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743:) in Paris, Savoy and elsewhere. Similar names can be found among the Spanish Jewry, and the Venetian Clerli family claimed descent from Anglo-Jewish refugees. The locations where Anglo-Jewish texts have been found is also evidence for the possible destination of migrants, including places in Germany, Italy, and Spain. The title deeds to an English monastery have been found in the wood store of a synagogue in Cairo, where according to Roth, a refugee from England deposited the document. In the rare case of Bonamy of York, there is a record of him accidentally meeting creditors in Paris in 1292. Other individual cases can be speculated about, such as that of
498:
925:. Traditional narratives of Edward I have sought to downplay the event, emphasising the peacefulness of the expulsion or placing its roots in Edward's pragmatic need to extract money from Parliament; more recent work on the Anglo-Jewish community's experience have framed it as the culmination of a policy of state-sponsored antisemitism. These studies place the expulsion in the context of the execution of Jews for coin clipping and the first royal-sponsored attempts at converting Jews to Christianity, saying this was the first time a state had permanently expelled all Jews from its territory.
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for negotiation and it was unusual for a Jewish lender to foreclose debts. As the Crown overtaxed Jews, they were forced to sell their debt bonds at reduced prices to quickly raise cash. Rich courtiers would buy the cut-price bonds, and could call in the loans and demand the lands that had secured the loans. This caused the transfer of the land wealth of indebted knights and others, especially from the 1240s, as the taxation of Jews became unsustainably high. Leaders like
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for it as a concession. Both views are argued. The link between these seems certain given the evidence of contemporaneous chronicles and the speed at which orders to expel the Jews of
England were made, possibly after an agreement was reached. The taxation granted by Parliament to Edward was very high; at £116,000 it was probably the highest of the Middle Ages. In gratitude, the Church later voluntarily agreed to pay tax of a tenth of its revenue.
410:'s towns in northern France. Jews were viewed as being under the direct jurisdiction and property of the king, making them subject to his whims. The monarch could tax or imprison Jews as he wished, without reference to anyone else. A very small number of Jews were wealthy because Jews were allowed to lend money at interest while the Church forbade Christians from doing so, which was regarded as the sin of
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and praised for the expulsion. The expulsion had the lasting effect of embedding antisemitism into
English culture, especially in the medieval and early modern period; such antisemitic beliefs included that England was unique because there were no Jews, and that the English had superseded the Jews as God's chosen people. The expulsion edict remained in force for the rest of the
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Jewish community was in these last years, historian Henry
Richardson notes Edward did not impose any further taxation from 1278 until the late 1280s. It appears some Jewish moneylenders continued to lend money against future delivery of goods to avoid usury restrictions, a practice that was wholly known to the Crown because debts had to be recorded in a government
679:, giving the clearest-known official explanation of his actions. In it, Edward said the Jews had broken trust with him by continuing to find ways to charge interest on loans. He labelled them criminals and traitors, and said they had been expelled "in honour of the Crucified ". Interest to be paid on debts seized by the Crown was to be cancelled.
581:. On Easter Sunday, Edward broke his collarbone in an 80-foot (24 m) fall, and was confined to bed for several months. Soon after his recovery, Edward ordered the expulsion of local Jews from Gascony. His immediate motivation may have been the need to generate funds for Charles' release, but many historians, including
414:. Capital was in short supply and necessary for development, including investment in monastic construction and allowing aristocrats to pay heavy taxes to the crown, so Jewish loans played an important economic role, although they were also used to finance consumption, particularly among overstretched, landholding Knights.
796:. It appears there was no systematic attempt to collect the £20,000 worth of seized debts. The reasons for this could include the death of Queen Eleanor in November 1290, concerns over a possible war with Scotland, or an attempt to win political favour by providing benefit to those previously indebted.
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The Jewish population in
England at the time of the expulsion was relatively small, perhaps as few as 2,000 people, although estimates vary. Decades of privations had caused many Jews to emigrate or convert. Although it is believed most of the Jews were able to leave England in safety, there are some
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Jews were allowed to leave
England with cash and personal possessions but outstanding debts, homes, and other buildings—including synagogues and cemeteries—were forfeit to the king. While there are no recorded attacks on Jews during the departure on land, there were acts of piracy in which Jews died,
612:
In 14 June 1290, Edward summoned representatives of the knights of the shires, the middling landowners, to attend
Parliament by 15 July. These knights were the group that was most hostile to Jews and usury. On 18 June, Edward sent secret orders to the sheriffs of cities with Jewish residents to seal
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By the time he returned to
England from Gascony in 1289, Edward I was deeply in debt. At the same time, his experiment to convert the Jews to Christianity and remove their dependence on lending at interest had failed; the fifteen-year period in which Jews were allowed to lease farms had ended. Also,
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The Church held that Jews were condemned to servitude for the crime of crucifying Christ, while they did not convert. This carried over into legal formulations. Because Jews were treated as the sole property and jurisdiction of the Crown, they were placed in an ambivalent legal position. They were
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to be paid by the Jewish population or it could represent a preparatory step for expulsion. Parliament met on 15 July; there is no record of the
Parliamentary debates so it is uncertain whether the Crown offered the Expulsion of the Jews in return for a vote of taxation or whether Parliament asked
454:
Discontent increased after the Crown destabilised the loans and debt market. Loans were typically secured through bonds that entitled the lender to the debtor's land holdings. Interest rates were relatively high and debtors tended to be in arrears. Repayments and actual interest paid were a matter
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and Edward I, anti-Jewish prejudice was used as a political tool by opponents of the Crown, and later by Edward and the state itself. Edward took measures to claim credit for the expulsion and to define himself as the protector of
Christians against Jews, and following his death, he was remembered
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at a time of year when dangerous storms are common. There is evidence from personal names of Jewish refugees settling in Paris and other parts of France, as well as Italy, Spain and
Germany. Documents taken abroad by the Anglo-Jewish diaspora have been found as far away as Cairo. Jewish properties
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towns included Marlborough, Gloucester, Worcester and Cambridge. Other expulsions took place in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Warwick, Wycombe (1234), Northamptonshire (1237), Newbury (1243), Derby (1261), Romsey (1266), Winchelsea (1273), Bridgnorth (1274), Windsor (1283). Under their town charters, Jews
937:
The expulsion had a lasting effect on medieval and early-modern English culture. Antisemitic narratives became embedded in the idea of England as unique because it had no Jews, and of the English as God's chosen people, superseding the Jews. Jews became an easy target of literature and plays, and
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from each town with a Jewish settlement. In December, Hugh of Kendall was appointed to dispose of the property seized from the Jewish refugees, the most-valuable of which consisted of houses in London. Some of the property was given away to courtiers, the Church and the royal family's circle in a
490:, which outlawed all lending at interest and allowed Jews to lease land, which had previously been forbidden. This right was granted for the following 15 years, supposedly giving Jews a period to readjust; this was an unrealistic expectation because entry to other trades was generally restricted.
535:
of the late 1270s, when over 300 Jews—over 10% of England's Jewish population—were sentenced to death for interfering with the currency. The Crown profited from seized assets and payments of fines by those who were not executed, raising at least £16,500. While it is unclear how impoverished the
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amassed vast lands and properties through this process, causing widespread resentment and conflict with the Church, which viewed her acquisitions as profiting from usury. By 1275, as the result of punitive taxation, the crown had eroded the Jewish community's wealth to the extent taxes produced
1037:
Taxation by the King of 20,000 marks in 1241, £40,000 in 1244, £50,000 twice in 1250, meant taxation in 1240-55 amounted to triple the taxation raised in 1221-39. Bonds were seized for a fraction of their value when cash payments could not be met, resulting in land wealth being transferred to
527:
addressed a special letter or "rescript" to the Archbishops of York and Canterbury claiming Jews had an evil effect on religious life in England through free interaction with Christians, and calling for action to be taken to prevent it. Honorius's demands were restated at the Synod of Exeter.
877:. It appears to have been an attempt by Edward to associate himself and Eleanor with the cult. According to historian Joe Hillaby, this "propaganda coup" boosted the circulation of the Saint Hugh myth, the most famous of the English blood libels, which is repeated in literature and the "
703:
to France. While the tide was low, the captain persuaded the Jews to walk with him on a sandbank; as the tide rose, he returned to the ship, telling the Jews to call upon Moses for help. It appears those involved in this incident were punished. Another incident occurred in
664:. There were limits on the property Jews could take with them. Although a few favoured persons were allowed to sell their homes before they left, the vast majority had to forfeit any outstanding debts, homes and immobile property, including synagogues and cemeteries.
600:, accusing them of "dwelling randomly" with the Christian population and cohabiting with Christian women. He linked the expulsion to general taxation of the population as "recompense" for lost income. Edward and Charles may have learnt from each other's experience.
946:, English antisemitism left a legacy of neglect of this topic in English historical research as late as the 1990s. The story of Little Saint Hugh was repeated as fact in local guidebooks in Lincoln in the 1920s, and
823:, which provided accommodation to Jews who had converted to Christianity. The last of the pre-1290 converts Claricia, the daughter of Jacob Copin, died in 1356, having spent the early part of the 1300s in
921:
The permanent expulsion of Jews from England and tactics employed before it, such as attempts at forced conversion, are widely seen as setting a significant precedent and an example for the 1492
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on 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence. The date of issuance was most likely chosen because it was a Jewish holy day, the
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For Edward I's contemporaries, there is evidence the expulsion was seen as one of his most-prominent achievements. It was named alongside his wars of conquest in Scotland and Wales in the
788:'s tailor was granted the synagogue in Canterbury. Sales were mostly completed by early 1291 and around £2,000 was raised, £100 of which was used to glaze windows and decorate the tomb of
869:, a child who whose death had been falsely attributed to ritual murder by Jews. After the death of his wife Queen Eleanor in late 1290, Edward reconstructed the shrine, incorporating the
712:, Essex, the Jewish passengers having been robbed and murdered. The condition of the sea in autumn was also dangerous; around 1,300 poor Jewish passengers crossed the English Channel to
865:
After the expulsion, Edward I sought to position himself as the defender of Christians against the supposed criminality of Jews. Most prominently, he continued personal veneration of
649:; it is unlikely to be a coincidence. According to Roth, it was noted "with awe" by Jewish chroniclers. On the same day, writs were sent to sheriffs saying all Jews were to leave by
759:
167 and 169 King Street, The Music House, Norwich: one of two surviving Jewish houses dating from before the expulsion. Such properties were forfeit and sold or gifted by the Crown.
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The edict was implemented with some attempt at fairness. Proclamations ordering the population not to "injure, harm, damage or grieve" the departing Jews were made. Wardens at the
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were told to make arrangements for the Jews' safe passage and cheap fares for the poor, while safe conduct was arranged for dignitaries, such as the wealthy financier
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records of piracy leading to the death of some expelled Jews. On 10 October, a ship of poor London Jews had chartered, which a chronicler described as "bearing their
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not tied to a particular lord but were subject to the king's whims, which could be either advantageous or disadvantageous. Every successive king formally reviewed a
970:
in 1222. The Synod passed a set of laws that restricted the right of Jews in England to engage with Christians, which directly contributed to the expulsion of 1290.
881:" folk songs into the twentieth century. Other efforts to justify the expulsion can be found in the Church, for instance in the canonisation evidence submitted for
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speculates most would have found refuge in France. Evidence from personal names in records show some Jews with the appellation "L'Englesche" or "L'Englois" (ie,
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Local or temporary expulsions of Jews had taken place in other parts of Europe, and regularly in England. For example, Simon de Montfort expelled the Jews of
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up to and after 1551. The expulsion is unlikely to have been wholly enforceable. Four complaints were made to the king in 1376 that some of those trading as
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It is likely the few Jews remaining in England after the expulsion were converts. At the time of the expulsion, there were around 100 converted Jews in the
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Rokéah, Zefira Entin (1988). "Money and the hangman in late Thirteenth Century England: Jews, Christians and coinage offences alleged and real (Part I)".
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from those leaving on their departure, of 4d or 2d for "poor Jews". Some ships were lost at sea and others arrived with their passengers destitute.
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393:
81:
443:, such as crucifixions at Easter in mockery of Christ, and the accusations began to develop into themes of conspiracy and occult practices.
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raising significant sums of money from the Jewish population had become increasingly difficult because they had been repeatedly overtaxed.
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tropes such as child sacrifice and host desecration persisted. Jews began to settle in England after 1656, and formal equality was
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Modern historian Cecil Roth notes the significance of the expulsion as a permanent act was "fully appreciated" by Jewish writers.
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then used anger at the dispossession of middle-ranking landowners to fuel antisemitic violence at London, where 500 Jews died;
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or "chest" with an official Jewry to record debts held by Jews of that town. Jews were only allowed to live in a town with an
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Stacey, Robert C. (1994). "Jewish Lending and the Medieval English Economy". In Britnell, Richard; Campbell, Bruce (eds.).
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335:, which commemorates the destruction of Jerusalem and other disasters the Jewish people have experienced. Edward told the
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Leonard, George Hare (1891). "The Expulsion of the Jews by Edward I. An essay in explanation of the Exodus, A.D. 1290".
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The total raised includes fines from Christians, but it is believed the vast majority of this sum was raised from Jews.
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was named after Hugh around the same time. The logo of the school, which referenced the story, was altered in 2020.
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or chest where debts were recorded. Others found ways to continue trading and it is likely others left the country.
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containing records of Jewish debts. The reason for this is disputed; it could represent preparation for a further
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Following the expulsion, the Crown seized Jewish property. Debts with a value of £20,000 were collated from the
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This article is about the 1290 Edict of Expulsion from England. For the 1492 Edict of Expulsion from Spain, see
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backed allegations made against Jews of Lincoln after the death of a boy named Hugh, who soon became known as
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Dorin, R. (2023). "No Return: Jews, Christian Usurers, and the Spread of Mass Expulsion in Medieval Europe".
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589:(i.e. monks), and therefore see the expulsion as a "thank-offering" for Edward's recovery from his injury.
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It is unclear where most of the migrants went. Those arriving in France were initially allowed to stay in
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2486:
Hillaby, Joe (1994). "The ritual-child-murder accusation: Its dissemination and Harold of Gloucester".
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that was widely circulated after his death, saying Edward I outshone the Pharoahs by exiling the Jews.
585:, have said the money raised by seizures from exiled Jews was negligible and that it was given away to
985:
3389:
1072:; in this way, the Crown could easily assess the wealth and taxability of Jews across the country.
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but permission was soon revoked. Because most of the Anglo-Jewry still spoke French, historian
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3324:
Tomasch, Sylvia (2002), "Postcolonial Chaucer and the Virtual Jew", in Delany, Sheila (ed.),
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Letter from King Edward I to the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer, dated 5 November 1290
407:
86:
36:. For other historic instances of Jews being expelled from the lands where they resided, see
1024:, granting Jews the right to remain in England; Jews did not enjoy any of the guarantees of
95:
47:
A contemporary illustration showing the expulsion of the Jews. Image shows the white double
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In France and Brittany, for example, but usually Jews were able to return after a few years
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courtiers. Further large sums were demanded in the 1270s, but receipts declined sharply.
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3272:"After 800 years, Church of England apologizes to Jews for laws that led to Expulsion"
3006:(Twentieth Anniversary ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press.
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On 18 July, the Edict of Expulsion was issued. The text of the edict is lost. On the
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After his release, in 1289, Charles of Salerno expelled Jews from his territories in
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747:'s sons Asher and Lumbard, and her grandchildren, who were likely among the exiles.
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Despres, Denise (1998). "Immaculate Flesh and the Social Body: Mary and the Jews".
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History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Attitudes to the Jewry after 1290
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586:
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451:. Such stories coincided with the rise of hostility within the Church to the Jews.
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were forbidden from entering any of the new north-Welsh boroughs Edward I created.
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2633:. Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society: 103–146.
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827:, where she raised a family. Between the Expulsion of the Jews in 1290 and their
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attempted to convert Jews by compelling them to listen to Christian preachers.
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History of the Jews in England § Resettlement period, 16th–19th centuries
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History of the Jews in England (1066–1290) § Edward I and the Expulsion
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England's Jews: Finance, Violence, and the Crown in the Thirteenth Century
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2434:"The Church apologizes for Expulsion 800 years later – repenting for sins"
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described as a formal "act of repentance" on the 800th anniversary of the
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Letter from King Edward I to the Sheriff of Gloucester, dated 18 July 1290
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had placed restrictions on the mixing of Jews with Christians, and at the
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2364:"New Light on the Expulsion of the Jewish Community from England in 1290"
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The edict was not an isolated incident but the culmination of increasing
332:
3029:
Singer, S. A. (1964). "The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290".
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2874:(1992). "Englishness and Medieval Anglo-Jewry". In Kushner, Tony (ed.).
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estimates £16,500 as being equivalent to around £11.5m in modern terms.
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705:
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Thirteenth Century England: Proceedings of the Durham Conference, 1995
3110:"Parliamentary negotiation and the Expulsion of the Jews from England"
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Skinner, Patricia (2003). "Introduction". In Skinner, Patricia (ed.).
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campaigned to suppress seven London synagogues in 1282. In late 1286,
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Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth Century England
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The first major step towards expulsion took place in 1275 with the
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A History of the Jews in the English-Speaking World: Great Britain
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Antisemitic Stereotypes Without Jews: Images of the Jews 1290–1700
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in 1215 had mandated the wearing of distinctive clothing such as
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and others were drowned as a result of being forced to cross the
2330:(1st ed.). Winchester: The Licoricia of Winchester Appeal.
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Licoricia of Winchester: Power and Prejudice in Medieval England
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3247:. Leeds: British Archaeological Association. pp. 109–117.
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356:, and selected individuals, who were given grants of property.
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A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain
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2930:. The Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 63–67.
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653:, 1 November 1290, and outlining their duties in the matter.
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3091:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 78–101.
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3120:. Vol. 6. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 77–102.
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had been seized and destroyed during pogroms organised by
3192:"Edward I, Exodus, and England on the Hereford World Map"
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The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History
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Stocker, David (1986). "The Shrine of Little St Hugh".
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National Archive educational resource on the Expulsion
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The Medieval state: Essays Presented to James Campbell
2347:"The Tower of London and the Jewish expulsion of 1290"
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in 1222. Church leaders made the first allegations of
2357:. London and Middlesex Archaeological Society: 35–37.
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in 1655, there continue to be records of Jews in the
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In 1287, Edward I was in his French provinces in the
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Roth, Cecil (1962) . "England and the Ninth of Ab".
2563:"The Jewish minority in Medieval England, 1066–1290"
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while trying to negotiate the release of his cousin
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but was overturned more than 365 years later during
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720:each. Tolls were collected by the constable of the
339:of all counties he wanted all Jews expelled before
3301:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3245:Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral
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1977:
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53:that Jews in England were mandated to wear by law.
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1960:
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962:held a service that the Archbishop of Canterbury
562:in 1231, and in 1275, Edward I had permitted the
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3163:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp. 163–77.
3159:. In Maddicott, J. R.; Pallister, D. M. (eds.).
2664:Half a Century of St Hugh's School, Woodhall Spa
1160:
467:; and many other towns. In the 1270s and 1280s,
435:. These measures were adopted in England at the
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3157:"Anti-Semitism and the Medieval English State"
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805:Jewish presence in England after the Expulsion
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29:1290 anti-Jewish decree by Edward I of England
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3088:A Commercialising Economy? England 1000–1300
3062:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 1–11.
2926:Essays and Portraits in Anglo-Jewish History
2627:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2602:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
515:The Church took further action, for example
2947:(Third ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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2463:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
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2507:Hillaby, Joe; Hillaby, Caroline (2013).
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1642:
1590:
1566:
1530:
1419:
1383:
1299:
1228:
1208:
1181:
905:
848:
754:
666:
628:
566:to expel Jews from her lands and towns.
496:
42:
3323:
3242:
3057:
3001:
2795:
2724:
2697:
2624:
2485:
2389:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2194:
2106:
2094:
1883:
1767:
1554:
1355:
1327:
1240:
352:were sold to the benefit of the Crown,
14:
3382:
3154:
3107:
3084:
3028:
2900:
2876:The Jewish Heritage in British History
2670:
2344:
2325:
2190:
2174:
2082:
2007:
1971:
1751:
1735:
1674:
1650:
1542:
1482:
1467:
1335:
1248:
1244:
799:
682:
645:) 5050, commemorating the fall of the
3328:, London: Routledge, pp. 43–58,
3296:
3230:from the original on 22 December 2023
3095:from the original on 16 February 2024
2560:
2446:from the original on 7 September 2023
2410:
2361:
2294:
1678:
1670:
1654:
1646:
1602:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1343:
1339:
1315:
1311:
1263:
1212:
3175:from the original on 4 February 2024
3142:from the original on 4 February 2024
2942:
2921:
2832:, New Haven: Yale University Press,
2585:from the original on 4 February 2024
2536:Expulsion: England's Jewish Solution
2266:
2254:
2186:
2146:
2070:
2046:
1995:
1983:
1936:
1920:
1908:
1820:
1807:
1791:
1707:
1166:
1150:
398:The first Jewish communities in the
2511:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
2431:
2310:
675:On 5 November, Edward wrote to the
417:The Church's highest authority the
382:resettlement of the Jews in England
24:
3360:by Rabbi Menachem Levine, Aish.com
2600:History, Religion and Antisemitism
1131:A labourer's wage for a day's work
942:. According to medieval historian
692:", sailed toward the mouth of the
548:Expulsion of the Jews from Gascony
402:were recorded some time after the
25:
3456:
3351:
2856:English Jewry under Angevin Kings
2783:from the original on 13 June 2017
1060:The sherrif in each town kept an
917:as an instrument of state policy.
641:, 18 July of that year was 9 Av (
363:in England. During the reigns of
319:was a royal decree expelling all
3190:Strickland, Debra Higgs (2018).
2945:A History of the Jews in England
2800:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2666:. Horncastle: Cupit and Hindley.
1082:and his supporters in the 1260s.
577:, who was being held captive in
3284:from the original on 9 May 2022
2773:"Currency converter: 1270–2017"
2300:
2284:
2216:
2204:
2180:
2136:
1954:
1930:
1914:
1901:
1813:
1797:
1785:
1757:
1741:
1713:
1660:
1636:
1620:
1536:
1389:
1373:
1321:
1305:
1125:
1119:, in Bartholomaeus de Cotton's
1108:
1094:
1085:
1054:
1041:
1031:
895:
554:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
60:This is a part of the series on
38:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
3358:When England Expelled the Jews
2878:. Frank Cass. pp. 42–59.
1234:
1218:
1202:
1144:
1013:
1004:
211:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753
13:
1:
2979:. New York: Macmillan Press.
2938:– via Internet Archive.
1939:, p. 87, see footnote 1.
506:
387:
2796:Parsons, John Carmi (1995).
2432:Gal, Hannah (22 July 2021).
1138:
867:Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln
845:Propagandising the Expulsion
603:
341:All Saints' Day (1 November)
7:
3031:The Jewish Quarterly Review
973:
873:, in the same style as the
751:Disposal of Jewish property
121:Statute of the Jewry (1275)
10:
3461:
3445:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
3435:Religious expulsion orders
2854:Richardson, Henry (1960).
2771:National Archives (2024).
2698:Mundill, Robin R. (2002).
2675:. London: Windmill Books.
2534:Huscroft, Richard (2006).
2459:Glassman, Bernard (1975).
2318:
1872:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1848:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1579:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1519:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1396:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1380:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1368:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1332:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1288:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1276:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1225:Hillaby & Hillaby 2013
1153:, p. 90, and footnote
953:
899:
808:
551:
531:Jews were targeted in the
479:
391:
31:
3112:. In Prestwich, Michael;
2903:Jewish Historical Studies
2700:England's Jewish Solution
2567:Journal of Jewish Studies
2488:Jewish Historical Studies
2413:Histories of Economic Lif
1898:, pp. 86–87, 140–41.
986:Expulsion of the Moriscos
380:informally permitted the
169:Medieval Jewish buildings
147:Harold of Gloucester 1168
126:Edict of Expulsion (1290)
82:Early history (1066–1290)
3364:England related articles
3270:TOA Staff (8 May 2022).
3060:Jews in Medieval Britain
3004:Shakespeare and the Jews
2943:—— (1964) .
2662:Martineau, Hugh (1975).
2598:Langmuir, Gavin (1990).
2371:Reading Medieval Studies
2326:Abrams, Rebecca (2022).
1330:, pp. 123, 149–51,
997:
521:Archbishop of Canterbury
142:William of Norwich, 1144
3430:Medieval Jewish history
3405:Antisemitism in England
3369:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3155:—— (2001).
3116:; Frame, Robin (eds.).
3108:—— (1997).
3002:Shapiro, James (1996).
2725:—— (2010),
2345:Ashbee, Jeremy (2004).
1738:, pp. 78, 100–101.
780:which he later gave to
745:Licoricia of Winchester
677:Barons of the Exchequer
476:Steps towards expulsion
116:Statute of Jewry (1253)
3425:Jewish English history
1961:National Archives 2024
1495:National Archives 2024
1115:
1074:
1068:
1049:UK's National Archives
918:
862:
861:, at Lincoln Cathedral
833:
817:
766:
760:
672:
634:
616:
539:
512:
441:ritual child sacrifice
427:
423:Fourth Lateran Council
134:Blood libel in England
103:Synod of Oxford (1222)
54:
2731:, London: Continuum,
2671:Morris, Marc (2009).
2579:10.18647/682/JJS-1974
1794:, p. 85, note 1.
1342:, pp. 140, 170,
909:
852:
776:received property in
758:
670:
632:
500:
408:William the Conqueror
406:in 1066, moving from
263:Isle of Man
157:Hugh of Lincoln, 1255
87:Exchequer of the Jews
46:
3440:Sephardi Jews topics
3400:13th-century Judaism
3326:Chaucer and the Jews
3297:Tolan, John (2023).
3114:Britnell, Richard H.
2561:Hyams, Paul (1974).
2245:See chapters 1 and 2
1766:, pp. 151–153,
1722:, pp. 150–151,
1669:, pp. 146–149,
1334:, pp. 13, 364,
841:were actually Jews.
772:total of 85 grants.
564:Queen mother Eleanor
533:coin clipping crisis
503:Statute of the Jewry
488:Statute of the Jewry
275:Anglo-Jewish studies
181:Jew's House, Lincoln
152:Robert of Bury, 1181
3415:Edward I of England
2858:. London: Methuen.
2425:10.1093/jcs/csae030
1673:, pp. 181–82,
1649:, pp. 180–81,
1278:, pp. 364–365.
1243:, pp. 25, 42,
1116:una cum libris suis
883:Thomas de Cantilupe
800:After the Expulsion
683:The Jewish refugees
647:Temple at Jerusalem
327:that was issued by
206:Marranos in England
201:Resettlement (1655)
177:Guildford Synagogue
3420:Expulsions of Jews
2824:Prestwich, Michael
2538:. Stroud: Tempus.
2404:10.1007/BF02335453
2362:Brand, P. (2014).
2237:, pp. 69–70,
2145:, pp. 44–45,
2133:, pp. 429–31.
1923:, pp. 86–87,
1806:, pp. 44–45,
1645:, pp. 145–6,
1581:, pp. 141–43.
1533:, pp. 140–42.
1422:, pp. 118–20.
1382:, pp. 364–5,
1211:, pp. 294–5,
1121:Historia Anglicana
991:Robert de Reddinge
919:
871:Royal Coat of Arms
863:
857:, commemorating a
761:
716:near Calais for 4d
690:scrolls of the law
673:
635:
575:Charles of Salerno
513:
400:Kingdom of England
325:Kingdom of England
317:Edict of Expulsion
55:
18:Edict of expulsion
3127:978-0-85115-674-3
2973:Rubinstein, W. D.
2777:National Archives
2337:978-1-3999-1638-7
2257:, pp. 164–6.
2225:, pp. 55–7,
2165:, pp. 44–45.
2097:, pp. 114–6.
2085:, pp. 176–7.
2022:, pp. 157–9.
1998:, pp. 87–88.
1569:, pp. 146–7.
1485:, pp. 91–92.
1458:, pp. 177–8.
1446:, pp. 172–3.
1358:, pp. 41–42.
1227:, p. 374-8,
1080:Simon de Montfort
960:Church of England
958:In May 2022, the
855:Little Saint Hugh
834:Domus Conversorum
819:Domus Conversorum
794:Westminster Abbey
710:Burnham-on-Crouch
457:Simon de Montfort
449:Little Saint Hugh
311:
310:
161:"Sir Hugh" ballad
109:Domus Conversorum
16:(Redirected from
3452:
3346:
3320:
3293:
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2939:
2929:
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2897:
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2590:
2557:
2530:
2503:
2482:
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2428:
2407:
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2304:
2298:
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2282:
2276:
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2264:
2258:
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2246:
2220:
2214:
2213:, pp. 455–6
2208:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2109:, p. 94—98.
2104:
2098:
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2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
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1857:
1851:
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1836:
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1801:
1795:
1789:
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1739:
1733:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1633:, pp. 225–7
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
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1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:, pp. 95–7.
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
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1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
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1405:
1399:
1398:, pp. 364–5
1393:
1387:
1386:, pp. 90–91
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1290:, pp. 46–7.
1285:
1279:
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1261:
1252:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1215:, pp. 287–8
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1077:
1071:
1058:
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1029:
1017:
1011:
1008:
948:a private school
940:achieved by 1858
836:
822:
769:
719:
619:
587:mendicant orders
583:Richard Huscroft
571:Duchy of Gascony
542:
525:Pope Honorius IV
511:
508:
430:
376:, when in 1656,
374:the Protectorate
303:
296:
289:
226:Whitechapel Boys
92:Early literature
57:
56:
21:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3390:1290 in England
3380:
3379:
3354:
3349:
3336:
3309:
3287:
3285:
3277:Times of Israel
3255:
3233:
3231:
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3194:
3178:
3176:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3098:
3096:
3070:
3043:10.2307/1453793
3014:
2987:
2955:
2886:
2872:Richmond, Colin
2840:
2808:
2786:
2784:
2739:
2728:The King's Jews
2710:
2683:
2639:10.2307/3678048
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2249:
2227:Strickland 2018
2221:
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2211:Strickland 2018
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2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2131:Strickland 2018
2129:
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2119:Strickland 2018
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1906:
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1894:
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1858:
1854:
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1814:
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1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1750:, p. 343,
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1724:Richardson 1960
1718:
1714:
1706:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:, p. 227,
1665:
1661:
1653:, p. 226,
1641:
1637:
1631:Richardson 1960
1629:, p. 346,
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
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1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1507:Richardson 1960
1505:
1501:
1493:
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1402:
1394:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1326:
1322:
1314:, p. 140,
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1247:, p. 101,
1239:
1235:
1231:, pp. 76–7
1223:
1219:
1207:
1203:
1197:Rubinstein 1996
1195:
1188:
1180:
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1165:
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1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
981:Alhambra Decree
976:
968:Synod of Oxford
956:
923:Alhambra Decree
904:
898:
875:Eleanor crosses
847:
829:informal return
813:
807:
802:
784:; for example,
782:Balliol College
774:William Burnell
753:
722:Tower of London
717:
685:
651:All Saints' Day
639:Hebrew calendar
606:
556:
550:
509:
501:Extract of the
484:
478:
472:little return.
437:Synod of Oxford
404:Norman Conquest
396:
390:
378:Oliver Cromwell
349:English Channel
307:
251:Jews in Ireland
68:Jews in England
67:
41:
34:Alhambra Decree
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3458:
3448:
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3353:
3352:External links
3350:
3348:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3307:
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3267:
3253:
3240:
3213:10.1086/696540
3187:
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3082:
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3055:
3037:(2): 117–136.
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2573:(2): 270–293.
2558:
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2483:
2469:
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2439:Jerusalem Post
2429:
2408:
2392:Jewish History
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2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2307:TOA Staff 2022
2299:
2291:Martineau 1975
2283:
2271:
2269:, p. 266.
2259:
2247:
2241:, p. 47,
2233:, p. 42,
2215:
2203:
2189:, p. 90,
2179:
2177:, p. 177.
2167:
2155:
2149:, p. 90,
2135:
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2121:, p. 463.
2111:
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2075:
2073:, p. 132.
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2061:, p. 161.
2051:
2049:, p. 133.
2036:
2034:, p. 160.
2024:
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2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1953:
1951:, p. 157.
1941:
1929:
1925:Prestwich 1997
1913:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1874:, p. 138.
1864:
1862:, p. 156.
1852:
1850:, p. 434.
1837:
1835:, p. 151.
1825:
1812:
1796:
1784:
1782:, p. 343.
1780:Prestwich 1997
1772:
1756:
1748:Prestwich 1997
1740:
1728:
1712:
1695:
1693:, p. 307.
1691:Prestwich 1997
1683:
1659:
1635:
1627:Prestwich 1997
1619:
1617:, p. 306.
1615:Prestwich 1997
1607:
1605:, p. 180.
1595:
1593:, p. 145.
1583:
1571:
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1547:
1535:
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1511:
1509:, p. 216.
1499:
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1424:
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1410:, p. 345.
1408:Prestwich 1997
1400:
1388:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1338:, p. 86,
1320:
1304:
1302:, p. 298.
1292:
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105:
100:
89:
84:
76:
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66:History of the
62:
61:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3457:
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3335:9780415938822
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3310:
3308:9781512823899
3304:
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3256:
3254:9780907307143
3250:
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3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:(2): 420–69.
3206:
3202:
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3188:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
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3141:
3137:
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3019:
3015:
3013:9780231178679
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
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2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2954:9780198224884
2950:
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2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
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2748:
2744:
2740:
2738:9781847251862
2734:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2709:9780521520263
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2682:9780099481751
2678:
2674:
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2545:9780752437293
2541:
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2528:
2524:
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2518:9780230278165
2514:
2510:
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2501:
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2484:
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2470:9780814315453
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2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2297:, p. 188
2296:
2293:, p. 2,
2292:
2287:
2281:, p. 45.
2280:
2279:Richmond 1992
2275:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2243:Glassman 1975
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Richmond 1992
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2199:Huscroft 2006
2197:, p. 1,
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2163:Richmond 1992
2159:
2153:, p. 164
2152:
2151:Huscroft 2006
2148:
2144:
2143:Richmond 1992
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2059:Huscroft 2006
2055:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2032:Huscroft 2006
2028:
2021:
2020:Huscroft 2006
2016:
2010:, p. 93.
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1986:, p. 87.
1985:
1980:
1974:, p. 36.
1973:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:Huscroft 2006
1945:
1938:
1933:
1927:, p. 346
1926:
1922:
1917:
1911:, p. 87.
1910:
1904:
1897:
1896:Huscroft 2006
1892:
1886:, p. 27.
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1860:Huscroft 2006
1856:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:Huscroft 2006
1829:
1822:
1819:Quotation in
1816:
1809:
1805:
1804:Richmond 1992
1800:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1770:, p. 103
1769:
1765:
1764:Huscroft 2006
1760:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1726:, p. 228
1725:
1721:
1720:Huscroft 2006
1716:
1710:, p. 85.
1709:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1681:, p. 160
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:Huscroft 2006
1663:
1657:, p. 159
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:Huscroft 2006
1639:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1591:Huscroft 2006
1587:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1567:Huscroft 2006
1563:
1557:, p. 60.
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 226
1544:
1539:
1532:
1531:Huscroft 2006
1527:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1470:, p. 98.
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1420:Huscroft 2006
1416:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1384:Huscroft 2006
1381:
1376:
1370:, p. 13.
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1346:, p. 291
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1318:, p. 289
1317:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1300:Langmuir 1990
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1251:, p. 118
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1229:Huscroft 2006
1226:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1209:Langmuir 1990
1205:
1199:, p. 36.
1198:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1182:Glassman 1975
1178:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1022:royal charter
1016:
1007:
1003:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
971:
969:
965:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
935:
933:
932:
926:
924:
916:
912:
908:
903:
893:
891:
890:
885:, and on the
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
860:
856:
851:
842:
840:
835:
830:
826:
821:
820:
812:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:Queen Eleanor
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
757:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
715:
711:
707:
702:
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695:
691:
680:
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669:
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663:
659:
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631:
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584:
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541:
534:
529:
526:
522:
518:
504:
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493:
489:
483:
473:
470:
469:Queen Eleanor
466:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Jewish badges
429:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
357:
355:
354:Queen Eleanor
350:
344:
342:
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304:
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290:
285:
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93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
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73:
72:
69:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
45:
39:
35:
27:
19:
3395:1290s in law
3367:
3325:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3275:
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3204:
3198:
3177:. Retrieved
3160:
3144:. Retrieved
3117:
3097:. Retrieved
3087:
3059:
3034:
3030:
3003:
2976:
2944:
2925:
2906:
2902:
2875:
2855:
2828:
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2776:
2727:
2699:
2672:
2663:
2630:
2626:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2570:
2566:
2535:
2508:
2491:
2487:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2437:
2416:
2412:
2395:
2391:
2374:
2370:
2354:
2351:Transactions
2350:
2327:
2302:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2239:Despres 1998
2235:Tomasch 2002
2231:Shapiro 1996
2218:
2206:
2201:, p. 12
2195:Skinner 2003
2182:
2170:
2158:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2107:Hillaby 1994
2102:
2095:Stocker 1986
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1916:
1903:
1891:
1884:Mundill 2002
1879:
1867:
1855:
1828:
1823:, p. 85
1815:
1810:, p. 67
1799:
1787:
1775:
1768:Leonard 1891
1759:
1754:, p. 93
1743:
1731:
1715:
1686:
1662:
1638:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1555:Mundill 2002
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1375:
1363:
1356:Mundill 2002
1351:
1328:Parsons 1995
1323:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1241:Mundill 2010
1236:
1220:
1204:
1184:, p. 14
1169:, p. 4.
1162:
1146:
1127:
1120:
1110:
1096:
1087:
1062:
1056:
1043:
1033:
1015:
1006:
964:Justin Welby
957:
936:
929:
927:
920:
915:antisemitism
896:Significance
888:
864:
814:
764:
762:
740:
726:
700:
698:Queenborough
686:
674:
658:Cinque Ports
655:
636:
614:
611:
607:
591:
568:
557:
537:
530:
517:John Peckham
514:
485:
453:
416:
397:
361:antisemitism
358:
345:
316:
314:
312:
242:British Jews
216:Emancipation
185:Moyse's Hall
125:
108:
96:
48:
26:
2377:: 101–116.
2191:Stacey 2001
2175:Stacey 2001
2083:Stacey 2001
2008:Abrams 2022
1972:Ashbee 2004
1752:Stacey 1997
1736:Stacey 1997
1675:Morris 2009
1651:Morris 2009
1543:Morris 2009
1483:Rokéah 1988
1468:Rokéah 1988
1336:Morris 2009
1249:Singer 1964
1245:Stacey 1994
1026:Magna Carta
931:Commendatio
889:Mappa Mundi
859:blood libel
741:the English
733:Carcassonne
510: 1275
370:Middle Ages
343:that year.
333:ninth of Ab
111:(est. 1232)
3384:Categories
3099:17 January
3069:0851159311
2986:0333558332
2909:: 83–109.
2885:0714634646
2839:0300071574
2807:0312086490
2787:16 January
2747:2010282921
2609:0520061411
2494:: 69–109.
2295:Tolan 2023
1907:Quoted by
1679:Dorin 2023
1671:Tolan 2023
1655:Dorin 2023
1647:Tolan 2023
1603:Tolan 2023
1456:Tolan 2023
1444:Tolan 2023
1432:Tolan 2023
1344:Hyams 1974
1340:Tolan 2023
1316:Hyams 1974
1312:Tolan 2023
1264:Hyams 1974
1213:Hyams 1974
1100:Eleanor's
900:See also:
809:See also:
737:Cecil Roth
706:Portsmouth
643:Tisha B'Av
552:See also:
480:See also:
465:Canterbury
388:Background
97:Fox Fables
3317:39646815M
3234:4 January
3221:164473823
3179:4 January
3146:4 January
3136:11596429M
3078:28480315M
3022:28594904M
2963:22039212M
2864:17927110M
2826:(1997) ,
2763:24816680M
2755:466343661
2718:26454030M
2691:22563815M
2655:162632661
2589:4 January
2527:28086241M
2450:3 January
2383:0950-3129
2267:Roth 1964
2255:Roth 1964
2187:Roth 1964
2147:Roth 1964
2071:Roth 1964
2047:Roth 1964
1996:Roth 1964
1984:Roth 1964
1937:Roth 1964
1921:Roth 1964
1909:Roth 1964
1821:Roth 1964
1808:Roth 1962
1792:Roth 1964
1708:Roth 1964
1167:Roth 1964
1151:Roth 1964
1139:Citations
887:Hereford
790:Henry III
604:Expulsion
560:Leicester
461:Worcester
365:Henry III
323:from the
3344:7496826M
3288:12 April
3282:Archived
3263:2443113M
3225:Archived
3200:Speculum
3173:Archived
3140:Archived
3093:Archived
2975:(1996).
2936:5852410M
2915:29779864
2894:1710943M
2829:Edward I
2816:3502870W
2781:Archived
2618:2227861M
2583:Archived
2554:7982808M
2500:29779954
2479:5194789M
2444:Archived
2311:Gal 2021
1028:of 1215.
974:See also
911:Edward I
879:Sir Hugh
839:Lombards
701:en route
492:Edward I
419:Holy See
337:sheriffs
329:Edward I
269:•
267:Guernsey
265:•
261:•
257:•
255:Scotland
253:•
244:•
74:Medieval
3051:1453793
2995:780493M
2848:704063M
2647:3678048
2319:Sources
954:Apology
714:Wissant
623:tallage
234:Related
3410:Edicts
3342:
3332:
3315:
3305:
3261:
3251:
3219:
3169:46016M
3167:
3134:
3124:
3076:
3066:
3049:
3020:
3010:
2993:
2983:
2961:
2951:
2934:
2913:
2892:
2882:
2862:
2846:
2836:
2814:
2804:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2735:
2716:
2706:
2689:
2679:
2653:
2645:
2616:
2606:
2552:
2542:
2525:
2515:
2498:
2477:
2467:
2398:: 47.
2381:
2334:
1155:
1075:Archae
825:Exeter
778:Oxford
767:archae
729:Amiens
718:
694:Thames
617:archae
579:Aragon
428:tabula
271:Jersey
193:Modern
50:tabula
3228:(PDF)
3217:S2CID
3195:(PDF)
3047:JSTOR
2911:JSTOR
2651:S2CID
2643:JSTOR
2496:JSTOR
2367:(PDF)
1102:dower
1069:archa
1063:archa
998:Notes
913:used
696:near
598:Anjou
594:Maine
540:archa
412:usury
259:Wales
221:Chuts
3330:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3290:2023
3249:ISBN
3236:2024
3181:2024
3148:2024
3122:ISBN
3101:2024
3064:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2789:2024
2751:OCLC
2743:LCCN
2733:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2591:2024
2540:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2452:2024
2379:ISSN
2332:ISBN
731:and
613:the
596:and
519:the
321:Jews
315:The
246:List
3366:in
3209:doi
3039:doi
2635:doi
2575:doi
2571:xxv
2421:doi
2400:doi
792:in
431:or
3386::
3340:OL
3338:,
3313:OL
3311:.
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2905:.
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2373:.
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2353:.
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