1379:
366:'s accession showed the danger such property was liable to if no record was kept of the debts owed to the Jews. Accordingly, Richard in 1194 ordered that duplicates should be taken of all Jewish debt records and kept in this or in other central repositories: "All the debts, pledges, mortgages, lands, houses, rents, and possessions of the Jews shall be registered ... no contract shall be made with, nor payment, made to, the Jews, nor any alteration made in the charters, except before the said persons".
1172:. 3 vols. Cambridge: Printed for the (Jewish Historical Society of England) at the University Press (I. Introduction. Notes on the transliteration of Hebrew proper names. Latin, French, Hebrew texts, translations and notes.βII. Tables. List of abbreviations and bibliography. Vocabulary, by F. A. Lincoln. Excurses: The legal background of the starrs, by F. A. Lincoln; On Sir Adam de Stratton, by W. Page: On Westmill, by Archibald Jackson; On usury, by
1237:
604:
mentioned in
Ginzburg's book, Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath: "The lepers' extermination was the first time in the history of Europe that such huge programme of segregation was undertaken". "In succeeding centuries other protagonists would take the lepers' place, the mad, the poor, the criminal and Jews. The lepers led the way."
608:
marginal from a geographical or ethnic-religious point of view (e.g. Jews), promising them money in exchange of execution of the plot". The plot is materially executed by other groups (e.g. lepers), who because of their age, their social inferiority or both of these reasons, are readily susceptible to false promises of wealth and power.
574:
these lists still exist. Various pleas entered by Jew or
Christian dealt with the rate of interest, its lapse during the minority of an heir, the alleged forgeries of chirographs, and the like, and were recorded on the plea rolls of the Exchequer. A volume of the more important of these was published in 1902 jointly by the
416:
the thing concealed. Likewise six or seven places shall be provided in which they shall make all their contracts, and there shall be appointed two lawyers that are
Christians and two lawyers that are Jews, and two legal registrars, and before them and the clerks of William of the Church of St. Mary's and
624:
Information about the
Exchequer of the Jews, its development, background, purpose, and use, was found exclusively in the Christian chronicles' records of those centuries. Although known for their remarkable accuracy and their credibility, these historians nonetheless had little sympathy or charity to
447:
The creation of a separate institution to deal with the monies of the Jews was not wholly unique for those times. The Jews of
England enjoyed a qualified autonomy by the hands of the king in several additional matters. For example, they had latitude in rate of the interest for loans they gave (though
499:
were preserved in each regional centre. Each chest had three locks, with one set of keys held by two designated Jews, one set by two designated
Christians, and the third by two royal clerks; so they could only be opened if all three acted together. The chests themselves, or more frequently the lists
415:
All the debts, pledges, mortgages, lands, houses, rents, and possessions of the Jews shall be registered. The Jew who shall conceal any of these shall forfeit to the King his body and the thing concealed, and likewise all his possessions and chattels, neither shall it be lawful to the Jew to recover
615:
Jews and lepers were both vulnerable to persecution. However, the most noticeable difference between Jews and other minorities was the Jews' wealth. As
Ginzburg puts it: "We would doubtless have been exterminated, had not our great wealth made the Christians greedy enough to demand ransom". Several
599:
At first glance it could seem as if what drove the persecution of Jews were unique acts of pure anti-Semitism directed towards the Jewish population of medieval
England. However, a close comparative reading sheds light to the reality that such persecution was not unique to the treatment of Jews but
437:
And from henceforth no contract shall be made with, nor payment, made to, the Jews, nor any alteration made in the charters, except before the said persons or the greater part of them, if all of them cannot be present. And the aforesaid two
Christians shall have one roll of the debts or receipts of
330:
show that the Jews of
England were a major source of revenue to the Crown early in the twelfth century. "The intent was to use the Jewry as a reservoir equally open to receive and closed to retain the surplus wealth of the surrounding population, so that the Crown will never lack a fund on which to
573:
received its name from being the depository for the latter class of deeds, but this etymology is refuted by modern scholarship. The tax-lists for the tallages were made out by the Jewish assistants of the Exchequer, who were acquainted with the financial condition of each Jew on the list; many of
442:
Moreover every Jew shall swear on his Roll, that all his debts and pledges and rents, and all his goods and his possessions, he shall cause to be enrolled, and that he shall conceal nothing as is aforesaid. And if he shall know that anyone shall conceal anything he shall secretly reveal it to the
434:
Moreover the clerks of the said William and William shall keep a roll of the transcripts of all the charters, and as the charters shall be altered so let the roll be likewise. For every charter there shall be three pence paid, one moiety thereof by the Jews and the other moiety by him to whom the
603:
Much of the time mass accusations and persecution of minority groups were justified in the name of God (and/or attributed the evil doings of the 'designated minority group' in the name of the devil). Similar justification was used in the persecution of the Jews during England's crusade mania. As
607:
Ginzburg describes "the casual chain of conspiracy", which was fed by hostilities towards the least protected groups. In his view there was almost always a Muslim sovereign at the head of the chain: "Directly or indirectly these Muslim characters conspire with isolated figures or with groups,
431:
And charters shall be made of their contracts by way of indenture. And one part of the indenture shall remain with the Jew, sealed with the seal of him, to whom the money is lent, and the other part shall remain in the common chest: wherein there shall be three locks and keys, whereof the two
590:
The office of the Exchequer of the Jews survived for almost a century. The expulsion of England's Jewry in 1290 signaled the end of the office of Exchequer of the Jews, though some cases with reference to the debts of the Jews can be found in some year-books through the reign of Edward II
541:'s rule justices held their posts for a very short time, and in 1272 and 1287 they were dismissed for corruption, handsome presents having been made to them, nominally for the use of the king, in order to expedite the legal proceedings. The court did not survive the
461:
of tenements in the City of London were handed over to the mayor's court, and at times cases of this kind were brought before the ordinary justices in eyre or the hundred-court. It was before this court of the Jewish Exchequer that in 1257 the trial of Chief Rabbi
500:
held by the royal clerks of the debts contained in them, were sent up for "scrutiny" to Westminster, where the justices would report to the king as to the capability of the Jewry to bear further tallage. In the middle of the thirteenth century the number of such
432:
Christians shall keep one key, and the two Jews another, and the clerks of William of the Church of St Mary and of William of Chimilli shall keep the third. And moreover, there shall be three seals to it, and those who keep the seals shall put the seals thereto.
512:
The Exchequer of the Jews was one of the means which enabled the kings to bring pressure upon the lesser baronage, who therefore claimed in 1251 the right to elect one of the justices of the Jews. These were at first men of some distinction, like
616:
times during pogroms against minorities, following one conspiracy or another, the Jews ended up subjected to less killing or damage. The main source of punishment pointed at them was usually a requisition of all the wealth the Jews were holding.
456:
The Exchequer of the Jews dealt with the lawcases arising between Jews and Christians, mainly with reference to the debts due the former. It claimed exclusive jurisdiction in these matters, but many exceptions occurred. In 1250, pleas of
504:
was reduced to twenty-five. Arrears of tallage were continually applied for, and if not paid the Jew's wife and children were often imprisoned as hostages, or he himself was sent to the Tower and his lands and chattels were
611:
Conspiracies often included fiscal segregation in ghettoes for both Jews and lepers, and an additional obligation to wear a symbol on clothes to be recognized by, or to be subjected to a certain dress code.
443:
justices sent to them, and that they shall detect, and shew unto them all falsifiers or forgers of the charters and clippers of money, where or when they shall know them, and likewise all false charters ...
625:
spare for the Jews, and some might have been outright hostile to them. Since the secular accounts of English Jewry from the time period are very scanty, one can only present the Christian viewpoint.
600:
reflected a historical "system" of blaming "aliens" or various minority groups for daily misfortunes and difficulties (e.g. sudden diseases, poverty and famine, wars, or forces of nature etc.)
342:, the Jews of England continued to increase their royal revenues; and the demand grew for the creation of a distinct department of the Great Exchequer for the management of Jewish capital.
722:
Eyre reports 1286β9 and undated Eyre reports, Exchequer of the Jews reports, pre-1290 assize reports, pre-1290 reports from unidentified courts and additional pre-1290 Common Bench reports
448:
some records show a maximum limit), as well as in juridical matters. Also, cases where Jews alone were concerned were given leeway to be left to the cognizance of the Jews' own tribunals.
1655:
393:; Jews might hold these offices, but, excepting the two mentioned above, none ever became justice of the Jews. The justices were aided in their deliberations by the
934:
concludes that there is "no factual basis" for this suggestion, and that "the forms in post-classical Latin and Anglo-Norman make clear that this is not the case":
289:
1665:
1494:
374:
319:(1145β1149) Crusades, and despite occasional imposition of fines and special levies, their numbers and prosperity increased under the protection of the king.
417:
373:
and called the "Exchequer of the Jews". The first recorded mention of this is in 1200, when four "justices of the Jews" were named, two of them being Jews,
1670:
359:
378:
70:
282:
1289:
1630:
1487:
923:
204:
1625:
1318:
275:
1660:
1368:
251:
1640:
1480:
1353:
738:
639:
579:
1224:
Historical Background and Glossary of Terms in connection with the Jewish Communities of England & Wales prior to 1290
485:
In connection with the tallage, the justices periodically ordered a "scrutiny" of the lists of the debts contained in the
189:
194:
369:
It was soon afterward found necessary to have a centre for the whole of Jewish business, and this was attached to the
1103:
1089:
1075:
1054:
885:
809:
770:
386:
1635:
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the payments which from henceforth are to be made to the Jews, and the two Jews one and the keeper of the roll one.
1620:
1282:
255:
243:
80:
1176:; "signed and sealed", by Herbert Loewe. Notes on the starrs, by Herbert Loewe.βIII. Indexes, by Herbert Loewe.)
1398:
733:
239:
199:
54:
32:
259:
1503:
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1338:
1333:
758:
247:
145:
36:
1650:
1328:
1059:
422:
1645:
1393:
1275:
411:
The details of the institution are clearly stated in the 1194 orders of Richard I, stating as follows:
308:
545:, though cases with references to the debts of the Jews occurred in the year-books up to the reign of
1451:
943:
1378:
632:
Select pleas, starrs, and other records from the Rolls of the Exchequer of the Jews, A. D. 1220β1284
1067:
789:
Selected Pleas, Starrs, and Other Records from the Rule of the Exchequer of the Jews A.D 1220β1284
1313:
1259:
948:
435:
money is lent; whereof the two writers shall have two pence and the keeper of the roll the third.
1250:
844:
466:
took place. Moreover, the court assessed the contributions of the Jews to the royal treasury in
1363:
1323:
717:
694:
514:
487:
937:
920:
354:(died 1186), which needed a treasurer and clerk to look after it. The institution was called "
1536:
1456:
1440:
1042:
956:
801:
1181:
1023:
Brown, Reva Berman & McCartney, Sean (2005) "The Exchequer of the Jews Revisited", in:
350:
The first special exchequer appears to have been created to manage the large estate left by
84:
1434:
546:
526:
363:
355:
263:
234:
135:
109:
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8:
1429:
1358:
1229:
865:
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339:
165:
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654:
1403:
1348:
1159:
1142:
1120:
912:
566:
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327:
130:
114:
40:
28:
1554:
1343:
1208:
1099:
1085:
1071:
1050:
805:
766:
96:
1108:
Meekings, C. A. F. (1955) "Justices of the Jews 1218β1268: a provisional list", in:
1134:
1116:
1047:
The Jews in Medieval Britain: historical, literary, and archaeological perspectives
1032:
670:
594:
534:
351:
214:
104:
1569:
927:
530:
463:
173:
91:
322:
There was a reason the Crown protected Jews. Surviving records of the Exchequer
1472:
1254:
1036:
706:
575:
381:. These justices had the status of barons of the Exchequer, and were under the
316:
169:
140:
31:
at Westminster which recorded and regulated the taxes and the law-cases of the
1138:
1043:
The Jewish Community of England in the Records of the English Royal Government
533:, but later on they were creatures of the king's favorites, as in the case of
1614:
1584:
1526:
1246:
1241:
1173:
840:
763:
Jews in Medieval Britain: Historical, Literary, and Archeological Perspective
522:
518:
312:
1599:
1589:
1203:
1151:
Cramer, A. (1941) "The Origins and Functions of the Jewish Exchequer", in:
570:
230:
709:
has also produced a volume of contemporary case-summaries in their series
1521:
1413:
1098:. London: Methuen (original); Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press (reprint)
562:
496:
1240: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1446:
1163:
1146:
558:
492:
475:
400:
323:
1299:
458:
390:
1267:
791:, pp. xiiβxx (J. M. Rigg, editor for the Selden Society, 1920).
338:
With the further advance of commerce and industry under Henry I and
1541:
1515:
506:
149:
874:(London, 1893), pp. 156β59; via Internet Medieval Source Book
1594:
1579:
1531:
479:
471:
311:
in 1066. For the most part they escaped the massacres during the
595:
Historical perspective: medieval culture and views of minorities
1574:
1564:
1193:
1082:
England's Jewish Solution: experiment and expulsion, 1262β1290
332:
209:
1230:
English Jewry is Organised: The Ordinances of the Jews, 1194
1170:
Starrs and Jewish Charters preserved in the British Museum
935:
557:
The deeds entered in the Jewish Exchequer were mainly the
1185:. London: Office of the Jewish Chronicle; reprinted from
646:(English-language summary) of the rolls, so far to 1281:
565:
annulling indebtedness to the Jews. It was suggested by
482:, or general taxes applied for arbitrarily by the king.
470:(comprising one-third of the estate of a deceased Jew),
1182:
The Exchequer of the Jews of England in the Middle Ages
652:
Calendar of the Plea Rolls of the Exchequer of the Jews
399:, who doubtless assisted them in deciding questions of
331:
draw in an hour of need". Jews were allowed to charge
1064:
England under the Norman and Angevin kings, 1075β1225
619:
39:. It operated from the late 1190s until the eventual
1245:
1168:Stokes, H. P. & Abrahams, I., eds. (1930β32),
936:
871:The Jews of Angevin England: Documents and Records
642:has subsequently undertaken publication of a full
1656:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
1612:
1502:
1187:Papers of the Anglo-Jewish Historical Exposition
1133::446β455. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
1110:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
307:Jews began to settle in England soon after the
868:Roger de Hoveden, iii. 266, in Joseph Jacobs,
474:(forfeited to the king for capital offenses),
1666:Courts and tribunals established in the 1190s
1488:
1283:
585:
406:
283:
1049:, pp. 73β96. Woodbridge: Boydell Press
861:
859:
1671:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1290
995:Ecstasies: deciphering the witches' Sabbath
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
680:Richardson, H. G., ed. (/1972), β Vol. IV,
1495:
1481:
1290:
1276:
893:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 52.
759:Jewish Colonisation in the Twelfth Century
290:
276:
1125:Scott, K. (1950) "The Jewish Arcae", in:
856:
663:Rigg, J. M., ed. (1910/1971), β Vol. II,
1084:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
972:
1319:Auditor of the Receipt of the Exchequer
1015:Plea Rolls of the Exchequer of the Jews
883:
784:
782:
780:
778:
1613:
1369:Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer
1013:Brand, Paul (2005) "Introduction", in
529:the justices were mainly appointed by
1476:
1297:
1271:
1096:The English Jewry Under Angevin Kings
682:Henry II, 1272; and Edward I, 1275β77
335:providing tax revenues to the Crown.
1354:Comptroller General of the Exchequer
957:participating institution membership
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
775:
739:History of the English fiscal system
640:Jewish Historical Society of England
580:Jewish Historical Society of England
478:(for licenses and concessions), and
389:. They were assisted by a clerk and
917:Commentaries on the Laws of England
13:
1121:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1955.tb00601.x
1070:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
1004:
620:Medieval sources and possible bias
552:
16:Division of the Court of Exchequer
14:
1682:
1631:1290 disestablishments in England
1217:
1094:Richardson, H. G. (1960 / 1983),
997:, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (1991)
993:See in detailed: Carlo Ginzburg,
823:
687:Cohen, S., ed. (1992), β Vol. V,
403:which may have come before them.
1377:
1263:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1235:
887:A History of the Jews in England
866:The Ordinances of the Jews, 1194
711:The Earliest English Law Reports
427:, shall their contracts be made.
1626:1190s establishments in England
1232:, Internet Medieval Source Book
49:This is a part of the series on
1399:Exchequer Bill Loan Commission
1009:(reverse chronological order)
963:
897:
877:
814:
794:
751:
734:History of the Jews in England
650:Rigg, J. M., ed. (1905/1971),
200:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753
1:
1661:Medieval English court system
1045:", in Patricia Skinner, ed.,
969:Gross (1887), pp. 45β47.
744:
302:
1641:Taxation in medieval England
1504:Taxation in medieval England
1462:Taxation in medieval England
1339:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
1334:Chamberlain of the Exchequer
1025:The Medieval History Journal
761:" In Patricia Skinner (ed.)
525:. During the early reign of
451:
7:
1329:Chancellor of the Exchequer
884:Hyamson, Albert M. (1908).
727:
569:in 1769 that the notorious
110:Statute of the Jewry (1275)
10:
1687:
1394:Court of Exchequer Chamber
1037:10.1177/097194580500800203
919:, bk. 4, chap. 19, n. 25 (
673:, ed. (1929), β Vol. III,
586:The end of the institution
491:or chests in which Jewish
407:Definition and description
345:
1550:
1510:
1452:Red Book of the Exchequer
1422:
1386:
1375:
1306:
1139:10.1017/S0008197300004426
1127:The Cambridge Law Journal
944:Oxford English Dictionary
932:Oxford English Dictionary
697:, ed. (2005), β Vol. VI,
629:Rigg, J. M., ed. (1902),
158:Medieval Jewish buildings
136:Harold of Gloucester 1168
115:Edict of Expulsion (1290)
71:Early history (1066β1290)
1251:"Exchequer, of the Jews"
1209:History of the Exchequer
371:Exchequer of Westminster
131:William of Norwich, 1144
27:) was a division of the
1636:13th century in England
1314:Auditor of the imprests
1260:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1197:additional bibliography
1179:Gross, Charles (1887),
1080:Mundill, R. R. (1998),
949:Oxford University Press
926:11 October 2010 at the
105:Statute of Jewry (1253)
1621:Jewish English history
1324:Baron of the Exchequer
1257:; et al. (eds.).
845:Exchequer, of the Jews
802:Jews Among the Nations
445:
123:Blood libel in England
92:Synod of Oxford (1222)
1560:Exchequer of the Jews
1537:Taxatio Ecclesiastica
1457:Stop of the Exchequer
1441:Dialogus de Scaccario
1409:Exchequer of the Jews
1041:Brand, Paul (2003), "
800:Erich Kahler (2018) "
413:
252:Isle of Man
146:Hugh of Lincoln, 1255
76:Exchequer of the Jews
41:expulsion of the Jews
21:Exchequer of the Jews
1435:Exchequer of Chester
757:Joe Hillaby (2003) "
657:Henry III, 1218β1272
375:Benedict de Talemunt
264:Anglo-Jewish studies
170:Jew's House, Lincoln
141:Robert of Bury, 1181
25:Scaccarium Judaeorum
1430:Exchequer Standards
1364:King's Remembrancer
1359:Lord High Treasurer
1195:Jewish Encyclopedia
1189:, pp. 170β230.
947:(Online ed.).
850:Jewish Encyclopedia
699:Edward I, 1279β1281
689:Edward I, 1277β1279
675:Edward I, 1275β1277
665:Edward I, 1273β1275
418:William of Chimilli
396:presbyter judaeorum
195:Marranos in England
190:Resettlement (1655)
166:Guildford Synagogue
1651:Exchequer of Pleas
1404:Exchequer of Pleas
1349:Clerk of the Pells
938:"Star Chamber, n."
913:William Blackstone
765:, pp. 16β17.
567:William Blackstone
561:recording and the
29:Court of Exchequer
1646:Exchequer offices
1608:
1607:
1470:
1469:
1344:Clerk of the Pipe
1019:Edward I, 1279β81
955:(Subscription or
356:Aaron's Exchequer
300:
299:
150:"Sir Hugh" ballad
98:Domus Conversorum
1678:
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1060:Bartlett, Robert
998:
991:
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930:). However, the
903:From the Hebrew
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352:Aaron of Lincoln
326:of the reign of
315:(1096β1099) and
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215:Whitechapel Boys
81:Early literature
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1255:Singer, Isidore
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1005:Further reading
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928:Wayback Machine
911:. Suggested in
907:(Χ©ΧΧ¨), meaning
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531:Hubert de Burgh
464:Elyas of London
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309:Norman Conquest
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240:Jews in Ireland
57:Jews in England
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55:History of the
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1247:Joseph Jacobs
1243:
1242:public domain
1234:
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1206:(1711/1769),
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1031:(2), 303β322
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1600:Subsidy roll
1590:Scot and lot
1559:
1514:
1439:
1408:
1258:
1207:
1204:Thomas Madox
1194:
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820:Gross, 1887.
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571:Star Chamber
556:
511:
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410:
394:
379:Joseph Aaron
368:
349:
337:
321:
306:
231:British Jews
205:Emancipation
174:Moyse's Hall
97:
85:
75:
24:
20:
18:
1555:Benevolence
1522:Boldon Book
1414:Pell Office
1017:, Vol. VI:
718:Brand, Paul
695:Brand, Paul
559:chirographs
493:chirographs
421: [
100:(est. 1232)
1615:Categories
1447:Pipe rolls
959:required.)
745:References
515:Hugh Bigod
507:distrained
401:Jewish law
362:following
303:Background
86:Fox Fables
1387:Divisions
1300:Exchequer
1226:, JCR-UK.
547:Edward II
543:expulsion
537:. During
527:Henry III
459:disseizin
452:Functions
391:escheator
383:treasurer
364:Richard I
324:Pipe Roll
43:in 1290.
1516:Carucage
1307:Officers
1298:English
1158:226β29.
1153:Speculum
1115:173β88.
1062:(2002),
924:Archived
915:(1769),
909:document
843:(1906),
728:See also
720:(2007),
655:Vol. I,
644:calendar
578:and the
539:Edward I
480:tallages
472:escheats
358:." The
340:Henry II
258:•
256:Guernsey
254:•
250:•
246:•
244:Scotland
242:•
233:•
63:Medieval
23:(Latin:
1595:Scutage
1580:Pontage
1542:Thelony
1532:Tallage
1244::
1164:2853615
1147:4503911
1068:351β354
468:reliefs
346:Origins
328:Henry I
223:Related
1575:Pavage
1565:Muragh
1162:
1145:
1102:
1088:
1074:
1053:
921:online
905:sh'tar
808:
769:
563:starrs
521:, and
502:archae
497:starrs
488:archae
317:Second
260:Jersey
182:Modern
1423:Other
1253:. In
1160:JSTOR
1143:JSTOR
953:
891:(PDF)
476:fines
425:]
360:riots
333:usury
313:First
248:Wales
210:Chuts
37:Wales
1100:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1051:ISBN
806:ISBN
767:ISBN
705:The
638:The
495:and
385:and
377:and
235:List
35:and
19:The
1135:doi
1117:doi
1033:doi
1617::
1156:16
1141:.
1131:10
1129:,
1113:28
1066:,
1027:,
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858:^
847:,
825:^
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777:^
713:,
582:.
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517:,
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423:fr
262:;
172:;
168:;
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1119::
1035::
1029:8
951:.
853:.
701:.
691:.
684:.
677:.
667:.
660:.
291:e
284:t
277:v
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