274:
3271:
3168:
3165:
3108:Hongwu Emperor
3057:Northern China
3001:Wang Chongyang
2871:
2868:
2843:three vehicles
2841:based on the "
2782:Lingbao school
2732:(d. 312), and
2697:
2694:
2655:Three Kingdoms
2551:, part of the
2540:
2537:
2529:mother goddess
2331:Yellow Emperor
2251:
2248:
2221:Main article:
2218:
2215:
2153:
2150:
2077:. Neither the
2067: 100 BCE
2056:Wing-tsit Chan
2039:
2038:
1965:
1933:
1932:Classification
1930:
1909:
1906:
1888:
1885:
1869:major religion
1722: 300 BCE
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:Taoist priests
1488:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1414:Grotto-heavens
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1330:
1328:Lingbao School
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Zhang Guoxiang
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:Wang Chongyang
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:Cheng Xuanying
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:Yellow Emperor
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1002:
996:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
873:
868:
863:
851:
844:
837:
836:
835:
828:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
774:
773:
772:
765:
760:
748:
743:
736:
728:
721:
713:
705:
698:
690:
685:
684:
683:
671:
664:
657:
652:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
637:
636:
631:
623:
622:
614:
613:
607:
606:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
576:
570:
569:
568:Transcriptions
561:
560:
553:
547:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:
530:
524:
523:
522:Transcriptions
515:
514:
507:
501:
500:
493:
487:
486:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
460:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
444:
434:
428:
427:
421:
420:
413:
411:Middle Chinese
407:
406:
404:Middle Chinese
400:
399:
392:
386:
385:
378:
369:
368:
362:
361:
351:
345:
344:
337:
331:
330:
323:
317:
316:
314:Yue: Cantonese
310:
309:
302:
296:
295:
289:
288:
278:
272:
271:
264:
258:
257:
250:
244:
243:
234:
228:
227:
220:
214:
213:
200:
194:
193:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
171:Transcriptions
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
137:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
103:
95:
94:
91:
90:
80:
79:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27761:
27750:
27747:
27745:
27742:
27740:
27737:
27735:
27732:
27730:
27727:
27725:
27722:
27720:
27717:
27716:
27714:
27704:
27694:
27692:
27682:
27681:
27678:
27657:
27654:
27653:
27652:
27649:
27647:
27644:
27642:
27639:
27637:
27636:
27632:
27630:
27627:
27623:
27620:
27618:
27615:
27614:
27613:
27610:
27608:
27605:
27603:
27600:
27598:
27595:
27593:
27590:
27589:
27587:
27583:
27577:
27576:
27572:
27570:
27569:
27565:
27563:
27562:
27558:
27556:
27553:
27551:
27550:
27546:
27544:
27541:
27539:
27536:
27534:
27533:
27529:
27527:
27524:
27522:
27521:
27517:
27515:
27512:
27510:
27509:
27505:
27503:
27502:
27498:
27496:
27495:
27491:
27489:
27488:
27484:
27482:
27479:
27477:
27476:
27472:
27470:
27469:
27465:
27463:
27460:
27458:
27457:
27453:
27449:
27446:
27444:
27441:
27440:
27439:
27436:
27434:
27433:
27429:
27427:
27426:
27422:
27420:
27419:
27415:
27413:
27412:
27408:
27406:
27405:
27401:
27399:
27396:
27395:
27393:
27389:
27379:
27376:
27374:
27371:
27369:
27366:
27364:
27363:Zhang Dongsun
27361:
27359:
27356:
27354:
27351:
27349:
27346:
27344:
27341:
27339:
27336:
27334:
27331:
27329:
27326:
27324:
27321:
27319:
27316:
27314:
27311:
27309:
27306:
27304:
27301:
27299:
27296:
27294:
27291:
27289:
27286:
27284:
27283:Liang Shuming
27281:
27279:
27276:
27274:
27271:
27269:
27266:
27264:
27261:
27259:
27256:
27254:
27251:
27249:
27246:
27244:
27241:
27239:
27236:
27234:
27231:
27229:
27226:
27224:
27221:
27219:
27216:
27214:
27211:
27209:
27206:
27204:
27201:
27199:
27196:
27194:
27191:
27189:
27186:
27184:
27181:
27179:
27176:
27174:
27171:
27169:
27166:
27164:
27161:
27159:
27156:
27155:
27153:
27149:
27143:
27140:
27138:
27135:
27133:
27130:
27128:
27125:
27123:
27120:
27118:
27115:
27113:
27110:
27108:
27105:
27103:
27100:
27098:
27095:
27093:
27090:
27088:
27085:
27083:
27080:
27078:
27075:
27073:
27070:
27068:
27065:
27063:
27060:
27058:
27055:
27053:
27050:
27048:
27045:
27043:
27040:
27038:
27035:
27033:
27030:
27028:
27025:
27023:
27020:
27019:
27017:
27015:
27011:
27005:
27002:
27000:
26997:
26995:
26992:
26990:
26989:Wang Yangming
26987:
26985:
26982:
26980:
26977:
26975:
26972:
26970:
26967:
26965:
26962:
26960:
26957:
26955:
26952:
26950:
26947:
26945:
26942:
26940:
26937:
26935:
26932:
26930:
26927:
26925:
26922:
26921:
26919:
26914:
26911:
26909:
26906:
26905:
26902:
26896:
26893:
26891:
26888:
26886:
26883:
26881:
26878:
26876:
26873:
26871:
26868:
26866:
26863:
26861:
26858:
26856:
26853:
26851:
26848:
26846:
26843:
26841:
26838:
26836:
26833:
26831:
26828:
26826:
26823:
26822:
26820:
26818:
26814:
26810:
26806:
26800:
26797:
26795:
26792:
26790:
26787:
26785:
26782:
26780:
26777:
26775:
26772:
26770:
26767:
26765:
26762:
26760:
26757:
26756:
26754:
26749:
26746:
26744:
26741:
26740:
26737:
26731:
26728:
26726:
26723:
26721:
26718:
26716:
26713:
26711:
26708:
26706:
26703:
26701:
26698:
26696:
26693:
26691:
26688:
26686:
26683:
26681:
26678:
26676:
26673:
26671:
26668:
26666:
26663:
26661:
26658:
26656:
26653:
26651:
26648:
26647:
26645:
26640:
26636:
26633:
26631:
26628:
26627:
26624:
26618:
26615:
26613:
26610:
26608:
26605:
26603:
26600:
26598:
26595:
26593:
26590:
26588:
26585:
26583:
26580:
26578:
26575:
26573:
26570:
26568:
26565:
26563:
26560:
26558:
26555:
26553:
26550:
26548:
26547:Dongfang Shuo
26545:
26543:
26542:Dong Zhongshu
26540:
26538:
26535:
26534:
26532:
26527:
26524:
26522:
26519:
26518:
26515:
26509:
26506:
26504:
26501:
26499:
26496:
26494:
26491:
26489:
26486:
26484:
26481:
26479:
26476:
26474:
26471:
26469:
26466:
26464:
26461:
26459:
26456:
26454:
26451:
26449:
26446:
26444:
26441:
26439:
26436:
26434:
26431:
26429:
26426:
26424:
26421:
26419:
26416:
26414:
26411:
26409:
26406:
26404:
26401:
26399:
26396:
26394:
26391:
26389:
26386:
26384:
26381:
26379:
26376:
26374:
26371:
26369:
26366:
26364:
26361:
26359:
26356:
26354:
26351:
26350:
26348:
26346:
26342:
26339:
26337:
26333:
26329:
26325:
26322:
26320:
26317:
26316:
26311:
26308:
26306:
26303:
26299:
26298:
26294:
26292:
26291:
26287:
26286:
26285:
26282:
26280:
26277:
26275:
26272:
26270:
26267:
26265:
26262:
26260:
26257:
26255:
26252:
26250:
26247:
26243:
26240:
26238:
26235:
26233:
26230:
26229:
26228:
26225:
26223:
26220:
26218:
26215:
26214:
26212:
26208:
26204:
26197:
26192:
26190:
26185:
26183:
26178:
26177:
26174:
26162:
26161:
26152:
26150:
26149:
26138:
26137:
26134:
26116:
26113:
26111:
26108:
26106:
26103:
26101:
26098:
26096:
26093:
26092:
26090:
26088:Miscellaneous
26086:
26080:
26077:
26075:
26072:
26070:
26067:
26065:
26062:
26060:
26057:
26055:
26052:
26050:
26047:
26045:
26042:
26040:
26037:
26035:
26032:
26030:
26027:
26025:
26022:
26020:
26017:
26013:
26010:
26009:
26008:
26005:
26003:
26000:
25998:
25995:
25994:
25992:
25990:
25986:
25980:
25977:
25975:
25972:
25970:
25967:
25965:
25962:
25960:
25957:
25956:
25954:
25952:
25948:
25942:
25939:
25937:
25934:
25932:
25929:
25927:
25924:
25922:
25919:
25917:
25914:
25912:
25909:
25907:
25904:
25903:
25901:
25899:
25895:
25889:
25886:
25884:
25881:
25879:
25876:
25874:
25871:
25870:
25868:
25866:
25862:
25859:
25857:
25853:
25849:
25841:
25840:
25836:
25832:
25814:
25813:
25809:
25807:
25804:
25802:
25799:
25797:
25794:
25792:
25789:
25788:
25786:
25784:Miscellaneous
25782:
25776:
25773:
25771:
25770:Structuralism
25768:
25766:
25763:
25761:
25758:
25756:
25755:Postmodernism
25753:
25751:
25748:
25746:
25745:Phenomenology
25743:
25741:
25738:
25736:
25733:
25731:
25728:
25726:
25723:
25721:
25718:
25716:
25713:
25711:
25708:
25706:
25703:
25702:
25700:
25698:
25694:
25688:
25685:
25683:
25682:Vienna Circle
25680:
25678:
25675:
25673:
25670:
25668:
25665:
25663:
25660:
25658:
25655:
25653:
25650:
25648:
25645:
25643:
25640:
25638:
25635:
25633:
25630:
25628:
25625:
25623:
25620:
25618:
25615:
25613:
25612:Moral realism
25610:
25608:
25605:
25603:
25600:
25598:
25595:
25593:
25590:
25588:
25584:
25581:
25579:
25576:
25574:
25571:
25569:
25566:
25564:
25561:
25559:
25556:
25554:
25551:
25549:
25546:
25544:
25541:
25540:
25538:
25536:
25532:
25529:
25527:
25523:
25513:
25510:
25508:
25505:
25503:
25500:
25498:
25495:
25493:
25490:
25488:
25485:
25483:
25480:
25476:
25473:
25472:
25471:
25468:
25466:
25463:
25462:
25460:
25456:
25450:
25447:
25445:
25442:
25440:
25437:
25435:
25432:
25430:
25427:
25425:
25422:
25420:
25417:
25415:
25414:Phenomenology
25412:
25410:
25407:
25405:
25402:
25400:
25397:
25395:
25392:
25390:
25387:
25385:
25382:
25380:
25377:
25375:
25372:
25370:
25367:
25365:
25362:
25360:
25357:
25355:
25354:Individualism
25352:
25348:
25345:
25343:
25340:
25338:
25335:
25333:
25330:
25328:
25325:
25323:
25320:
25319:
25318:
25315:
25311:
25308:
25307:
25306:
25303:
25301:
25298:
25296:
25293:
25291:
25288:
25286:
25283:
25281:
25278:
25276:
25273:
25271:
25268:
25266:
25263:
25261:
25258:
25256:
25253:
25251:
25248:
25246:
25243:
25242:
25239:
25236:
25234:
25230:
25220:
25219:Judeo-Islamic
25217:
25216:
25214:
25212:
25208:
25202:
25199:
25197:
25196:
25195:ʿIlm al-Kalām
25192:
25190:
25187:
25185:
25182:
25180:
25177:
25175:
25172:
25171:
25169:
25167:
25163:
25157:
25154:
25150:
25147:
25145:
25144:Shuddhadvaita
25142:
25140:
25137:
25135:
25132:
25130:
25127:
25125:
25122:
25120:
25117:
25116:
25115:
25112:
25111:
25109:
25105:
25099:
25096:
25094:
25091:
25089:
25086:
25084:
25081:
25079:
25078:Scholasticism
25076:
25074:
25071:
25069:
25066:
25065:
25063:
25061:
25057:
25051:
25048:
25046:
25043:
25041:
25038:
25036:
25033:
25031:
25028:
25026:
25023:
25021:
25018:
25017:
25015:
25011:
25008:
25006:
25002:
24992:
24989:
24987:
24984:
24982:
24979:
24977:
24974:
24973:
24971:
24969:
24965:
24957:
24954:
24952:
24949:
24947:
24944:
24942:
24939:
24937:
24934:
24932:
24929:
24927:
24924:
24922:
24919:
24917:
24914:
24913:
24912:
24909:
24905:
24902:
24900:
24897:
24896:
24895:
24892:
24888:
24885:
24883:
24880:
24878:
24875:
24873:
24870:
24868:
24865:
24863:
24860:
24858:
24855:
24853:
24850:
24849:
24848:
24845:
24844:
24842:
24840:
24836:
24830:
24827:
24825:
24822:
24820:
24817:
24815:
24812:
24810:
24807:
24805:
24802:
24798:
24795:
24793:
24790:
24788:
24785:
24783:
24780:
24779:
24778:
24775:
24773:
24770:
24768:
24765:
24763:
24760:
24758:
24755:
24753:
24750:
24748:
24745:
24741:
24738:
24736:
24733:
24731:
24728:
24726:
24723:
24721:
24718:
24717:
24716:
24713:
24712:
24710:
24708:
24705:
24701:
24695:
24692:
24690:
24687:
24685:
24682:
24680:
24677:
24675:
24672:
24670:
24667:
24665:
24662:
24660:
24657:
24656:
24654:
24652:
24648:
24645:
24643:
24639:
24631:
24628:
24626:
24623:
24621:
24618:
24616:
24613:
24611:
24608:
24607:
24606:
24603:
24601:
24598:
24597:
24595:
24593:
24589:
24585:
24578:
24574:
24560:
24557:
24555:
24552:
24550:
24547:
24545:
24542:
24540:
24537:
24535:
24532:
24530:
24529:Conceptualism
24527:
24525:
24522:
24521:
24519:
24517:
24513:
24507:
24504:
24502:
24499:
24497:
24494:
24493:
24491:
24489:
24485:
24479:
24476:
24474:
24471:
24469:
24466:
24464:
24461:
24459:
24458:Particularism
24456:
24454:
24451:
24450:
24448:
24446:
24442:
24436:
24433:
24431:
24428:
24426:
24425:Functionalism
24423:
24421:
24418:
24416:
24413:
24411:
24410:Eliminativism
24408:
24406:
24403:
24402:
24400:
24398:
24394:
24388:
24385:
24383:
24380:
24378:
24375:
24373:
24370:
24368:
24365:
24363:
24360:
24359:
24357:
24355:
24351:
24345:
24342:
24338:
24335:
24334:
24333:
24330:
24326:
24323:
24322:
24321:
24318:
24316:
24315:Compatibilism
24313:
24312:
24310:
24308:
24304:
24298:
24295:
24293:
24290:
24288:
24285:
24284:
24282:
24280:
24276:
24270:
24267:
24265:
24262:
24260:
24257:
24255:
24254:Particularism
24252:
24250:
24247:
24245:
24242:
24240:
24237:
24236:
24234:
24232:
24228:
24222:
24219:
24217:
24214:
24212:
24209:
24208:
24206:
24204:
24200:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24186:
24184:
24181:
24179:
24176:
24174:
24171:
24169:
24166:
24164:
24161:
24159:
24156:
24154:
24151:
24149:
24146:
24144:
24141:
24139:
24136:
24135:
24133:
24131:
24127:
24123:
24116:
24112:
24108:
24101:
24096:
24094:
24089:
24087:
24082:
24081:
24078:
24066:
24062:
24058:
24056:
24048:
24047:
24044:
24030:
24027:
24025:
24022:
24020:
24017:
24015:
24012:
24010:
24007:
24005:
24002:
24000:
23997:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23985:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23972:
23971:
23969:
23967:
23966:South America
23963:
23957:
23954:
23952:
23949:
23947:
23944:
23942:
23939:
23937:
23934:
23932:
23929:
23927:
23924:
23922:
23919:
23917:
23914:
23912:
23909:
23907:
23904:
23902:
23899:
23897:
23894:
23892:
23889:
23888:
23886:
23884:
23880:
23874:
23873:United States
23871:
23869:
23866:
23864:
23861:
23859:
23856:
23854:
23851:
23849:
23846:
23844:
23841:
23839:
23836:
23834:
23831:
23829:
23826:
23824:
23821:
23819:
23816:
23814:
23811:
23809:
23806:
23804:
23801:
23799:
23796:
23794:
23791:
23789:
23786:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23776:
23774:
23771:
23769:
23766:
23764:
23761:
23760:
23758:
23756:
23755:North America
23752:
23744:
23741:
23739:
23736:
23734:
23731:
23729:
23726:
23725:
23724:
23721:
23719:
23716:
23714:
23711:
23709:
23706:
23704:
23701:
23699:
23696:
23694:
23691:
23689:
23686:
23684:
23681:
23679:
23676:
23674:
23671:
23669:
23666:
23664:
23661:
23659:
23656:
23654:
23651:
23649:
23646:
23644:
23641:
23639:
23636:
23634:
23631:
23629:
23626:
23624:
23621:
23619:
23616:
23614:
23613:Liechtenstein
23611:
23609:
23606:
23604:
23601:
23599:
23596:
23594:
23591:
23589:
23586:
23584:
23581:
23579:
23576:
23574:
23571:
23569:
23566:
23564:
23561:
23559:
23556:
23554:
23551:
23549:
23546:
23544:
23541:
23539:
23536:
23534:
23531:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23519:
23516:
23514:
23511:
23509:
23506:
23505:
23503:
23501:
23497:
23491:
23488:
23486:
23483:
23481:
23478:
23476:
23473:
23471:
23468:
23466:
23463:
23461:
23458:
23456:
23453:
23451:
23448:
23446:
23443:
23441:
23438:
23436:
23433:
23431:
23428:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23411:
23408:
23406:
23403:
23401:
23398:
23396:
23393:
23391:
23388:
23386:
23383:
23381:
23378:
23376:
23373:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23349:
23346:
23344:
23341:
23340:
23339:
23336:
23334:
23331:
23329:
23326:
23324:
23321:
23319:
23316:
23314:
23311:
23309:
23306:
23304:
23301:
23299:
23296:
23294:
23291:
23289:
23286:
23284:
23281:
23279:
23276:
23274:
23271:
23269:
23266:
23264:
23261:
23259:
23256:
23254:
23251:
23249:
23246:
23244:
23241:
23239:
23236:
23234:
23231:
23230:
23228:
23226:
23222:
23216:
23213:
23211:
23208:
23206:
23203:
23201:
23198:
23196:
23193:
23191:
23188:
23186:
23183:
23181:
23178:
23176:
23173:
23171:
23168:
23166:
23163:
23161:
23158:
23156:
23153:
23151:
23148:
23146:
23143:
23141:
23138:
23136:
23133:
23131:
23128:
23126:
23123:
23121:
23118:
23116:
23113:
23111:
23108:
23106:
23103:
23101:
23098:
23096:
23093:
23091:
23088:
23086:
23083:
23081:
23078:
23076:
23073:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23065:Guinea-Bissau
23063:
23061:
23058:
23056:
23053:
23051:
23048:
23046:
23043:
23041:
23038:
23036:
23033:
23031:
23028:
23026:
23023:
23021:
23018:
23016:
23013:
23011:
23008:
23006:
23003:
23001:
22998:
22996:
22993:
22991:
22988:
22986:
22983:
22981:
22978:
22976:
22973:
22971:
22968:
22966:
22963:
22961:
22958:
22956:
22953:
22951:
22948:
22947:
22945:
22943:
22939:
22935:
22928:
22924:
22910:
22907:
22905:
22902:
22900:
22897:
22895:
22892:
22890:
22889:Organizations
22887:
22885:
22882:
22880:
22877:
22875:
22872:
22870:
22867:
22865:
22862:
22860:
22857:
22855:
22852:
22850:
22847:
22846:
22844:
22841:
22833:
22827:
22824:
22822:
22819:
22817:
22814:
22812:
22809:
22807:
22804:
22802:
22799:
22797:
22794:
22792:
22789:
22787:
22784:
22782:
22779:
22777:
22774:
22773:
22771:
22768:
22763:
22758:
22752:
22749:
22745:
22742:
22740:
22737:
22735:
22732:
22731:
22730:
22727:
22725:
22722:
22720:
22719:Vegetarianism
22717:
22715:
22712:
22710:
22707:
22705:
22702:
22700:
22697:
22695:
22692:
22690:
22687:
22685:
22682:
22680:
22677:
22675:
22672:
22670:
22667:
22665:
22664:Homosexuality
22662:
22660:
22657:
22655:
22652:
22650:
22647:
22643:
22640:
22638:
22635:
22633:
22630:
22628:
22625:
22624:
22623:
22620:
22618:
22615:
22613:
22610:
22608:
22605:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22587:
22586:
22583:
22579:
22576:
22574:
22571:
22569:
22566:
22565:
22564:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22534:
22528:
22525:
22523:
22520:
22518:
22515:
22511:
22508:
22507:
22506:
22503:
22501:
22498:
22496:
22493:
22491:
22488:
22486:
22485:Neurotheology
22483:
22481:
22478:
22476:
22473:
22471:
22468:
22466:
22463:
22461:
22458:
22456:
22453:
22452:
22450:
22448:
22442:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22421:
22418:
22416:
22413:
22411:
22408:
22406:
22403:
22401:
22398:
22396:
22393:
22391:
22388:
22387:
22385:
22383:
22379:
22371:
22368:
22366:
22363:
22361:
22358:
22357:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22343:
22341:
22338:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22323:
22321:
22318:
22314:
22311:
22309:
22306:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22296:
22295:
22294:
22291:
22287:
22284:
22282:
22279:
22277:
22274:
22273:
22272:
22269:
22267:
22264:
22262:
22259:
22257:
22254:
22252:
22249:
22247:
22244:
22242:
22239:
22237:
22234:
22232:
22229:
22227:
22224:
22220:
22217:
22215:
22212:
22210:
22207:
22206:
22205:
22202:
22200:
22197:
22195:
22192:
22190:
22187:
22185:
22182:
22180:
22179:Folk religion
22177:
22175:
22172:
22170:
22167:
22165:
22162:
22160:
22157:
22155:
22152:
22150:
22147:
22145:
22142:
22140:
22137:
22135:
22131:
22128:
22126:
22123:
22121:
22118:
22116:
22113:
22111:
22107:
22104:
22103:
22101:
22097:
22093:
22086:
22082:
22072:
22069:
22067:
22064:
22062:
22059:
22057:
22054:
22052:
22049:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22035:
22032:
22030:
22027:
22025:
22022:
22021:
22020:
22017:
22013:
22010:
22008:
22005:
22003:
22002:Imperial cult
22000:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21990:
21989:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21976:
21973:
21971:
21968:
21966:
21963:
21962:
21961:
21958:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21946:
21945:
21944:
21941:
21937:
21934:
21932:
21929:
21927:
21924:
21922:
21919:
21918:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21905:
21902:
21901:
21900:
21897:
21893:
21890:
21888:
21885:
21884:
21883:
21880:
21878:
21875:
21871:
21868:
21867:
21866:
21863:
21861:
21858:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21848:
21846:
21843:
21841:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21824:
21821:
21819:
21816:
21814:
21811:
21809:
21806:
21804:
21801:
21800:
21799:
21796:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21779:
21777:
21774:
21773:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21760:
21757:
21756:
21755:
21752:
21750:
21747:
21745:
21742:
21738:
21735:
21734:
21733:
21730:
21728:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21707:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21694:
21691:
21689:
21686:
21684:
21681:
21680:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21669:
21666:
21664:
21661:
21657:
21654:
21653:
21652:
21649:
21648:
21645:
21641:
21636:
21632:
21612:
21609:
21608:
21607:
21604:
21602:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21571:Discordianism
21569:
21567:
21566:Anthroposophy
21564:
21563:
21561:
21557:
21549:
21548:
21544:
21543:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21534:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21514:Mari religion
21512:
21510:
21507:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21496:
21495:
21492:
21490:
21487:
21485:
21482:
21480:
21477:
21475:
21472:
21470:
21467:
21465:
21462:
21460:
21457:
21455:
21452:
21448:
21445:
21444:
21443:
21440:
21436:
21433:
21431:
21428:
21427:
21426:
21423:
21419:
21416:
21414:
21411:
21410:
21409:
21406:
21404:
21401:
21397:
21394:
21393:
21391:
21390:
21388:
21386:
21380:
21374:
21371:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21357:
21354:
21352:
21351:Neo-Theosophy
21349:
21348:
21347:
21344:
21342:
21339:
21337:
21334:
21332:
21329:
21327:
21324:
21320:
21317:
21316:
21315:
21312:
21310:
21307:
21305:
21302:
21300:
21297:
21295:
21292:
21290:
21289:New Acropolis
21287:
21285:
21282:
21280:
21277:
21275:
21272:
21270:
21267:
21265:
21262:
21261:
21259:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21242:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21213:
21211:
21207:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21175:
21172:
21170:
21167:
21165:
21162:
21160:
21157:
21155:
21152:
21150:
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21127:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21109:
21108:
21105:
21104:
21103:
21101:
21097:
21096:
21091:
21088:
21087:
21086:
21083:
21081:
21078:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21041:
21038:
21036:
21033:
21031:
21028:
21026:
21023:
21021:
21018:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21006:
21003:
21001:
20998:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20985:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20965:
20963:
20961:
20955:
20947:
20944:
20943:
20942:
20939:
20938:
20936:
20934:North African
20932:
20929:
20927:
20921:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20900:
20897:
20895:
20892:
20890:
20887:
20885:
20882:
20880:
20877:
20875:
20872:
20870:
20867:
20865:
20862:
20860:
20857:
20856:
20854:
20852:
20848:
20842:
20839:
20837:
20834:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20824:
20823:
20821:
20819:
20815:
20811:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20795:
20792:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20779:
20778:
20775:
20773:
20770:
20768:
20765:
20763:
20760:
20758:
20755:
20753:
20750:
20746:
20743:
20741:
20738:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20727:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20709:
20706:
20705:
20704:
20701:
20699:
20698:Kwakwakaʼwakw
20696:
20694:
20691:
20687:
20684:
20682:
20679:
20677:
20674:
20672:
20669:
20667:
20664:
20663:
20662:
20659:
20657:
20654:
20652:
20649:
20647:
20644:
20642:
20638:
20635:
20633:
20630:
20628:
20625:
20623:
20620:
20618:
20615:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20601:
20598:
20597:
20596:
20593:
20591:
20588:
20586:
20583:
20579:
20576:
20575:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20565:
20563:
20561:
20555:
20549:
20546:
20544:
20541:
20537:
20534:
20532:
20529:
20528:
20527:
20524:
20520:
20517:
20516:
20515:
20512:
20510:
20507:
20505:
20502:
20500:
20497:
20493:
20490:
20488:
20485:
20484:
20482:
20478:
20475:
20473:
20470:
20469:
20468:
20465:
20463:
20460:
20459:
20457:
20455:
20451:
20445:
20442:
20441:
20439:
20437:
20436:Austroasiatic
20433:
20425:
20422:
20420:
20417:
20416:
20415:
20412:
20408:
20407:Vattisen Yaly
20405:
20403:
20400:
20398:
20395:
20394:
20393:
20389:
20386:
20385:
20383:
20381:
20377:
20374:
20372:
20368:
20352:
20349:
20347:
20344:
20343:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20332:
20329:
20327:
20326:Kirat Mundhum
20324:
20322:
20319:
20315:
20312:
20310:
20307:
20306:
20305:
20302:
20300:
20297:
20295:
20292:
20291:
20289:
20285:
20279:
20278:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20265:
20262:
20261:
20260:
20257:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20245:
20243:
20239:
20235:
20232:
20231:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20221:
20219:
20217:
20213:
20207:
20206:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20175:
20172:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20148:
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20129:
20128:
20125:
20121:
20118:
20116:
20113:
20111:
20108:
20106:
20103:
20101:
20098:
20096:
20093:
20091:
20088:
20086:
20083:
20081:
20078:
20077:
20076:
20073:
20072:
20070:
20068:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20055:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20021:
20019:
20017:
20013:
20007:
20004:
20002:
19999:
19997:
19994:
19993:
19991:
19989:
19985:
19979:
19976:
19974:
19971:
19969:
19966:
19962:
19961:
19957:
19956:
19955:
19952:
19951:
19949:
19947:
19943:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19926:
19925:
19922:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19909:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19884:
19882:
19880:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19867:
19864:
19862:
19858:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19830:
19828:
19824:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19799:
19797:
19795:
19791:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19771:
19769:
19767:
19763:
19760:
19758:
19754:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19734:
19731:
19729:
19726:
19724:
19721:
19719:
19716:
19714:
19711:
19710:
19708:
19704:
19698:
19697:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19686:
19685:Milah Abraham
19683:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19659:
19656:
19655:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19646:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19627:
19624:
19623:
19622:
19619:
19613:
19610:
19608:
19605:
19604:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19584:
19583:
19580:
19579:
19577:
19575:
19571:
19565:
19564:
19560:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19533:
19531:
19528:
19526:
19523:
19521:
19518:
19516:
19512:
19509:
19508:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19484:
19482:
19479:
19475:
19472:
19470:
19467:
19465:
19462:
19458:
19455:
19454:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19417:
19416:
19413:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19396:
19395:
19394:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19384:
19381:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19364:
19362:
19359:
19357:
19354:
19353:
19352:
19349:
19347:
19344:
19343:
19342:
19341:Protestantism
19339:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19326:
19323:
19322:
19321:
19318:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19305:
19304:
19301:
19299:
19296:
19292:
19289:
19288:
19287:
19284:
19280:
19277:
19275:
19272:
19271:
19270:
19267:
19266:
19264:
19262:
19258:
19252:
19251:
19247:
19245:
19242:
19240:
19237:
19235:
19232:
19230:
19227:
19225:
19222:
19220:
19217:
19215:
19212:
19206:
19203:
19202:
19201:
19198:
19194:
19191:
19190:
19189:
19186:
19185:
19184:
19181:
19180:
19178:
19176:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19163:
19160:
19158:
19154:
19150:
19146:
19141:
19137:
19133:
19126:
19121:
19119:
19114:
19112:
19107:
19106:
19103:
19091:
19088:
19086:
19085:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19055:
19053:
19049:
19043:
19040:
19038:
19035:
19033:
19030:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19019:
19017:
19013:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18933:
18931:
18927:
18922:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18886:
18885:
18882:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18868:
18865:
18864:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18853:
18850:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18833:
18832:
18831:
18828:
18827:
18825:
18823:
18819:
18815:
18810:
18801:
18796:
18794:
18789:
18787:
18782:
18781:
18778:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18741:
18740:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18729:
18728:Mount Penglai
18726:
18722:
18719:
18718:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18708:
18706:
18704:Sacred places
18702:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18685:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18669:
18666:
18665:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18638:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18618:
18616:
18614:
18610:
18604:
18603:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18591:Zhang Sanfeng
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18524:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18481:Zhang Daoling
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18457:
18454:
18453:
18451:
18447:
18441:
18440:
18439:Other deities
18436:
18434:
18431:
18427:
18424:
18423:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18397:
18394:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18379:Ziwei Emperor
18377:
18375:
18372:
18371:
18370:
18367:
18363:
18362:Daode Tianzun
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18349:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18342:Hongjun Laozu
18340:
18339:
18337:
18335:
18331:
18325:
18324:
18320:
18318:
18317:
18313:
18311:
18310:
18309:Qingjing Jing
18306:
18304:
18303:
18299:
18297:
18296:
18292:
18290:
18289:
18285:
18283:
18282:
18278:
18276:
18275:
18271:
18269:
18268:
18264:
18262:
18261:
18257:
18255:
18254:
18250:
18249:
18247:
18243:
18234:
18233:
18229:
18228:
18227:
18224:
18222:(immortality)
18221:
18220:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18206:
18205:
18201:
18198:
18195:
18192:
18191:
18187:
18186:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18172:
18171:
18167:
18166:
18164:
18163:
18159:
18156:
18155:
18151:
18148:
18147:
18143:
18142:
18140:
18136:
18131:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18112:Five Precepts
18110:
18108:
18107:
18103:
18098:
18097:
18093:
18092:
18090:
18089:
18088:
18083:
18080:
18079:
18078:
18073:
18070:
18069:
18068:
18063:
18061:
18059:
18055:
18049:
18048:
18038:
18037:
18033:
18030:
18029:
18025:
18023:(five phases)
18022:
18021:
18017:
18015:
18012:
18007:
18006:
18002:
17999:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17988:
17987:
17985:
17984:
17983:
17978:
17975:
17974:
17970:
17969:
17967:
17965:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17952:
17948:
17941:
17936:
17934:
17929:
17927:
17922:
17921:
17918:
17912:
17905:
17899:
17895:
17891:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17865:
17862:
17858:
17857:
17852:
17848:
17846:
17842:
17841:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17827:
17817:
17813:
17807:
17804:. Hay House.
17803:
17802:
17797:
17796:Wilde, Stuart
17793:
17789:
17783:
17779:
17778:
17773:
17769:
17765:
17759:
17754:
17753:
17746:
17742:
17736:
17732:
17728:
17724:
17720:
17714:
17710:
17706:
17705:
17700:
17696:
17695:
17684:
17678:
17674:
17670:
17665:
17661:
17659:0-300-01695-6
17655:
17651:
17646:
17642:
17640:0-7391-0922-7
17636:
17632:
17627:
17623:
17617:
17613:
17608:
17604:
17598:
17594:
17589:
17586:
17582:
17579:
17576:
17572:
17566:
17562:
17557:
17553:
17548:
17544:
17542:0-8108-3369-7
17538:
17534:
17529:
17525:
17523:1-56924-390-5
17519:
17515:
17510:
17506:
17500:
17496:
17491:
17487:
17481:
17477:
17472:
17468:
17462:
17458:
17453:
17449:
17443:
17439:
17434:
17430:
17428:0-415-25648-8
17424:
17421:. Routledge.
17420:
17415:
17411:
17409:0-7391-0784-4
17405:
17401:
17396:
17392:
17390:0-942196-01-5
17386:
17382:
17381:The Great Tao
17377:
17373:
17371:1-4020-2823-7
17367:
17363:
17358:
17354:
17348:
17344:
17339:
17335:
17333:1-58394-139-8
17329:
17325:
17320:
17319:
17307:
17301:
17297:
17292:
17288:
17283:
17279:
17275:
17271:
17267:
17263:
17259:
17254:
17250:
17244:
17241:. Shambhala.
17240:
17235:
17228:
17224:
17220:
17216:
17212:
17205:
17200:
17196:
17191:
17187:
17181:
17176:
17175:
17168:
17164:
17162:0-8021-5085-3
17158:
17153:
17152:
17145:
17141:
17135:
17131:
17130:
17125:
17121:
17109:
17105:
17099:
17095:
17094:
17088:
17076:
17072:
17066:
17062:
17061:
17055:
17051:
17046:
17042:
17040:0-8147-9805-5
17036:
17032:
17027:
17023:
17018:
17014:
17009:
17005:
17003:0-631-23216-8
16999:
16995:
16990:
16986:
16981:
16977:
16975:0-8047-2839-9
16971:
16967:
16962:
16958:
16952:
16948:
16943:
16939:
16937:0-271-01195-5
16933:
16928:
16927:
16920:
16916:
16910:
16906:
16902:
16898:
16894:
16892:0-385-42564-3
16888:
16885:. Doubleday.
16884:
16883:
16877:
16873:
16869:
16863:
16859:
16853:
16849:
16848:
16842:
16838:
16836:0-8248-0075-3
16832:
16828:
16823:
16819:
16813:
16809:
16804:
16800:
16798:1-85168-315-1
16794:
16790:
16785:
16781:
16779:0-87023-308-4
16775:
16771:
16770:
16764:
16760:
16758:0-8066-2253-9
16754:
16749:
16748:
16741:
16737:
16735:0-631-20674-4
16731:
16727:
16722:
16718:
16716:0-231-10984-9
16712:
16708:
16704:
16700:
16696:
16692:
16690:0-520-22784-0
16686:
16682:
16678:
16674:
16670:
16666:
16664:0-7914-1601-1
16660:
16656:
16651:
16647:
16641:
16637:
16632:
16629:. Bloomsbury.
16628:
16623:
16620:. Bloomsbury.
16619:
16614:
16610:
16608:0-7914-3599-7
16604:
16600:
16595:
16591:
16585:
16581:
16580:
16574:
16570:
16569:
16568:FengTao Kejie
16562:
16558:
16556:9780415439985
16552:
16548:
16543:
16539:
16533:
16529:
16524:
16520:
16518:1-4010-8316-1
16514:
16510:
16505:
16501:
16495:
16491:
16487:
16483:
16479:
16477:0-8047-2353-2
16473:
16469:
16464:
16460:
16458:0-19-513419-2
16454:
16450:
16445:
16441:
16439:0-8126-9087-7
16435:
16430:
16429:
16422:
16410:
16406:
16400:
16396:
16395:
16389:
16385:
16379:
16375:
16374:
16368:
16364:
16362:1-86064-148-2
16358:
16354:
16349:
16345:
16343:0-631-20125-4
16339:
16334:
16333:
16326:
16314:
16310:
16304:
16300:
16299:
16293:
16289:
16284:
16280:
16278:0-941532-89-5
16274:
16270:
16265:
16261:
16259:0-8135-3207-8
16255:
16251:
16246:
16242:
16240:0-8248-1744-3
16236:
16232:
16227:
16215:
16211:
16205:
16201:
16200:
16194:
16191:. SUNY Press.
16190:
16185:
16173:
16169:
16163:
16159:
16158:
16153:
16149:
16145:
16139:
16135:
16130:
16126:
16122:
16118:
16114:
16111:(2): 87–119.
16110:
16106:
16101:
16097:
16095:0-691-01964-9
16091:
16088:. Princeton.
16086:
16085:
16078:
16074:
16070:
16066:
16062:
16058:
16054:
16050:
16045:
16033:
16029:
16023:
16019:
16018:
16012:
16008:
16007:
16002:
15998:
15994:
15988:
15984:
15983:
15977:
15976:
15955:
15951:
15947:
15941:
15925:
15921:
15917:
15911:
15903:
15897:
15893:
15889:
15883:
15881:
15864:
15860:
15856:
15852:
15846:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15830:
15829:
15821:
15819:
15817:
15808:
15804:
15800:
15796:
15792:
15788:
15787:
15779:
15771:
15767:
15763:
15759:
15755:
15751:
15747:
15743:
15736:
15728:
15724:
15720:
15718:1-55521-812-1
15714:
15710:
15703:
15695:
15691:
15687:
15685:0-7858-0905-8
15681:
15677:
15673:
15667:
15665:
15656:
15649:
15641:
15637:
15633:
15631:0-19-541521-3
15627:
15623:
15619:
15612:
15605:
15600:
15598:
15596:
15588:
15583:
15576:
15571:
15564:
15559:
15557:
15555:
15547:
15542:
15540:
15538:
15529:
15523:
15519:
15515:
15511:
15507:
15506:
15498:
15492:, p. 30.
15491:
15486:
15479:
15474:
15467:
15462:
15460:
15452:
15447:
15440:
15435:
15428:
15423:
15416:
15411:
15409:
15401:
15396:
15389:
15384:
15377:
15372:
15370:
15362:
15357:
15350:
15345:
15343:
15341:
15333:
15328:
15321:
15316:
15309:
15304:
15297:
15292:
15290:
15282:
15277:
15270:
15265:
15258:
15253:
15246:
15241:
15234:
15229:
15222:
15217:
15210:
15205:
15199:, p. 99.
15198:
15193:
15191:
15183:
15178:
15170:
15164:
15160:
15156:
15152:
15146:
15144:
15136:
15131:
15129:
15122:, p. 93.
15121:
15116:
15109:
15104:
15097:
15092:
15085:
15080:
15073:
15068:
15061:
15056:
15049:
15044:
15037:
15032:
15026:, p. 25.
15025:
15020:
15012:
15008:
15004:
14997:
14989:
14985:
14981:
14979:0-19-541521-3
14975:
14971:
14967:
14960:
14952:
14948:
14944:
14938:
14934:
14930:
14923:
14921:
14913:
14908:
14901:
14897:
14894:
14889:
14882:
14877:
14870:
14865:
14858:
14853:
14846:
14841:
14834:
14829:
14822:
14817:
14811:, p. 46.
14810:
14805:
14798:
14793:
14786:
14785:Fisher (1997)
14781:
14773:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14748:
14741:
14740:Graham (1989)
14736:
14729:
14728:Hansen (2000)
14724:
14708:
14704:
14697:
14690:
14685:
14678:
14674:
14668:
14657:
14650:
14644:
14625:
14618:
14612:
14604:
14600:
14594:
14578:
14574:
14570:
14564:
14562:
14554:
14548:
14546:
14544:
14537:, p. 81.
14536:
14531:
14529:
14521:
14516:
14508:
14504:
14497:
14489:
14483:
14479:
14475:
14467:
14465:
14456:
14450:
14446:
14442:
14434:
14426:
14420:
14416:
14412:
14404:
14398:, p. 21.
14397:
14392:
14385:
14380:
14364:
14360:
14356:
14350:
14348:
14346:
14344:
14342:
14335:, p. 119
14334:
14329:
14323:, p. 116
14322:
14317:
14311:, p. 74.
14310:
14305:
14298:
14296:
14292:
14278:
14272:
14268:
14267:
14262:
14255:
14253:
14244:
14237:
14230:
14225:
14219:, p. 132
14218:
14213:
14206:
14201:
14194:
14190:
14185:
14178:
14173:
14166:
14161:
14154:
14149:
14133:
14129:
14123:
14117:, p. 37.
14116:
14111:
14109:
14107:
14100:, p. 36.
14099:
14094:
14088:, p. 20.
14087:
14082:
14076:, p. 35.
14075:
14070:
14064:, p. 19.
14063:
14058:
14051:
14046:
14039:
14034:
14028:, p. 26.
14027:
14022:
14015:
14011:
14008:
14007:
14000:
13993:
13989:
13986:
13985:
13978:
13971:
13967:
13964:
13963:
13956:
13949:
13944:
13928:
13924:
13920:
13913:
13911:
13909:
13901:
13896:
13880:
13876:
13870:
13863:
13858:
13852:, p. 90.
13851:
13846:
13844:
13836:
13831:
13824:
13819:
13813:, p. 59.
13812:
13807:
13805:
13797:
13792:
13790:
13788:
13781:, p. 54.
13780:
13775:
13768:
13763:
13756:
13751:
13744:
13742:
13738:
13731:
13727:
13713:
13709:
13705:
13704:
13699:
13693:
13686:
13681:
13674:
13669:
13663:, p. 26.
13662:
13661:Eliade (1984)
13657:
13641:
13637:
13633:
13627:
13621:, p. 32.
13620:
13615:
13613:
13605:
13600:
13593:
13592:Miller (2003)
13588:
13581:
13576:
13560:
13556:
13552:
13545:
13543:
13541:
13532:
13528:
13524:
13522:0-19-541521-3
13518:
13514:
13510:
13503:
13497:, p. 31.
13496:
13491:
13484:
13479:
13477:
13469:
13464:
13462:
13454:
13449:
13442:
13437:
13435:
13427:
13423:
13418:
13411:
13407:
13402:
13395:
13390:
13383:
13378:
13371:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13354:
13349:
13347:
13339:
13334:
13332:
13324:
13319:
13312:
13307:
13305:
13296:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13275:
13273:
13271:
13269:
13267:
13265:
13263:
13255:
13250:
13243:
13238:
13231:
13226:
13219:
13214:
13207:
13202:
13195:
13190:
13188:
13186:
13184:
13182:
13174:
13169:
13162:
13157:
13150:
13145:
13138:
13133:
13131:
13123:
13118:
13116:
13108:
13103:
13101:
13093:
13088:
13081:
13076:
13069:
13064:
13062:
13060:
13052:
13047:
13041:, p. 86.
13040:
13035:
13028:
13023:
13016:
13011:
13004:
12999:
12993:, p. 74.
12992:
12987:
12972:
12971:www.bbc.co.uk
12968:
12962:
12955:
12950:
12948:
12940:
12935:
12927:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12894:
12887:
12882:
12875:
12870:
12863:
12858:
12852:, p. 63.
12851:
12846:
12838:
12834:
12830:
12828:0-19-541521-3
12824:
12820:
12816:
12809:
12807:
12805:
12803:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12785:
12783:
12781:
12779:
12771:
12766:
12760:
12754:
12747:
12742:
12735:
12730:
12724:, p. 825
12723:
12718:
12712:, p. 90.
12711:
12706:
12700:, p. 88.
12699:
12694:
12687:
12682:
12680:
12672:
12667:
12660:
12655:
12653:
12646:, p. 94.
12645:
12640:
12634:, p. 85.
12633:
12628:
12622:, p. 83.
12621:
12616:
12610:, p. 82.
12609:
12604:
12598:, p. 81.
12597:
12592:
12586:, p. 22.
12585:
12580:
12574:, p. 87.
12573:
12568:
12561:
12556:
12550:, p. 80.
12549:
12544:
12542:
12534:
12529:
12522:
12517:
12510:
12505:
12498:
12493:
12486:
12481:
12466:
12465:
12460:
12453:
12438:
12434:
12428:
12422:, p. 80.
12421:
12416:
12410:, p. 23.
12409:
12404:
12402:
12394:
12389:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12357:
12350:
12348:
12339:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12318:
12303:
12302:
12297:
12290:
12288:
12286:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12263:
12259:
12255:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12242:
12225:
12221:
12220:
12215:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12188:
12182:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12169:Minford, John
12164:
12162:
12153:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12132:
12124:
12122:0-7894-4711-8
12118:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12100:
12098:
12096:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12065:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12047:0-19-541521-3
12043:
12039:
12035:
12028:
12020:
12016:
12012:
12010:0-19-541521-3
12006:
12002:
11998:
11991:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11946:
11942:
11938:
11936:0-19-541521-3
11932:
11928:
11924:
11917:
11915:
11907:
11902:
11888:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11866:
11859:
11853:, p. 99.
11852:
11847:
11840:
11835:
11829:, p. 225
11828:
11823:
11815:
11809:
11805:
11801:
11797:
11796:Wendy Doniger
11793:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11775:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11744:
11742:
11740:
11731:
11725:
11721:
11714:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11658:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11640:
11639:Wendy Doniger
11636:
11632:
11628:
11624:
11618:
11611:
11606:
11591:
11587:
11580:
11573:
11568:
11560:
11554:
11550:
11543:
11541:
11533:
11528:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11510:0-19-541521-3
11506:
11502:
11498:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11469:
11463:
11456:
11451:
11449:
11442:, p. 53.
11441:
11436:
11430:, p. 51.
11429:
11424:
11422:
11415:, p. 50.
11414:
11409:
11407:
11399:
11394:
11387:
11382:
11374:
11372:0-415-94180-6
11368:
11364:
11360:
11353:
11346:
11341:
11339:
11331:
11326:
11319:
11314:
11307:
11302:
11295:
11290:
11281:
11274:
11269:
11263:, p. 35.
11262:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11245:
11240:
11234:, p. 60.
11233:
11228:
11222:, p. 85.
11221:
11216:
11210:, p. 170
11209:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11193:, p. 70.
11192:
11187:
11180:
11175:
11169:, p. 37.
11168:
11163:
11157:, p. 40.
11156:
11151:
11145:, p. 39.
11144:
11139:
11132:
11127:
11121:, p. 30.
11120:
11115:
11109:, p. 56.
11108:
11104:
11103:Fowler (2005)
11099:
11093:, p. 56.
11092:
11087:
11085:
11078:, p. 97.
11077:
11072:
11066:, p. 21.
11065:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11048:
11047:Fowler (2005)
11043:
11041:
11033:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11018:
11016:
11008:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10997:
10990:
10986:
10982:
10976:
10969:
10964:
10957:
10956:Sharot (2001)
10952:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10891:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10873:
10867:
10852:
10846:
10840:, p. 83.
10839:
10834:
10827:
10822:
10815:
10809:
10802:
10797:
10791:, p. 98.
10790:
10785:
10779:, p. 95.
10778:
10773:
10766:
10761:
10755:, p. 20.
10754:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10730:
10724:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10689:
10675:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10653:
10646:
10639:
10634:
10627:
10622:
10615:
10610:
10603:
10598:
10591:
10586:
10579:
10574:
10567:
10562:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10544:
10538:
10531:
10525:
10517:
10513:
10506:
10498:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10480:
10479:Dean, Kenneth
10474:
10466:
10462:
10461:
10456:
10452:
10446:
10444:
10442:
10427:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10398:
10391:
10386:
10379:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10362:
10357:
10350:
10345:
10338:
10333:
10317:
10310:
10304:
10297:
10292:
10285:
10280:
10273:
10267:
10260:
10259:
10255:
10252:
10245:
10237:
10231:
10227:
10220:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10164:
10157:
10150:
10145:
10138:
10132:
10125:
10120:
10113:
10108:
10106:
10099:, p. 220
10098:
10093:
10086:
10081:
10074:
10069:
10063:, p. 112
10062:
10057:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10032:
10027:
10020:
10015:
10008:
10003:
10001:
9993:
9988:
9981:
9975:
9973:
9971:
9963:
9958:
9951:
9946:
9939:
9934:
9926:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9907:Wood, Michael
9902:
9900:
9898:
9890:
9885:
9878:
9873:
9866:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9850:, p. 17.
9849:
9844:
9835:
9829:, p. 29.
9828:
9823:
9816:
9811:
9809:
9807:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9745:
9740:
9738:
9731:, p. 213
9730:
9725:
9719:, p. 75.
9718:
9713:
9711:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9679:
9673:, p. 185
9672:
9667:
9660:
9655:
9653:
9646:, p. 94.
9645:
9640:
9634:, p. 91.
9633:
9628:
9622:, p. 74.
9621:
9616:
9614:
9607:, p. 184
9606:
9601:
9595:, p. 90.
9594:
9589:
9587:
9580:, p. 87.
9579:
9574:
9567:
9562:
9560:
9552:
9547:
9540:
9535:
9529:, p. 69.
9528:
9523:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9503:
9496:
9491:
9485:, p. 115
9484:
9479:
9473:, p. 67.
9472:
9467:
9460:
9455:
9448:
9444:
9441:
9435:
9428:
9423:
9417:, p. 50.
9416:
9411:
9404:
9399:
9397:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9372:, p. 83.
9371:
9366:
9360:, p. 54.
9359:
9354:
9348:, p. 82.
9347:
9342:
9334:
9328:
9323:
9315:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9296:Stark, Rodney
9291:
9284:
9279:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9259:
9251:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9219:
9217:0-87226-922-1
9213:
9209:
9205:
9198:
9196:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9169:
9168:Watzman, Haim
9165:
9161:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9128:0-7858-0905-8
9124:
9120:
9116:
9110:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9092:0-7858-0905-8
9088:
9084:
9080:
9074:
9068:, p. 42.
9067:
9066:Nadeau (2012)
9062:
9060:
9051:
9047:
9040:
9034:, p. 39.
9033:
9028:
9021:
9016:
9014:
9006:
9005:Hucker (1995)
9002:
8997:
8990:
8985:
8983:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8931:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8901:
8893:
8891:0-415-94180-6
8887:
8883:
8879:
8872:
8870:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8832:
8826:, p. 62.
8825:
8820:
8814:, p. 25.
8813:
8808:
8806:
8789:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8772:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8754:1-55521-812-1
8750:
8746:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8726:, p. 61.
8725:
8720:
8713:
8708:
8701:
8696:
8689:
8684:
8678:, p. 24.
8677:
8672:
8670:
8662:
8657:
8650:
8645:
8643:
8635:
8630:
8624:, p. 103
8623:
8618:
8616:
8607:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8588:
8580:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8563:
8558:
8551:
8546:
8539:
8534:
8527:
8524:, p. 3;
8523:
8518:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8488:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8407:Graham (1989)
8403:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8372:Chad Hansen.
8368:
8366:
8359:, p. 44.
8358:
8353:
8346:
8341:
8334:
8329:
8322:
8317:
8310:
8305:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8275:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8247:, p. 65.
8246:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8230:, p. 39.
8229:
8224:
8222:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8193:
8191:
8183:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8164:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8145:
8140:
8133:
8128:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8089:
8085:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7970:
7969:Qingjing Jing
7967:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7816:
7811:
7808:
7803:
7800:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7704:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7682:Karmic Taoism
7679:
7675:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7651:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7634:vegetarianism
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7560:
7555:
7552:
7547:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7496:
7494:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7430:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7386:five elements
7383:
7379:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7280:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7230:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7097:
7096:Neo-Confucian
7092:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7061:Chan Buddhism
7057:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7036:The entry of
7034:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7004:
6999:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6960:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6869:
6864:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6746:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6721:
6714:
6709:
6702:
6698:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:Daojiao fushi
6678:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6661:Luoshu Square
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6624:In the later
6622:
6619:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6593:Shang dynasty
6590:
6585:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6551:
6542:
6537:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6499:
6493:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6475:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6447:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6356:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6336:Longmen xinfa
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6163:
6162:Qīngjìng Jīng
6159:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:), a work on
6114:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6033:Lingshu ziwen
6030:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:Liexian Zhuan
5987:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:Lüshi Chunqiu
5858:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5766:Daoist deity
5764:
5755:
5752:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5673:
5672:Tao Te Ching
5668:
5666:
5665:Jixia academy
5662:
5657:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5474:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5376:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:vegetarianism
5315:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5244:
5239:
5232:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5147:five precepts
5144:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5108:dragon dances
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:Zhang Daoling
5078:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:Laojun jinglu
4990:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4844:
4822:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4760:
4759:Xian (Taoism)
4754:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4637:
4634:terms as the
4633:
4632:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4426:Confucianists
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:reincarnation
4328:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:psychosomatic
3991:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:found in the
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3650:panentheistic
3647:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3609:Bronze script
3606:
3601:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:Western world
3481:
3479:
3478:Western China
3475:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3267:Zhang Sanfeng
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3178:
3177:Baxian Temple
3173:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:Wang Yangming
3089:
3085:
3084:Neo-Confucian
3081:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:Six Dynasties
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:Zhang Daoling
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2570:Zhang Daoling
2567:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2424:Lüshi Chunqiu
2420:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:Shang dynasty
2343:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:, as well as
2277:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2019:, and in the
2018:
2014:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:tradition of
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1574:
1567:
1537:
1533:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:Taoist temple
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Mount Penglai
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:Sacred places
1405:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
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1357:
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1301:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Zhang Sanfeng
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
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1188:
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1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Zhang Daoling
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
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1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Ziwei Emperor
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:Daode Tianzun
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Hongjun Laozu
998:
997:
994:
989:
988:
981:
980:
976:
974:
973:
969:
967:
966:
965:Qingjing Jing
962:
960:
959:
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
938:
934:
932:
931:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
917:
913:
911:
910:
906:
904:
903:
899:
898:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
878:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
861:
860:
855:
852:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:
838:
834:
833:
829:
827:
826:
822:
821:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:Five Precepts
804:
802:
799:
798:
792:
791:
784:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
741:
737:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
697:(five phases)
696:
695:
691:
689:
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
676:
672:
670:
669:
665:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
641:
640:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
624:
620:
616:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
600:
599:
591:
582:
577:
575:
571:
566:
562:
554:
552:
548:
545:Japanese name
543:
531:
529:
525:
520:
516:
508:
506:
502:
494:
492:
488:
483:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
459:
455:
450:
435:
433:
429:
426:
422:
414:
412:
408:
405:
401:
393:
391:
387:
379:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
357:
352:
350:
346:
338:
336:
332:
324:
322:
318:
315:
311:
303:
301:
297:
294:
290:
284:
279:
277:
273:
265:
263:
259:
251:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
221:
219:
215:
201:
199:
195:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
129:
127:
123:
118:
113:
101:
96:
92:
87:
84:
76:
73:
65:
62:December 2023
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
27646:Epistemology
27633:
27573:
27566:
27559:
27555:Yin and yang
27547:
27538:Human nature
27530:
27526:Filial piety
27518:
27506:
27499:
27492:
27485:
27473:
27466:
27454:
27443:Confucianism
27437:
27430:
27423:
27416:
27409:
27402:
27373:Zhou Guoping
27368:Zhang Shenfu
27353:Yin Haiguang
27348:Yang Changji
27293:Liu Xiaofeng
27278:Liang Qichao
27163:Carsun Chang
27151:20th century
27137:Zhuang Cunyu
27067:Hong Liangji
27027:Chen Menglei
27022:Chen Hongmou
27004:Zhan Ruoshui
26964:Liu Zongzhou
26934:Hong Zicheng
26929:Huang Zongxi
26835:Fan Zhongyan
26813:Ten Kingdoms
26799:Linji Yixuan
26794:Liu Zongyuan
26383:Gongsun Long
26345:Eastern Zhou
26336:Philosophers
26314:
26310:Mixed School
26295:
26288:
26283:
26232:Han learning
26227:Confucianism
26153:
26139:
25810:
25801:Postcritique
25791:Kyoto School
25750:Posthumanism
25730:Hermeneutics
25585: /
25526:Contemporary
25502:Newtonianism
25465:Cartesianism
25424:Reductionism
25260:Conservatism
25255:Collectivism
25193:
24921:Sarvāstivadā
24899:Anekantavada
24824:Neoplatonism
24792:Epicureanism
24725:Pythagoreans
24688:
24664:Confucianism
24630:Contemporary
24620:Early modern
24524:Anti-realism
24478:Universalism
24435:Subjectivism
24231:Epistemology
23470:Turkmenistan
23430:Saudi Arabia
23175:South Africa
23165:Sierra Leone
22970:Burkina Faso
22879:Names of God
22826:Unaffiliated
22781:Antireligion
22642:Universalism
22590:Assimilation
22455:Anthropology
22330:Supernatural
22325:Spirituality
22293:Sacred space
22281:Purification
22154:Denomination
22108: /
21916:Paleo-Balkan
21882:Mesopotamian
21722:Cook Islands
21693:Old Prussian
21606:UFO religion
21545:
21541:Zalmoxianism
21469:Neoshamanism
21326:Spiritualism
21209:Other ethnic
21098:
20924:Traditional
20884:Bongthingism
20782:Acoma Pueblo
20725:Mesoamerican
20454:Austronesian
20275:
20271:Neo-Buddhism
20203:
20199:Neo-Hinduism
20120:Swaminarayan
19958:
19923:
19907:Salvationist
19892:Confucianism
19743:Samaritanism
19713:Ali-Illahism
19694:
19561:
19555:Unitarianism
19496:Old Catholic
19303:Nestorianism
19261:Christianity
19248:
19214:Conservative
19082:
18936:Baháʼí Faith
18884:Christianity
18856:
18852:Confucianism
18733:Mount Kunlun
18601:
18566:Zhang Boduan
18551:Tao Hongjing
18471:Heshang Gong
18438:
18433:Guan Shengdi
18374:Jade Emperor
18321:
18314:
18307:
18300:
18295:Sanhuangjing
18293:
18286:
18279:
18272:
18265:
18258:
18253:Tao Te Ching
18251:
18235:(talismancy)
18230:
18217:
18202:
18188:
18168:
18160:
18152:
18144:
18117:Ten Precepts
18104:
18094:
18085:
18084:
18075:
18074:
18065:
18064:
18034:
18026:
18018:
18003:
17998:Yin and yang
17989:
17980:
17979:
17971:
17946:
17878:Taoist Texts
17854:
17839:
17800:
17775:
17751:
17730:
17703:
17672:
17649:
17630:
17611:
17592:
17560:
17551:
17532:
17513:
17494:
17475:
17456:
17437:
17418:
17399:
17380:
17364:. Springer.
17361:
17342:
17323:
17295:
17289:. Zondervan.
17286:
17278:the original
17265:
17261:
17238:
17214:
17210:
17194:
17173:
17150:
17128:
17112:. Retrieved
17092:
17079:. Retrieved
17059:
17049:
17030:
17021:
17012:
16993:
16984:
16965:
16946:
16925:
16904:
16881:
16846:
16826:
16807:
16788:
16768:
16746:
16725:
16702:
16676:
16654:
16635:
16626:
16617:
16598:
16578:
16567:
16565:
16546:
16527:
16508:
16489:
16467:
16448:
16427:
16413:. Retrieved
16393:
16372:
16352:
16331:
16317:. Retrieved
16297:
16287:
16268:
16249:
16230:
16218:. Retrieved
16198:
16188:
16176:. Retrieved
16156:
16152:Ching, Julia
16133:
16108:
16104:
16083:
16059:(1): 55–74.
16056:
16053:Dictionaries
16052:
16048:
16036:. Retrieved
16016:
16005:
15997:the original
15981:
15958:. Retrieved
15940:
15928:. Retrieved
15910:
15891:
15867:. Retrieved
15827:
15790:
15784:
15778:
15745:
15741:
15735:
15708:
15702:
15675:
15654:
15648:
15617:
15611:
15582:
15570:
15504:
15497:
15485:
15473:
15446:
15434:
15422:
15395:
15383:
15356:
15327:
15315:
15303:
15276:
15264:
15252:
15240:
15228:
15216:
15204:
15177:
15157:. New York:
15154:
15151:Bowker, John
15115:
15103:
15096:Chung (2001)
15091:
15079:
15067:
15055:
15043:
15031:
15019:
15011:the original
15006:
14996:
14965:
14959:
14928:
14912:Moore (1967)
14907:
14888:
14876:
14864:
14852:
14840:
14828:
14816:
14804:
14792:
14780:
14753:
14747:
14735:
14723:
14711:. Retrieved
14696:
14689:Chang (1968)
14684:
14667:
14656:the original
14643:
14631:. Retrieved
14611:
14603:the original
14593:
14581:. Retrieved
14572:
14515:
14505:. New York:
14502:
14496:
14473:
14440:
14433:
14410:
14403:
14391:
14379:
14367:. Retrieved
14358:
14328:
14316:
14304:
14294:
14290:
14287:
14280:. Retrieved
14265:
14242:
14236:
14224:
14212:
14207:, p. 44
14200:
14195:, p. 46
14184:
14179:, p. 36
14172:
14160:
14148:
14136:. Retrieved
14132:the original
14122:
14093:
14081:
14069:
14057:
14045:
14033:
14021:
14005:
13999:
13983:
13981:Wing, R. L.
13977:
13961:
13955:
13943:
13931:. Retrieved
13895:
13883:. Retrieved
13878:
13869:
13857:
13830:
13825:, p. 73
13818:
13774:
13762:
13750:
13740:
13736:
13729:
13725:
13723:
13718:18 September
13716:. Retrieved
13701:
13692:
13680:
13673:Watts (1975)
13668:
13656:
13644:. Retrieved
13635:
13626:
13599:
13594:, p. ix
13587:
13575:
13563:. Retrieved
13508:
13502:
13490:
13448:
13428:, p. 73
13417:
13401:
13389:
13377:
13318:
13280:
13249:
13237:
13225:
13213:
13201:
13168:
13156:
13144:
13087:
13075:
13046:
13034:
13022:
13010:
12998:
12986:
12974:. Retrieved
12970:
12961:
12934:
12907:
12903:
12893:
12888:, p. 92
12881:
12876:, p. 50
12874:Segal (2006)
12869:
12864:, p. 41
12857:
12845:
12814:
12765:
12753:
12741:
12729:
12717:
12705:
12693:
12673:, p. 9.
12666:
12639:
12627:
12615:
12603:
12591:
12579:
12567:
12555:
12528:
12516:
12504:
12492:
12480:
12468:. Retrieved
12462:
12452:
12440:. Retrieved
12427:
12415:
12388:
12376:. Retrieved
12363:
12359:
12323:
12317:
12305:. Retrieved
12299:
12253:
12228:. Retrieved
12217:
12177:Viking Press
12175:. New York:
12172:
12137:
12131:
12108:
12082:. Retrieved
12073:
12064:
12033:
12027:
11996:
11990:
11978:. Retrieved
11922:
11901:
11890:, retrieved
11868:
11858:
11846:
11834:
11827:Waley (1958)
11822:
11799:
11774:
11762:. Retrieved
11719:
11713:
11683:(1/3): 108.
11680:
11676:
11642:
11617:
11605:
11593:. Retrieved
11589:
11579:
11567:
11548:
11527:
11496:
11467:
11462:
11435:
11393:
11381:
11361:. New York:
11358:
11352:
11325:
11313:
11301:
11289:
11280:
11268:
11239:
11227:
11215:
11186:
11174:
11162:
11150:
11138:
11126:
11114:
11098:
11071:
11023:
10980:
10975:
10970:, p. 32
10963:
10951:
10896:
10890:
10882:
10872:"Neo-Taoism"
10870:Chan, Alan,
10866:
10854:. Retrieved
10845:
10833:
10821:
10816:, p. 20
10808:
10796:
10784:
10772:
10767:, p. 2.
10760:
10723:cite journal
10698:
10688:
10677:, retrieved
10655:
10645:
10633:
10621:
10609:
10597:
10585:
10573:
10561:
10553:
10537:
10529:
10524:
10511:
10505:
10482:
10473:
10463:. New York:
10459:
10429:, retrieved
10407:
10397:
10385:
10356:
10344:
10332:
10316:the original
10303:
10291:
10279:
10271:
10266:
10249:
10244:
10225:
10219:
10172:
10166:
10156:
10144:
10136:
10131:
10119:
10092:
10080:
10068:
10056:
10038:
10026:
10021:, p. 19
10014:
9987:
9979:
9957:
9945:
9933:
9910:
9884:
9872:
9843:
9834:
9822:
9795:– via
9774:
9770:
9724:
9697:. Retrieved
9688:
9678:
9666:
9639:
9627:
9600:
9573:
9546:
9534:
9522:
9502:
9490:
9478:
9466:
9461:, p. 78
9459:Robinet 1997
9454:
9440:"Neo-Taoism"
9438:Chan, Alan.
9434:
9422:
9410:
9405:, p. 1.
9385:
9382:Legge, James
9377:
9365:
9353:
9341:
9322:
9299:
9290:
9278:
9258:
9235:
9226:
9206:. New York:
9203:
9159:
9118:
9109:
9082:
9073:
9039:
9027:
9022:, p. 36
8996:
8970:, retrieved
8940:
8930:
8918:. Retrieved
8900:
8880:. New York:
8877:
8837:
8831:
8819:
8792:. Retrieved
8781:
8771:
8744:
8719:
8707:
8695:
8690:, p. 8.
8683:
8656:
8629:
8595:
8581:, p. 4.
8564:, p. 2.
8557:
8552:, p. 2.
8545:
8533:
8528:, p. xi
8517:
8506:, retrieved
8497:
8487:
8475:. Retrieved
8461:
8428:
8424:
8414:
8402:
8390:. Retrieved
8377:
8352:
8340:
8328:
8316:
8304:
8292:. Retrieved
8288:the original
8283:
8274:
8261:
8252:
8212:the original
8207:
8203:
8139:
8134:, p. 2.
8132:Creel (1982)
8127:
8115:. Retrieved
8095:
8088:
7921:Taoist music
7887:Ten precepts
7840:
7833:
7827:
7820:
7812:
7807:Tang dynasty
7804:
7799:Tao Te Ching
7798:
7796:
7791:
7749:
7740:
7725:
7717:Confucianism
7713:Jade Emperor
7710:
7702:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7676:
7672:
7657:
7650:mythological
7646:
7626:Genghis Khan
7615:
7607:Zhongli Quan
7588:
7562:
7558:
7556:
7548:
7533:
7497:
7490:
7458:Jade Emperor
7451:
7447:
7443:
7435:
7410:
7375:
7367:Yin and yang
7355:
7319:
7296:
7277:
7268:
7265:
7250:
7206:personal God
7186:
7175:
7171:lathe biosas
7169:
7163:
7153:
7146:Epicureanism
7143:
7130:Confucianism
7100:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7064:
7058:
7035:
7018:
7014:
7011:Confucianism
7008:
6991:Song dynasty
6981:portraying "
6979:litang style
6978:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6942:
6933:
6927:
6905:Muqi Fachang
6890:
6887:(1464–1538).
6848:
6825:
6796:
6786:
6779:
6767:
6747:
6740:
6724:
6679:
6672:
6642:
6637:
6629:
6626:Qing dynasty
6623:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6586:
6582:
6566:
6562:Song dynasty
6554:
6548:
6546:
6525:Kuala Lumpur
6508:
6502:
6501:depicting a
6497:
6478:
6473:
6472:
6452:
6435:
6416:
6402:
6390:
6387:Ming dynasty
6370:
6366:
6358:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6328:Tianxian jie
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6300:
6288:
6277:
6271:
6251:
6245:
6235:
6231:
6219:Zhang Boduan
6214:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6177:Tao Te Ching
6176:
6172:
6160:
6146:
6132:
6110:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6084:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6013:
6002:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5965:
5959:
5947:
5939:
5933:
5930:Tao Te Ching
5929:
5923:
5918:
5905:
5896:Confucianist
5878:
5872:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5845:
5831:
5825:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5750:
5748:
5723:
5718:
5715:
5704:
5700:commentary.
5689:Heshang Gong
5687:
5684:Tao Te Ching
5683:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5661:state of Chu
5656:Tao Te Ching
5655:
5653:
5630:
5627:Tao Te Ching
5626:
5624:
5620:Tao Te Ching
5619:
5617:
5613:Tao Te Ching
5612:
5608:
5599:Tao Te Ching
5592:Tao Te Ching
5591:
5584:
5581:Tao Te Ching
5580:
5578:
5574:Tao Te Ching
5573:
5571:
5560:A part of a
5539:
5508:
5504:Taiping Jing
5502:
5500:
5488:
5461:
5409:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5381:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5335:yin and yang
5328:
5326:
5321:
5310:
5283:
5248:
5208:
5199:
5185:divination,
5181:divination,
5172:
5164:
5160:
5140:
5132:Tang dynasty
5129:
5093:
5066:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4989:Tao Te Ching
4988:
4985:
4973:
4961:
4957:
4948:misanthropes
4944:Tao Te Ching
4943:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4921:Guangchengzi
4904:
4887:
4880:
4869:Jade Emperor
4865:
4812:
4796:polytheistic
4788:monotheistic
4785:
4779:concepts of
4766:
4730:Jade Emperor
4711:
4699:
4691:Tao Te Ching
4690:
4672:
4660:
4658:
4645:yin and yang
4643:
4641:
4629:
4627:
4620:
4609:
4593:
4558:
4550:filial piety
4547:
4539:
4532:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4450:
4437:
4433:
4413:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4374:
4372:
4367:Song dynasty
4358:
4336:
4324:
4316:Arthur Waley
4309:
4303:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4255:
4249:
4242:Three Jewels
4241:
4237:
4235:
4230:human nature
4222:
4202:
4192:
4185:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4155:
4125:
4122:
4115:
4089:
4082:
4070:
4068:
4037:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3950:
3946:Tao Te Ching
3945:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3890:
3881:
3875:
3861:
3859:
3847:Tao Te Ching
3846:
3842:
3830:
3826:
3823:overthinking
3819:
3813:
3809:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3716:
3713:De (Chinese)
3703:philosophy.
3677:metaphysical
3674:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3642:
3637:Tao Te Ching
3636:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3572:
3569:Tao Te Ching
3568:
3562:
3553:sinicization
3550:
3514:John Blofeld
3502:Tao Te Ching
3501:
3493:Tao Te Ching
3492:
3482:
3467:
3452:
3380:Mount Longhu
3366:
3361:
3324:Qigong fever
3321:
3312:
3306:
3259:Yang Chengfu
3252:
3245:
3238:
3207:
3199:Yang Chengfu
3190:, 1910–1911.
3158:
3138:
3130:Qing dynasty
3127:
3119:filial piety
3116:
3096:Zhan Ruoshui
3076:Ming dynasty
3073:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3037:Genghis Khan
3025:Yuan dynasty
2999:by the sage
2989:12th century
2986:
2980:
2966:
2959:Song dynasty
2956:
2938:
2922:Tao Te Ching
2921:
2915:
2910:
2907:Du Guangting
2904:
2891:
2888:Tang dynasty
2885:
2861:
2850:
2835:
2830:
2826:Xisheng jing
2824:
2806:
2802:universalism
2786:Song dynasty
2775:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2728:(223?–300),
2707:
2683:
2663:
2652:
2642:called the "
2625:
2623:commentary.
2617:Heshang Gong
2613:Tao Te Ching
2612:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2575:
2547:Han dynasty
2533:
2521:Tao Te Ching
2520:
2517:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2466:
2456:
2437:
2433:Tao Te Ching
2431:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2405:yin and yang
2394:
2379:Confucianism
2351:Zhou dynasty
2344:
2340:
2328:
2325:
2317:Tao Te Ching
2316:
2312:Tao Te Ching
2310:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2292:medieval era
2269:
2266:
2253:
2231:
2202:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2161:
2155:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2088:
2082:
2079:Tao Te Ching
2078:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2035:Tao Te Ching
2034:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1986:
1976:
1955:
1943:
1941:
1923:
1919:Hanyu Pinyin
1911:
1901:Zhou dynasty
1854:
1808:
1804:Tang dynasty
1781:
1766:Confucianism
1728:Tao Te Ching
1708:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1655:
1645:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1436:Mount Kunlun
1280:
1240:Zhang Boduan
1222:Tao Hongjing
1134:Heshang Gong
1032:Jade Emperor
977:
970:
963:
956:
951:Sanhuangjing
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
909:Tao Te Ching
907:
900:
875:
857:
846:
839:
830:
823:
811:Ten Precepts
781:
777:
767:
755:
738:
730:
723:
720:(non-action)
715:
707:
700:
692:
681:Yin and yang
673:
666:
659:
610:
580:
440:ˤuʔs.kˤraw-s
366:Southern Min
300:Romanization
184:Hanyu Pinyin
146:Hanyu Pinyin
120:Chinese name
83:
68:
59:
44:
27617:Role ethics
27602:Metaphysics
27378:Zhou Zuoren
27338:Xiong Shili
27323:Tang Chun-i
27318:Sun Yat-sen
27313:Qiu Renzong
27308:Mou Zongsan
27258:Kang Youwei
27203:Feng Youlan
27168:P. C. Chang
27158:Cai Yuanpei
27142:Zeng Guofan
27127:Yu Zhengxie
27057:Gong Zizhen
27052:Feng Guifen
27042:Fang Lanfen
26974:Qian Dehong
26774:Zhang Zhihe
26710:Xiahou Xuan
26650:Bao Jingyan
26493:Zhuang Zhou
25796:Objectivism
25735:Neo-Marxism
25697:Continental
25607:Meta-ethics
25587:Coherentism
25492:Hegelianism
25429:Rationalism
25389:Natural law
25369:Materialism
25295:Historicism
25265:Determinism
25156:Navya-Nyāya
24931:Sautrāntika
24926:Pudgalavada
24862:Vaisheshika
24715:Presocratic
24615:Renaissance
24554:Physicalism
24539:Materialism
24445:Normativity
24430:Objectivism
24415:Emergentism
24405:Behaviorism
24354:Metaphysics
24320:Determinism
24259:Rationalism
23921:New Zealand
23858:Saint Lucia
23808:El Salvador
23713:Switzerland
23648:Netherlands
23420:Philippines
23348:South Korea
23343:North Korea
23233:Afghanistan
23180:South Sudan
23070:Ivory Coast
22854:Deification
22801:Objectivism
22776:Agnosticism
22734:Persecution
22724:Video games
22689:Populations
22600:Proselytism
22568:Monasticism
22559:Clericalism
22549:Agriculture
22540:and society
22505:Soteriology
22465:Comparative
22435:Transtheism
22420:Panentheism
22204:Monasticism
21997:Gallo-Roman
21899:Micronesian
21865:Manichaeism
21813:Hermeticism
21781:Continental
21776:Anglo-Saxon
21656:Paleolithic
21651:Prehistoric
21601:Scientology
21464:Italo-Roman
21319:Radha Soami
21299:New Thought
21139:Espiritismo
21080:Waaqeffanna
21020:Fon and Ewe
20958:Sub-Saharan
20841:Satsana Phi
20637:Ghost Dance
20595:Californian
20573:Anishinaabe
20504:Karo Pemena
20483:Indonesian
20157:Lingayatism
20105:Mahanubhava
20075:Vaishnavism
20006:Jeungsanism
19929:Folk Taoism
19912:Xiantiandao
19766:Zoroastrian
19425:Charismatic
19420:Pentecostal
19383:Anglicanism
19334:Waldensians
19269:Catholicism
18976:Manichaeism
18763:White Cloud
18684:Dragon Gate
18541:Kou Qianzhi
18536:Bao Jingyan
18461:Zhuang Zhou
18281:Taipingjing
18099:(plainness)
18081:(nonaction)
18071:(integrity)
18039:(reversion)
17986:(ultimate)
17964:Metaphysics
17840:In Our Time
17780:. Penguin.
17699:Dyer, Wayne
17096:. Penguin.
16679:. Chicago:
16486:Idema, Wilt
15604:Wong (2011)
15587:Wong (2011)
15575:Wong (2011)
15563:Wong (2011)
15546:Wong (2011)
15478:Wong (2011)
15466:Wong (2011)
15451:Wong (2011)
15439:Wong (2011)
15427:Wong (2011)
15415:Wong (2011)
15400:Wong (2011)
15388:Wong (2011)
15376:Wong (2011)
15361:Wong (2011)
15349:Wong (2011)
15332:Wong (2011)
15320:Wong (2011)
15308:Wong (2011)
15296:Wong (2011)
15281:Wong (2011)
15269:Wong (2011)
15257:Wong (2011)
15245:Wong (2011)
15233:Wong (2011)
15221:Wong (2011)
15209:Wong (2011)
15197:Wong (2011)
15182:Wong (2011)
15135:Kohn (2008)
15120:Chan (2005)
15086:, p. .
15038:, p. .
14369:20 February
14333:Kohn (2004)
14321:Kohn (2004)
14282:26 February
13551:"Scripture"
13483:Kohn (2008)
13441:Kohn (2008)
13406:Kohn (2000)
13382:Kohn (2008)
13311:Kohn (2008)
13285:Alpha Books
13173:Kohn (2008)
13149:Kohn (2008)
13137:Kohn (2008)
13107:Wong (2011)
13080:Kohn (2008)
13068:Wong (2011)
12734:Kohn (2008)
12722:Kohn (2000)
12686:Kohn (2008)
12661:, p. 8
12632:Kohn (2008)
12620:Kohn (2008)
12608:Kohn (2008)
12596:Kohn (2008)
12584:Kohn (2008)
12562:, p. 7
12548:Kohn (2008)
12485:Kohn (2008)
12408:Kohn (2008)
12230:21 February
12074:NOWnews今日新聞
11865:"Copyright"
11851:Kohn (2008)
11839:Kohn (2008)
11572:Chan (1963)
11440:Kohn (2008)
11428:Kohn (2008)
11413:Kohn (2008)
11273:Chan (1963)
11167:Kohn (2008)
11155:Kohn (2008)
11143:Kohn (2008)
11131:Kohn (2008)
11119:Kohn (2008)
11064:Kohn (2008)
11021:Dr Zai, J.
10814:Kohn (2000)
10801:Chan (1963)
10753:Kohn (2008)
10626:Kohn (2008)
10614:Kohn (2008)
10390:Kohn (2008)
10349:Kohn (2008)
10337:Kohn (2008)
10124:Kohn (2008)
10112:Kohn (2008)
9962:Kohn (2008)
9950:Kohn (2008)
9938:Kohn (2000)
9865:Kohn (2008)
9815:Kohn (2008)
9744:Kohn (2008)
9717:Kohn (2008)
9699:10 February
9620:Kohn (2008)
9566:Kohn (2008)
9551:Kohn (2008)
9527:Kohn (2008)
9507:Kohn (2008)
9471:Kohn (2008)
9329:, p. 6
9050:Kohn (2000)
8538:Mair (2001)
8526:Kohn (2000)
8357:Kohn (2000)
8309:Carr (1990)
8245:Kohn (2008)
8184:, p. 6
8163:Kohn (2008)
7916:Taoist diet
7815:Han dynasty
7754:, spirits,
7622:Dragon Gate
7584:Wudang quan
7576:Xiantiandao
7568:Dragon Gate
7504:Xiantiandao
7502:and in the
7493:Zhengyi Dao
7474:Lu Tung-pin
7311:sandwriting
7261:Zhengyi Dao
7257:Dragon Gate
7122:Manichaeism
7065:naturalness
6750:aristocrats
6448:scriptures.
6438:("mystery"
6389:. The Ming
6320:Zhongji jie
6312:Chuzhen jie
6252:Zhong he ji
6204:Wùzhēn piān
6097:scriptures.
5996:hagiography
5978:Taipingjing
5954:Han dynasty
5774:) from the
5732:Zhuang Zhou
5469: 1615
5433:Zhan zhuang
5411:Zuowang lun
5353:The 36,000
5151:intoxicants
5104:lion dances
5006:Nonaction (
4999:; DZ 786).
4835:); wuling (
4695:creator God
4679:nontheistic
4675:cosmogonies
4524:soteriology
4381:immortality
4132:politicians
4056:subtle body
3855:primitivism
3845:and in the
3806:spontaneity
3769:Zhuang Zhou
3565:Mantak Chia
3518:Gia-fu Feng
3506:James Legge
3384:Mount Qiyun
3299:, Shantou,
3239:During the
3218:colonialism
3201:practicing
3180: [
3063:practices,
3050:Zhengyi Dao
3042:Wuzhen pian
3017:monasticism
2934:Wudang quan
2720:(226–249),
2692:tradition.
2607:Taipingjing
2578:Han dynasty
2556: [
2500:Zhuang Zhou
2492:Zhuang Zhou
2453:prehistoric
2411:), and the
2409:five phases
2243: 1464
2092:Sinologists
2075:Zhuang Zhou
2052:Feng Youlan
2045:and Taoist
2027:Zhuang Zhou
2017:Zuo Qiuming
1887:Terminology
1846:Han dynasty
1693:naturalness
1379:Zhengyi Dao
1343:Dragon Gate
1212:Kou Qianzhi
1207:Bao Jingyan
1121:Zhuang Zhou
930:Taipingjing
485:Korean name
425:Old Chinese
27713:Categories
27703:Philosophy
27656:Legitimacy
27358:Yu Dunkang
27328:Tang Yijie
27303:Mao Zedong
27288:Lin Yutang
27253:Jin Yuelin
27248:Jiang Qing
27223:He Guanghu
27193:Chu Anping
27178:Chen Duxiu
27107:Wang Fuzhi
27097:Tan Sitong
27092:Pan Pingge
27087:Liu Yiming
26969:Luo Rufang
26890:Zhou Dunyi
26875:Wang Chuyi
26865:Wang Anshi
26845:Lu Jiuyuan
26725:Yan Zhitui
26715:Xie Daoyun
26617:Yang Xiong
26602:Wang Chong
26577:Kong Anguo
26438:Shen Buhai
26433:Shang Yang
26388:Guan Zhong
26358:Chunyu Kun
26279:Naturalism
26095:Amerindian
26002:Australian
25941:Vietnamese
25921:Indonesian
25470:Kantianism
25419:Positivism
25409:Pragmatism
25384:Naturalism
25364:Liberalism
25342:Subjective
25280:Empiricism
25184:Avicennism
25129:Bhedabheda
25013:East Asian
24936:Madhyamaka
24916:Abhidharma
24782:Pyrrhonism
24549:Nominalism
24544:Naturalism
24473:Skepticism
24463:Relativism
24453:Absolutism
24382:Naturalism
24292:Deontology
24264:Skepticism
24249:Naturalism
24239:Empiricism
24203:Aesthetics
24107:Philosophy
23911:Micronesia
23788:Costa Rica
23683:San Marino
23643:Montenegro
23623:Luxembourg
23480:Uzbekistan
23455:Tajikistan
23360:Kyrgyzstan
23333:Kazakhstan
23283:East Timor
23253:Bangladesh
23243:Azerbaijan
23160:Seychelles
23125:Mozambique
23110:Mauritania
23095:Madagascar
22985:Cape Verde
22767:irreligion
22762:Secularism
22669:Minorities
22637:Toleration
22632:Syncretism
22617:Fanaticism
22607:Disability
22595:Missionary
22585:Conversion
22573:Ordination
22495:Psychology
22490:Philosophy
22430:Polytheism
22410:Monotheism
22405:Henotheism
22246:Orthopraxy
22236:Ordination
22199:Meditation
22194:Indigenous
22159:Entheogens
22144:Conversion
21970:Pueblo III
21887:Babylonian
21877:Melanesian
21803:Gnosticism
21688:Lithuanian
21581:Fourth Way
21435:Circassian
21413:Dievturība
21336:Tensegrity
21269:Falun Gong
20914:Sanamahism
20894:Donyi-Polo
20526:Polynesian
20472:Kaharingan
20397:Burkhanism
20336:Ravidassia
20314:Śvetāmbara
20100:Pushtimarg
20080:Krishnaism
20016:Vietnamese
20001:Cheondoism
19934:Yao Taoism
19870:East Asian
19636:Isma'ilism
19592:Maturidism
19371:Mennonites
19366:Hutterites
19351:Anabaptism
19244:Humanistic
18911:Falun Gong
18889:Protestant
18753:Louguantai
18546:Lu Xiujing
18526:Wei Huacun
18476:Wei Boyang
18179:Meditation
17955:Philosophy
17081:18 October
16415:18 October
15831:. London:
15742:T'oung Pao
14633:20 October
13919:"Zhuangzi"
12910:(1): 143.
12370:: 89, 97.
11677:T'oung Pao
8508:27 January
8477:27 January
8076:References
7868:Yao Taoism
7854:See also:
7742:Polytheist
7603:Lu Dongbin
7358:divination
7317:writing).
7315:planchette
7307:Divination
7292:mediumship
7284:rainmaking
7259:sect, and
7210:Lin Yutang
7042:syncretism
6967:See also:
6863:Taoist art
6821:ordination
6797:Baiyunguan
6793:Mao Zedong
6715:in Beijing
6589:Big Dipper
6457:("divine"
6192:Yinfu jing
6112:Zuowanglun
6079:Lu Dongbin
6071:Wei Huacun
6044:Cāntóng qì
6031:) and the
5802:8 trigrams
5677:wei wu-wei
5649: 226
5491:alchemical
5479:See also:
5423:Livia Kohn
5370:Meditation
5302:Xingyiquan
5298:Baguazhang
5279:breathwork
5267:moderation
5255:Sun Simiao
5201:Mediumship
5175:divination
5120:palanquins
5100:hell money
5073:sacrifices
4965:hermitages
4757:See also:
4622:Livia Kohn
4590:Zhou Dunyi
4503:school of
4483:shapeshift
4449:and their
4361:Lü Dongbin
4291:moderation
4271:compassion
4178:simplicity
4044:hun and po
4032:Neijing Tu
4020:See also:
3701:Madhyamaka
3632:Livia Kohn
3510:Alan Watts
3447:California
3376:Wudangshan
3356:Livia Kohn
3313:xin daojia
3263:Sun Lutang
3155:Liu Yiming
3104:Lü Dongbin
3074:Under the
3021:asceticism
2948:Lu Dongbin
2944:Livia Kohn
2902:Buddhism.
2880:Wudangshan
2767:Livia Kohn
2724:(d. 249),
2465:) and the
2387:Shen Buhai
2367:Livia Kohn
2355:divination
2309:, and the
2176:liturgical
2096:Livia Kohn
2043:philosophy
1936:See also:
1914:Wade-Giles
1768:, various
1758:Naturalism
1720: – c.
1718: 450
1702:, and the
1699:simplicity
1662:meditation
1652:Wade–Giles
1451:Louguantai
1394:Yao Taoism
1217:Lu Xiujing
1197:Wei Huacun
1192:Sun Hanhua
1139:Wei Boyang
883:Priesthood
816:Meditation
735:(immortal)
712:(reversal)
341:dou6 gaau3
232:Wade–Giles
27635:Shan shui
27568:Zhengming
27343:Xu Fuguan
27268:Li Shicen
27243:Ray Huang
27228:Hu Qiaomu
27198:Fang Keli
27188:Ch'ien Mu
27173:Chen Daqi
27102:Tang Zhen
27047:Fang Quan
26959:Liu Bowen
26949:Lai Zhide
26939:Jiao Hong
26924:Chen Jiru
26885:Zhang Zai
26850:Shao Yong
26825:Cheng Hao
26769:Wang Tong
26670:Guo Xiang
26592:Liu Xiang
26572:Jing Fang
26483:Yuan Xian
26463:Ximen Bao
26418:Lie Yukou
26373:Duanmu Ci
26363:Confucius
26249:Huang–Lao
25974:Pakistani
25936:Taiwanese
25883:Ethiopian
25856:By region
25842:By region
25657:Scientism
25652:Systemics
25512:Spinozism
25439:Socialism
25374:Modernism
25337:Objective
25245:Anarchism
25179:Averroism
25068:Christian
25020:Neotaoism
24991:Zurvanism
24981:Mithraism
24976:Mazdakism
24747:Cyrenaics
24674:Logicians
24307:Free will
24269:Solipsism
24216:Formalism
24029:Venezuela
23974:Argentina
23891:Australia
23843:Nicaragua
23818:Guatemala
23618:Lithuania
23440:Sri Lanka
23435:Singapore
23415:Palestine
23303:Indonesia
23293:Hong Kong
23115:Mauritius
22836:Overviews
22791:Criticism
22739:Terrorism
22714:Theocracy
22659:Happiness
22627:Pluralism
22612:Education
22538:Religion
22510:Salvation
22500:Sociology
22445:Religious
22425:Pantheism
22415:Nontheism
22308:Mountains
22286:Sacrifice
22241:Orthodoxy
22231:Mythology
22226:Mysticism
22115:Behaviour
22024:Canaanite
22007:Mithraism
21975:Pueblo IV
21965:Pueblo II
21870:Mazdakism
21845:Hungarian
21818:Mysteries
21727:Dravidian
21509:Hungarian
21425:Caucasian
21396:Godianism
21356:Agni Yoga
21346:Theosophy
21309:Rastafari
21284:Modekngei
21264:Brahmoism
21257:Syncretic
21249:movements
21247:religious
21159:Quimbanda
21107:Candomblé
21100:Diasporic
20879:Bathouism
20869:Benzhuism
20794:Tsimshian
20745:Purépecha
20666:Longhouse
20641:Sun Dance
20590:Blackfoot
20509:Malaysian
20499:Kapitayan
20309:Digambara
20294:Ayyavazhi
20259:Vajrayana
20224:Theravada
20137:Ganapatya
20110:Ramanandi
20039:Hoahaoism
19917:Yiguandao
19812:Yarsanism
19807:Shabakism
19794:Yazdânism
19784:Zurvanism
19779:Mazdaznan
19738:Rastafari
19733:Mandaeism
19607:Wahhabism
19587:Ash'arism
19550:Tolstoyan
19540:Spiritual
19530:Mormonism
19501:Judaizers
19474:Quakerism
19452:Methodist
19442:Irvingism
19393:Calvinism
19346:Adventism
19329:Moravians
19166:Abrahamic
19032:Northeast
19022:Hong Kong
19015:By region
18956:Dongbaism
18941:Benzhuism
18675:Chongxuan
18658:Shangqing
18621:Huang–Lao
18581:Qiu Chuji
18571:Sun Bu'er
18561:Chen Tuan
18521:Guo Xiang
18491:Zhang Jue
18466:Lie Yukou
18302:Huahujing
18274:Huainanzi
18193:(essence)
18162:Yangsheng
18014:Feng shui
18000:(duality)
17896:from the
17709:Hay House
17223:2192-9289
16319:5 October
16220:21 August
16178:21 August
16073:201790095
16038:21 August
15916:"Sanguan"
15859:224902752
15833:Routledge
15799:0085-5774
15762:0082-5433
15510:Routledge
14951:123079516
14933:Doubleday
12459:"Zhenren"
12433:"zhenren"
12276:123079516
12258:Doubleday
11697:0082-5433
11363:Routledge
10943:242842933
10935:0169-8834
10715:1001-5302
10556:, 8.2, 6.
10211:145738732
10195:0190-3578
9793:2077-1444
9777:(8): 13.
9771:Religions
9304:HarperOne
9186:910498369
8967:2627-6011
8906:"Huangdi"
8882:Routledge
8649:Wu (2014)
8453:251688453
8445:0013-1857
8392:1 October
8081:Citations
7797:When the
7630:Sun Bu'er
7618:Qiu Chuji
7544:Yangsheng
7488:, etc.).
7402:hexagrams
7398:feng shui
7363:fang-shih
7350:feng shui
7322:Shangqing
7232:Chart of
7224:Varieties
7220:concept.
7150:Lucretius
7102:Christian
7083:(and the
7054:Tao Sheng
6952:Huainanzi
6938:anarchism
6930:Huang–Lao
6851:São Paulo
6844:Singapore
6840:Hong Kong
6764:Adherents
6601:pole star
6578:phoenixes
6429:Shangqing
6399:Tripiṭaka
6262:anthology
5961:Huahujing
5880:Huainanzi
5842:Confucian
5827:Han Feizi
5798:hexagrams
5744:Sima Qian
5740:Guo Xiang
5736:Guo Xiang
5566:Mawangdui
5527:yangsheng
5473:Wanli era
5427:Vipaśyanā
5398:Apophatic
5306:Liuhebafa
5294:Taijiquan
5263:yangsheng
5191:geomantic
5187:feng shui
4952:nihilists
4896:Practices
4792:animistic
4773:apophatic
4745:Xi Wangmu
4702:microcosm
4667:meridians
4654:yangsheng
4567:Cosmology
4509:shen xien
4226:doctrines
4075:longevity
4071:Zhuangzi,
4048:meridians
4010:yangsheng
3914:The term
3851:anarchism
3749:Confucian
3697:Chóngxuán
3693:Guo Xiang
3579:Teachings
3522:Bruce Lee
3412:Hong Kong
3404:Mount Lao
3400:Mount Mao
3392:Mount Tai
3340:Falungong
3336:Zhonggong
3301:Guangdong
3286:Hong Kong
3248:immortals
3226:Tao Tsang
3214:modernist
3088:orthodoxy
3035:met with
3033:Qiu Chuji
2981:Qiu Chuji
2778:Ge Chaofu
2759:Shangqing
2730:Guo Xiang
2726:Xiang Xiu
2686:Confucian
2601:Huainanzi
2595:Huang–Lao
2288:Confucian
2257:apophatic
2206:dàojiàotú
2203:The term
2152:Adherents
2131:included
2107:) and of
1942:The word
1861:Hong Kong
1850:theocracy
1674:feng shui
1666:astrology
1303:Huang–Lao
1255:Qiu Chuji
1245:Sun Bu'er
1235:Chen Tuan
1187:Guo Xiang
1154:Zhang Jue
1126:Lie Yukou
958:Huahujing
923:Huainanzi
795:Practices
746:True form
239:Tao-chiao
27629:Ink wash
27607:Politics
27597:Theology
27456:Ming yun
27432:Jing zuo
27391:Concepts
27273:Li Zehou
27238:Hua Gang
27208:Gan Yang
27117:Yan Yuan
27112:Wei Yuan
27082:Lin Zexu
27062:Gu Yanwu
27037:Fang Bao
27032:Dai Zhen
26994:Wu Cheng
26984:Wang Gen
26855:Shen Kuo
26830:Cheng Yi
26789:Liu Yuxi
26695:Sengzhao
26655:Fan Zhen
26557:Huan Tan
26537:Ban Zhao
26488:Zhang Yi
26478:Yang Zhu
26443:Shen Dao
26353:Bu Shang
26254:Legalism
26222:Buddhism
26160:Category
26115:Yugoslav
26105:Romanian
26012:Scottish
25997:American
25926:Japanese
25906:Buddhist
25888:Africana
25878:Egyptian
25720:Feminist
25642:Rawlsian
25637:Quietism
25535:Analytic
25487:Krausism
25394:Nihilism
25359:Kokugaku
25322:Absolute
25317:Idealism
25305:Humanism
25093:Occamism
25060:European
25005:Medieval
24951:Yogacara
24911:Buddhist
24904:Syādvāda
24787:Stoicism
24752:Cynicism
24740:Sophists
24735:Atomists
24730:Eleatics
24669:Legalism
24610:Medieval
24534:Idealism
24488:Ontology
24468:Nihilism
24372:Idealism
24130:Branches
24119:Branches
24055:Category
24019:Suriname
24009:Paraguay
23994:Colombia
23901:Kiribati
23828:Honduras
23798:Dominica
23773:Barbados
23738:Scotland
23698:Slovenia
23693:Slovakia
23668:Portugal
23538:Bulgaria
23460:Thailand
23410:Pakistan
23390:Mongolia
23385:Maldives
23380:Malaysia
23268:Cambodia
23215:Zimbabwe
23190:Tanzania
23040:Ethiopia
23035:Eswatini
23015:Djibouti
22980:Cameroon
22965:Botswana
22909:Timeline
22904:Scholars
22864:Founders
22729:Violence
22684:Politics
22554:Business
22517:Theology
22261:Prophecy
22251:Paganism
22139:Covenant
22106:Apostasy
22041:Scythian
21982:Rapa Nui
21936:Thracian
21931:Illyrian
21921:Albanian
21892:Sumerian
21835:Harappan
21771:Germanic
21766:Georgian
21759:Selk'nam
21744:Etruscan
21732:Egyptian
21710:Druidism
21673:Armenian
21596:Satanism
21576:Eckankar
21499:Estonian
21484:Romanian
21474:Ossetian
21454:Germanic
21403:Armenian
21392:African
21385:paganism
21314:Sant Mat
21304:Rajneesh
21279:Meivazhi
21274:Japanese
21231:Siberian
21164:Santería
21134:Convince
21000:Bushongo
20904:Kiratism
20831:Hmongism
20708:Wocekiye
20693:Jivaroan
20661:Iroquois
20656:Ho-Chunk
20617:Cherokee
20560:American
20531:Hawaiian
20444:Sarnaism
20414:Tungusic
20402:Tengrism
20392:Mongolic
20321:Sarnaism
20252:Nichiren
20229:Mahayana
20216:Buddhism
20194:Sant Mat
20184:Sauraism
20179:Smartism
20174:Shaktism
20167:Balinese
20152:Kaumaram
20147:Kapalika
20142:Kashmiri
20127:Shaivism
20067:Hinduism
20034:Caodaism
19978:Ryukyuan
19973:Tenrikyo
19968:Shugendō
19946:Japanese
19817:Yazidism
19802:Ishikism
19680:Quranism
19653:Khawarij
19602:Salafism
19597:Atharism
19486:Esoteric
19457:Holiness
19447:Lutheran
19408:Reformed
19388:Baptists
19361:Brethren
19325:Hussites
19313:Assyrian
19229:Haymanot
19183:Orthodox
19132:Religion
18961:Hinduism
18899:Orthodox
18862:Buddhism
18680:Quanzhen
18668:Jingming
18596:Zhu Quan
18496:Zhang Lu
18288:Xiang'er
18260:Zhuangzi
18207:(spirit)
18199:(breath)
18138:Practice
17890:Archived
17798:(1995).
17774:(1983).
17729:(2009).
17701:(2007).
17581:Archived
17227:Archived
17126:(2005).
17114:22 March
17108:Archived
17075:Archived
16903:(2007).
16701:(2001).
16409:Archived
16313:Archived
16214:Archived
16172:Archived
16125:73530576
16032:Archived
15954:Archived
15930:30 April
15924:Archived
15890:(1986).
15863:Archived
15807:23889810
15727:27192394
15694:39243466
15674:(1998).
15640:46661540
15153:(2021).
14988:46661540
14896:Archived
14707:Archived
14624:Archived
14577:Archived
14476:. Köln:
14443:. Köln:
14413:. Köln:
14363:Archived
14010:Archived
13988:Archived
13966:Archived
13933:29 April
13927:Archived
13885:27 April
13712:Archived
13710:. 2018.
13640:Archived
13559:Archived
13531:46661540
12976:27 April
12926:54444540
12837:46661540
12470:23 April
12442:23 April
12372:Archived
12307:30 April
12224:Archived
12171:(2018).
12078:Archived
12056:46661540
12019:46661540
11980:30 April
11974:Archived
11966:"Taoism"
11945:46661540
11892:27 April
11764:23 April
11758:Archived
11595:27 April
11586:"Taoism"
11519:46661540
11028:Archived
10875:Archived
10856:27 April
10679:27 April
10546:Archived
10431:27 April
10254:Archived
9909:(2020).
9693:Archived
9443:Archived
9298:(2007).
9267:Archived
9234:(2005).
9158:(2015).
9137:39243466
9117:(1998).
9101:39243466
9081:(1998).
8972:27 April
8937:"Taoism"
8914:Archived
8860:54439373
8788:Archived
8763:27192394
8502:archived
8494:"Daoism"
8471:Archived
8386:Archived
8374:"Taoism"
8266:Archived
8111:Archived
7909:Practice
7845:See also
7655:such as
7638:sobriety
7611:Shandong
7580:Wuliupai
7486:Amitabha
7388:and the
7288:exorcism
7218:Hinduism
7195:such as
7182:Yang Chu
7160:yin-yang
7134:Buddhism
7098:school.
7091:humanist
7050:Sengzhao
7038:Buddhism
7023:Zhuangzi
6957:Zhuangzi
6943:Zhuangzi
6934:Zhuangzi
6885:Zhang Lu
6813:Quanzhen
6735:Shandong
6529:Malaysia
6181:Mahayana
5970:Buddhism
5934:Zhuangzi
5900:Legalist
5850:and the
5847:Analects
5751:Zhuangzi
5719:Zhuangzi
5705:Zhuangzi
5698:Xiang'er
5696:and the
5585:Zhuangzi
5583:and the
5568:tomb 3rd
5507:and the
5402:Zhuangzi
5384:jinggong
5339:cinnabar
5205:exorcism
5067:Ancient
4971:(dong).
4969:grottoes
4967:(an) or
4873:Yü-Huang
4804:pantheon
4769:theology
4720:Theology
4552:and how
4513:qingjing
4501:Quanzhen
4418:yin-yang
4311:humility
4214:nativist
4199:Buddhist
4156:Zhuangzi
3981:numinous
3908:Zhuangzi
3843:Zhuangzi
3831:Zhuangzi
3810:Zhuangzi
3754:morality
3683:thinker
3662:immanent
3646:monistic
3358:writes:
3297:Chaoyang
2997:Shandong
2911:Taotsang
2900:Mahayana
2690:Legalist
2667:cinnabar
2640:Shandong
2621:Xiang'er
2604:and the
2584:(modern
2525:ancestor
2511:, early
2509:diviners
2449:exorcism
2439:Zhuangzi
2421:and the
2407:and the
2383:Legalist
2349:and the
2306:Zhuangzi
2286:", and "
2284:Legalist
2236:Zhang Lu
2186:(1986).
2165:/taoshih
2158:sinology
2141:religion
2113:zongjiao
2083:Zhuangzi
2047:religion
2031:Zhuangzi
2012:Zuǒzhuàn
1796:Mahayana
1788:Buddhism
1770:Legalist
1736:Zhuangzi
1351:Wuliupai
1273:Zhu Quan
1159:Zhang Lu
993:Theology
937:Xiang'er
916:Zhuangzi
820:Alchemy
644:Concepts
603:a series
601:Part of
464:Đạo giáo
417:dáw kæ̀w
335:Jyutping
327:Douhgaau
254:Dào-jiào
198:Bopomofo
27677:Portals
27641:Society
27418:Jian'ai
27233:Hu Shih
27218:Gu Zhun
27077:Ma Qixi
26979:Wang Ji
26944:Jiao Yu
26860:Su Song
26840:Hu Hong
26730:Zhi Dun
26720:Xun Can
26705:Wang Bi
26700:Wang Su
26690:Ji Kang
26685:Huiyuan
26675:Fu Xuan
26665:Ge Hong
26612:Xun Yue
26607:Wang Fu
26597:Ma Rong
26567:Jia Kui
26508:Zou Yan
26468:Xu Xing
26453:Sun Tzu
26423:Mencius
26398:Hui Shi
26393:Han Fei
26368:Deng Xi
26305:Yangism
26297:Xuanxue
26264:Marxism
26210:Schools
26110:Russian
26079:Spanish
26074:Slovene
26064:Maltese
26059:Italian
26039:Finland
26007:British
25989:Western
25979:Turkish
25964:Islamic
25959:Iranian
25911:Chinese
25898:Eastern
25865:African
25812:more...
25497:Marxism
25327:British
25270:Dualism
25166:Islamic
25124:Advaita
25114:Vedanta
25088:Scotism
25083:Thomism
25025:Tiantai
24968:Persian
24956:Tibetan
24946:Śūnyatā
24887:Cārvāka
24877:Ājīvika
24872:Mīmāṃsā
24852:Samkhya
24767:Academy
24720:Ionians
24694:Yangism
24651:Chinese
24642:Ancient
24605:Western
24600:Ancient
24559:Realism
24516:Reality
24506:Process
24387:Realism
24367:Dualism
24362:Atomism
24244:Fideism
24024:Uruguay
23999:Ecuador
23979:Bolivia
23956:Vanuatu
23883:Oceania
23833:Jamaica
23813:Grenada
23768:Bahamas
23728:England
23718:Ukraine
23673:Romania
23633:Moldova
23593:Ireland
23588:Iceland
23583:Hungary
23573:Germany
23563:Finland
23558:Estonia
23553:Denmark
23548:Czechia
23543:Croatia
23528:Belgium
23523:Belarus
23518:Austria
23513:Andorra
23508:Albania
23485:Vietnam
23395:Myanmar
23370:Lebanon
23288:Georgia
23248:Bahrain
23238:Armenia
23200:Tunisia
23170:Somalia
23155:Senegal
23140:Nigeria
23130:Namibia
23120:Morocco
23085:Liberia
23080:Lesotho
23030:Eritrea
23000:Comoros
22975:Burundi
22950:Algeria
22894:Outline
22859:Deities
22786:Atheism
22704:Science
22622:Freedom
22480:History
22447:studies
22400:Dualism
22390:Animism
22355:Worship
22335:Symbols
22276:Liturgy
22189:Goddess
22149:Deities
22130:Laicism
22120:Beliefs
22099:Aspects
22071:Zapotec
22066:Vainakh
22034:Yahwism
22019:Semitic
21948:Iranian
21850:Hurrian
21840:Hittite
21830:Guanche
21823:Orphism
21754:Fuegian
21749:Finnish
21737:Atenism
21683:Latvian
21668:Arabian
21611:Raëlism
21591:Jediism
21586:Goddess
21559:De novo
21447:Druidry
21341:Thelema
21294:New Age
21179:Umbanda
21070:Tumbuka
21055:Odinala
21040:Lugbara
20960:African
20926:African
20874:Bimoism
20864:Burmese
20720:Mapuche
20686:Wyandot
20646:Guarani
20627:Choctaw
20622:Chilote
20568:Abenaki
20519:Tagalog
20492:Kejawèn
20341:Sikhism
20304:Jainism
20264:Tibetan
20247:Amidism
20115:Warkari
20029:Đạo Mẫu
19879:Chinese
19861:Eastern
19838:Roshani
19757:Iranian
19665:Alevism
19658:Ibadism
19631:Zaydism
19308:Ancient
19279:Eastern
19239:Renewal
19224:Karaite
19205:Zionist
19193:Hasidic
19175:Judaism
19157:Western
19051:Related
19001:Sikhism
18966:Judaism
18946:Bimoism
18748:Hanford
18738:Temples
18663:Lingbao
18653:Xuanxue
18646:Zhengyi
18626:Taiping
18613:Schools
18602:Fangshi
18531:Ge Hong
18511:Wang Bi
18501:Ge Xuan
18416:Chang'e
18334:Deities
18323:Daozang
18316:Baopuzi
18106:Zhenren
18028:Bianhua
17880:at the
17843:at the
17671:(ed.).
16872:3134541
15770:4528195
14713:16 July
14573:Patheos
14478:Taschen
14445:Taschen
14415:Taschen
14263:(ed.).
13698:"Laozi"
13636:Patheos
11798:(ed.).
11705:4528195
11641:(ed.).
10203:3136462
8294:17 June
8204:武当山道教协会
8035:Onmyōji
8030:Onmyōdō
7964:Taozang
7933:Deities
7736:emperor
7663:deities
7482:Guanyin
7346:luopans
7324:), the
7299:amulets
7279:Magical
7214:Vietnam
7152:' poem
7126:Judaism
7086:I Ching
7077:Wang Bi
7048:, like
7031:rituals
6836:Vietnam
6817:Zhengyi
6809:Longmen
6805:Beijing
6743:hermits
6737:, China
6726:Taoguan
6692:Society
6667:), the
6574:dragons
6550:taijitu
6504:taijitu
6446:Lingbao
6391:Daozang
6371:Daozang
6355:Daozang
6334:), and
6123:zuòwàng
6095:Lingbao
6073:of the
6010:Ge Hong
6006:neipian
6004:Baopuzi
5834:Han Fei
5694:Wang Bi
5643:Wang Bi
5609:Wang Bi
5531:I Ching
5510:Baopuzi
5444:Alchemy
5406:zuowang
5292:) like
5277:), and
5271:seasons
5179:I Ching
5155:alcohol
5053:Sichuan
5049:Chengdu
5039:Rituals
4843:animism
4821:deities
4767:Taoist
4706:zang-fu
4650:Wu Xing
4631:I Ching
4595:Taijitu
4543:ganying
4528:hermits
4520:zhenren
4499:In the
4494:zhenren
4469:Taoist
4443:dragons
4430:Heavens
4376:zhenren
4294:), and
4136:writers
4119:dantien
4046:), and
4040:dantien
3937:I Ching
3797:tzu-jan
3685:Wang Bi
3681:Xuanxue
3489:Tai chi
3459:Tai chi
3433:, 2017.
3328:Tantric
3255:Tai Chi
3234:Beijing
3203:Tai chi
3141:Longmen
2987:In the
2968:Daozang
2963:Huizong
2896:Lingbao
2892:daojiao
2852:Daozang
2809:Louguan
2763:Lingbao
2743:Baopuzi
2738:Ge Hong
2734:Pei Wei
2718:Wang Bi
2714:Xuanxue
2679:realgar
2675:mercury
2659:Cao Cao
2611:on the
2586:Sichuan
2576:By the
2505:geology
2488:hermits
2476:fangshi
2468:fangshi
2418:I Ching
2399:), the
2391:Han Fei
2336:virtues
2262:fangshi
2217:History
2129:daojiao
2125:daojiao
2109:daojiao
2105:sixiang
2071:Lao Dan
1997:Han-era
1957:dàojiào
1899:in the
1776:I Ching
1744:Daozang
1634:Chinese
1313:Xuanxue
1296:Schools
1282:Fangshi
1202:Ge Hong
1174:Wang Bi
1164:Ge Xuan
1096:Li Hong
1091:Guan Yu
1074:Chang'e
979:Daozang
972:Baopuzi
902:I Ching
740:Zhenren
702:Bianhua
634:History
629:Outline
472:Chữ Hán
373:Hokkien
306:Doh goh
268:Dàujyàu
224:Dawjiaw
190:Dàojiào
150:Dàojiào
126:Chinese
27719:Taoism
27612:Ethics
27585:Topics
27520:Wu wei
27298:Lu Xun
27122:Yu Yue
27072:Ji Yun
26954:Li Zhi
26895:Zhu Xi
26880:Ye Shi
26779:Han Yu
26764:Jizang
26680:He Yan
26660:Fan Ye
26587:Lu Jia
26582:Liu An
26562:Jia Yi
26552:Dou Wu
26498:Zichan
26448:Su Qin
26408:Li Kui
26290:Daoxue
26284:Taoism
26259:Mohism
26069:Polish
26049:German
26044:French
26029:Danish
26019:Canada
25969:Jewish
25931:Korean
25916:Indian
25458:People
25379:Monism
25332:German
25300:Holism
25233:Modern
25211:Jewish
25134:Dvaita
25107:Indian
25030:Huayan
24882:Ajñana
24839:Indian
24704:Greco-
24689:Taoism
24679:Mohism
24625:Modern
24592:By era
24581:By era
24496:Action
24377:Monism
24297:Virtue
24279:Ethics
24065:Portal
24004:Guyana
23984:Brazil
23951:Tuvalu
23848:Panama
23838:Mexico
23783:Canada
23778:Belize
23708:Sweden
23688:Serbia
23678:Russia
23663:Poland
23658:Norway
23638:Monaco
23608:Latvia
23603:Kosovo
23578:Greece
23568:France
23500:Europe
23465:Turkey
23450:Taiwan
23355:Kuwait
23328:Jordan
23318:Israel
23278:Cyprus
23263:Brunei
23258:Bhutan
23210:Zambia
23205:Uganda
23145:Rwanda
23100:Malawi
23060:Guinea
23050:Gambia
22955:Angola
22942:Africa
22751:Wealth
22699:Schism
22654:Growth
22578:Priest
22563:Clergy
22382:Theism
22365:Nature
22360:Astral
22303:Groves
22271:Ritual
22256:Prayer
22214:Novice
22164:Ethnic
22089:Topics
22061:Urartu
22056:Tongan
22051:Somali
22046:Slavic
21926:Dacian
21705:Celtic
21700:Basque
21678:Baltic
21529:Udmurt
21494:Uralic
21489:Slavic
21442:Celtic
21430:Abkhaz
21418:Romuva
21408:Baltic
21383:Modern
21226:Papuan
21189:Voodoo
21144:Kumina
21085:Yoruba
21075:Urhobo
21045:Maasai
21030:Lotuko
20978:Baluba
20968:Akamba
20941:Berber
20899:Heraka
20889:Dongba
20777:Pueblo
20772:Pawnee
20762:Navajo
20752:Muisca
20715:Lenape
20703:Lakota
20681:Seneca
20671:Mohawk
20605:Ohlone
20585:Apache
20578:Ojibwe
20558:Native
20424:Manchu
20419:Evenki
20380:Altaic
20371:Ethnic
20346:Khalsa
20299:Kalash
20189:Śrauta
20058:Indian
19988:Korean
19954:Shinto
19924:Taoism
19897:Luoism
19723:Baháʼí
19718:Bábism
19670:Ahmadi
19648:Sufism
19641:Alawis
19291:Church
19219:Reform
19200:Modern
19188:Haredi
18857:Taoism
18506:He Yan
18486:Gan Ji
18449:People
18170:Daoyin
18154:Waidan
18146:Neidan
18077:Wu wei
18058:Ethics
18020:Wuxing
17947:Taoism
17835:Taoism
17808:
17784:
17760:
17737:
17715:
17679:
17656:
17637:
17618:
17599:
17567:
17539:
17520:
17501:
17482:
17463:
17444:
17425:
17406:
17387:
17368:
17349:
17330:
17302:
17245:
17221:
17182:
17159:
17136:
17100:
17067:
17037:
17000:
16972:
16953:
16934:
16911:
16889:
16870:
16854:
16833:
16814:
16795:
16776:
16755:
16732:
16713:
16687:
16661:
16642:
16605:
16586:
16553:
16534:
16515:
16496:
16474:
16455:
16436:
16401:
16380:
16359:
16340:
16305:
16275:
16256:
16237:
16206:
16164:
16140:
16123:
16092:
16071:
16049:Taoism
16024:
15989:
15898:
15869:15 May
15857:
15847:
15805:
15797:
15768:
15760:
15725:
15715:
15692:
15682:
15638:
15628:
15524:
15165:
14986:
14976:
14949:
14939:
14768:
14583:16 May
14484:
14451:
14421:
14273:
14138:16 May
13646:16 May
13565:22 May
13529:
13519:
13291:
12924:
12835:
12825:
12378:3 June
12334:
12296:"Xian"
12274:
12264:
12214:"xian"
12183:
12148:
12119:
12054:
12044:
12017:
12007:
11943:
11933:
11883:
11810:
11726:
11703:
11695:
11653:
11555:
11517:
11507:
11468:Taoism
11369:
10987:
10941:
10933:
10923:
10905:Boston
10901:Leiden
10713:
10670:
10493:
10422:
10323:
10232:
10209:
10201:
10193:
10179:: 87.
9921:
9791:
9310:
9246:
9214:
9184:
9174:
9135:
9125:
9099:
9089:
9048:". In
8965:
8955:
8920:22 May
8888:
8858:
8848:
8794:20 May
8761:
8751:
8602:
8451:
8443:
8199:道教神仙分类
8117:21 May
8103:
8063:Europe
7902:Zhizha
7780:ghosts
7772:heaven
7732:heaven
7653:beings
7586:sect.
7574:, the
7540:neidan
7536:qigong
7476:, and
7464:, the
7460:, the
7456:, the
7438:ritual
7371:Yijing
7365:, the
7344:Three
7165:wu wei
7132:, and
7027:Mohist
6913:Ni Zan
6909:Shitao
6893:Wu Wei
6834:, and
6791:under
6754:gentry
6731:Weihai
6686:Daopao
6659:, the
6645:cranes
6638:wuxing
6630:wuxing
6618:dragon
6569:dragon
6474:Taoist
6431:texts.
6381:, and
6296:太乙金華宗旨
6285:lives.
6282:ethics
6148:Huàshū
5907:Guanzi
5902:ideas.
5898:, and
5892:Taoist
5853:Mengzi
5794:Yijing
5789:Yijing
5776:Yijing
5768:Zhenwu
5562:Taoist
5519:waidan
5515:neidan
5485:Neidan
5304:, and
5290:neijia
5286:qigong
5275:daoyin
5210:tongji
5118:, and
5116:gongfu
4913:Taipei
4890:theism
4612:cyclic
4579:, and
4479:nature
4447:clouds
4300:不敢爲天下先
4251:sānbǎo
4187:wu wei
4146:Ethics
4138:, and
4100:neidan
4096:qigong
4064:neidan
4006:daoyin
3916:wu wei
3898:Wu wei
3891:Wu wei
3877:pǔ, pú
3745:virtue
3573:Yijing
3544:, and
3540:, the
3520:, and
3476:, and
3463:qigong
3408:Taiwan
3402:, and
3220:, and
3112:Xuanwu
3019:, and
3005:ghosts
2991:, the
2952:neidan
2722:He Yan
2677:, and
2527:and a
2396:wu wei
2375:Mohism
2315:. The
2303:, the
2280:Mohist
2271:Yijing
2245:–1538)
2188:Taoshi
2163:daoshi
2133:daojia
2121:Daojia
2101:daojia
2060:daojia
1988:dàoxué
1978:dàojiā
1944:Taoism
1873:Taiwan
1832:daoshi
1762:Mohism
1676:, and
1670:qigong
1654::
1644::
1642:pinyin
1536:Daoism
1532:Taoism
1169:He Yan
1149:Gan Ji
1109:People
841:Bugang
832:Waidan
825:Neidan
717:Wu wei
694:Wuxing
611:Taoism
581:Dō kyō
534:do gyo
491:Hangul
396:Tō-kàu
390:Tâi-lô
382:Tō-kàu
207:
89:Taoism
18:Daoism
27691:China
27592:Logic
27575:Ziran
27213:Gu Su
26999:Xu Ai
26784:Li Ao
26759:Fu Yi
26473:Xunzi
26458:Wu Qi
26413:Li Si
26403:Laozi
26378:Gaozi
26100:Aztec
26054:Greek
26034:Dutch
26024:Czech
25873:Bantu
25310:Anti-
24857:Nyaya
24847:Hindu
24707:Roman
24501:Event
24143:Logic
23989:Chile
23946:Tonga
23936:Samoa
23926:Palau
23916:Nauru
23823:Haiti
23743:Wales
23703:Spain
23628:Malta
23598:Italy
23490:Yemen
23445:Syria
23425:Qatar
23400:Nepal
23375:Macau
23338:Korea
23323:Japan
23298:India
23273:China
23185:Sudan
23135:Niger
23090:Libya
23075:Kenya
23055:Ghana
23045:Gabon
23020:Egypt
22960:Benin
22869:Index
22840:lists
22709:State
22527:Women
22395:Deism
22370:Place
22350:Water
22345:Truth
22313:Trees
22169:Faith
22134:Laity
22029:Punic
21987:Roman
21953:Vedic
21911:Olmec
21798:Greek
21791:Norse
21715:Irish
21536:Wicca
21331:Subud
21221:Inuit
21194:Winti
21184:Vodou
21149:Obeah
21129:Comfa
21112:Bantu
21065:Serer
21050:Mbuti
21010:Dogon
21005:Dinka
20988:Kongo
20983:Bantu
20909:Qiang
20740:Olmec
20730:Aztec
20651:Haida
20600:Miwok
20536:Māori
20467:Dayak
20388:Turko
20351:Sects
20287:Other
20242:Thiền
19826:Other
19728:Druze
19706:Other
19582:Sunni
19574:Islam
19356:Amish
19274:Latin
19042:Tibet
19027:Macau
18906:Islam
18690:Wuliu
18456:Laozi
18389:Houtu
18267:Liezi
18245:Texts
18087:Ziran
18005:Bagua
17982:Taiji
17976:(way)
17230:(PDF)
17217:(3).
17207:(PDF)
16121:S2CID
16069:S2CID
15960:4 May
15855:S2CID
15803:JSTOR
15766:JSTOR
14659:(PDF)
14652:(PDF)
14627:(PDF)
14620:(PDF)
13741:Laozi
13737:Laozi
13730:Laozi
13726:Laozi
12922:S2CID
12366:(7).
12084:9 May
11750:"ren"
11701:JSTOR
10939:S2CID
10319:(PDF)
10312:(PDF)
10207:S2CID
10199:JSTOR
10175:(2).
8449:S2CID
8206:[
8019:Japan
7982:China
7957:Texts
7784:Laozi
7760:devas
7528:Wuhan
7406:omens
7382:Taiji
7238:Japan
7177:ziran
7118:Islam
7081:Laozi
6901:Mi Fu
6881:Liezi
6832:Japan
6828:Korea
6799:, or
6597:Taiji
6556:bagua
6510:Bagua
6395:texts
6238:) of
6179:with
6140:黃帝陰符經
5949:Wenzi
5941:Neiye
5925:Liezi
5772:bagua
5635:Laozi
5631:Laozi
5607:1770
5552:Texts
5418:ways.
5195:omens
5153:like
5008:wúwéi
4877:Yü-Di
4687:taiji
4636:taiji
4604:taiji
4410:saved
4327:karma
4209:China
4174:ziran
4084:Neiye
3977:Neiye
3929:wuwei
3927:that
3827:ziran
3814:ziran
3791:zìrán
3782:Ziran
3777:Ziran
3760:Ziran
3431:Hubei
3188:Xi'an
3184:]
2560:]
2321:Laozi
2300:Neiye
2198:Faism
2015:) by
1926:/daʊ/
1865:Macau
1750:Shang
1636:word
1622:China
1610:
1569:
1116:Laozi
1047:Houtu
944:Liezi
895:Texts
725:Ziran
688:Bagua
675:Taiji
551:Kanji
505:Hanja
27561:Yong
27508:Tian
27487:Shen
27468:Qing
27425:Jing
27014:Qing
26913:Ming
26908:Yuan
26817:Song
26748:Tang
26503:Zisi
26428:Mozi
25201:Sufi
25035:Chan
24894:Jain
24867:Yoga
24397:Mind
24337:Hard
24325:Hard
24014:Peru
23896:Fiji
23793:Cuba
23405:Oman
23365:Laos
23313:Iraq
23308:Iran
23225:Asia
23195:Togo
23105:Mali
22995:Chad
22838:and
22765:and
22340:Text
22320:Soul
22209:Monk
22174:Fire
21855:Inca
21663:Ainu
21547:list
21524:Sámi
21154:Palo
21122:Ketu
21117:Jejé
21035:Lozi
21015:Efik
20993:Zulu
20973:Akan
20826:Ahom
20818:Miao
20816:and
20804:Zuni
20787:Hopi
20735:Maya
20632:Crow
20610:Pomo
20277:list
20234:Chan
20205:list
20162:Nath
19960:list
19696:list
19621:Shia
19563:list
19250:list
18743:Cebu
18232:Fulu
18219:Xian
18213:Diet
18204:Shen
18190:Jing
17991:Wuji
17806:ISBN
17782:ISBN
17758:ISBN
17735:ISBN
17713:ISBN
17677:ISBN
17654:ISBN
17635:ISBN
17616:ISBN
17597:ISBN
17565:ISBN
17537:ISBN
17518:ISBN
17499:ISBN
17480:ISBN
17461:ISBN
17442:ISBN
17423:ISBN
17404:ISBN
17385:ISBN
17366:ISBN
17347:ISBN
17328:ISBN
17300:ISBN
17243:ISBN
17219:ISSN
17180:ISBN
17157:ISBN
17134:ISBN
17116:2023
17098:ISBN
17083:2015
17065:ISBN
17035:ISBN
16998:ISBN
16970:ISBN
16951:ISBN
16932:ISBN
16909:ISBN
16887:ISBN
16868:SSRN
16852:ISBN
16831:ISBN
16812:ISBN
16793:ISBN
16774:ISBN
16753:ISBN
16730:ISBN
16711:ISBN
16685:ISBN
16659:ISBN
16640:ISBN
16603:ISBN
16584:ISBN
16551:ISBN
16532:ISBN
16513:ISBN
16494:ISBN
16472:ISBN
16453:ISBN
16434:ISBN
16417:2015
16399:ISBN
16378:ISBN
16357:ISBN
16338:ISBN
16321:2020
16303:ISBN
16273:ISBN
16254:ISBN
16235:ISBN
16222:2017
16204:ISBN
16180:2017
16162:ISBN
16138:ISBN
16090:ISBN
16051:?".
16040:2017
16022:ISBN
15987:ISBN
15962:2023
15932:2023
15896:ISBN
15871:2023
15845:ISBN
15795:ISSN
15758:ISSN
15723:OCLC
15713:ISBN
15690:OCLC
15680:ISBN
15636:OCLC
15626:ISBN
15522:ISBN
15163:ISBN
14984:OCLC
14974:ISBN
14947:OCLC
14937:ISBN
14766:ISBN
14715:2014
14635:2014
14585:2011
14482:ISBN
14449:ISBN
14419:ISBN
14371:2023
14295:yang
14293:and
14284:2024
14271:ISBN
14140:2011
13935:2023
13887:2024
13733:B.C.
13720:2011
13648:2011
13567:2023
13527:OCLC
13517:ISBN
13289:ISBN
12978:2024
12833:OCLC
12823:ISBN
12472:2023
12444:2023
12380:2023
12332:ISBN
12309:2023
12272:OCLC
12262:ISBN
12232:2023
12181:ISBN
12146:ISBN
12117:ISBN
12086:2023
12052:OCLC
12042:ISBN
12015:OCLC
12005:ISBN
11982:2023
11941:OCLC
11931:ISBN
11894:2024
11881:ISBN
11808:ISBN
11766:2023
11724:ISBN
11693:ISSN
11651:ISBN
11597:2024
11553:ISBN
11515:OCLC
11505:ISBN
11367:ISBN
10985:ISBN
10931:ISSN
10921:ISBN
10903:and
10858:2024
10729:link
10711:ISSN
10681:2024
10668:ISBN
10491:ISBN
10433:2024
10420:ISBN
10230:ISBN
10191:ISSN
10048:help
9919:ISBN
9797:MDPI
9789:ISSN
9701:2023
9333:help
9327:Kohn
9308:ISBN
9244:ISBN
9212:ISBN
9182:OCLC
9172:ISBN
9133:OCLC
9123:ISBN
9097:OCLC
9087:ISBN
8974:2024
8963:ISSN
8953:ISBN
8922:2023
8886:ISBN
8856:OCLC
8846:ISBN
8796:2023
8759:OCLC
8749:ISBN
8600:ISBN
8510:2022
8479:2022
8441:ISSN
8394:2008
8296:2020
8119:2019
8101:ISBN
7834:The
7828:shen
7792:xian
7756:gods
7751:xian
7719:and
7658:xian
7605:and
7589:The
7563:yang
7561:and
7416:and
7380:and
7378:Wuji
7303:fulu
7301:and
7052:and
7017:and
7001:The
6842:and
6711:The
6674:shou
6665:fulu
6616:lung
6547:The
6479:The
6454:Shen
6451:The
6436:Xuan
6434:The
6418:Zhen
6415:The
6403:dong
6383:Song
6379:Tang
6230:The
6023:The
6001:The
5975:The
5932:and
5824:The
5819:Mozi
5814:Mozi
5811:The
5749:The
5716:The
5670:The
5496:xian
5483:and
5364:wine
5362:and
5360:meat
5355:shen
5330:shen
5322:bigu
5203:and
5141:The
5106:and
4935:and
4933:jing
4882:xian
4860:人鬼之神
4854:人體之神
4848:地府神靈
4794:and
4761:and
4732:and
4683:wuji
4600:Wuji
4490:xian
4471:xian
4464:xian
4460:tiān
4439:xian
4434:xian
4414:xian
4405:Tian
4386:xian
4329:and
4285:jiǎn
4276:jian
4112:shén
4110:and
4104:jing
4098:and
4030:The
3989:ming
3975:The
3962:self
3666:xing
3626:(or
3611:for
3587:and
3571:and
3461:and
3441:The
3410:and
3261:and
3128:The
3123:bigu
3094:and
3009:gods
3007:and
2761:and
2753:The
2708:The
2671:lead
2445:xian
2436:and
2389:and
2363:Tian
2081:and
2073:and
2054:and
1863:and
1824:Xian
1817:xian
1780:and
1754:Zhou
1752:and
877:Fulu
859:Bigu
854:Diet
780:and
769:Shen
757:Jing
732:Xian
668:Wuji
209:ㄐㄧㄠˋ
27532:Xin
27475:Ren
27398:Tao
26743:Sui
26635:Jin
26526:Han
26521:Qin
25475:Neo
25040:Zen
22744:War
22219:Nun
22184:God
21245:New
21090:Ifá
21060:San
20859:Bon
20814:Tai
20799:Ute
20238:Zen
19902:Nuo
18951:Bon
18695:Yao
18226:Art
18036:Fan
17973:Tao
17845:BBC
17837:on
17270:doi
16113:doi
16061:doi
15950:BBC
15837:doi
15750:doi
15514:doi
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