History of the Jews in England

4726: 3362: 3129: 4302: 2743: 3800: 30: 4645: 4578: 3393: 3498:. each for Jews and Jewesses on horse, 0.5d. each on foot from which all other travellers were exempt". This antipathy eventually culminated in his legislating for the expulsion of all Jews from the country in 1290. Most were only allowed to take what they could carry. A small number of Jews favoured by the king were permitted to sell their properties first, though most of the money and property of these dispossessed Jews was confiscated. A monk, 3120:, took control of the Jewries. He issued restrictive statutes, forbidding them from taking any more property into bond, the means by which they could lend money and how they lived. With almost all means of income denied them and property being confiscated, the Jewish population diminished. New waves of crusading zeal in the 1280s in conjunction with debt resentment pressured Edward into the expulsion of the depleted Jewish community in 1290. 3013:. Special weight was attributed to a Jew's oath, which was valid against that of twelve Christians. The sixth clause of the charter was especially important: it granted to Jews the right to move wherever they wanted, as if they were the king's own property ("sicut res propriæ nostræ"). As the king's property, English Jews could be mortgaged whenever the monarch needed to raise revenue and could be taxed without the permission of 4910: 4896: 3247:(1170) was in part financed by Josce, a Jew of Gloucester; and the king accordingly fined Josce, five pounds, for having lent money to those under his displeasure, pipe rolls also indicate Strongbow borrowed monies from Aaron of Lincoln. As a rule, however, Henry II does not appear to have limited in any way the financial activity of Jews. The favourable position of English Jews was shown, among other things, by the visit of 4016: 7052: 3309:

All property obtained by usury, whether by Jew or by Christian, fell into the king's hands on the death of the usurer; Aaron of Lincoln's estate included £15,000 worth of debts owed to him. Besides this, Aaron's large fortune passed to King Henry but much of it was lost on the journey to the royal coffers in Normandy. A special branch of the treasury, known as "

3231:. Yet they were not permitted to bury their dead elsewhere than in London, a restriction which was not removed till 1177. Their spread throughout the country enabled the king to draw upon their resources as occasion demanded. He repaid them with demand notes on the sheriffs of the counties, who accounted for payments thus made in the half-yearly accounts on the 3116:'s equally mismanaged finances pressed roughly 70,000 pounds out of a population of only 5,000. To do so, they had to sell off many of their mortgage bonds to wealthy nobles. The Jews then became a focal point of those debtors' hatred and mass violence spiked again in the mid-13th century. Their legal status, however, did not change until Henry's son, 3342:

status, land. The crown's immediate allies, in their inner circle and court, benefited from these sales as they picked up these assets cheaply; Jews could not by law hold onto land holdings. This repeated cycle bred resentment and anti-Jewish sentiment, but monarchs continued this process until Jewish assets had in essence run out.

4630:. Abrahams was thoroughly Anglicised, and his cultural integration went hand-in-hand with his sporting achievements. He became a hero to the British Jewish community. However, Abrahams' quest to enter upper class British society increasingly dominated his career, as his Jewishness meant less and less to him and his associates. 3625:, Jews began to return to England. Although Jews had to conceal their religion for fear of raising discourse, they needed only to conceal it loosely, and many Jews in England became known as Jews, despite their attempts to conceal their faith. Many hidden Jews made names for themselves while in England. One 4608:

helped reduce antisemitism and increased their acceptance in British society. The Jewish establishment worked hard to promote boxing among the youth, as a deliberate "Anglicisation" campaign designed to speed their adoption of British character traits and cultural values. The youth themselves eagerly

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The Eastern European Jews brought with them a long history as skilled entrepreneurial middlemen. They were much more likely to become entrepreneurs than their gentile neighbours, with a heavy concentration in the garment industry as well as in retailing, entertainment and real estate. London provided

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John and Henry III both overtaxed the Jews, regarding them as an easy source of income. The result was that Jews were forced by the crown to pull in all overdue debts, and as debt was generally secured against land, this meant dispossessing members of the middling gentry of the source of their feudal

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were carried out. According to the Bury Chronicle, "All Jews in England of whatever condition, age or sex were unexpectedly seized … and sent for imprisonment to various castles throughout England. While they were thus imprisoned, the innermost recesses of their houses were ransacked." Some 600 were

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The status of Jews in England dramatically worsened with the consolidation of governmental authority as well as the deepening of popular piety in the late 12th century; further isolating Jews from the greater English community. Though rulers of both church and state exploited and monopolized on the

4768:) that rescued tens of thousands of European Jews from the Nazis by shipping them to Palestine in rickety boats. Many of these boats were intercepted and some sank with great loss of life. The efforts began in 1939, and the last immigrant boat to try to enter Palestine before the end of the war was 4126:

was centred on its synagogue. The men organised collective action to defend the reputation and promote the interests of the community. Rituals regarding funerals and burials brought together the rich and the poor, the men and the women. Intermarriage outside the community was uncommon. However, the

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showed great appreciation for these Old Testament names, and Puritan children were often named using the new Hebrew spellings. Puritans furthered the English appreciation of Judaism by adopting Jewish practices like strict observation of the Sabbath. When they challenged Anglican practices as being

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The number of Jews were around 2-3,000 in England by the 1270s. They were much less capable of generating income for the Crown, as they had been overtaxed and their capital was much eroded. Overtaxation inevitably led to overdue debts being foreclosed, meaning that the lands of middling Knights and

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established the Ordinance of the Jewry in 1194 in an attempt to organize the Jewish community. It ensured that mandatory records would be kept by royal officials for all Jewish transactions. Every debt was recorded on a chirography to allow the king immediate and complete access to Jewish property.

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is believed to have been the wealthiest man in 12th century Britain. It is estimated that his wealth may have exceeded that of the king. The king had probably been led to make this large demand on English Jewry's money by the surprising windfall which came to his treasury at Aaron's death in 1186.

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states of Europe. Approximately 40,000 Jews from Austria and Germany were eventually allowed to settle in Britain before the War, in addition to 50,000 Jews from Italy, Poland, and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Despite the increasingly dire warnings coming from Germany, Britain refused at the 1938

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and counterfeiting, and Jewish homes in England were searched. At the time, coin clipping was a widespread practice, which both Jews and Christians were involved in. A financial crisis had resulted in pressure to act against coin clippers. In 1275, coin clipping was made a capital offence, and in

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During Edward's reign, anti-Semitism moved from being used by opponents of the crown, to being "deliberately deployed and developed in the interests of the English state". While financial considerations may have played a part in his actions leading to the expulsion of the Jews, it is important to

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Nevertheless, Todd Endelman points out that, "The link between Jews and old clothes was so fixed in the popular imagination that Victorian political cartoonists regularly drew Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81) as an old clothes man in order to stress his Jewishness." He adds, "Before the 1990s...few

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community, approached Cromwell with the proposition that Jews should at long-last be readmitted to England. He agreed, and although he could not compel a council called for the purpose in December 1655 to consent formally to readmission, he made it clear that the ban on Jews would no longer be

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Disraeli convinced himself (wrongly) that he derived from the Sephardi aristocracy of Iberian Jews driven from Spain at the end of the fifteenth century....Presenting himself as Jewish symbolized Disraeli’s uniqueness when he was fighting for respect, and explained his set-backs. Presenting

3660:, who became personal physician to Elizabeth I, was allegedly bribed by the Spanish Crown to poison the Queen, and subsequently executed. This prompted a wave of anti-Jewish sentiment in England which had not been seen since the Jews' expulsion. In the wake of his trial, famous plays like 3607:, Henry's representatives consulted with notable Italian Jews, and he attempted to justify his annulment using laws from the Old Testament. Later in Henry's reign Hebrew was first printed in England from 1524, while in 1549 the use of Hebrew was allowed to be used in private worship. 3298:" was reckoned at £70,000, the quarter at £60,000. In other words, the value of the personal property of Jews was regarded as one-fourth that of the whole country. It is improbable, however, that the whole amount was paid at once, as for many years after the imposition of the 3316:

During the earlier years of Henry II's reign Jews lived on good terms with their non-Jewish neighbours, including the clergy. They entered churches freely, and took refuge in the abbeys in times of commotion. Some Jews lived in opulent houses, and helped to build many of the

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of the country. However, by the end of Henry's reign they had incurred the ill-will of the upper classes. Anti-Jewish sentiment, fostered by the Crusades during the latter part of the reign of Henry, spread throughout the nation and began to be reflected in official policy.

3463:. When the moneylenders could no longer pay the tax, they were accused of disloyalty. Already restricted to a limited number of occupations, Edward abolished their "privilege" to lend money, restricted their movements and activities and forced Jews to wear a yellow patch. 3531:

up to 1551 and even later. An attempt was made to obtain a revocation of the edict of expulsion as early as 1310, but in vain. Notwithstanding, a certain number of Jews appeared to have returned; four complaints were made to the king in 1376 that some of those trading as

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finds that the English were endlessly imaginative in inventing antisemitic allegations against the Jews. He contends that England became the "principal promoter, and indeed in some sense the inventor of literary anti-Semitism." In his 2010 book, Julius argues that

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is the key, because it incorporates the themes that Jews are malevolent, constantly conspiring against Christians, powerful, and merciless. Variations include stories about Jews poisoning wells, twisting minds, and buying and selling Christian souls and bodies.

4604:. Jews were heavily involved in boxing as professional and amateur fighters, managers, promoters, coaches and spectators—as well as gamblers and a certain criminal element that tried to fix fights. Their high visibility in a prestigious sport among the 3004:

of London, and his followers. Under this charter, Jews were permitted to move about the country without paying tolls, to buy and sell, to sell their pledges after holding them a year and a day, to be tried by their peers, and to be sworn on the

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found refuge in England. In 1542 many were arrested on the suspicion of being Jews, and throughout the sixteenth century a number of persons named Lopez, possibly all of the same family, took refuge in England, the best known of them being

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Historian Frances Donaldson says, "If Belloc's feeling against the Jews was instinctive and under some control, Chesterton's was open and vicious, and he shared with Belloc the peculiarity that the Jews were never far from his thoughts."

7246:(Oxford University Press; 2010) 811 pages; Examines four distinct versions of English anti-Semitism, from the medieval era (including the expulsion of Jews in 1290) to what is argued is anti-Semitism in the guise of anti-Zionism today. 2982:

when at risk of mob violence. This was resorted to on a number of occasions, with large numbers staying there, sometimes for months at a time. There are records of a body of Jewish men-at-arms forming part of the garrison of the

4695:, an effort on the eve of war to transport Jewish children (their parents were not given visas) from Germany to Britain. Around 10,000 children were saved by the Kindertransport, out of a plan to rescue five times that number. 3776:, a well-known Anglican theologian, was cunning enough to tie these practices to Jewish ones rather than Catholic ones in an attempt to silence the Puritan reformers' attacks. At the turn of the 17th century, Englishmen like 3069:

advancements in commerce and industry of English Jews, popular anti-Jewish sentiments grew as a result of their prosperity and relationship with the king and the courts. External pressures such as the circulating myth of the

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During the thirteenth century, English monarchs were increasingly careless and finally actively hostile in their policies. This was in part due to changes in church policy, which was becoming increasingly hostile after the

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By 1882, 46,000 Jews lived in England and, by 1890, Jewish emancipation was complete in every walk of life. Since 1858, Parliament has never been without practising Jewish members. At this time many of the Jews of the

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biographers of Disraeli or historians of Victorian politics acknowledged the prominence of the antisemitism that accompanied his climb up the greasy pole or its role in shaping his own singular sense of Jewishness.

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Jewishness as aristocratic and religious legitimized his claim to understand the perils facing modern England and to offer ‘national’ solutions to them. English toryism was ‘copied from the mighty prototype’ (

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gentry being bought up by the biggest landowners, notoriously including Queen Eleanor and other members of the court. This process had fuelled anti-Semitism among the forces oppsing the crown centred around

7954: 3480:. More than 300 are known to have been executed in 1279, with 298 being killed in London alone. Some of those who could afford to buy a pardon and had a patron at the royal court escaped punishment. 2903:

There is little reason to think that there was any settled Jewish presence in Anglo-Saxon England, although there is considerable discussion of the nature of Jewish religion and its relationship to

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sentiments, Jews in England went relatively unscathed beyond occasional fines and special levies. Though they did not experience the same kind of social mobility and cultural advancements that

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began to show interest in Jewish culture, traveling to Jewish ghettos, visiting synagogues on the Sabbath, and comparing Jewish and Anglican practices in popular writings upon their returns.

2967:. English Jews were legally under the jurisdiction of the king, who offered them protection in return for their economic function. As "royal serfs", they were allowed freedom of the king's 4711: 3049:

eventually made all transactions of the English Jewry liable to taxation by the king in addition to the 10% of all sums recovered by Jews with the help of English courts. So, while the

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Antisemitism was a serious handicap for Britain's Jews, especially the widespread stereotype to the effect that Jews were weak, effeminate and cowardly. The Zionist social critic

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note Edward's "sincere religious bigotry". Shortly after Edward returned from the Crusades, in order to assuage concerns among the landed classes and in Parliament, he passed the

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units, but their establishment stimulated debate in the Jewish community, at the time and subsequently, as to whether separate or integrated military units were more desirable.

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Though there was some growing antisemitism during the 1930s, it was counterbalanced by strong support for British Jews in their local communities leading to events such as the

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arrival of East European Jews after 1880 caused a split between the older, assimilated, middle-class Anglicized Jews and the generally much poorer new immigrants who spoke

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as a child qualified him as eligible for political aspirations, presenting no restrictions regarding a mandated Christian oath of office.) Disraeli as a leader of the

2971:, exemption from tolls, the ability to hold land directly from the king, and physical protection in the vast network of royal castles built to assert Norman authority. 5853: 5652: 5622: 5592: 5504: 5474: 5432: 4725: 3466:

On 17 November 1278 the heads of households of the Jews of England, believed to have numbered around 600 out of a population of 2-3,000, were arrested on suspicion of

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Toward the middle of the 17th century a considerable number of Marrano merchants settled in London and formed there a secret congregation, at the head of which was

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in the 1260s, de Montfort's forces led a series of pogroms in many English cities where Jewish communities were attacked, and debt records captured and destroyed.

292: 3849:. In the end, Jews were readmitted in 1655, and, by 1690, about 400 Jews had settled in England. Emblematic of the progress in the social status of Jews was the 3806:, the first synagogue of Spanish-Portuguese Jews, completed in 1701, oldest synagogue in the UK, was built by the first generation of readmitted Jews to England. 3579:, who introduced new methods of mining into England and there are records of visits from Jews named Alonzo de Herrera and Simon Palache in 1614. The writings of 4325:. Of the East European Jewish emigrants, 1.9 million (80 percent) headed to the United States, and 140,000 (7 percent) to Britain. The chief mechanism was 4269:

reported on the 165 Jewish volunteers, marching along with fife and drum as "a sight never before seen in Britain, and very rarely if ever since the rising of

3334:. The church demanded the separation of Jews and Christians, so that heresy did not spread for instance by ensuring Jews could be identified by the wearing of 1889: 1544: 1239: 4329:

in which the first successful member(s) of the chain send information, local currency (and sometimes tickets or money for tickets) to later arrivals. These

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in coin rather than in kind, and for this purpose it was necessary to have a body of men scattered through the country who would supply quantities of coin.

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Rokéah, Zefira Entin (1988). "Money and the hangman in late thirteenth century England: Jews, Christians and coinage offences alleged and real (Part I)".

1431: 3763:. This translation of the Bible, for the first time, began to "dehellenize" biblical names For example, Elias, as he had been called previously, became 2639: 3151:(some accounts say with a Jew in it) because he refused to pay a contribution to the king's expenses. In 1144 came the first report in history of the 8010: 7503: 6419: 3502:, purchased all the Jewish texts he could to begin translating them, ensuring that at least some of what they had written and created was preserved. 403: 4671:

where antisemitism and fascism was strongly resisted by socialists, trade unionists, Jews and their neighbours, who were successful in preventing a

3105:", or centralized record chests monitored by panels of local Christian and Jewish key holders to better protect records of all Jewish transactions. 4507:, and the nostalgia for a medieval Catholic Europe that they imagined was ordered, harmonious, and homogeneous. The Jew baiting at the time of the 3688: 1426: 6015: 3409:

The persecution of England's Jews built up from the late twelfth century, and was brutal. Massacres were recorded in London, Northampton and

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The Exchequer of the Jews of England in the Middle Ages: A Lecture Delivered at the Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition, Royal Albert Hall, 1887

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The Jewish population increased from 46,000 in 1880 to about 250,000 in 1919. They lived primarily in the large industrial cities, especially

7664: 4519:, against the growing visibility of successful businessmen in national life and the challenges. What were seen as traditional English values. 4210:) in the last-mentioned style was in poor repair so its congregation sold its land for building of an apartment block and relocated in 1970. 4086: 4019: 1928: 4741:. After individual consideration by tribunal, the majority, largely made up of Jewish and other refugees, were released within six months. 3045:

Richard also established a special exchequer to collect any unpaid debts due after the death of a Jewish creditor. The establishment of the

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of Jewish parentage, was already an MP. In 1868, Disraeli became Prime Minister having earlier been Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1884,

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The Jews of Angevin England; documents and records, from the Latin and Hebrew sources, printed and manuscript by Joseph Jacobs, 1854-1916

2804:. The majority of the Jews in England live in and around London, with almost 160,000 Jews in London itself and a further 20,800 in nearby 913: 876: 4222:

which included both Engineer and Rifle Volunteer Corps. These units were raised by local communities with the permission of their local

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Carlos, Ann M., Karen Maguire, and Larry Neal. "‘A knavish people...’: London Jewry and the stock market during the South Sea Bubble."

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Dee, David (2012). "'The Sunshine of Manly Sports and Pastimes': Sport and the Integration of Jewish Refugees in Britain, 1895–1914".

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Crome, Andrew. "The 1753 ‘Jew Bill’ Controversy: Jewish Restoration to Palestine, Biblical Prophecy, and English National Identity."

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became known as a Jewish neighbourhood. Manchester, and neighbouring Salford, were also areas of Jewish settlement, particularly the

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in the late 12th century due to huge economic expansion and increased demand for credit. Major Jewish fortunes were made in London,

1852: 207: 7709: 7599: 4699: 3948: 1875: 4101:, with its ties to the landed aristocracy, used his Jewish ancestry to claim an aristocratic heritage of his own. His biographer 3547:) in 1410, but it was not until the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 and Portugal in 1497 that any considerable number of 7881: 4960: 4853:, in a process known as the 'Anders Aliyah'. Other Polish Jews remained in the Polish Army to fight alongside the British in the 4818: 4460: 4373: 3396: 2661: 1225: 278: 7482: 3755:, it became more popular for Anglicans to identify their practices and traditions with Jewish ones over Catholic ones. In 1607, 7969: 7921: 7796: 7791: 7486: 4882: 4749: 4597:

and in the First World War. It was also motivation for sports that appealed to the largely working-class Jewish youth element.

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bk 4, chap. 15). Disraeli was thus able to square his Jewishness with his equally deep attachment to England and her history.

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in 1829, the hopes of the Jews rose high; and the first step toward a similar alleviation in their case was taken in 1830 when

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presented a petition signed by 2,000 merchants and others of Liverpool. This was immediately followed by a bill presented by

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or traders. However, there is little or no definitive evidence. One piece of circumstantial evidence is from a tradition in

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of Bohemia, who came to England as a metallurgist and metal engineer to aid in their defeat of Spain. Because of his work,

2732: 2719:, an attempt to legalise the Jewish presence in England, remained in force for only a few months. Historians commonly date 1361: 3539:

Occasionally permits were given to individuals to visit England, as in the case of Elias Sabot (an eminent physician from

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Henry III's official attitudes moved from protection to hostility when he became the first monarch to lend credence to a

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Nicolay, Claire. "The anxiety of 'Mosaic' influence: Thackeray, Disraeli, and Anglo‐Jewish assimilation in the 1840s."

5576: 5416: 4924: 4593:" as a rebuttal to the stereotype. Challenging that stereotype was an important motivation for wartime service in the 3824: 3616: 3058: 2025: 1975: 1940: 1634: 1499: 1366: 197: 6806: 5287: 5059: 7826: 7786: 7766: 7746: 7649: 6874:

Berkowitz, Michael (2011). "Jewish Fighters in Britain in Historical Context: Repugnance, Requiem, Reconsideration".

6786: 6759: 6123: 5977: 5548: 5197: 5105: 4955: 4649: 4476: 3353:. He was locally venerated, and stories about him this clearly circulated widely, including in prose and folk songs. 2625: 1717: 1679: 1654: 1574: 1559: 1406: 1346: 1301: 7097: 8015: 7959: 7761: 5233: 4500: 4039: 3913: 3495: 2010: 1992: 1898: 1792: 1644: 1639: 1564: 1529: 1396: 8000: 7964: 7911: 7886: 7841: 7836: 7811: 7669: 4965: 4940: 4858: 4802: 4600:

From the 1890s to the 1950s, British boxing was dominated by Jews whose families had migrated from Russia or the

4238: 3896:, and several of the younger members had volunteered in the corps raised to defend London. Possibly as a reward, 2528: 2427: 1982: 1965: 1918: 1817: 1727: 1664: 1614: 1594: 1589: 1509: 1483: 1458: 1336: 1326: 1316: 1296: 1291: 258: 246: 83: 17: 4809:, were serving under the high command of the British Army. Many of these men and women were originally from the 4357:. The Jewish communities of the Northern ports were swelled both by transient and temporary migrants, bound for 3112:

in the early 13th century depleted even the wealthiest Jews, and though they had more than a decade to recover,

7866: 7816: 7776: 7729: 7724: 7714: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7674: 7659: 7654: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7431: 6826: 6617: 6062: 5695: 5269: 5092: 5006: 4950: 4935: 4483:. Some of the key players were Jewish. Historian Todd Endelman identifies Catholic writers as central critics: 4381: 3870: 3460: 2716: 2665: 2001: 1987: 1955: 1935: 1903: 1847: 1822: 1797: 1777: 1767: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1722: 1712: 1707: 1684: 1599: 1584: 1504: 1463: 1416: 1411: 1331: 1276: 242: 202: 8020: 7974: 7916: 7861: 7851: 7831: 7821: 7806: 7801: 7781: 7751: 7719: 7704: 7679: 7615: 6543:

Dick, Malcolm (2011). "Birmingham Anglo-Jewry c. 1780 to c. 1880: Origins, Experiences and Representations".

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Wohl, Anthony S. "'Ben JuJu': Representations of Disraeli's Jewishness in the Victorian political cartoon."

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Schaffer, Gavin (2012). "Unmasking the 'muscle Jew': the Jewish soldier in British war service, 1899–1945".

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Consistent with its complex history, Britain was not particularly receptive to Jewish refugees fleeing the

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received its first rabbi to teach Hebrew to students, and many of these students went on to translate the

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from Spain, Hector Nunes, played a vital role in English espionage by relaying intelligence from Spain to

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Prior to their expulsion in 1290, the status of Jews in England was completely dependent on the will of

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Dee, David (2012). "'Too Semitic' or 'Thoroughly Anglicised'? The Life and Career of Harold Abrahams".

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to allow further Jewish refugees into the country. The notable exception allowed by Parliament was the

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Due to the rarity of anti-Jewish violence in Britain in the 19th century, it acquired a reputation for

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initially published in The Bulletin of the Military Historical Society, Vol. 48, No 191, February 1998

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on the rest of the community of 5,000 marks. When, however, he asked the rest of the country to pay a

3180:, outbursts against Jews in England were, according to Jewish chroniclers, prevented by King Stephen. 3040:. The Crown, in turn, capitalized on the prosperity of its Jews. In addition to many arbitrary taxes, 7322:

Mundill, Robin R. (2003). "Edward I and the Final Phase of Anglo-Jewry". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).

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With the declaration of war, 74,000 German, Austrian and Italian citizens in the UK were interned as

4672: 3796:, philo-Semitism flourished, making the climate right for Jews to propose their official readmission. 3691:, a French merchant, who has many descendants in England. They conducted a large business with the 3097:. Because of their financial utility, however, English Jews were still offered royal protection, and 2996: 2608: 2301: 2152: 2093: 984: 3900:

in 1753 brought in the Jew Bill of 1753, which allowed Jews to become naturalised by application to

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in England had turned the environment there into a more hospitable one for Jews. In the wake of the

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now number around 275,000, with over 260,000 of these in England, which contains the second largest

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brought issues of antisemitism into the political arena, on the basis that senior ministers in the

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A Social History of the Jewish East End in London, 1914–1939: A Study of Life, labour, and liturgy

4748:. In order to try to maintain peace between the Jewish and Arab populations, especially after the 4170:

Synagogues were built openly, occasionally across the country as large, architecturally elaborate

3792:, and therefore entitled to the blessings promised in the Old Testament. Under his rule after the 2739:, in 1846 the British law "De Judaismo", which prescribed a special dress for Jews, was repealed. 8005: 7565: 7070: 4862: 4659:

when the UK took in nearly 10,000 Jewish children prior to WWII. Dubbed the "British Schindler",

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enforced. In the years 1655–56, the controversy over the readmission of Jews was fought out in a

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in 1181, and by the immigration to England of Jews who were exiled from the king's properties in

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did, the Jews of England's population and prosperity increased under the protection of the king.

2881: 2700: 2452: 2442: 2407: 2286: 2276: 2059: 1230: 1172: 1006: 685: 642: 357: 6454: 4301: 2801: 2664:, there is no definitive evidence, and no reason to suppose that there was any community during 7569: 7498: 6394: 4975: 4854: 4668: 4250: 4187: 4171: 3854: 3842: 3666: 3557: 3424:

made blasphemy by Jews a hanging offence, and when Edward returned from Crusade, he passed the

3331: 3102: 2975: 2742: 2571: 2306: 2220: 1286: 838: 457: 427: 7447:

The chronicle of Richard of Devizes concerning the deeds of Richard the First, King of England

6578: 6749: 5759: 4861:. Around 10,000 Polish Jews fought under the Polish flag – and British High Command – at the 4605: 4549: 4050: 4027: 3803: 3499: 3437: 3216: 3109: 3046: 3014: 2936: 2932: 2657: 2462: 2457: 2402: 2190: 1105: 833: 820: 715: 432: 78: 7552: 7039: 6776: 4540:, and around 10,000 died on the battlefield, while Britain's first all-Jewish regiment, the 87: 7520: 4985: 4790:, including some 30,000 Jewish volunteers from Palestine alone, some of whom fought in the 4787: 4627: 4533: 4265: 4070: 4062: 3925: 3445: 3425: 3421: 3374: 3310: 3271: 3113: 3098: 3041: 2533: 2485: 2225: 2083: 896: 761: 750: 708: 266: 237: 138: 112: 7065: 5389: 3101:

continued to renew orders to protect the Jews, formalizing the Exchequer and designating "

8: 7142: 6596: 6261: 6035: 5802: 5393: 4842: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752:, Britain strictly limited immigration. This limitation became nearly absolute after the 4745: 4553: 4480: 4377: 4354: 4054: 3811: 3752: 3671: 3661: 3622: 3604: 3600: 3568: 3544: 3510: 3483: 3414: 3184: 3117: 3021: 2908: 2751: 2736: 2720: 2681: 2586: 2281: 959: 826: 729: 722: 652: 540: 415: 168: 7494:

York 1190: Jews and Others in the Wake of the Massacre (academic conference, March 2010)

7476: 7412:

Yuval-Naeh, Avinoam. "The 1753 Jewish Naturalization Bill and the Polemic over Credit."

7200: 7014: 6909:

Dee, David (2012). "'The Hefty Hebrew': Boxing and British-Jewish Identity, 1890–1960".

4744:

Even more important to many Jews was the permission to settle in the British-controlled

3881:

on 7 July 1753 but was repealed in 1754 due to widespread opposition to its provisions.

3637:, on his merchant vessels. This information was instrumental in England's defeat of the 3365:

Artefacts from Jewish houses in medieval London, in display at the Jewish Museum London.

7537: 7407: 7350: 6996: 6961: 6926: 6891: 6856: 6727: 6560: 6447: 6375: 6333: 6325: 6242: 6200: 6094: 5736: 5409:

Royal Jews: A Thousand Years of Jewish Life In and Around the Royal County of Berkshire

5318: 4545: 4516: 4436: 4385: 4322: 4136: 4069:, was elected in 1855, followed by the 1858 emancipation of the Jews. On 26 July 1858, 3956: 3921: 3846: 3760: 3634: 3370: 3252: 3228: 3224: 3156: 3144: 3081:

in the late 12th century created an increasingly violent environment for English Jews.

2991: 2821: 2685: 2673: 2437: 2387: 2334: 2329: 2243: 2113: 1381: 1210: 969: 889: 743: 309: 133: 117: 3349:, when he ordered investigations and arrests of Jews concerning the death of a child, 7451: 7445: 7427: 7327: 7301: 7000: 6965: 6930: 6895: 6860: 6822: 6782: 6755: 6719: 6688: 6678: 6653: 6632:"Work in progress: Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK, 1836–1914" 6613: 6564: 6556: 6458: 6367: 6337: 6317: 6234: 6192: 6159: 6129: 6119: 6058: 5973: 5888: 5833: 5781: 5691: 5572: 5544: 5412: 5357: 5088: 4878: 4838: 4195: 4078: 4035: 4031: 3858: 3793: 3781: 3527: 3506: 3433: 3350: 3291: 3187:, Jews renewed their activity. Within five years of his accession Jews were found at 3078: 3000:("Laws of Edward the Confessor"). Henry granted a charter to Rabbi Joseph, the chief 2797: 2724: 2581: 2523: 2503: 2320: 1880: 1519: 979: 850: 780: 657: 570: 437: 99: 7137:

Diniejko, Andrzej. "Benjamin Disraeli and the Jewish Question in Victorian England"

6051: 5882: 4511:

and the Marconi scandal was linked to a broader protest, mounted in the main by the

2691:

After the expulsion, there was no overt Jewish community (as opposed to individuals

7226: 7191:

Hirsch, Brett D. "Jewish Questions in Robert Wilson’s The Three Ladies of London."

7126: 6988: 6953: 6918: 6883: 6848: 6643: 6552: 6309: 6086: 4688: 4622: 4610: 4590: 4496: 4492: 4270: 4183: 4128: 4082: 3676: 3572: 3305: 3248: 3236: 3133: 3029: 2897: 2783: 2551: 2432: 2392: 2356: 2054: 1604: 1115: 871: 775: 690: 580: 372: 217: 107: 7515: 6648: 6631: 3924:, however, persisted in carrying out at least one part of their general policy of 3888:, the Jews had shown particular loyalty to the government. Their chief financier, 7547: 7527: 7510: 7459: 7311: 7237: 6992: 6957: 6922: 6887: 6852: 6153: 5681: 4769: 4692: 4660: 4655: 4617: 4594: 4508: 4472: 4452: 4444: 4326: 4277: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4203: 4160: 4144: 3952: 3799: 3789: 3785: 3533: 3505:

From then until 1655, there is no official record of Jews in England outside the

3477: 3260: 2984: 2979: 2944: 2767: 2696: 2513: 2472: 2467: 2447: 2369: 2363: 2296: 2248: 2088: 2069: 1220: 949: 861: 844: 388: 176: 94: 7584: 7061: 4990: 4915: 4901: 4846: 4814: 4791: 4488: 4330: 4285: 4234: 4102: 4090: 4066: 4046: 3990: 3975:

became academics, scientists and horticulturalists with worldwide reputations.

3905: 3831: 3773: 3704: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3576: 3160: 3090: 3054: 2787: 2755: 2704: 2692: 2613: 2412: 2267: 2147: 2126: 2103: 2098: 2076: 2064: 1659: 1140: 1074: 1039: 1017: 954: 792: 770: 632: 611: 587: 353: 335: 172: 143: 38: 29: 7375:

Rabin, Dana Y. "The Jew Bill of 1753: Masculinity, virility, and the nation."

6077:

Bowman, John (1949-01-01). "A Seventeenth Century Bill of 'Rights' for Jews".

5541:

Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary and Archaeological Perspectives

7994: 7114: 7056: 6723: 6657: 6423: 6371: 6321: 6238: 6196: 4970: 4822: 4783:

submarine in February 1942. The boat sank with the loss of nearly 800 lives.

4730: 4719: 4675:

rally through a heavily Jewish area, despite police efforts to clear a path.

4541: 4435:, the Jewish community in England generally embraced assimilation into wider 4358: 4246: 4152: 3889: 3838: 3820: 3748: 3722: 3548: 3472: 3335: 3295: 3050: 2948: 2805: 2775: 2561: 2556: 1762: 1689: 1215: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1044: 1022: 974: 736: 575: 480: 442: 393: 7493: 7463: 7315: 7230: 6692: 6133: 3680:

were written, both of which depict Jews in negative, stereotypical manners.

3417:

that it was carried out less for religious reasons, but instead for greed.

3413:

during the crusades in 1189 and 1190. The massacre at York was mentioned by

3379:

History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Edward I and the Expulsion

2774:

and stereotypes in Britain, and antisemitism "in most cases went along with

7455: 7265:

Identity, Migration and Belonging: The Jewish Community of Leeds, 1890-1920

6801:

Dean Rapp, "The Jewish response to GK Chesterton's antisemitism, 1911–33."

4834: 4718:. They would be the only Jews deported from British soil and killed in the 4408: 4362: 4207: 4156: 3964: 3917: 3897: 3893: 3874: 3642: 3487: 2904: 2873: 2793: 2771: 2759: 2591: 2417: 2258: 2253: 2211: 2164: 1258: 1125: 1110: 1069: 1034: 647: 489: 233: 7384:

Figures of Conversion. The “Jewish Question” and English National Identity

7270:

Knepper, Paul. "The British Empire and Jews in Nineteenth Century Malta."

6386: 5342:

Churches in the landscape, p35-36, Richard Morris, J Dent & Sons, 1989

4644: 4284:

only existed for a short time before being merged with other (integrated)

7130: 6113: 5000: 4830: 4806: 4780: 4756:

all but stopped legal immigration. During the War, Zionists organised an

4738: 4537: 4420: 4412: 4366: 4254: 4140: 3712: 3700: 3696: 3630: 3580: 3346: 3322: 3274:, Henry II seized the chief representatives of the Jews and sent them to 3165: 3152: 3070: 2885: 2813: 2779: 2728: 2576: 2518: 2183: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1049: 7354: 7107: 7055: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 6731: 6707: 6379: 6355: 6329: 6297: 6246: 6222: 6204: 6180: 5737:"Keydates - Gloucester - Trails - Anglo-Jewish History - JTrails.org.uk" 5719:"Financing Conquest and Colonization in Angevin Ireland: A Jewish role?" 5322: 5306: 4706:—Marianne Grunfeld, Therese Steiner, and Auguste Spitz—were deported to 3656:

Another Marrano gained attention in England for less patriotic reasons.

3560:, and who is said by some commentators to have been the inspiration for 2947:. William the Conqueror's object may be inferred: his policy was to get 6507:, Blady, Ken, (1988) Shapolsky Publishers, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 6–15 6313: 6098: 4707: 4586: 4577: 4400: 4342: 4191: 4123: 4077:

when the law restricting the oath of office to Christians was changed;

3960: 3815: 3596: 3232: 3212: 2911: 2857: 2833: 2234: 1248: 1177: 1135: 964: 944: 503: 410: 330: 7165:

Englishmen and Jews. Social Relations and Political Culture, 1840–1914

6478:

The Fighting Jew: The Life and Times of Daniel Mendoza, Champion Boxer

6360:

Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England)

4548:. An important consequence of the war was the British conquest of the 4093:; again Disraeli was already a member. (Though born a Jew, Disraeli's 3494:"for the passage of goods over it, with a special tax at the rate of 1 3490:

as in 1280 he granted a right to levy a toll on the rivulet bridge at

6395:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour of England (Chapter 5: Readmission)" 5110: 4776: 4338: 4164: 3929: 3729:

was named as "Moses the Jew". There is evidence of Jews resident in

3491: 3196: 2964: 2877: 2853: 2845: 2397: 2382: 1472: 1420: 1182: 1130: 1120: 801: 797: 787: 702: 462: 7391: 7258:

Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603–1655

7214: 6672: 6090: 5718: 5653:"The End of the English Jewry, and the Medieval Tsarfatic Community" 4015: 3653:, where he became the first Jew to set foot on North American soil. 1150: 7542: 7179:

Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London, 1880–1914

6262:"Jews and crypto-Jews in sixteenth and seventeenth century England" 5505:"A Golden Age for the Jews under Henry II (The First Angevin King)" 5042:"BBC - Religions - Judaism: Readmission of Jews to Britain in 1656" 4703: 4416: 4318: 4313:

From the 1880s through the early part of the 20th century, massive

3994: 3983: 3850: 3768: 3730: 3456: 3275: 3220: 3204: 3074: 2952: 2889: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2762:, about half a million European Jews fled to England to escape the 2566: 2176: 2108: 939: 447: 398: 152: 7483:"Jews and Jewish communities in Great Britain 18th–20th centuries" 7102:

Davis, Richard W. "Disraeli, the Rothschilds, and anti-Semitism."

6356:"The Stirrings of the 1590s and the Return of the Jews to England" 6155:

Hebrew in the Church: The Foundations of Jewish-Christian Dialogue

5464:

article relating to new exhibitions on Jewish history at the Tower

5354:

The Footsteps of Israel: understanding Jews in Anglo-Saxon England

7578:"Immigration and Emigration – The world in a city: East End Jews" 7424:

Diamonds abd Coral: Anglo/Dutch Jews and Eighteenth-Century Trade

4795: 4683: 4640:

Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom

4487:

The most virulent attacks in the Marconi affair were launched by

4479:

had secretly profited from advanced knowledge of deals regarding

4440: 4389: 4350: 4314: 4306: 4242: 4199: 4148: 4094: 4058: 3828: 3626: 3561: 3540: 3299: 3287: 3279: 3244: 3200: 3177: 3173: 3140: 3086: 3037: 3033: 2968: 2829: 2817: 2542: 2508: 2377: 2171: 1160: 1155: 1027: 918: 813: 809: 805: 554: 549: 526: 508: 383: 378: 368: 346: 321: 34: 4609:

participated, although the rising middle class status after the

4061:, the first Jew to receive a hereditary title. The first Jewish 3641:

in 1588. Another Jew who made a name for himself in England was

4850: 4826: 4765: 4679: 4396: 4309:(c. 1891). This illustration is captioned "The Alien Invasion". 3835: 3764: 3708: 3692: 3256: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3148: 3082: 3025: 2915: 2896:), a major legionary base, of two Roman era Christian martyrs, 2872:

It is probable that there were Jews in Roman Britain under the

2809: 2782:

to the extent that Jews were equated with Germans, despite the

2708: 2669: 2202: 2197: 2157: 2142: 1253: 1145: 565: 531: 517: 452: 42: 4825:

to Siberia 1939–1941. They were then released from the Soviet

7243:

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England

5687:

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England

4929: 4810: 4556:, making an agreement between the British Government and the 4404: 3716: 3318: 3313:", was established in order to deal with this large account. 3283: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2940: 2893: 2841: 2763: 1165: 594: 498: 467: 212: 6743: 6741: 4499:, whose hostility to Jews was linked to their opposition to 4004: 2824:

with a community of slightly more than 25,000, primarily in

6223:"The Exceptions to the Rule: Jews in Shakespeare's England" 6016:"A Sketch Map of a Lost Continent: The Republic of Letters" 4613:

led to a sharp falloff of interest in younger generations.

3621:

From the beginning of the 16th century, in the wake of the

3516: 3410: 3403:, published by English Heritage, retrieved 10 November 2019 3094: 317: 5433:"The History of the Medieval Jews of England: Royal Wards" 4872: 4865:. All of them were eligible to settle in the UK after the 4626:

for winning the gold medal in the 100 metre sprint in the

4616:

The most celebrated of the Jewish athletes in Britain was

4038:

on 15 April of that year which was destined to engage the

3908:

without much opposition, but on being brought down to the

6738: 5623:"Countdown: the Reigns of Henry III and his son Edward I" 5593:"Beginnings of a Particular Hatred Myth: The Blood Libel" 4213: 4194:. However, not all grand examples survive: for instance 3943:

bank in London, having been sent to the UK by his father

3834:

was vehemently opposed to permitting Jews to return, the

2978:

and for this reason they were able to seek refuge in the

2699:. While Cromwell never officially readmitted Jews to the 6438: 5949: 4581:

Harold Abrahams, gold medal winner at the 1924 Olympics.

3123: 2867: 7557: 7015:"Holocaust memorials remember Channel Islands' victims" 6298:"Christian and Jew in Early Modern English Perspective" 5794: 4259:

East Metropolitan Rifle Volunteers (11th Tower Hamlets)

3020:

English Jews experienced a "golden age" of sorts under

2746:

The Tower was a refuge for the Jews of medieval London.

2735:

in 1868 and in 1874. At the insistence of Irish leader

7396:

The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell

6597:

https://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/susser/twrhamlets.htm

5234:"Brighton and Hove Census Demographics United Kingdom" 4560:

to strive to set up a homeland for Jews in Palestine.

6053:

Will In The World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare

5913: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 4569:

excellent financing opportunities for entrepreneurs.

3955:, financed the British government's 1875 purchase of 3928:, and the bill was passed and received royal assent ( 3017:, eventually becoming the main taxpaying population. 7253:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) xvi, 447 pp. 7215:"The Jewish Minority in Medieval England, 1066-1290" 5937: 5925: 5901: 5288:"Southend-on-Sea Census Demographics United Kingdom" 5106:"London Jewish Museum reopens after major face-lift" 4891: 3302:, arrears were demanded from the recalcitrant Jews. 2820:(2,300). The next most significant population is in 2786:

having partial German ethnic origins. This led many

2181: 2162: 585: 7504:

England related articles in the Jewish Encyclopedia

6185:

Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England)

5774:

The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000–1500

5311:

Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England)

4841:. The Polish II Corps then advanced to the British 4218:The invasion scare of 1857 saw the creation of the 2840:(2,490). There are also significant communities in 7443: 7260:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982) x, 286 pp. 7174:. Third edition. London: Vallentine Mitchell 2001. 7117:(May 1985). "Disraeli's Jewishness Reconsidered". 6873: 6446: 6050: 5855:York 1190: Jews and Others in the Wake of Massacre 5370: 4042:in one form or another for the next thirty years. 3767:to sound more like the Hebrew pronunciation. Many 3599:showed interest in Judaism. During his attempt to 3143:-Jewish relations in England were disturbed under 2974:The Jews of London were the responsibility of the 7614: 7543:Jewish Communities & Records – United Kingdom 6747: 6420:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 4633: 3916:made a great outcry against this "abandonment of 2660:. Although it is likely that there had been some 7992: 7566:A reading of Israel Zangwill's historical satire 7394:. In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.). 7286:Social history of the Jews in England: 1850–1950 6774: 6579:"Hackney: Judaism | British History Online" 3939:established a business in Manchester, and later 3823:. The issue divided religious radicals and more 3521:Between the expulsion of Jews in 1290 and their 2900:, with the name Aaron suggesting Jewish origin. 2790:to Anglicise their often German-sounding names. 7398:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–77. 6838: 5270:"Birmingham Census Demographics United Kingdom" 5162:"Manchester Census Demographics United Kingdom" 4558:Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland 4451:. Immigration was eventually restricted by the 7538:Words of English Thinkers on the Jewish People 7392:"Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State" 6266:Cromohs: Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 6227:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 5252:"Liverpool Census Demographics United Kingdom" 5216:"Gateshead Census Demographics United Kingdom" 4946:Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom 4620:(1899–1978)-– the man made famous by the film 4466: 4369:, as well as London and other British cities. 4089:became the first Jewish member of the British 7600: 7326:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 55–70. 7251:The Jews in the History of England, 1485–1850 6981:International Journal of the History of Sport 6781:. University of California Press. p. 9. 6542: 6480:, Wynn Wheldon, Amberley Publishing 2019, p16 6115:The Jews in the history of England, 1485-1850 5884:A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th century 5475:"The History of the Medieval Jews of England" 5180:"Trafford Census Demographics United Kingdom" 4455:, following pressure from groups such as the 4087:Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild 4020:Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild 3971:. Beyond banking and finance, members of the 3583:in the 1630s provided a positive view of the 3290:in 1188, he demanded a quarter of all Jewish 2633: 286: 7372:(Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982) 6492:The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame 6392: 6220: 5830:The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England 5800: 5144:"Salford Census Demographics United Kingdom" 4122:By 1880 the flourishing Jewish community in 3356: 2921: 7207:Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876–1939 7060: 6013: 5543:(1st ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 5356:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 4849:, deserted to work on forming the state of 4459:. The 1905 legislation was followed by the 4447:newspapers and youth movements such as the 3993:was an active prizefighter; Mendoza was of 3982:started to receive immigrants and trading " 2990:A clause to that effect was inserted under 2754:and attracted significant immigration from 877:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 7607: 7593: 7172:The Jewish Immigrant in England, 1870-1914 7149:Endelman, Todd M., and Tony Kushner, eds. 6978: 6943: 6908: 6158:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 73. 6048: 5992: 5198:"Leeds Census Demographics United Kingdom" 4981:List of British Jewish nobility and gentry 3525:in 1655, there are records of Jews in the 3513:, who was ultimately arrested and exiled. 3270:In 1168, when concluding an alliance with 2928:History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) 2640: 2626: 293: 279: 6708:"The Jews in Hull, between 1766 and 1880" 6705: 6647: 6483: 6408: 5126:"Bury Census Demographics United Kingdom" 4005:Emancipation and prosperity, 19th century 3610: 3590: 3397:The Medieval Massacre of the Jews of York 3073:, the religious tensions in light of the 2907:in literature. The few references in the 8011:History of the Jews in Europe by country 7113: 6444: 6259: 5716: 4869:, Britain's first mass immigration law. 4724: 4643: 4576: 4300: 4014: 3798: 3517:Resettlement period, 16th–19th centuries 3360: 3155:against Jews; it came up in the case of 3147:, who burned down the house of a Jew in 3127: 2802:fifth largest Jewish community worldwide 2741: 28: 7370:Economic history of the Jews in England 7321: 7291: 6489: 5986: 5967: 5955: 5880: 5538: 5083:James Ciment, Thaddeus Russell (eds.), 4961:History of the Jews in Northern Ireland 4873:Mythical history of the Jews in England 4461:Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919 4374:Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild 4345:ports, and entered England via London, 4321:in Russia caused many Jews to flee the 3747:Prior to their resettlement, a growing 2727:, born a Sephardi Jew but converted to 14: 7993: 7499:Virtual History Tour of Jewish England 7389: 7340: 6670: 6498: 6151: 6118:( ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6076: 6007: 5972:. Chichester: Phillimore. p. 77. 5943: 5919: 5907: 5771: 5717:Flanagan, Marie Therese (2021-01-01). 5406: 5351: 5304: 4932:(19th Century Dutch Jewish immigrants) 4883:Assyria and Germany in Anglo-Israelism 4700:Nazi occupation of the Channel Islands 4663:was a notable member of the operation. 4653:sculpture in central London marks the 4305:Immigrant Jews in the transit shed at 4214:All Jewish Rifle Volunteer Corps, 1861 3788:believed the English to be one of the 3649:invited Gaunse to sail with him on an 3085:increased against the Jews in London, 7588: 7267:(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015) 7212: 6754:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 51. 6629: 6453:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 6449:Cassell's Chronology of World History 6349: 6347: 6216: 6214: 6147: 6145: 6143: 5931: 5827: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5539:Skinner, Patricia, ed. (2012-07-19). 5534: 5532: 5530: 3989:In the 1780s and '90s, English boxer 3841:no less passionately in favour, like 3736: 3124:Attitudes of the kings and the church 2994:in some manuscripts of the so-called 2868:Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England 7521:Jews in England 1066–1290, 1553–1970 6353: 6295: 6178: 6111: 4996:Rothschild banking family of England 4845:, where many Polish Jews, including 4801:By July 1945, 228,000 troops of the 4415:, close to the docks, and hence the 3436:during Henry III's time. During the 3183:With the restoration of order under 2733:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 7553:Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in England 7426:. Leicester University Press 1978. 7040:Army was Polish, soldiers were Jews 7038:Klieger, Noah (September 11, 2006) 6533:(U of California Press, 2002). p 6. 5995:"The strange story of Jacob Barnet" 5307:"Were There Jews in Roman Britain?" 4011:Emancipation of the Jews in England 3861:, the first Jew to be so honoured. 3743:Resettlement of the Jews in England 3585:resettlement of the Jews in England 3263:in 1182, among them probably being 3093:. Entire Jewries were murdered in 2662:Jewish presence in the Roman period 24: 7516:Articles on British Jewish history 7437: 7079: 6344: 6211: 6140: 5881:Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1978). 5821: 5557: 5527: 4925:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom 4750:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 4527: 4505:conservative strand of Catholicism 4282:East Metropolitan Rifle Volunteers 4139:moved to more prosperous parts of 4073:was finally allowed to sit in the 3617:History of the Marranos in England 3567:England also saw converts such as 2800:in Europe (behind France) and the 25: 8032: 7548:Tracing the First Jews of Britain 7470: 7279:The Jews in Britain: A Chronology 7158:The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 7064:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 6778:The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 6595:Jewish Community Records Website 6531:The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000 4956:History of the Jews in Manchester 4682:regime in Germany, and the other 4407:. In London, many Jews lived in 4253:. With his permission, Jews from 2958: 2914:relate to Jewish practices about 2770:) were granted entry. Jews faced 668:Historical population comparisons 7272:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 7160:(Univ of California Press, 2002) 7074:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 7050: 6557:10.1179/004772911x13074595849031 6416:"The Jews of the United Kingdom" 5887:. New York: Knopf. p. 112. 4908: 4894: 4563: 4532:About 50,000 Jews served in the 4296: 3509:, with a few exceptions such as 3391: 2768:including almost 10,000 children 2731:, had been elected twice as the 1312:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1226:Historical population by country 7032: 7007: 6972: 6937: 6902: 6867: 6832: 6811: 6795: 6768: 6699: 6664: 6623: 6602: 6589: 6571: 6536: 6523: 6510: 6505:The Jewish Boxer's Hall of Fame 6471: 6289: 6276: 6253: 6172: 6105: 6070: 6042: 6028: 5961: 5874: 5846: 5803:"The Persecution of Jews, 1189" 5765: 5753: 5729: 5710: 5701: 5675: 5645: 5615: 5585: 5497: 5467: 5455: 5425: 5400: 5345: 5336: 5298: 5280: 5262: 5244: 5226: 5208: 5190: 4966:History of the Jews in Scotland 4941:Early English Jewish literature 4803:Polish Armed Forces in the West 4431:districts. Unlike much of the 4291: 3864: 52:This is a part of the series on 7616:History of the Jews in Europe 6260:Hessayon, Ariel (March 2011). 6221:Seton-Rogers, Cynthia (2018). 5172: 5154: 5136: 5118: 5098: 5077: 5052: 5034: 5022: 4951:History of the Jews in Ireland 4936:Council of Christians and Jews 4794:. Many formed the core of the 4634:Before and during World War II 4376:set up the conditions for the 3871:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 3772:too similar to Catholic ones, 3595:Over the course of his reign, 2723:to either 1829 or 1858, while 2717:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 2668:. The first written record of 2654:history of the Jews in England 203:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 13: 1: 6821:. New York: Palgrave. Ch. 2. 6677:. New York University Press. 6649:10.1080/21533369.2001.9668313 6636:Journal for Maritime Research 6612:. New York: Palgrave. Ch. 1. 6181:"Jews in Elizabethan England" 5015: 4650:Kindertransport – The Arrival 3947:(1744–1812). The bank funded 3827:elements within society. The 3727:circumnavigation of the globe 2987:in 1267, during a civil war. 883:Christianity and Judaism 6993:10.1080/09523367.2011.631006 6958:10.1080/02619288.2010.502722 6923:10.1080/17460263.2012.720273 6888:10.1080/17460263.2011.645334 6853:10.1080/0031322X.2012.701809 5858:. March 2010. Archived from 5832:. HarperCollins Publishers. 5707:"Hebräische Berichte," p. 64 4971:History of the Jews in Wales 4867:Polish Resettlement Act 1947 4716:Auschwitz concentration camp 4198:(counter-intuitively not in 3978:Some English ports, such as 3969:British South Africa Company 3814:, a rabbi and leader of the 7: 7444:Richard of Devizes (1841), 7363:Nineteenth‐Century Contexts 7281:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 7096:130.547 (2015): 1449-1478. 6946:Immigrants & Minorities 6630:Evans, Nicholas J. (2001). 6490:Siegman, Joseph M. (1992). 6152:Lapide, Pinchas E. (1984). 6079:The Jewish Quarterly Review 5085:The Home Front Encyclopedia 4887: 4714:, and eventually killed at 4467:Marconi Scandal (1912–1913) 3937:Nathan Mayer von Rothschild 3651:expedition to North America 3575:. Jewish visitors included 2711:was identified in 1656 and 2693:practising Judaism secretly 2678:Jewish settlement continued 2182: 2163: 1890:Latin America and Caribbean 586: 113:Statute of the Jewry (1275) 10: 8037: 7414:Journal of British Studies 7377:Eighteenth-Century Studies 7298:Cambridge University Press 7292:Mundill, Robin R. (2002), 7197:The Three Ladies of London 7188:(Edwin Mellen Press, 1991) 6748:Frances Donaldson (2011). 6706:FINESTEIN, ISRAEL (1996). 6354:RABB, THEODORE K. (1974). 5968:Robbins, Michael (2003) . 5778:Cambridge University Press 5352:Scheil, Andrew P. (2004). 5305:Shimon, Applebaum (1951). 5007:The War on Britain's Jews? 4876: 4821:by Soviet First Secretary 4637: 4433:Jewish community in Poland 4237:, an area larger than the 4008: 3967:in the development of the 3920:", as they called it. The 3740: 3685:Antonio Fernandez Carvajal 3614: 3368: 3077:, and the interference of 2925: 2656:goes back to the reign of 2495:Jewish political movements 2192:Conversion to Judaism 7940: 7902: 7622: 7343:Jewish Historical Studies 7294:England's Jewish Solution 7219:Journal of Jewish Studies 7094:English Historical Review 6775:Todd M. Endelman (2002). 6712:Jewish Historical Studies 6583:www.british-history.ac.uk 6057:, New York: W.W. Norton, 5828:Jones, Dan (2012-05-10). 5407:Romain, Jonathon (2013). 5010:, a 2007 documentary film 4673:British Union of Fascists 4572: 4241:and which stretched from 3941:N M Rothschild & Sons 3790:Ten Lost Tribes of Israel 3711:, and above all with the 3471:1278, raids on suspected 3461:taxed Jewish moneylenders 3390: 3385: 3357:Persecution and expulsion 2997:Leges Edwardi Confessoris 2922:Norman England, 1066–1290 2788:Ashkenazi Jewish families 2766:, but only about 70,000 ( 898:Hinduism and Judaism 161:Medieval Jewish buildings 139:Harold of Gloucester 1168 118:Edict of Expulsion (1290) 74:Early history (1066–1290) 7379:(2006) 39#2 pp: 157–171. 7324:Jews in Medieval Britain 7277:Langham, Frank Raphael. 7195:19.1 (2016): 37-56. See 7089:(2008) 50#6 pp: 728–748. 6445:Williams, Hywel (2005). 5060:"We've been here before" 4764:" (the precursor of the 4729:Allied forces celebrate 4457:British Brothers' League 4075:British House of Commons 3945:Mayer Amschel Rothschild 3725:'s quartermaster in his 3286:for the Crusade against 724:Temple in Jerusalem 417:Bar and bat mitzvah 134:William of Norwich, 1144 8016:Antisemitism in England 7390:Stacey, Robert (2001). 7071:The Jewish Encyclopedia 6805:24#2-4, (1990): 75–86. 6296:Katz, David S. (1994). 6112:Katz, David S. (1996). 6049:Greenblatt, S. (2004), 5772:Chazan, Robert (2006). 5567:Gross, Charles (2013). 4863:Battle of Monte Cassino 4602:Austro-Hungarian Empire 3973:Rothschild family in UK 3892:, had strengthened the 3886:Jacobite rising of 1745 3265:Judah Sir Leon of Paris 2701:Commonwealth of England 686:Twelve Tribes of Israel 108:Statute of Jewry (1253) 8001:Jewish English history 7665:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7570:The King of Schnorrers 7450:, London: James Bohn, 7416:57.3 (2018): 467-492. 7284:Lipman, Vivian David. 6819:Enterprise and Culture 6817:Godley, Andrew (2001) 6610:Enterprise and Culture 6608:Godley, Andrew (2001) 6520:(Oxford UP 2007) p 23. 6286:. Halsgrove. 2015. p 7 5597:Oxford Jewish Heritage 5479:Oxford Jewish Heritage 5437:Oxford Jewish Heritage 4976:Jewish Museum (Camden) 4762:Hamossad Le'aliyah Bet 4760:effort, conducted by " 4734: 4669:Battle of Cable Street 4664: 4582: 4333:were funnelled by the 4310: 4251:Constable of the Tower 4188:Singers Hill Synagogue 4116: 4023: 3855:William III of England 3807: 3667:The Merchant of Venice 3635:Sir Francis Walsingham 3611:Hidden Jews in England 3591:Henry VIII and Judaism 3366: 3332:Fourth Lateran Council 3137: 3132:Jewish communities in 3063:Jews under Muslim rule 2976:Constable of the Tower 2943:to England during the 2758:. By the outbreak of 2747: 126:Blood libel in England 95:Synod of Oxford (1222) 46: 7580:. BBC. February 2004. 7532:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7487:The National Archives 7365:25.2 (2003): 119-145. 7231:10.18647/682/JJS-1974 7151:Disraeli's Jewishness 6841:Patterns of Prejudice 6803:Patterns of Prejudice 6671:Irving, Howe (1976). 6179:Wolf, Lucien (1924). 6036:Rotuli Parliamentorum 5760:Gervase of Canterbury 5723:Approaches to History 5657:Oxford Jewish History 5627:Oxford Jewish History 5509:Oxford Jewish History 4786:Many Jews joined the 4728: 4647: 4606:British working class 4580: 4304: 4107: 4051:Moses Haim Montefiore 4028:Catholic Emancipation 4018: 3804:Bevis Marks Synagogue 3802: 3733:in the 17th century. 3500:Gregory of Huntingdon 3401:Speaking with Shadows 3364: 3176:were killing Jews in 3131: 3047:Exchequer of the Jews 2937:William the Conqueror 2933:William of Malmesbury 2745: 2676:dates from 1070. The 2658:William the Conqueror 1432:São Tomé and Príncipe 1427:Republic of the Congo 821:Second Temple Judaism 692:Kingdom of Judah 663:Modern historiography 255:Isle of Man 149:Hugh of Lincoln, 1255 79:Exchequer of the Jews 32: 8021:Massacres in England 7559:The Jewish Chronicle 7406:10.2 (1996): 89-134 7213:Hyams, Paul (1974). 6674:World of our fathers 6284:The Jews of Plymouth 5809:. Fordham University 5762:, ed. Stubbs, i. 205 4986:List of British Jews 4843:Mandate of Palestine 4788:British Armed Forces 4712:Nazi-occupied France 4534:British Armed Forces 4449:Jewish Lads' Brigade 4266:The Jewish Chronicle 4071:Lionel de Rothschild 4063:Lord Mayor of London 4053:; four years later, 3986:" from around 1750. 3926:religious toleration 3845:, a minister of the 3757:Cambridge University 3587:, effected in 1657. 3536:were actually Jews. 3486:increasingly showed 3446:Statute of the Jewry 3426:Statute of the Jewry 3375:Statute of the Jewry 3272:Frederick Barbarossa 3251:in 1158, by that of 3108:The incompetence of 2836:itself (2,725), and 2784:British royal family 2703:, a small colony of 2695:) until the rule of 2534:World Agudath Israel 1675:United Arab Emirates 762:Second Temple period 752:Babylonian captivity 267:Anglo-Jewish studies 173:Jew's House, Lincoln 144:Robert of Bury, 1181 37:(dark green) in the 7903:States with limited 7382:Ragussis, Michael. 6751:The Marconi Scandal 5862:on January 17, 2012 5807:Medieval Sourcebook 5394:Jewish Encyclopedia 5031:. Jewishireland.org 4775:, torpedoed in the 4758:illegal immigration 4754:White Paper of 1939 4746:Mandatory Palestine 4628:1924 Paris Olympics 4589:promoted the term " 4554:Balfour Declaration 4550:Palestinian Mandate 4481:wireless telegraphy 4380:, which promised a 4378:Balfour Declaration 4055:Isaac Lyon Goldsmid 3959:'s interest in the 3812:Menasseh Ben Israel 3753:English Reformation 3672:Christopher Marlowe 3662:William Shakespeare 3623:Spanish Inquisition 3605:Catherine of Aragon 3569:Immanuel Tremellius 3543:summoned to attend 3415:William of Newburgh 2752:religious tolerance 2721:Jewish emancipation 827:Hellenistic Judaism 405:Land of Israel 364:Principles of faith 198:Marranos in England 193:Resettlement (1655) 169:Guildford Synagogue 7526:2008-06-02 at the 7509:2011-09-26 at the 7274:9.1 (2010): 49-69. 7170:Gartner, Lloyd P. 7156:Endelman, Todd M. 7131:10.1093/mj/5.2.109 6529:Todd M. Endelman, 6393:Shira Schoenberg. 6314:10.1007/BF01915908 5801:Roger of Hoveden. 5741:www.jtrails.org.uk 5663:on October 4, 2020 5633:on October 4, 2020 5603:on October 4, 2020 5515:on October 4, 2020 5485:on October 4, 2020 5443:on October 4, 2020 4735: 4665: 4583: 4477:Liberal government 4388:for Jews in a new 4335:railways of Europe 4323:Pale of Settlement 4311: 4186:buildings such as 4159:districts such as 4099:Conservative Party 4083:baptised Christian 4024: 3847:Church of Scotland 3808: 3737:Resettlement, 1655 3647:Sir Walter Raleigh 3601:annul his marriage 3438:Second Barons' War 3371:Edict of Expulsion 3367: 3253:Isaac of Chernigov 3157:William of Norwich 3138: 2939:brought Jews from 2822:Greater Manchester 2748: 2686:Edict of Expulsion 2388:Jewish Koine Greek 1930:Dominican Republic 1211:Judaism by country 890:Jews and Christmas 745:Assyrian captivity 47: 7988: 7987: 7368:Pollins, Harold. 7333:978-1-84383-733-6 7307:978-0-521-52026-3 7139:The Victorian Web 6684:978-0-8147-3685-2 6518:Benjamin Disraeli 6464:978-0-304-35730-7 6165:978-0-8028-4917-5 6014:Anthony Grafton. 5958:, pp. 61–62. 5894:978-0-394-40026-6 5839:978-0-00-745749-6 5787:978-0-521-84666-0 5363:978-0-472-11408-5 4879:British Israelism 4839:II Corps (Poland) 4491:and the brothers 4276:Like most of the 4196:Dalston Synagogue 4079:Benjamin Disraeli 4032:William Huskisson 3999:Portuguese Jewish 3859:Solomon de Medina 3794:English Civil War 3782:Laurence Aldersey 3558:Queen Elizabeth I 3528:Domus Conversorum 3507:Domus Conversorum 3453:war against Wales 3434:Simon de Montfort 3407: 3406: 3311:Aaron's Exchequer 3294:. The so-called " 3079:Pope Innocent III 3009:rather than on a 2798:Jewish population 2725:Benjamin Disraeli 2713:allowed to remain 2666:Anglo-Saxon times 2650: 2649: 2599: 2598: 2347: 2346: 2094:Reconstructionist 2038: 2037: 1190: 1189: 997: 996: 834:Jewish–Roman wars 782:Hasmonean dynasty 698:Kingdom of Israel 602: 601: 303: 302: 153:"Sir Hugh" ballad 101:Domus Conversorum 16:(Redirected from 8028: 7941:Dependencies and 7882:Northern Ireland 7623:Sovereign states 7609: 7602: 7595: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7490: 7466: 7422:Yogev, Gedalia. 7399: 7358: 7337: 7318: 7234: 7177:Godley, Andrew. 7167:(Yale UP, 1994). 7163:Feldman, David. 7134: 7115:Endelman, Todd M 7087:Business History 7075: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6911:Sport in History 6906: 6900: 6899: 6876:Sport in History 6871: 6865: 6864: 6836: 6830: 6815: 6809: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6627: 6621: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6516:Jonathan Parry, 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6452: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6422:. Archived from 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6293: 6287: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6149: 6138: 6137: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6046: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5993:Marcus Roberts. 5990: 5984: 5983: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5659:. Archived from 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5629:. Archived from 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5599:. Archived from 5589: 5583: 5582: 5571:. Sagwan Press. 5564: 5555: 5554: 5536: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5511:. Archived from 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5481:. Archived from 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5439:. Archived from 5429: 5423: 5422: 5404: 5398: 5387: 5368: 5367: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5292:localstats.co.uk 5284: 5278: 5277: 5274:localstats.co.uk 5266: 5260: 5259: 5256:localstats.co.uk 5248: 5242: 5241: 5238:localstats.co.uk 5230: 5224: 5223: 5220:localstats.co.uk 5212: 5206: 5205: 5202:localstats.co.uk 5194: 5188: 5187: 5184:localstats.co.uk 5176: 5170: 5169: 5166:localstats.co.uk 5158: 5152: 5151: 5148:localstats.co.uk 5140: 5134: 5133: 5130:localstats.co.uk 5122: 5116: 5115: 5102: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5038: 5032: 5026: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4733:in London, 1943. 4702:three Jews from 4689:Evian Conference 4623:Chariots of Fire 4611:Second World War 4497:G. K. Chesterton 4184:Victorian gothic 3910:House of Commons 3904:. It passed the 3761:King James Bible 3677:The Jew of Malta 3573:Philip Ferdinand 3476:detained in the 3395: 3394: 3383: 3382: 3351:Hugh, in Lincoln 3306:Aaron of Lincoln 3278:, and imposed a 3249:Abraham ibn Ezra 3237:Aaron of Lincoln 3134:Medieval England 2898:Julius and Aaron 2737:Daniel O'Connell 2642: 2635: 2628: 2491: 2490: 2372: 2193: 2187: 2168: 2132: 2131: 2079: 2026:New Zealand 1978: 1941:El Salvador 1931: 1863:Northern America 1855: 1449: 1205: 1204: 1116:Crimean Karaites 1012: 1011: 990: 988: 909: 907: 899: 893: 884: 872:Rabbinic Judaism 853: 847: 841: 829: 817: 783: 776:Maccabean Revolt 753: 746: 740: 732: 725: 719: 711: 693: 617: 616: 591: 486: 485: 418: 406: 305: 304: 295: 288: 281: 218:Whitechapel Boys 84:Early literature 49: 48: 33:The location of 21: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8025: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7942: 7936: 7922:Northern Cyprus 7904: 7898: 7797:North Macedonia 7618: 7613: 7576: 7528:Wayback Machine 7511:Wayback Machine 7481: 7473: 7440: 7438:Primary sources 7334: 7308: 7263:Kent, Aaron M. 7256:Katz, David S. 7249:Katz, David S. 7238:Julius, Anthony 7205:Holmes, Colin. 7184:Green, Joseph. 7082: 7080:Further reading 7062:Singer, Isidore 7051: 7047: 7046: 7037: 7033: 7024: 7022: 7013: 7012: 7008: 6977: 6973: 6942: 6938: 6907: 6903: 6872: 6868: 6837: 6833: 6816: 6812: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6746: 6739: 6704: 6700: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6628: 6624: 6607: 6603: 6594: 6590: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6545:Midland History 6541: 6537: 6528: 6524: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6426:on 25 June 2018 6414: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6352: 6345: 6294: 6290: 6281: 6277: 6258: 6254: 6219: 6212: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6150: 6141: 6126: 6110: 6106: 6091:10.2307/1453260 6075: 6071: 6065: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6008: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780:. p. 159. 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5682:Julius, Anthony 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5537: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5405: 5401: 5388: 5371: 5364: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5303: 5299: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5013: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4877:Main articles: 4875: 4859:Italy campaigns 4833:and marched to 4798:after the war. 4693:Kindertransport 4661:Nicholas Winton 4656:Kindertransport 4642: 4636: 4618:Harold Abrahams 4575: 4566: 4530: 4528:First World War 4473:Marconi scandal 4469: 4453:Aliens Act 1905 4439:. They started 4437:English culture 4327:chain migration 4299: 4294: 4278:Volunteer Force 4231:Lord Lieutenant 4224:Lord Lieutenant 4220:Volunteer Force 4216: 4204:Newington Green 4161:Stoke Newington 4013: 4007: 3953:Napoleonic Wars 3867: 3786:Oliver Cromwell 3745: 3739: 3631:Queen Elizabeth 3619: 3613: 3593: 3556:, physician to 3519: 3478:Tower of London 3451:To finance his 3392: 3381: 3369:Main articles: 3359: 3261:Philip Augustus 3243:'s conquest of 3126: 3055:Second Crusades 3011:Christian Bible 2980:Tower of London 2961: 2945:Norman Conquest 2930: 2924: 2870: 2808:, primarily in 2697:Oliver Cromwell 2646: 2601: 2600: 2488: 2478: 2477: 2468:Judeo-Malayalam 2448:Judaeo-Georgian 2368: 2359: 2349: 2348: 2249:Yiddish theatre 2191: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2077: 2050: 2040: 2039: 1976: 1929: 1853: 1447: 1231:Genetic studies 1202: 1192: 1191: 1009: 999: 998: 986: 985: 905: 904: 897: 887: 882: 864:and Middle Ages 862:Rabbinic period 849: 843: 836: 824: 795: 781: 751: 744: 735: 727: 723: 714: 709:in Judaism 706: 691: 614: 604: 603: 483: 473: 472: 416: 404: 349: 299: 243:Jews in Ireland 60:Jews in England 59: 23: 22: 18:Jews of England 15: 12: 11: 5: 8034: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8006:Jewish history 8003: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7943:other entities 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7908: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7872:United Kingdom 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7685:Czech Republic 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7612: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7574: 7563: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7518: 7513: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7479: 7472: 7471:External links 7469: 7468: 7467: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7420: 7410: 7404:Jewish history 7400: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7338: 7332: 7319: 7306: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7235: 7225:(2): 270–293. 7210: 7203: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7125:(2): 109–123. 7119:Modern Judaism 7111: 7104:Jewish History 7100: 7090: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7045: 7044: 7042:. Ynetnews.com 7031: 7006: 6987:(6): 868–886. 6971: 6952:(2): 318–342. 6936: 6917:(3): 361–381. 6901: 6882:(4): 423–443. 6866: 6847:(3): 375–396. 6831: 6810: 6794: 6787: 6767: 6760: 6737: 6698: 6683: 6663: 6622: 6601: 6588: 6570: 6551:(2): 195–214. 6535: 6522: 6509: 6497: 6482: 6470: 6463: 6437: 6407: 6385: 6343: 6308:(1/2): 55–72. 6302:Jewish History 6288: 6275: 6252: 6210: 6171: 6164: 6139: 6124: 6104: 6085:(4): 379–389. 6069: 6063: 6041: 6027: 6006: 5985: 5978: 5960: 5948: 5936: 5934:, p. 288. 5924: 5922:, p. 177. 5912: 5900: 5893: 5873: 5845: 5838: 5820: 5793: 5786: 5764: 5752: 5728: 5709: 5700: 5674: 5644: 5614: 5584: 5578:978-1376595949 5577: 5556: 5549: 5526: 5496: 5466: 5462:Jerusalem Post 5454: 5424: 5418:978-0957698604 5417: 5399: 5369: 5362: 5344: 5335: 5297: 5279: 5261: 5243: 5225: 5207: 5189: 5171: 5153: 5135: 5117: 5097: 5076: 5051: 5033: 5029:Jewish Ireland 5020: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4991:Polish British 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 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2866: 2794:Jews in the UK 2756:Eastern Europe 2705:Sephardic Jews 2672:settlement in 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2529:Territorialism 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2413:Judaeo-Spanish 2410: 2408:Judaeo-Iranian 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2137: 2136: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2074: 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5952: 5946:, p. 99. 5945: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5910:, p. 97. 5909: 5904: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5550:9781843837336 5546: 5542: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5339: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5047: 5046:www.bbc.co.uk 5043: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5009: 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400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 374: 370: 367: 365: 362: 359: 355: 352: 351: 348: 343: 342: 337: 336:Who is a Jew? 334: 332: 329: 328: 327: 326: 323: 319: 316: 315: 311: 307: 306: 296: 291: 289: 284: 282: 277: 276: 274: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 241: 239: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 225: 224: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 129: 125: 124: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 102: 98: 96: 93: 91: 90: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 65: 64: 61: 56: 55: 51: 50: 44: 40: 36: 31: 27: 19: 7932:Transnistria 7876: 7568: 7558: 7531: 7446: 7423: 7413: 7403: 7395: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7346: 7342: 7323: 7293: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7241: 7222: 7218: 7206: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7138: 7122: 7118: 7103: 7093: 7086: 7069: 7034: 7023:. 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Retrieved 5066:. 2002-06-08 5064:The Guardian 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5024: 5005: 4855:North Africa 4837:to form the 4829:to form the 4805:, including 4800: 4785: 4771: 4743: 4739:enemy aliens 4736: 4697: 4677: 4666: 4654: 4648: 4621: 4615: 4599: 4584: 4567: 4531: 4522: 4515:wing of the 4470: 4409:Spitalfields 4394: 4371: 4363:Buenos Aires 4312: 4292:Modern times 4281: 4275: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4228: 4217: 4208:North London 4169: 4157:North London 4133: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4044: 4036:Robert Grant 4025: 4022:(1840–1915). 3988: 3977: 3965:Cecil Rhodes 3934: 3918:Christianity 3898:Henry Pelham 3894:stock market 3883: 3875:royal assent 3868: 3865:18th century 3825:conservative 3821:pamphlet war 3816:Dutch Jewish 3809: 3778:Edwin Sandys 3746: 3721: 3682: 3675: 3665: 3655: 3620: 3594: 3566: 3538: 3526: 3520: 3511:Jacob Barnet 3504: 3488:antisemitism 3482: 3465: 3450: 3442: 3430: 3419: 3408: 3400: 3344: 3340: 3328: 3315: 3304: 3269: 3182: 3171: 3145:King Stephen 3139: 3107: 3083:Mob violence 3067: 3019: 2995: 2989: 2973: 2962: 2951:paid to the 2935:states that 2931: 2905:Christianity 2902: 2886:silversmiths 2874:Roman Empire 2871: 2792: 2772:antisemitism 2760:World War II 2749: 2690: 2653: 2651: 2592:Post-Zionism 2463:Judeo-Berber 2458:Judeo-Arabic 2418:Judeo-Gascon 2165:Pidyon haben 2084:Conservative 1630:Saudi Arabia 1448:South Africa 1437:Sierra Leone 1259:Israeli Jews 1173:Mosaic Arabs 1126:Kaifeng Jews 987:Arab–Israeli 960:Emancipation 839:Great Revolt 648:Anti-Judaism 643:Antisemitism 638:Name "Judea" 433:Baal teshuva 234:British Jews 208:Emancipation 177:Moyse's Hall 100: 88: 57: 26: 7970:Isle of Man 7905:recognition 7857:Switzerland 7792:Netherlands 6233:(2): 6–12. 5944:Rokéah 1988 5920:Stacey 2001 5908:Rokéah 1988 5328:19 December 5317:: 189–205. 5001:Starr (law) 4831:Anders Army 4807:Polish Jews 4781:Soviet Navy 4698:During the 4538:World War I 4421:Strangeways 4413:Whitechapel 4280:units, the 4257:formed the 4255:East London 4147:(including 4141:East London 4057:was made a 3963:and funded 3884:During the 3857:in 1700 of 3843:John Wemyss 3713:Netherlands 3701:West Indies 3581:John Weemes 3459:of England 3347:blood libel 3323:monasteries 3166:blood libel 3153:blood libel 3071:blood libel 3059:anti-Jewish 2949:feudal dues 2912:Church laws 2909:Anglo-Saxon 2814:Borehamwood 2780:World War I 2729:Anglicanism 2587:Revisionist 2577:Neo-Zionism 2184:Zeved habat 1977:Puerto Rico 1803:Netherlands 1635:South Korea 1620:Philippines 1500:Afghanistan 1367:Ivory Coast 1141:Crypto-Jews 1106:Bnei Anusim 1085:Bene Israel 1050:Beta Israel 1007:Communities 914:Middle Ages 653:Persecution 428:Bereavement 103:(est. 1232) 7995:Categories 7827:San Marino 7787:Montenegro 7767:Luxembourg 7747:Kazakhstan 7650:Azerbaijan 7432:0718511573 7349:: 83–109. 7025:2021-11-04 6827:0333960459 6618:0333960459 6064:0393050572 6021:2010-04-28 6000:2010-04-28 5932:Hyams 1974 5813:January 2, 5746:2024-06-03 5696:0199297053 5690:. p. 153. 5093:1576078493 5070:2021-07-18 5016:References 4813:region of 4708:Saint-Malo 4638:See also: 4591:muscle Jew 4587:Max Nordau 4552:, and the 4544:fought in 4501:liberalism 4401:Manchester 4249:, was the 4192:Birmingham 4180:Italianate 4176:romanesque 4124:Birmingham 4112:Coningsby, 4040:Parliament 3961:Suez Canal 3949:Wellington 3932:. c. 26). 3902:Parliament 3597:Henry VIII 3448:in 1275. 3428:in 1275. 3338:or hats. 3233:pipe rolls 3217:Winchester 3213:Canterbury 3172:While the 3057:increased 3015:Parliament 2858:Birmingham 2834:Manchester 2828:(10,360), 2707:living in 2572:Maximalism 2524:Secularism 2504:Autonomism 2321:Literature 2114:Humanistic 1718:Azerbaijan 1680:Uzbekistan 1655:Tajikistan 1575:Kyrgyzstan 1560:Kazakhstan 1407:Mozambique 1382:Madagascar 1302:Cape Verde 1254:New Yishuv 1249:Old Yishuv 1200:Population 1178:Subbotniks 1136:Samaritans 1075:Romanyotim 1018:Ashkenazim 965:Old Yishuv 945:Sabbateans 932:Modern era 924:Golden Age 851:Bar Kokhba 571:Beit Yosef 438:Philosophy 89:Fox Fables 7960:Gibraltar 7762:Lithuania 7464:24872893M 7316:26454030M 7066:"England" 7001:144548144 6966:145690246 6931:143524467 6896:162088795 6861:143893052 6724:0962-9696 6718:: 33–91. 6658:2153-3369 6565:162019163 6400:April 21, 6372:0962-9688 6366:: 26–33. 6338:161265256 6322:0334-701X 6239:0014-3006 6197:2047-2331 6039:ii. 332a. 5970:Middlesex 5390:"England" 5111:USA Today 4817:and were 4777:Black Sea 4720:Holocaust 4546:Palestine 4429:Broughton 4386:Palestine 4372:In 1917, 4355:Newcastle 4339:North Sea 4271:Bar Cocba 4202:, but in 4172:classical 4165:Canonbury 4155:), or to 4049:knighted 4045:In 1837, 4001:descent. 3995:Sephardic 3984:port Jews 3935:In 1798, 3930:26 Geo. 2 3879:George II 3873:received 3851:knighting 3492:Brentford 3455:in 1276, 3422:Henry III 3420:In 1269, 3241:Strongbow 3197:Cambridge 3174:Crusaders 3114:Henry III 3110:King John 3099:Richard I 3042:Richard I 2965:the Crown 2864:(2,080). 2856:(2,330), 2854:Liverpool 2852:(2,730), 2848:(3,000), 2846:Gateshead 2844:(6,760), 2832:(7,920), 2812:(4,500), 2778:" during 2688:in 1290. 2582:Religious 2438:Zarphatic 2428:Bukharian 2398:Judeo-Tat 2383:Yeshivish 2357:Languages 2312:Sephardic 2302:Israelite 2292:Ethiopian 2282:Ashkenazi 2221:Religious 2011:Australia 1993:Venezuela 1899:Argentina 1881:Greenland 1793:Lithuania 1645:Sri Lanka 1640:Singapore 1565:Kurdistan 1530:Indonesia 1520:Hong Kong 1473:Abayudaya 1397:Mauritius 1131:Igbo Jews 1121:Krymchaks 1040:Sephardim 908:relations 802:Sadducees 798:Pharisees 788:Sanhedrin 703:Jerusalem 463:Synagogue 331:Etymology 7980:Svalbard 7965:Guernsey 7912:Abkhazia 7887:Scotland 7842:Slovenia 7837:Slovakia 7812:Portugal 7670:Bulgaria 7524:Archived 7507:Archived 7355:29779864 7199:(1584). 7019:BBC News 6732:29779979 6693:62709825 6380:29778865 6330:20101191 6247:48586988 6205:29777765 6191:: 1–91. 6134:36489013 5667:March 1, 5637:March 1, 5607:March 1, 5519:March 1, 5489:March 1, 5447:March 1, 5323:29777901 5095:, p. 236 4888:See also 4819:deported 4704:Guernsey 4595:Boer war 4509:Boer War 4503:, their 4425:Cheetham 4417:East End 4382:homeland 4367:the Cape 4359:New York 4319:May Laws 4317:and the 4143:such as 4137:East End 3769:Puritans 3731:Plymouth 3545:Henry IV 3534:Lombards 3484:Edward I 3457:Edward I 3292:chattels 3276:Normandy 3221:Stafford 3205:Thetford 3185:Henry II 3159:(1144). 3118:Edward I 3075:Crusades 3022:Henry II 2969:highways 2890:Caerleon 2878:soldiers 2862:Southend 2850:Brighton 2838:Trafford 2609:Category 2567:Kahanism 2514:Feminism 2486:Politics 2370:Biblical 2340:American 2287:Bukharan 2277:American 2177:Shidduch 2153:Clothing 2109:Haymanot 2055:Orthodox 1983:Suriname 1966:Paraguay 1919:Colombia 1818:Portugal 1728:Bulgaria 1665:Thailand 1615:Pakistan 1595:Mongolia 1590:Malaysia 1510:Cambodia 1484:Zimbabwe 1459:Tanzania 1337:Eswatini 1327:Ethiopia 1317:Djibouti 1297:Cameroon 1292:Botswana 1221:Diaspora 1183:Noahides 1156:Marranos 1080:Cochinim 1065:Bukharim 1055:Gruzinim 1045:Teimanim 1035:Mizrahim 1023:Galician 989:conflict 950:Hasidism 940:Haskalah 845:Diaspora 716:timeline 628:Timeline 541:Rabbinic 448:Kabbalah 423:Marriage 399:Tzedakah 389:Holidays 347:Religion 310:a series 308:Part of 261:• 259:Guernsey 257:• 253:• 249:• 247:Scotland 245:• 236:• 66:Medieval 7877:England 7867:Ukraine 7817:Romania 7777:Moldova 7735:Ireland 7730:Iceland 7725:Hungary 7715:Germany 7710:Georgia 7700:Finland 7695:Estonia 7690:Denmark 7675:Croatia 7660:Belgium 7655:Belarus 7645:Austria 7640:Armenia 7635:Andorra 7630:Albania 7456:4692428 7386:(1995). 7141:(2020) 7059:: 6430:25 June 6272:: 1–26. 6099:1453260 5684:(2010) 4796:Haganah 4684:fascist 4536:during 4513:Radical 4441:Yiddish 4392:State. 4390:Zionist 4351:Grimsby 4337:to its 4315:pogroms 4307:Tilbury 4243:Stepney 4233:of the 4200:Dalston 4149:Dalston 4145:Hackney 4129:Yiddish 4105:argues: 4095:baptism 4059:baronet 3951:in the 3829:Puritan 3627:Marrano 3562:Shylock 3541:Bologna 3300:tallage 3288:Saladin 3280:tallage 3245:Ireland 3229:Reading 3225:Windsor 3201:Norwich 3178:Germany 3141:Gentile 3087:Norwich 3038:Norwich 3034:Bristol 3030:Lincoln 2992:Henry I 2830:Salford 2818:Radlett 2674:England 2552:General 2543:Zionism 2519:Leftism 2509:Bundism 2433:Knaanic 2393:Yevanic 2378:Yiddish 2335:Yiddish 2330:Israeli 2307:Mizrahi 2297:Israeli 2268:Cuisine 2244:Ancient 2226:Secular 2172:Kashrut 2148:Wedding 2135:Customs 2127:Culture 2104:Science 2099:Renewal 2089:Karaite 2070:Hasidic 2002:Oceania 1988:Uruguay 1956:Jamaica 1936:Ecuador 1904:Bolivia 1848:Ukraine 1823:Romania 1798:Moldova 1778:Hungary 1768:Germany 1763:Georgia 1753:Finland 1748:Estonia 1743:Denmark 1738:Czechia 1723:Belarus 1713:Austria 1708:Armenia 1685:Vietnam 1600:Myanmar 1585:Lebanon 1505:Bahrain 1464:Tunisia 1442:Somalia 1417:Nigeria 1412:Namibia 1402:Morocco 1332:Eritrea 1277:Algeria 1161:Neofiti 1070:Italkim 1060:Juhurim 970:Zionism 919:Khazars 814:Sicarii 810:Zealots 806:Essenes 793:Schisms 658:Leaders 620:General 612:History 555:Tosefta 550:Midrash 527:Mishnah 509:Ketuvim 504:Nevi'im 453:Customs 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