1011:), and the mortality rates were high. The Chinese preferred to be buried alongside family, partly due to the belief that their souls might feel homesick if they were buried far from home, so an industry for the transportation of these corpses to their native villages, often across thousands of miles, soon developed. The corpses would be arranged upright in single file and be tied to long bamboo rods on the sides, while two men (one at the front and one at the back) would carry the ends of the rods on their shoulders and walk. When the bamboo flexed up and down, the corpses appeared to be "hopping" in unison when viewed from a distance away.
1022:. One account describes how corpses would be transported by a two-man team. One would carry the corpse on his back with a large robe covering both of them and a mourning mask on top. The other man would walk ahead with a lantern and warn his companion about obstacles ahead of him. The lantern was used as a visual guide for the corpse carrier to follow since they could not see with the robe covering them. It is speculated in the accounts in the book that corpses would be carried at night to avoid contact with people and the cooler air would be more suitable to transporting bodies.
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corpses were trussed up against bamboo sticks and carried by professionals known as corpse-drivers and transported over thousands of miles to their ancestral villages, which gave the impression of a hopping corpse. These professionals operated during the night to avoid crowds during the day, which served to amplify the fearful effects of their trade.
1031:
they would hire a Taoist priest to conduct a ritual to reanimate the dead person and teach him/her to "hop" their way home. The priests would transport the corpses only at night and would ring bells to notify others in the vicinity of their presence because it was considered bad luck for a living person to set eyes upon a
1063:. A suspected vampire would be incinerated or dismembered to prevent their return. Other preventive methods included deep buried burial, prone burials, and tying, staking, or pinning corpses with stones. These types of burials have been discovered in numerous locations, including Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
683:
growing on corpses. They have long hair and may behave like animals. They are ferocious, ravenous beings possessing extreme strength, being described as attacking men with "brute force and clumsy violence". It is often represented as being capable of giving chase by running, of dodging, and sometimes
480:
De Groot suggests that the belief in jiangshi was the result of the natural horror at the sight of dead bodies, nourished by the presence of unburied corpses in the imperial China, which "studded the landscape", the idea of the vital energy flowing through the universe as capable of animating objects
1030:
Actual corpse-driving using manual labor gave rise to legends and rumors of the use of Taoist sorcery to transport dead bodies. According to these tales, the relatives of a person who died far away from home could not afford vehicles to have the deceased person's body transported home for burial, so
484:
The belief in jiangshi and its representation in the popular imagination was also partly derived from the habit of "corpse-driving", a practice involving the repatriation of the corpses of dead laborers across Xiang province (present-day Hunan) to their hometowns for burial in family gravesites. The
1179:
became cult classics in comedy-horror and inspired a short-lived vampire craze in East Asia, including Taiwan and Japan. The craze subsided quickly by the mid-1990s but enjoyed a brief resurgence in the early 2000s. Attempts to experiment with the genre by producing pure horror movies, such as Tsui
1067:
references vampires and preventions dating back to the 11th century with
Drawsko, Poland being home to some of these burial sites and early discoveries of such practices. The three primary areas of focus upon burial to prevent vampirism were the mouth, the hands, and the feet, as the mouth is used
467:
In popular culture, it is commonly represented as hopping or leaping. In folkloric accounts, however, it is more formidable, capable of giving chase by running, and if sufficiently ancient or if it has absorbed sufficient yang energy, capable also of flight. According to folkloric understandings,
937:
De Groot observes that unburied corpses studded the landscape of imperial China, causing great fear and nourishing "an inveterate belief in these specters". Furthermore, it was supposed that corpses, if left unburied and exposed to the sun and moon so as to absorb the vital energy permeating the
1131:
population during the Qing dynasty, as the officials were viewed as bloodthirsty creatures with little regard for humanity, although the plausibility of this claim is affected by the lapse of time between the modern depiction and the end of the Qing empire.
547:
551:, Empress Wu Books, 2021) that the causes for a corpse to be reanimated can be classified in either of two categories: a recently deceased person returning to life, or a corpse that has been buried for a long time but does not decompose.
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or draug(s) that closely resemble stories of jiangshis. These draugr were also re-animated corpses that rose from their graves, and many of the various accounts report the draugr to be sighted far from its initial burial site.
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and what appear to be deviant burials dating back to 4500–3800 BC in Cyprus. Those born as illegitimate children, with abnormalities, or on inauspicious days, or who were victims of murder, drowning, suicide, curses, or the
883:
A person defending themselves against a hopping vampire/zombie can use an 8 sided mirror called Ba-qua mirror, which is often used in Feng Shui. The mirrors purpose is to reflect the light, which in turn scares the creature
516:
became cult classics in comedy-horror and inspired a vampire craze in East Asia, including Taiwan and Japan. Today, jiangshi appear in toys and video games. Jiangshi costumes are also sometimes employed during
Halloween.
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universe, could reanimate as ravening jiangshi. The notion that corpses are prone to becoming jiangshi when their burial is long-postponed would have motivated the populace to quickly bury the dead in their midst.
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When the dead person is not buried even after a funeral has been held. The corpse comes to life after it is struck by a bolt of lightning, or when a pregnant cat (or a black cat in some tales) leaps across the
1405:
1109:(Chinese official from during the Qing dynasty). The influence of western vampire stories brought the blood-sucking aspect to the Chinese myth in more modern times in combination with the concept of the
661:
to that of horribly decayed and rotting corpse. The jiangshi always lacks the suppleness that characterized a living person or even a West
European vampire. The Chinese character for "jiang" (
477:, or "life force". It is usually not represented as blood-sucking, as in the West European conception. During the day, it rests in a coffin or hides in dark places such as caves and forests.
471:
In both popular culture and folklore, it is either represented as anthropophagous (i.e. man-eating), therefore resembling Slavic vampires, or as killing living creatures by absorbing their
481:- including exposed corpses, and by severe cultural taboos concerning postponement of burial. These fears are described as having preoccupied "credulous and superstitious minds in Amoy".
880:
To subdue a hopping vampire the person must take a thin yellow piece of paper and write out a distinct spell in chicken's blood, which will then be attached to the vampire's forehead.
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of a living individual for sustenance and in order to grow more powerful. Some claim that their modern visual depiction as horrific Qing officials may have been derived by the
1105:, with a sealing spell) attached onto and hanging off the forehead in portrait orientation, and wear a uniform coat-like robe and round-top tall rimmed hat characteristic of a
809:(Taoist talisman), stuck on the forehead to immobilise them whilst it is firmly stuck on. With a unique spell, it can be used to transport the creatures with the handbell.
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for feeding, the hands are used for grasping victims, and the feet are used for movement. Folklore and burial practices dealing with revenants can also be traced back to
924:), a piece of wood approximately 15 cm (6 in) high, be installed along the width of the door at the bottom to prevent a jiangshi from entering the household.
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When the lower parts of the person's soul remain in the body to assume control after death. Traditional
Chinese thought posits that a person's body is governed by
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were originally made up by smugglers who disguised their illegal activities as corpse transportation and wanted to scare off law enforcement officers.
1582:
1607:
464:. Although the pronunciation of jiangshi varies in different East Asian countries, all of them refer to the Chinese version of vampire.
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During the Qing dynasty, laborers from all over China often engaged in difficult construction work in the backwaters of western Hunan (
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A person injured by a jiangshi is infected with the "jiangshi poison" and gradually changes into a jiangshi over time, as seen in the
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When a person's soul fails to leave their deceased body, due to improper death, suicide, or that person just wanting to cause trouble.
456:. Due to the influence of Hong Kong cinema, it is typically depicted in modern popular culture as a stiff corpse dressed in official
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In both folklore and popular culture, the appearance of a jiangshi can range from that of a recently deceased person in a state of
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1433:[Full of weird colors: documenting the legend of Shonan's horrible zombie village] (in Chinese). February 2, 2009.
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To stop a hopping vampire (zombie) in its place, take a small amount of blood and place it on the creature's forehead.
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A supposed source of the jiangshi stories came from the folk practice of "transporting a corpse over a thousand
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A sword charged under the light of the moon made of
Chinese coins can be used in an attack against the vampire.
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by flying - "a jiangshi came from the hills, soaring through the air, to devour the infants of the people".
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To banish the hopping vampire, a person can throw sticky rice at the creature drawing out the evil in it.
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mentions, "A mirror is the essence of liquid metal. It is dark on the ex ternal but bright inside." (
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mentions, "When set on fire, the sound of crackling flames, blood rushes forth and bones cry." (
468:"jiāngshī” came from the hills, soaring through the air, to devour the infants of the people".
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Official uniform of a mandarin from Qing dynasty, which jiangshi are usually portrayed wearing
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1754:"Governing from the Grave: Vampire Burials and Social Order in Post-medieval Poland"
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without the comic elements, have met with criticism and lacked the same popularity.
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1406:"Old China practice of corpse herding to transport bodies to hometown for burial"
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1796:
Chadwick, N. K. (1946). "Norse Ghosts (A Study in the Draugr and the Haugbúi)".
1301:
Lam, Stephanie (2009). "Hop on Pop: Jiangshi Films in a
Transnational Context".
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1459:[The kid who fell in love with the toilet] (in Chinese). Archived from
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Thread stained with a concoction of black ink, chicken blood and burnt talisman
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1500:[Are there really zombies in the world?] (in Chinese). Archived from
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Jiangshi are described as having greenish-white skin, possibly deriving from
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remains and takes control of the body, the dead person becomes a jiangshi.
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and literature in Hong Kong and the rest of East Asia. Movies such as
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and literature in Hong Kong and the rest of East Asia. Movies such as
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mentions, "Evil spirits withdraw when they hear a rooster's call" (
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1201:. Jiangshi costumes are also sometimes employed during Halloween.
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Dropping a bag of coins can cause the jiangshi to count the coins.
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Holding one's breath, which makes the jiangshi unable to find you.
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Hooves of a black donkey: Mentioned in Zhang Muye's fantasy novel
717:) Jiangshi are also said to be terrified of their own reflections.
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Today, jiangshi appear in toys and video games, such as Qiqi in
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The Corpse Walker: Real Life
Stories, China from the Bottom Up
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De Groot. "10, Spectres with a
Material Body, Vampirism".
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Two oral accounts of transporting corpses are included in
1097:, jiangshi have a standard appearance. They have a paper
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978:). This was also known as "driving corpses in Xiangxi" (
736:. It can subjugate evil auras and deter evil spirits." (
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473:
452:, is a type of undead creature or reanimated corpse in
26:"Gangsi" redirects here. For the village in India, see
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1554:"Hopping Mad: A Brief Look at Chinese Vampire Movies"
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1735:"Ancient Greek burials prepared for zombie uprising"
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1752:Betsinger, Tracy K.; Scott, Amy B. (October 2010).
667:) in "jiangshi" literally means "hard" or "stiff".
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558:The use of supernatural arts to resurrect the dead
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16:Type of creature from Chinese legend and folklore
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906:practitioners in Chinese architecture that a
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51:Two people dressed up as jiāngshī. Here, the
1382:"A Mystery in Western Hunan: Walking Corpse"
767:mentions, "Nail seven jujube seeds into the
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1350:"Search Results – Mythical Creatures Guide"
797:Vinegar: Mentioned by coroners in eastern
732:) mentioned, "Peach is the essence of the
688:Methods and items used to counter jiangshi
620:leaves his/her body after death but their
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1089:A jiangshi costume on Halloween in Osaka
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1321:The Religious System of China, Volume 5
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1437:from the original on February 28, 2009
1038:Some speculate that the stories about
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576:(positive energy) to return to life.
1585:. February 26, 2004. Archived from
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1525:Religious System of China, Volume 5
1368:Religious System of China, Volume 5
1336:Religious System of China, Volume 5
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1688:. New York: Pantheon Books, 2008.
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554:Some causes are described below:
488:Jiangshi legends have inspired a
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1758:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
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1860:The dictionary definition of
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1810:10.1080/0015587X.1946.9717812
1484:The Religious System of China
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1135:
55:is hanging from the forehead.
1610:. 2004-10-22. Archived from
567:A corpse absorbs sufficient
454:Chinese legends and folklore
445:), also known as a Chinese
7:
1733:Geggel, Laura (June 2015).
1482:de Groot, JJM (1892–1910).
1204:
771:on the back of a corpse." (
670:
590:. The Qing dynasty scholar
10:
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1161:and its various spin-offs
1147:Cinema and popular culture
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1050:Archaeologists have found
914:; simplified Chinese:
910:(traditional Chinese:
720:Items made of wood from a
616:is not so good". When the
520:
498:and its various spin-offs
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1771:10.1017/S0959774314000754
792:Ghost Blows Out the Light
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612:is intelligent but the
490:genre of jiangshi films
83:Simplified Chinese
1431:"充滿詭異色彩 文獻記載湘南恐怖僵屍村傳說"
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898:Architectural features
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533:mentioned in his book
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1900:Mythological monsters
1646:无法破译的湘西三邪：赶尸、放蛊、落花洞女！
1088:
695:
652:
1558:Penny Blood Magazine
1504:on February 18, 2009
1125:anti-Qing sentiments
854:Blood of a black dog
545:) (c. 1789 – 1798) (
335:Revised Romanization
1711:liubowen.tripod.com
1661:"湘西"赶尸匠"后人揭秘真相 (图)"
1386:en.chinaculture.org
1183:The Era of Vampires
980:traditional Chinese
954:traditional Chinese
738:桃者，五行之精，能厭服邪氣，制御百鬼。
536:Yuewei Caotang Biji
419:traditional Chinese
265:Vietnamese alphabet
1608:"神秘骇人的湘西"赶尸"揭秘(图)"
1463:on August 13, 2011
1091:
988:simplified Chinese
962:simplified Chinese
769:acupuncture points
743:A rooster's call:
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594:wrote in his book
411:simplified Chinese
1237:Medieval revenant
1217:Chinese mythology
1046:Similar practices
1020:The Corpse Walker
726:Jingchu Suishi Ji
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562:Spirit possession
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259:Vietnamese name
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116:Literal meaning
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1198:Touhou Project
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1176:Mr. Vampire IV
1164:Mr. Vampire II
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928:Origin stories
926:
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501:Mr. Vampire II
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1666:
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1564:on 2007-11-21
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1710:
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1684:Liao, Yiwu.
1680:
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1665:the original
1655:
1649:(in Chinese)
1641:
1635:(in Chinese)
1627:
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1612:the original
1602:
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1587:the original
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1562:the original
1557:
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1508:February 21,
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1498:"世界上真的有僵尸吗？"
1492:
1486:. The Hague.
1483:
1477:
1467:February 21,
1465:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1451:
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1439:. Retrieved
1425:
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1412:. 2024-06-02
1409:
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1389:. Retrieved
1385:
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773:棗核七枚，釘入屍脊背穴。
764:
748:
725:
715:鏡乃金水之精，內明外暗。
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697:Bagua mirror
674:
659:rigor mortis
656:
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472:
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462:Qing dynasty
446:
440:
430:
406:
404:
383:Romanization
232:Southern Min
141:Hanyu Pinyin
119:stiff corpse
103:Hanyu Pinyin
61:Chinese name
1158:Mr. Vampire
1129:Han Chinese
1121:anti-Manchu
1057:Black Death
637:Mr. Vampire
495:Mr. Vampire
292:Korean name
1874:Categories
1716:2024-03-30
1671:2021-04-02
1618:2021-04-02
1593:2021-04-02
1583:"湘西"赶尸"习俗"
1568:2007-12-16
1538:De Groot.
1523:De Groot.
1416:2024-07-10
1391:2024-07-10
1366:De Groot.
1319:De Groot.
1303:CineAction
1284:References
1222:Chupacabra
1136:Literature
724:tree: The
705:Li Shizhen
585:and seven
531:Ji Xiaolan
442:goeng1 si1
224:goeng¹-si¹
183:Wade–Giles
1818:0015-587X
1780:0959-7743
1694:233578030
1632:湘西赶尸骗局被揭穿
1457:"愛上廁所的小孩"
1040:jiang shi
1033:jiang shi
1016:Liao Yiwu
908:threshold
904:feng shui
703:Mirrors:
460:from the
271:cương thi
248:khiong-si
1905:Vampires
1880:Jiangshi
1849:jiangshi
1798:Folklore
1435:Archived
1205:See also
1107:mandarin
1099:talisman
1052:revenant
873:eHow.com
847:Handbell
830:Tong Shu
780:Zi Bu Yu
765:Zi Bu Yu
750:Zi Bu Yu
747:'s book
745:Yuan Mei
671:Folklore
597:Zi Bu Yu
592:Yuan Mei
529:scholar
458:garments
447:hopping
437:Jyutping
432:jiāngshī
407:jiāngshī
218:Jyutping
210:gēung sī
175:jiangshy
155:Bopomofo
147:jiāngshī
107:jiāngshī
36:Jiangshi
1915:Zombies
1910:Yaoguai
1863:zompire
1826:1256952
1262:Yaoguai
1180:Hark's
1127:of the
1061:vampire
1009:Xiangxi
823:I Ching
763:seeds:
755:鬼聞雞鳴即縮。
628:coffin.
622:po soul
521:Origins
449:vampire
389:kyonshī
279:Chữ Hán
239:Hokkien
21:Jianshi
1824:
1816:
1778:
1707:"湘西趕屍"
1692:
1277:Zombie
1252:Vetala
1247:Undead
1227:Draugr
1173:, and
1074:draugr
998::
996:pinyin
990::
982::
972::
970:pinyin
964::
956::
921:ménkǎn
816:Ba gua
799:Fujian
778:Fire:
761:Jujube
677:fungus
640:films.
581:three
542:閱微草堂筆記
510:, and
439::
429::
427:pinyin
421::
413::
341:gangsi
298:Hangul
1822:JSTOR
1267:Yokai
1257:Wight
1072:with
884:away.
863:Broom
730:荊楚歲時記
722:peach
681:mould
365:キョンシー
312:Hanja
161:ㄐㄧㄤ ㄕ
1814:ISSN
1776:ISSN
1690:OCLC
1510:2021
1469:2021
1443:2021
1103:fulu
992:湘西赶尸
984:湘西趕屍
966:千里行尸
958:千里行屍
818:sign
806:Fulu
583:huns
569:yang
525:The
358:Kana
53:fulu
1806:doi
1766:doi
1123:or
1018:'s
1004:).
952:" (
870:On
860:Axe
679:or
664:殭/僵
618:hun
610:hun
602:hun
587:pos
242:POJ
1876::
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1800:.
1788:^
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1760:.
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1725:^
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1358:^
1311:^
1291:^
1167:,
1116:qi
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994:;
986:;
968:;
960:;
949:li
916:门槛
912:門檻
614:po
606:po
573:qi
504:,
474:qi
435:;
425:;
423:殭屍
417:;
415:僵尸
405:A
318:殭屍
304:강시
285:殭屍
90:僵尸
74:殭屍
1828:.
1808::
1782:.
1768::
1741:.
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