857:
887:. Despite its origins, the cult itself was not associated with the promotion of anti-Jewish activity. The cult was a minor one even at its height. There is little evidence of a flourishing cult of William in Norwich – surviving financial records listing offerings made at his shrine at Norwich Cathedral suggest that, although its fortunes waxed and waned, for much of its history there were few pilgrims, although offerings continued to be made until at least 1521. A temporary boost to the shrine's popularity occurred after 1376, when William was adopted by the Norwich Peltier's Guild, whose annual service at the Cathedral included a child who played the part of William. There was also a scholars' guild dedicated to St William in the Norfolk town of
895:
1044:
41:
1130:, while the accusation of the Jews was made by William's family, who may have been prejudiced against them, including hatred of Jews in general, hatred of the Jews for being foreigners allied with the Normans, and hopes for gaining the local Jews' wealth for themselves. Raphael Langham, writing in 2005, believed that Theobald was a disturbed individual with a hatred of his own community and thus the most likely killer. In
2370:
794:
Thomas of
Monmouth supported his claims by saying that another converted former member of the Messianic cult told him that there was an argument over how to dispose of the body. Monmouth also says that a Christian servant woman glimpsed the child through a chink in a door. Another man is said to have
847:
There may also have been background conflicts between the cathedral, the sheriff and local people about rights in the city and suburbs. Monmouth repeatedly invokes God as the sole source of justice for Anglo-Saxons against corrupt Norman sheriffs. He also claims that John de
Chesney, the sheriff who
498:
In his time the Jews of
Norwich bought a Christian child before Easter, and tortured him with all the same tortures with which our Lord was tortured, and on Long-Friday hanged him on a cross for love of our Lord, and afterwards buried him—imagined that it would be concealed, but our Lord showed that
879:
in 1150 and close to the High Altar in 1151. Monmouth devotes most of his book not to the murder, but to the evidence for
William's sanctity, including mysterious lights seen around the body itself and miraculous cures effected on local devotees. Monmouth admits that some of the clergy, notably the
798:
Thomas of
Monmouth also quoted Theobald as follows, "I was, at that time at Cambridge, a Jew among Jews, and the commission of the crime was no secret to me. But in process of time, as I became acquainted with the glorious display of miracles which the divine power carried out through the merits of
1075:
to construct a consistent account, James argued that these were inventions or were unreliable, or were manipulated to fit the story. James maintained that the murder's ritual nature emerged only after a man named
Theobald, keen to ingratiate himself with the Christian community, promoted the idea.
949:
As a result of the feelings generated by the
William ritual murder story and subsequent intervention by the authorities on behalf of the accused, the growing suspicion of collusion between corrupt sheriffs and nobles and Jews fuelled the general anti-Jewish and anti-Norman mood of the population.
1146:
has frequently denounced this charge, yet it is equally true that in numerous instances the accusation of ritual murder was not made except with the vigorous support of local Church authorities. The author, Thomas of
Monmouth, a monk in the Norwich Benedictine monastery, was an exceptionally
843:
regarding capital crimes by French-speaking Jews being covered up by French-speaking
Normans. Tensions were particularly high during the reign of King Stephen when the murder occurred. Thomas of Monmouth alleges that the sheriff was bribed by the Norwich Jewish community to protect them.
1147:
credulous person. Jessop, one of the editors of Thomas's work, believes that our monkish author belongs to the class of those who are 'deceivers and being deceived'. In the specific case of
William of Norwich, the evidence, critically sifted, leads one to believe that he
1063:
The story of William's supposed martyrdom in a Jewish conspiracy persisted for many centuries. In 1853, an author attributed William's death to a conspiracy of "the Jews, then the leading doctors, merchants and scholars of the day", and that they escaped then punishment.
1141:
Writing in 1938, Jacob R. Marcus commented on the legacy of William of Norwich and other alleged cases like his: "Generations have believed that no Christian child was safe in Jewish hands. Hundreds of Jews have been imprisoned, killed, or burned alive on this charge.
611:. People came to look at him, and William was recognised. The body was then buried at the murder site. The following day, members of William's family, one of whom, Godwin Stuart, was a priest, confirmed him as the victim. He was then reburied following a
1511:
A photographic and historical guide to the parish churches of Central Norfolk : as defined by the 1914 deaneries of: Hingham, Holt, Humbleyard, Rockland, Sparham, Thetford and most of Depwade, Ingworth, Redenhall, Repps and Taverham and part of
981:, and the conflation of all non-Christians in the Medieval Christian imagination, led to the Jewish deputation attending the coronation of Richard in 1189 being attacked by the crowd. A widespread attack began on the Jewish population, leading to
1076:
James suggested other causes for William's death, including the possibility of it being an accident, or that William was killed and his murderer (or accidental killer) escaped detection by causing blame for the crime to be placed upon the Jews.
662:, but this plan did not succeed. There was no evidence in the initial accusations against local Jews that the murder was related to religious activity of any kind, but as the cult developed, so did a story of how and why William was killed.
1122:, probably perpetrated by the self-described "cook", noting that Thomas of Monmouth's account would imply that William's body was naked below the waist. Langmuir dismissed previous theories, adding that Theobald appeared to have been in
992:
and peasants revolted against the lords and attacked their supporters, especially Norwich's Jewish community. On 6 February 1190, the Jews who were found in their own houses at Norwich were killed; others had taken refuge in the castle.
1111:. In 1964, Marion Anderson developed this idea, suggesting that William had been told not to associate with Jews following one such masquerade; he died after being tortured by the Jews to find out why they were being ostracised.
211:, and the Priory's claims were largely ignored by the people of Norwich: "There is not a single extant calendar from the vicinity, other than those from the priory itself, that includes a commemoration of William."
578:
Having shaved his head, they stabbed it with countless thornpoints, and made the blood come horribly from the wounds they made...some of those present adjudged him to be fixed to a cross in mockery of the Lord's
780:, the oppressive taxation – all these things induced in the Jews of almost every land the hope that the day of their redemption had also come. Self-proclaimed Messiahs arose to lead the expectant masses back to
880:
Prior, Elias, were opposed to the cult on the grounds that there was little evidence of William's piety or martyrdom. Monmouth promoted the claims by providing evidence of visions of William and miracles.
2380:
645:. After the situation had calmed down, they returned to their homes. The issue was revived two years later, when a member of the Jewish community was murdered in an unrelated incident.
982:
499:
he was a holy martyr, and the monks took him, and buried him reverently in the minster, and through our Lord he performs wonderful and manifold miracles; and he is called St. William.
567:
to let her son go. William and the man then visited the child's aunt, who told her daughter to follow William and the man. The last time William was seen alive by his family was on
1000:, Norwich, in 2004 a well with the remains of the remains of at least 6 adults and 11 children was discovered. Analysis showed strong affinities to living Ashkenazi Jewish groups.
828:, and were closely associated with them. The "Jewry" was very close to the Castle, a pattern seen in other English towns where Jews were under the protection of the Normans.
532:, he appears to have interviewed surviving witnesses of the event and claimed to have obtained inside information about Norwich's Jewish community. His account is set out in
1629:
Brace, Selina; Diekmann, Yoan; Booth, Thomas; Macleod, Ruairidh; Timpson, Adrian; Stephen, Will; Emery, Giles; Cabot, Sophie; Thomas, Mark G.; Barnes, Ian (30 August 2022).
1179:
for "a scholarly study that contributes significantly to interpretation of the intellectual and cultural condition of humanity" and was named a "Top Ten Book in History" by
2410:
883:
Historian Paul Dalton states that the cult of William was predominantly "protective and pacificatory" in character, having similarities to that of another child saint,
729:
and who had cast lots to select where in Europe his followers were to commit the murder. The lots had allegedly fallen first upon England and then upon Norwich and the
175:
1144. The city's French-speaking Jewish community was blamed for his death, but the crime was never solved. William's case is the first known example of a medieval
1126:
when the murder was committed. The theory that Theobald killed William was revived in 1988 by Zefirah Rokeah. It has been suggested that the killer was an unknown
462:
812:
The Jewish community is thought to have been established in Norwich by 1135, only nine years before the murder, though one Jew called 'Isaac' is recorded in the
756:
cults led by pseudo-messiahs and mentions the recent violent deaths of just such a pseudo-messianic cult-leader and his followers in France. According to Jewish
1787:
950:
After Thomas of Monmouth's version of William's death circulated a number of other unsolved child murders were attributed to Jewish conspiracies, including
652:
In the meanwhile, William's body had been moved to the monastery cemetery. Bishop de Turbeville and other members of the local clergy attempted to create a
2596:
1138:
points out that a botched road robbery or kidnapping, which was a frequent cause of death in the region during this period, could explain William's death.
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Thomas of Monmouth's account is attributed to the testimony of a monk and former Jew named Theobald of Cambridge. Theobald alleged that the murder was a
799:
the blessed martyr William, I became much afraid, and following the dictates of my conscience, I forsook Judaism, and turned to the Christian faith."
740:
from the period, self-appointed Messiahs and their followers were far from unusual in Europe or the Middle East during the 12th century. For example,
875:
After being buried in the monk's cemetery, the body of William was moved to progressively more prestigious places in the church, being placed in the
910:
Images of William as a martyr were created for some churches, mostly in the vicinity of Norwich. A panel of painted oak, depicting William and
872:
may at least in part have been financially motivated. The Bishop encouraged Thomas of Monmouth to question local people and to write his book.
534:
243:
203:
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the Jews looked forward to the coming of the Messiah and the return to the Holy Land. Persecutions at the hands of Christian Crusaders and
512:, it is difficult to distinguish the facts of the case from the story of martyrdom created around it by Monmouth. Thomas of Monmouth was a
455:
2636:
1087:
trance and died as a result of burial. Jacobs pointed out that Jews would have had to carry the body through Norwich to get to the wood.
988:
The attacks were followed by others throughout England. When the Norman nobility of Norwich attempted to suppress these activities, the
559:, often coming into contact with members of the city's Jewish population. His mother was approached by a man claiming to work for the
2386:
377:
1857:
Cubbit, Catherine (2004). "Images of St. Peter: The Clergy and the Religious Life in Anglo-Saxon England". In Cavill, Paul (ed.).
448:
635:
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William's family and their fellow English quickly blamed the local Jewish community for the crime and demanded justice from the
2034:
424:
926:. The screen was commissioned by Ralph Segrym (died 1472), a merchant who became a Member of Parliament and Mayor of Norwich.
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confessed on his deathbed, years after the events, that he saw a group of Jews transporting a body on a horse in the woods.
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argued that a different type of mock crucifixion may have led to the accusations against Jews, because of the traditional
856:
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If Thomas of Monmouth's claims about the case were accurate, however, both Jewish and Christian records and chronicles in
693:
continued to experience at the hands of his followers. While there is no such commandment for human sacrifice anywhere in
2656:
2374:
1454:
1027:
362:
2440:
1455:"St Agatha Holding Pincers and a Breast; St William of Norwich with Three Nails in His Head (panel from a rood screen)"
367:
148:
894:
2341:
Stacey, Robert (2001). "Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State". In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.).
1876:
Dalton, Paul (2000). "Civil War and Ecclessiastical Peace in the Reign of King Stephen". In Dunn, Diana E. S. (ed.).
140:
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speculated in 1897 that William's family had held a mock crucifixion over Easter, during which William fell into a
722:
1247:
2641:
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428:
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253:
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in London; William is shown holding a hammer and with three nails in his head. The panel was formerly part of a
1988:
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informed his followers among the French-speaking Jewish communities of England by both messengers and letters.
631:
412:
372:
227:
1956:
1631:"Genomes from a medieval mass burial show Ashkenazi-associated hereditary diseases pre-date the 12th century"
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following local tradition. Conflicts between local Anglo-Saxons and Normans may well have lent themselves to
821:
432:
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1155:
found after he had died a violent death. Everything beyond this, however, is in the realm of speculation."
959:
420:
318:
638:, advised them that the ecclesiastical court had no jurisdiction over them, as they were not Christians.
2142:
2027:
1837:
2646:
2052:"Jewish Ritual Murder: William of Norwich, Thomas of Monmouth, and the Early Dissemination of the Myth"
1962:
1934:
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1248:"Paper on William of Norwich presented to the Jewish Historical Society of England by Raphael Langham"
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817:
730:
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had become less tolerant. This, in conjunction with the increase in national opinion in favour of a
2553:
646:
599:, Henry de Sprowston, came across William in his jacket and shoes. Henry saw that the boy had been
764:, which began in the eleventh century, stimulated Messianic movements all over the world. Both in
2233:
2149:
929:
William is depicted on the rood screens of a number of other Norfolk churches: St Mary's Church,
2559:
2007:
2295:
1176:
773:
547:
According to Thomas of Monmouth, William was born on 2 February 1132 to a local couple. He was
484:
1859:
The Christian Tradition in Anglo-Saxon England: Approaches to Current Scholarship and Teaching
2482:
1043:
868:
The wish of the local clergy, in particular, of Bishop William de Turbeville, to establish a
686:
669:
and that the "ancient writings of his fathers" required the yearly killing of a Christian on
623:
560:
490:
248:
2464:
626:. Members of the Jewish community were summoned by the Bishop to attend court and submit to
257:
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2511:
2403:
1642:
1100:
1019:
970:
951:
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in 1150 to state the case for William's claim to sainthood. However he was never formally
8:
2529:
2488:
2296:
Medieval Sourcebook: Thomas of Monmouth; The Life and Miracles of William of Norwich 1173
1939:
1023:
1008:
753:
698:
338:
1764:
1673:
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2329:
2321:
2283:
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2085:
2077:
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1686:
1004:
563:, who offered William a job in the Archdeacon's kitchens. Agreeing, she was paid three
509:
287:
183:
116:
69:
2348:
2333:
2301:
2287:
2237:
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2153:
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2013:
1992:
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1966:
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1862:
1843:
1690:
1678:
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1525:
1515:
1483:
1115:
840:
836:
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would have made at least some mention of a violent messianic cult based at Narbonne.
702:
556:
529:
521:
269:
191:
2313:
2267:
2209:
Chaucerian Polity: Absolutist Lineages and Associational Forms in England and Italy
2170:
The Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary, and Archaeological Perspectives
2144:
The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe
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1948:
1913:
1792:
1668:
1650:
1206:
The Murder of William of Norwich: The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe
1181:
911:
765:
745:
706:
659:
387:
277:
99:
2266:(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Folklore Enterprises, Ltd.: 311–314.
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2342:
2227:
2168:
2117:
1982:
1015:
1011:. Jews were not officially allowed to resettle in England until after 1655, when
938:
861:
788:
694:
666:
627:
588:
346:
264:
195:
126:
88:
2547:
2517:
2470:
1012:
955:
888:
737:
726:
642:
342:
313:
2271:
1655:
2575:
2541:
2258:
Bennett, Gillian (2005). "William of Norwich and the Expulsion of the Jews".
2017:
1970:
1897:
1664:
1529:
1080:
876:
825:
813:
769:
749:
718:
690:
678:
608:
584:
820:
or "Jewry", located in what is now the Haymarket and White Lion Street. The
2446:
2042:
1682:
934:
903:
832:
776:, the Christian conquest of Palestine, the political changes in the map of
761:
612:
568:
513:
403:
106:
46:
40:
1026:. While the Conference reached no verdict, it is seen as the beginning of
194:'s Priory, which took possession of his relics. William was promoted as a
2426:
1576:
1251:
1068:
997:
974:
963:
919:
899:
884:
757:
670:
199:
187:
176:
132:
2279:
2229:
Saints and their Communities: Miracle Stories in Twelfth-Century England
2325:
2137:
2081:
2051:
1952:
1925:
1901:
1135:
1096:
1084:
777:
741:
548:
164:
848:
protected the city's Jews, was later punished with internal bleeding.
1123:
1119:
1072:
781:
674:
208:
2317:
2073:
1917:
649:
agreed to look into the matter, but later decided not to pursue it.
603:
before suffering a violent death. It was decided to bury the boy in
1143:
930:
710:
596:
564:
322:
1958:
The Life and Miracles of William of Norwich by Thomas of Monmouth
1709:
1052:
978:
937:
depict William holding nails; the screen in Holy Trinity Church,
525:
168:
65:
2369:
989:
673:. This was allegedly for two reasons: to one day return to the
517:
172:
2395:
571:, was when he and the man went into the house of a local Jew.
1369:
1108:
1104:
682:
382:
1258:
1323:
1321:
1056:
1003:
Hostility against Jews continued until, in 1290, Jews were
714:
494:, contains an account of the murder of William of Norwich:
2387:
St William's Chapel shown on a 25-inch Ordnance Survey map
2116:
Rawcliffe, Carole; Wilson, Richard George C, eds. (2006).
1536:
1107:
enacted by Medieval Provençal Jews during the festival of
574:
Thomas claims William was tortured before being murdered:
2304:(1984). "Thomas of Monmouth: Detector of Ritual Murder".
1882:. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. p. 55.
1628:
1270:
1211:
701:, Theobald further alleged that William's murderers were
600:
592:
1598:
1413:
1411:
1318:
16:
12th-century English boy whose murder was blamed on Jews
2294:
Fordham University: the Jesuit University of New York.
1398:
1396:
1308:
1306:
508:
Since most information about William's life comes from
198:
by the Priory. They commissioned Monmouth to write the
131:
Depicted holding nails, with nail wounds or undergoing
2344:
The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1055:
quarter is shown (in green) enclosing it. The English
2029:
The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book 315-1791
1814:
1697:
1610:
1586:
1435:
1423:
1408:
1345:
541:
Vita et Passione Sancti Willelmi Martyris Norwicensis
1879:
War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain
1733:
1393:
1381:
1333:
1303:
1049:
Map of Norwich to illustrate the story of St William
182:
The only detailed information about William is from
1357:
1282:
45:William depicted in St Peter and St Paul's Church,
2141:
2026:
1797:
1721:
860:The site of the chapel consecrated to William on
2573:
2347:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–77.
1745:
1067:The first analysis of the murder was written by
2115:
1375:
1508:
1481:
1134:(2015), the medieval historian and journalist
1033:
535:The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich
204:The Life and Miracles of St William of Norwich
121:26 March (removed from the Universal Calendar)
2411:
456:
1947:
1715:
1276:
1264:
1071:in 1896. Noting Thomas of Monmouth's use of
958:(d. 1181). The best-known of these was
2597:Antisemitic attacks and incidents in Europe
705:according to the standards of conventional
583:According to Thomas, the body was found on
539:
2418:
2404:
835:descent and several of his relatives were
463:
449:
39:
2381:The forgotten chapel – William of Norwich
1672:
1654:
1583:, Paris: Biographie Payot, 1999, pp.94–5.
1090:
962:(d. 1255). This became known as the
641:He then took the Jews into protection in
2049:
1977:
1739:
1297:
1118:endorsed a theory that the murder was a
1051:(1896). The "Jewry" is in red, with the
1042:
893:
855:
475:
2206:
2187:
2166:
2005:
1703:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1581:Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-chevalier
1542:
1477:
1475:
1441:
1217:
2574:
2225:
2096:
2035:Union of American Hebrew Congregations
2024:
1932:
1896:
1875:
1856:
1820:
1727:
1429:
1417:
1402:
1387:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1312:
1208:, p.98, Oxford University Press (2015)
807:
709:. The murder was allegedly ordered at
591:, north of the city. It was seen by a
2399:
2099:Cathedral Shrines of Medieval England
1835:
1785:
1363:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
822:Jews were a French-speaking community
503:
171:. He suffered a violent death during
149:Congregation for the Causes of Saints
2136:
1751:
1472:
983:massacres of Jews at London and York
1984:Toward a Definition of Antisemitism
1779:
1765:"Ralph Waldo Emerson Award Winners"
1757:
1548:
1447:
1028:resettlement of the Jews in England
13:
2637:Incidents of violence against boys
2441:Prozess gegen die Juden von Trient
2251:
1788:"The Murder of William of Norwich"
1223:
1047:Map based on Jessop's and James's
528:in around 1150. Encouraged by the
14:
2673:
2362:
2122:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
941:depicts William being crucified.
167:who lived in the English city of
2368:
2012:. London: Thomas Cautley Newby.
1902:"Review: St. William of Norwich"
1839:English Heritage Book of Norwich
1132:The Murder of William of Norwich
1022:to debate the proposals made by
2425:
2066:The University of Chicago Press
1829:
1622:
1570:
1502:
1165:
1038:
831:William and his family were of
222:This is a part of the series on
1989:University of California Press
1556:"Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln"
1198:
1114:In 1984, Canadian Medievalist
924:Church of St John Maddermarket
914:, is in the collection of the
373:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753
1:
2211:. Stanford University Press.
2006:Madders, Susan Swain (1853).
1192:
717:leader who had, similarly to
160:
79:
50:
2612:Burials at Norwich Cathedral
2536:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln
2391:National Library of Scotland
1767:. The Phi Beta Kappa Society
1171:The study received the 2016
960:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln
944:
7:
2662:Unsolved murders in England
2592:12th-century English people
1786:Jones, Dan (26 July 2015).
1376:Rawcliffe & Wilson 2006
1034:Other theories of the crime
283:Statute of the Jewry (1275)
214:
111:Never officially canonised.
10:
2678:
2657:People murdered in England
2167:Skinner, Patricia (2003).
2050:McCulloh, John M. (1997).
1963:Cambridge University Press
1459:Victoria and Albert Museum
996:During the development of
916:Victoria and Albert Museum
802:
754:heterodox and syncretistic
752:against joining similarly
2498:
2433:
2272:10.1080/00155870500282768
2190:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2188:Swanton, Michael (1997).
2025:Marcus, Jacob R. (1938).
1656:10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.036
1173:Ralph Waldo Emerson Award
816:of 1086. Most lived in a
750:Jewish community of Yemen
736:According to many Jewish
331:Medieval Jewish buildings
309:Harold of Gloucester 1168
288:Edict of Expulsion (1290)
244:Early history (1066–1290)
138:
125:
115:
105:
95:
75:
61:
38:
23:
2554:Holy Child of La Guardia
2101:. Boydell & Brewer.
1716:Jessopp & James 1896
1277:Jessopp & James 1896
1265:Jessopp & James 1896
1158:
488:, a continuation of the
304:William of Norwich, 1144
2617:Child murder in England
2602:Antisemitism in England
2234:Oxford University Press
2207:Wallace, David (1997).
2150:Oxford University Press
1933:Jacobs, Joseph (1906).
1906:Jewish Quarterly Review
1509:Pye, Adrian S. (2010).
1482:Pye, Adrian S. (2010).
851:
630:, but the local Norman
278:Statute of Jewry (1253)
2642:Jewish English history
2622:Christian child saints
2226:Yarrow, Simon (2006).
2009:Rambles in an Old City
1953:James, Montague Rhodes
1177:Phi Beta Kappa Society
1091:20th century – present
1060:
933:and St John's Church,
907:
865:
581:
540:
501:
485:Peterborough Chronicle
296:Blood libel in England
265:Synod of Oxford (1222)
163:22 March 1144) was an
2447:Trial of Raphael Levy
2377:at Wikimedia Commons.
2192:. London: Routledge.
1836:Ayers, Brian (1994).
1488:norfolkchurches.co.uk
1046:
1005:expelled from England
971:Richard the Lionheart
902:of St John's Church,
897:
859:
687:religious persecution
624:William de Turbeville
576:
561:Archdeacon of Norwich
496:
491:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
477:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
425:Isle of Man
319:Hugh of Lincoln, 1255
249:Exchequer of the Jews
190:monk and a member of
2560:Gabriel of Białystok
2512:Harold of Gloucester
2383:from Invisible Works
2097:Nilson, Ben (1998).
1935:"William of Norwich"
1842:. London: Batsford.
1641:(20): 4350–4359.e6.
1254:on 24 December 2013.
1079:The literary critic
1020:Whitehall Conference
952:Harold of Gloucester
620:ecclesiastical court
605:unconsecrated ground
524:, having arrived in
437:Anglo-Jewish studies
343:Jew's House, Lincoln
314:Robert of Bury, 1181
2652:People from Norwich
2530:Werner of Oberwesel
2489:Massena blood libel
1940:Jewish Encyclopedia
1647:2022CBio...32E4350B
1545:, pp. 31, 130.
1330:, pp. 125–126.
1220:, pp. 265–266.
1095:In 1933, historian
1024:Menasseh ben Israel
954:(d. 1168) and
841:conspiracy theories
808:The Jews in Norwich
699:Rabbinic literature
368:Marranos in England
363:Resettlement (1655)
339:Guildford Synagogue
2524:Dominguito del Val
2506:William of Norwich
2477:Shiraz blood libel
2465:Tiszaeszlár affair
2459:Rhodes blood libel
2375:William of Norwich
2302:Langmuir, Gavin I.
1979:Langmuir, Gavin I.
1558:. Britannica. 2024
1484:"Norfolk Churches"
1151:and that his body
1061:
1059:is show in purple.
973:attitudes towards
908:
866:
760:Jacob R. Marcus, "
516:that lived in the
510:Thomas of Monmouth
504:Thomas of Monmouth
184:Thomas of Monmouth
157:William of Norwich
70:Kingdom of England
2647:Jewish messianism
2569:
2568:
2434:Notable incidents
2373:Media related to
2354:978-0-8264-4349-6
2243:978-01915-1-579-8
2218:978-0-8047-2724-2
2199:978-0-415-92129-9
2180:978-0-85115-931-7
2173:. Boydell Press.
2159:978-0-19-021962-8
2129:978-18528-5-449-2
2108:978-0-85115-808-2
1998:978-0-520-06143-9
1949:Jessopp, Augustus
1889:978-08532-3-885-0
1868:978-08599-1-841-1
1849:978-0-7134-7568-5
1802:on 6 October 2016
1607:, pp. 29–32.
1521:978-0-9558797-3-9
1267:, pp. 14–15.
1116:Gavin I. Langmuir
1018:commissioned the
522:Norwich Cathedral
473:
472:
323:"Sir Hugh" ballad
271:Domus Conversorum
192:Norwich Cathedral
154:
153:
96:Venerated in
32:(cult suppressed)
2669:
2627:Folk Catholicism
2491:(New York, 1928)
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2372:
2358:
2337:
2291:
2247:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2163:
2147:
2133:
2119:Medieval Norwich
2112:
2093:
2046:
2032:
2021:
2002:
1974:
1944:
1929:
1893:
1872:
1853:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1796:. Archived from
1793:The Sunday Times
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1658:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1250:. Archived from
1244:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1186:
1182:The Sunday Times
1169:
1149:actually existed
969:By the reign of
912:Agatha of Sicily
885:Faith of Conques
746:Epistle to Yemen
723:declared himself
707:Orthodox Judaism
660:Christian martyr
658:around him as a
543:
514:Benedictine monk
465:
458:
451:
388:Whitechapel Boys
254:Early literature
219:
218:
162:
100:Folk Catholicism
85:
81:
55:
52:
43:
21:
20:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2499:Alleged victims
2494:
2473:(Czechia, 1899)
2467:(Hungary, 1882)
2453:Damascus affair
2429:
2424:
2365:
2355:
2340:
2318:10.2307/2846698
2300:
2257:
2254:
2252:Further reading
2244:
2236:. p. 131.
2219:
2200:
2181:
2160:
2130:
2109:
2074:10.2307/3040759
1999:
1943:. Vol. 12.
1918:10.2307/1450801
1890:
1869:
1861:. D.S. Brewer.
1850:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1635:Current Biology
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1554:
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1480:
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1394:
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1263:
1259:
1246:
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1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1093:
1041:
1036:
1016:Oliver Cromwell
947:
922:at the Norwich
862:Mousehold Heath
854:
837:married priests
810:
805:
789:Southern France
774:Moslem fanatics
738:primary sources
695:Jewish theology
685:Christ for the
667:human sacrifice
636:John de Chesney
628:trial by ordeal
506:
480:
469:
413:Jews in Ireland
230:Jews in England
229:
217:
196:Christian saint
144:
87:
83:
57:
53:
34:
30:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2675:
2665:
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2649:
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2639:
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2624:
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2609:
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2599:
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2564:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2548:Simon of Trent
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2518:Robert of Bury
2515:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2485:(Russia, 1913)
2480:
2479:(Persia, 1910)
2474:
2471:Hilsner Affair
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2364:
2363:External links
2361:
2360:
2359:
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2298:
2292:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2232:. Oxford, UK:
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2107:
2094:
2047:
2033:. Cincinnati:
2022:
2003:
1997:
1975:
1945:
1930:
1912:(4): 748–755.
1898:Jacobs, Joseph
1894:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1823:, p. 121.
1813:
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1609:
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1471:
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 157.
1422:
1420:, p. 131.
1407:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1354:, p. 125.
1344:
1342:, p. 247.
1332:
1317:
1315:, p. 524.
1302:
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1257:
1222:
1210:
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1194:
1191:
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1157:
1101:mock execution
1092:
1089:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1013:Lord Protector
956:Robert of Bury
946:
943:
853:
850:
818:Jewish quarter
809:
806:
804:
801:
731:pseudo-messiah
727:Jewish Messiah
681:and to punish
643:Norwich Castle
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2483:Beilis affair
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2319:
2315:
2312:(4): 820–46.
2311:
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1817:
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1795:
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1753:
1748:
1741:
1740:McCulloh 1997
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1706:, p. 44.
1705:
1700:
1692:
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1670:
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1648:
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1636:
1632:
1625:
1619:, p. 30.
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1595:, p. 31.
1594:
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1450:
1444:, p. 95.
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1405:, p. 55.
1404:
1399:
1397:
1390:, p. 52.
1389:
1384:
1378:, p. 18.
1377:
1372:
1366:, p. 47.
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1298:Langmuir 1996
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1279:, p. 21.
1278:
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1081:Joseph Jacobs
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1009:King Edward I
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889:Bishop's Lynn
886:
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877:chapter house
873:
871:
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858:
849:
845:
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829:
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826:Anglo-Normans
823:
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814:Domesday Book
800:
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719:Sabbatai Zevi
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691:Jewish people
688:
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679:Messianic Age
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141:Catholic cult
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90:
82:22 March 1144
78:
74:
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48:
42:
37:
33:
22:
19:
2505:
2343:
2309:
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2263:
2259:
2228:
2208:
2189:
2169:
2148:. New York:
2143:
2118:
2098:
2061:
2055:
2028:
2008:
1983:
1957:
1938:
1909:
1905:
1878:
1858:
1838:
1830:Bibliography
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1791:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1718:, Chapter 4.
1711:
1704:Madders 1853
1699:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1617:Skinner 2003
1612:
1605:Skinner 2003
1600:
1593:Skinner 2003
1588:
1580:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1550:
1543:Skinner 2003
1538:
1510:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1487:
1462:. Retrieved
1449:
1442:Wallace 1997
1437:
1425:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1272:
1260:
1252:the original
1218:Swanton 1997
1213:
1205:
1204:Rose, E.M.,
1200:
1180:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1113:
1094:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1048:
1039:19th century
1002:
995:
987:
975:English Jews
968:
948:
935:Garboldisham
928:
909:
904:Garboldisham
882:
874:
869:
867:
846:
830:
811:
797:
793:
786:
770:Moslem lands
762:The Crusades
735:
664:
653:
651:
647:King Stephen
640:
617:
613:Requiem Mass
582:
577:
573:
569:Holy Tuesday
546:
533:
507:
497:
489:
483:
481:
476:
404:British Jews
378:Emancipation
347:Moyse's Hall
303:
270:
258:
202:
181:
156:
155:
84:(1144-03-22)
47:Eye, Suffolk
31:
18:
2632:Folk saints
2607:Blood libel
2587:1144 deaths
2582:1132 births
2427:Blood libel
2068:: 698–740.
1821:Marcus 1938
1728:Jacobs 1897
1577:Flori, Jean
1514:. : ASPYE.
1430:Nilson 1998
1418:Yarrow 2006
1403:Dalton 2000
1388:Cubbit 2004
1352:Marcus 1938
1340:Marcus 1938
1328:Marcus 1938
1313:Jacobs 1906
1073:testimonies
1069:M. R. James
998:Chapelfield
964:blood libel
920:rood screen
900:rood screen
833:Anglo-Saxon
824:, like the
758:Medievalist
677:during the
671:Good Friday
595:, before a
589:Thorpe Wood
549:apprenticed
273:(est. 1232)
188:Benedictine
177:blood libel
133:crucifixion
89:Thorpe Wood
54: 1500
2576:Categories
2138:Rose, E.M.
1806:21 January
1771:21 January
1562:21 January
1364:Ayers 1994
1193:References
1144:The Papacy
1136:E. M. Rose
1097:Cecil Roth
1085:cataleptic
778:Asia Minor
748:warns the
742:Maimonides
725:to be the
622:of Bishop
259:Fox Fables
165:apprentice
147:After the
143:suppressed
127:Attributes
2389:from the
2334:162522804
2288:153719625
2090:162659843
2018:747741334
1971:697977493
1752:Rose 2015
1691:251935757
1665:0960-9822
1530:751828243
1124:Cambridge
1120:sex crime
945:Aftermath
906:, Norfolk
782:Jerusalem
766:Christian
744:' 1173/4
689:that the
675:Holy Land
565:shillings
209:canonised
107:Canonized
91:, Norwich
2306:Speculum
2280:30035298
2260:Folklore
2140:(2015).
2057:Speculum
1981:(1996).
1955:(1896).
1900:(1897).
1683:36044903
1674:10499757
1512:Breccles
1464:21 March
990:yeomanry
931:Worstead
711:Narbonne
703:heretics
597:forester
579:Passion.
431:•
429:Guernsey
427:•
423:•
419:•
417:Scotland
415:•
406:•
236:Medieval
215:Accounts
2326:2846698
2082:3040759
2043:2033988
1926:1450801
1643:Bibcode
1490:. ASPYE
1175:of the
979:Crusade
864:in 2010
803:Context
713:, by a
632:sheriff
553:skinner
526:Norwich
396:Related
169:Norwich
66:Norwich
29:William
2562:(1690)
2556:(1491)
2550:(1475)
2544:(1462)
2538:(1255)
2532:(1287)
2526:(1250)
2520:(1181)
2514:(1168)
2508:(1142)
2461:(1840)
2455:(1840)
2449:(1670)
2443:(1475)
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2105:
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2016:
1995:
1969:
1924:
1886:
1865:
1846:
1689:
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1671:
1663:
1528:
1518:
1494:8 June
1128:sadist
1053:Norman
939:Loddon
870:cultus
655:cultus
601:gagged
557:tanner
530:bishop
518:Priory
433:Jersey
355:Modern
173:Easter
159:(died
2330:S2CID
2322:JSTOR
2284:S2CID
2276:JSTOR
2086:S2CID
2078:JSTOR
2064:(3).
1922:JSTOR
1687:S2CID
1159:Notes
1109:Purim
1105:Haman
1057:burgh
683:Jesus
551:to a
421:Wales
383:Chuts
117:Feast
25:Saint
2349:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2039:OCLC
2014:OCLC
1993:ISBN
1967:OCLC
1884:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1808:2024
1773:2024
1679:PMID
1661:ISSN
1564:2024
1526:OCLC
1516:ISBN
1496:2019
1466:2013
898:The
852:Cult
768:and
715:cult
555:and
482:The
408:List
186:, a
76:Died
62:Born
2314:doi
2268:doi
2264:116
2070:doi
1914:doi
1669:PMC
1651:doi
1153:was
1103:of
1007:by
784:."
697:or
607:on
593:nun
587:in
544:).
520:at
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1987:.
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1639:32
1637:.
1633:.
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1524:.
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1395:^
1320:^
1305:^
1284:^
1225:^
1030:.
985:.
966:.
891:.
721:,
634:,
615:.
435:;
345:;
341:;
321:;
256:;
179:.
161:c.
80:c.
68:,
51:c.
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2001:.
1973:.
1928:.
1916::
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