485:. Ginling had a reputation of strength in English and weakness in Chinese instruction because of its emphasis on English. Almost all courses were given in English, and the school also established an English Comprehensive Test that required all students to pass in the second semester of their second year. Physical education was designed around the missionary discourse of equating a healthy body with Christian moral character. Physical education including dance instructions at Ginling was what garnered the most attention but also gave it bad publicity. For instance, an incident in 1927 in which a group of Ginling students was found dancing with British naval men outraged the public, as it went against Chinese ideal of propriety and national pride. The Home Economics Department was established in 1938 in order to meet government regulations during wartime and to strengthen institutional collaboration with other missionary institutions while it was in Chengdu. All Home Economics majors were required to select teaching methodologies for home economics, and starting from the second year, students could choose from three areas as their majors: nutrition, child welfare and development, or art and dress. Even though the program itself the home economics program allowed missionaries to offer science courses to female students. Also, majors in child welfare and development often found themselves studying education in the U.S. after graduation and were able to become teachers in kindergarten and elementary school.
443:, Thurston argues that the new Communist requirements were more serious because they contained āmore definite challenges to Christian beliefs.ā The college life went on very much as before, except for the frequent interruptions in school work for special lectures, parades, and other political functions. Religious activities also continued without any direct opposition from the government. However, as anti-American propaganda began to rise, on November 14, 1950, some students accused their American sociology professor Helen Ferris of spreading anti-revolutionary messages and of attacking the Chinese-Korean alliance. This led to widespread criticisms of not only Ferris, but of ācrimes of cultural imperialismā happening in many missionary schools in China. With such hostile atmosphere, all American missionary faculty members left Ginling by spring semester 1951, either by deportation or voluntarily. Some Chinese faculty members who did not completely identify with the aggressive campaign also faced persecution. On December 17, 1950, the
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grounds. She also started Bible classes, and with the help of the refugee women, created a list of missing men to present to the
Japanese Embassy. The Nanking International Relief Committee supplied food and fuel for the camp. Once the refugee phase of the work became less urgent, Vautrin diverted her attention to educationāopening a middle school, a day school, and a nursery school on the Ginling campus, and providing Homecraft course for ādestitute women.ā In April 1940, she suffered a nervous breakdown and was taken back to the U.S. The evacuated students and faculty members started āGinling centersā as part of other missionary institutions in
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landmark in
Nanjing and a symbol of multifaceted significance for Ginling's different constituencies. Even though it increased institutional self-esteem, it also roused envy among outsiders. The new campus designed by an American architect and built with American funds caused a certain tension between Ginling and its Chinese observers from the outside. Some criticized Ginling studentsā extravagant lifestyles and even westernized mind-sets, which, they claimed, ādisqualified Ginling students from being productive and patriotic members of modern China.ā
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The design for new buildings had a modified
Chinese palace-style exterior, with overhanging curved roofs and pointed eaves. At the same time, it was equipped with modern Western conveniences. A big part of the funding came from Thurston's campaigns in America, especially from the āSeven Oriental Colleges for Womenā campaign. Thurston asserted that āit was the cooperative, non-competitive promotion of projects that finally made it appeal to the women of America.ā The academic
578:, the famous statesman of the Qing dynasty. It consisted of ātwo large, rambling, Chinese mansions set side by side, each containing four paved courts, set one behind the other, with a fifth court at the side. The buildings were all of gray brick with gray tiles and overhanging caves. Each court had about ten rooms, in most of the rooms delicately latticed windows covered the larger half of the walls. Access to adjoining courts was through
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annually until 1921, when it was raised to $ 2,500, due to increasing interest in
Ginling. During the difficult period of war, the contribution reached $ 4,000 a year. The Smith Alumnae Committee for Ginling was started in 1923, and Smith alumnae donated $ 50,000 for the construction of a recreation building in Ginling. Annual contributions to the College gradually increased until it reached a maximum of $ 5,500 a year.
582:ālarger circular openings in the dividing walls.ā American faculty members complained of the freezing days of winter, the moldy floors, and walls with cracks. Students also complained about ventilation, heating, and general lack of hygiene. Thurston points out that despite these shortcomings, there was still some beauty to be found, with a beautiful garden with a pavilion laying east of the house.
290:. It offers both bachelor's and master's degrees. It offers six undergraduate majors: applied English, accounting, financial management, labor and social welfare, food science and engineering, and food quality and safety. Master's degrees are offered in food science, agricultural products processing, and storage, and women's education.
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of Murphy & Dana, a New York architecture firm that had opened an office in
Shanghai, was commissioned to design the buildings. He had also designed buildings for Yale-in-China and the Yenching University campus. Thurston insisted on integrating Chinese architectural elements into the new campus.
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Students' physical exercise was valued. Every fresher got a health card since she entered college so that teachers could teach students in accordance with their aptitude. The 4-year compulsory PE lessons aimed at improving studentsā physique. Studentsā musicianship was also valued. The one-year music
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Since 1916, Thurston had been engaging in negotiations to buy land for a new site of
Ginling. However, because it was difficult for women to purchase land at the time, John Leighton Stuartāthe president of Nanking Theological Seminaryātook over the task. In 1918, he had secured twenty-seven acres of
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Smith
College provided both financial and academic support to Ginling College. There was a Ginling representative in every Smith club, and Smith alumnae contributed at least one-fourth of Ginling's operating budget for years. Their first campus contribution in 1916 amounted to $ 1,000 and was made
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During the three years that the
Japanese took over the Nanjing campus in 1942, serious damages were done to the buildings. Walls were dirty and full of holes. All radiators and furnaces were gone, and so were most furniture, laboratory equipment, and library books. New alterations had been made: a
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Chinese and western cultures were integrated. The āAbundant Lifeā was interpreted as the guiding ideology for cultivating
Ginling College students. It required students not only to master their basic and professional knowledge well, but also to have noble dreams. They should be diligent, tough and
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Jin Feng has argued that
Ginlingās founders belonged to the group of āmodernistsā in the mission field who were more interested in preparing elite Chinese women for āChristian leadership,ā than in converting the illiterate and poverty-stricken Chinese masses. Even though Ginling was in principle a
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Alumnae, was considered the ābest example up to that time of Chinese style in architecture adapted to modern uses.ā The new campus garnered attention from numerous local, national, and foreign celebrities, families and friends of the college, and students from all over the city. It soon became a
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accepted thirty Ginling students as guest students. As time went on, more faculty joined the unit and taught at least one course which Huachung University was needing. In return, Ginling students were admitted to all the regular departments of the university. As the war developed, Ginling College
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in the United States, and the increasing demand for women's education propelled by the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Through the efforts of a united board composed of eight American mission boardsāBaptists (North and South), Disciples, Episcopalians, Methodists (North and South), and Presbyterians
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The sister-class system was put into practice. Senior āsistersā gave instructions on daily studies and life of junior āsistersā and led them to adapt to the change from a middle school to a college. Therefore, the younger sisters benefited a lot and the elder sisters strengthened their sense of
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that lasted for more than a month. At its peak, the campus provided a refuge for nearly 10,000 people. Vautrin herself patrolled the campus chasing away soldiers, visited the Japanese Embassy to ask for protection, and organized the sale of rice in mat sheds that had been erected on the college
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Ginling College currently offers 6 undergraduate majors, 5 master's programs, and 4 orientations for master's degree candidates. The college has 72 faculty and staff members on the payroll, with 58% of the full-time teachers possessing tenures, 55% holding doctor's degrees, and 50% with recent
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walks and outings. According to Feng, such attempts at creating solidarity ānot only institutionalized a family spirit at Ginling, but also expanded the trope of the family from the institutional to the national level, and thereby cultivated among their students a collective sense of
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missionary college, the faculty from the very beginning emphasized the importance of it being a ābona fide institution of higher educationā that possessed rigorous academic standards. As a result, curricula taught at Ginling often mimicked the curriculums at elite American women's
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Student autonomy and tutorial system were combined to manage students. There was a head teacher for every grade and a tutor for every 8 students. The tutor instructed studentsā life and study with skill and patience. There was an instructor in studentsā life for each dormitory
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opened on the east, looking directly toward Purple Mountain. The Social and Athletic Building stood on the west side of the quadrangle, the Recitation Building on the north side, and the Science Building on the south side. The Social and Athletic Building, a gift of the
360:(North and South)āGinling College officially opened in 1915 with six faculty and eleven students. All subjects were taught in English except for the Chinese classics. The first graduating class, consisting of five women, including future Gingling College President
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to carry on a dressing station for the wounded soldiers. However, as it became obvious that the next objective of the Japanese army would be to capture Hankou and Wuchang, many students began to leave. By the end of 1937, only a few Ginling members remained.
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college of the same name founded in 1913, which started operations in 1915 and was the first institution to grant bachelor's degrees to female students in China. The school was closed from 1951 to 1987, when it was reestablished on its previous site.
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During its early years, the faculty members organized enjoyable group activities with students outside of the classroom setting to create a sense of familiarity and intimacy. These included designated social times with the students, and faculty-led
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lessons taught basic knowledge and skills of music like producing sound and reading music. Besides, students could take courses in the Department of Music and participate in the activities held by the chorus or choir to improve their musicianship.
549:, Sophie Lanneau, Emma A. Lyon, Katherine E. Phelps, Laura E. White, Martha E. Pyle, Mary Cogdal, Venie J. Lee. Foundersā Day was cherished even during exile, as it became a symbol of āunity of spiritā despite the dispersal of Ginling women.
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new brick wall, a gatehouse complete with a prison cell, numerous wooden buildings, and military equipment were left behind by the Japanese soldiers. Dr. Davis S. Hsiung planned and supervised rehabilitation of the campus.
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broke out between Imperial Japan and China, the members of the college had to disperse to different parts of China while the Nanjing campus was turned into a refugee camp under the supervision of
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was the sister college of Ginling College, officially recognized from 1921 to 1951. Smith's relationship with Ginling began in 1916. Through the enthusiasm of Smith alumnae Delia Leavens and
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government, Ginling's curriculum had to incorporate some political requirements. Even though these were not different from the earlier requirement of learning Party Principles under the
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400:. On December 8, 1937, the first 300 women and children were admitted to the Nanjing campus. Nanjing was captured on December 13, marking the beginning of the
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toward their nation and people.ā According to the official website, these traditions also came into place under the leadership of President Wu Yifang:
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Smith raised almost $ 2,500 as a gift to Ginling to celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday in 1940, and this money was used for repairs after the war.
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as a patriotic woman educator, worked tirelessly to reopen the school. However, it did not ultimately reopen until 1987, two years after her death.
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Chang, Iris, The Rape of Nanking: The forgotten holocaust of World War II, Basic Books, A Subsidiary of Perseus Books, L.L.C., 1997 pp. 130-138
634:, both of whom had spent considerable time in China, the Smith College Association for Christian Work adopted Ginling as its foreign project.
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Foundersā Day was observed every year to celebrate the founders who did pioneer work in the education of women in China. They include:
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in 1928, became the first Chinese woman to head a college in China, heading Jinling College from 1928-51 until it merged with the
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selfless at their posts and dedicate their lifetime to others, society and nation with their own wisdom and strength.
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responsibility and pride and thus became stricter with themselves, through which they promoted each other.
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land including eleven ponds, sixty corners, and more than a thousand graves for about US$ 13,000.
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designed some of the buildings that were constructed in the 1919 to 1925 period.
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Ginling's first home was an old-style Chinese residence in Embroidery Alley (
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756:"Abundant life: Matilda Thurston, Wu Yifang and Ginling College, 1915ā1951"
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Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing: Diaries and Correspondence, 1937-38
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481:. Ginling was especially strong in English, physical education, and
730:"Talbot F. Hamlin (1889-1956) | Columbia University Libraries"
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Campus planning of Ginling College, by the architect Henry Murphy.
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Ginling College was founded in 1913 against the backdrop of the
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was founded by alumnae of Jinling Women's University in 1956.
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List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807ā1953)
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Thurston, Matilda S. Calder; Chester, Ruth Miriam (1956).
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Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Jiangsu
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was founded on the campus of Ginling College in 1952.
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worked together with Huachung University and Wuchang
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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388:During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937~1945)
459:through the efforts of alumnae and Wu Yifang.
2098:Universities and colleges established in 1913
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707:. Ginling College. 2010-01-14. Archived from
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1306:The Making of a Family Saga: Ginling College
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27:Women's college of Nanjing University, China
417:. The Ginling center at Wuchang began when
330:, the college, led by its acting principal
2093:Women's universities and colleges in China
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568:) known locally as the Garden of the Lis (
372:graduate who had previously been with the
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1069:http://schools.njnu.edu.cn/ginling/about
1059:http://schools.njnu.edu.cn/ginling/about
1017:http://schools.njnu.edu.cn/ginling/about
1007:http://schools.njnu.edu.cn/ginling/about
558:The House of a Hundred Rooms (1915~1923)
293:Ginling College traces its roots to the
2045:Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal
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1382:, Smith College Special Collections
1280:. Smith College Special Collections
1254:. Smith College Special Collections
1216:. Smith College Special Collections
1190:. Smith College Special Collections
844:. Smith College Special Collections
32:Jinling College, Nanjing University
24:
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463:Academics and Educational Programs
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2052:The Christian Occupation of China
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2108:History of Christianity in China
1341:. University of Illinois Press.
1903:Bible translations into Chinese
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1872:English Presbyterian Mission
1853:Peking Union Medical College
1416:Protestant missions to China
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1848:West China Union University
1828:Fukien Christian University
1235:Thurston & Chester 1956
1171:Thurston & Chester 1956
1135:Thurston & Chester 1956
1123:Thurston & Chester 1956
1087:Thurston & Chester 1956
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494:overseas study experience.
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1918:Chinese Christian colleges
1860:Methodist Episcopal Church
1750:National Christian Council
1730:Canadian Methodist Mission
662:Jinling Girls' High School
357:Student Volunteer Movement
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321:People's Republic of China
278:, is a women's college of
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1908:Medical missions in China
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1745:London Missionary Society
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1274:"Ginling College records"
1248:"Ginling College records"
1210:"Ginling College records"
1184:"Ginling College records"
838:"Ginling College records"
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1838:College of Yale-in-China
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1434:Protestantism in Sichuan
1335:Vautrin, Minnie (2008).
181:Traditional Chinese
30:Not to be confused with
1755:US Presbyterian Mission
1376:Ginling College records
1278:Smith College Libraries
1252:Smith College Libraries
1214:Smith College Libraries
1188:Smith College Libraries
842:Smith College Libraries
276:Jinling Women's College
167:Simplified Chinese
2038:The Chinese Repository
1788:University of Shanghai
1740:Church Mission Society
1647:Issachar Jacox Roberts
1429:Protestantism in China
1380:Smith College Archives
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441:Nationalist government
353:Social Gospel Movement
336:Japanese Imperial Army
313:University of Michigan
1818:St. John's University
1803:University of Nanking
1567:Elizabeth G. K. Hewat
1451:Christianity in China
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453:University of Nanking
445:U.S. State Department
317:University of Nanking
266:), also known by its
71:Motto in English
1735:China Inland Mission
1677:John Leighton Stuart
1667:Vincent John Stanton
1637:Karl Ludvig Reichelt
1607:Robert Samuel Maclay
541:Academic Year Events
1843:Huachung University
1823:Hangchow University
1813:Yenching University
1702:(more missionaries)
1672:John and Betty Stam
1582:Carl C. Jeremiassen
1562:Laura Askew Haygood
1517:William Jones Boone
1482:David Howard Adeney
754:Waelchli, Mary Jo.
419:Huachung University
260:traditional Chinese
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1938:Foochow Roman Type
1928:Chinese Roman Type
1913:Manchurian revival
1833:Lingnan University
1808:Soochow University
1793:Cheeloo University
1303:Feng, Jin (2010).
1173:, p. 130-131.
1074:2021-09-18 at the
1064:2021-09-18 at the
1022:2021-09-18 at the
1012:2021-09-18 at the
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217:JÄ«nlĆng NĒzĒ DĆ xuĆ©
99:Parent institution
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2021:People's Republic
2011:Chinese Civil War
1966:Taiping Rebellion
1933:Minnan Roman Type
1577:Robert A. Jaffray
1487:Mary Ann Aldersey
1446:Missions timeline
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1996:Kucheng Massacre
1991:Tianjin Massacre
1976:Second Opium War
1943:Anti-footbinding
1697:William C. White
1572:Jennie V. Hughes
1547:Frederick Graves
1542:Jonathan Goforth
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1865:Hwa Nan College
1798:Ginling College
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1769:
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1692:Thomas Torrance
1657:Cambridge Seven
1642:Timothy Richard
1617:Robert Morrison
1532:Thomas Cochrane
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1441:Chinese history
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736:on 2019-06-24
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1776:universities
1774:Colleges and
1662:George Smith
1622:George Moule
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147:(in Chinese)
1632:David Paton
1612:Lottie Moon
1597:James Legge
1592:Walter Judd
1527:John Burdon
1297:Works cited
626:located in
479:New England
376:Mission in
326:During the
90:Established
2082:Categories
1948:Anti-opium
1711:Missionary
1627:Gideon Nye
1512:John Birch
1456:Nestorians
1422:Background
740:2016-10-21
715:2014-12-29
679:References
598:quadrangle
580:moon gates
510:naturalist
498:Traditions
309:Wu Yi-Fang
225:WadeāGiles
1159:Feng 2010
1147:Feng 2010
1111:Feng 2010
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284:Nanjing
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1896:Impact
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