History of the Jews in Algeria

3967: 4384:"distinctive North African Jewish population clusters with proximity to other Jewish populations and variable degrees of Middle Eastern, European, and North African admixture. Two major subgroups were identified by principal component, neighbor joining tree, and identity-by-descent analysis—Moroccan/Algerian and Djerban/Libyan—that varied in their degree of European admixture. These populations showed a high degree of endogamy and were part of a larger Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish group. By principal component analysis, these North African groups were orthogonal to contemporary populations from North and South Morocco, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Thus, this study is compatible with the history of North African Jews—founding during Classical Antiquity with proselytism of local populations, followed by genetic isolation with the rise of Christianity and then Islam, and admixture following the emigration of Sephardic Jews during the Inquisition." 3812: 3857: 3883: 3129:, or a protected minority people. As a result, Algerian Jews resisted those French Jews attempting to settle in Algeria; in some cases, there was rioting, in others the local Jews refused to allow French Jewish burials in Algerian Jews' cemeteries. In 1865, the Senatus-Consulte liberalized rules of citizenship, to allow Jewish and Muslim "indigenous" peoples in Algeria to become French citizens if they requested it. Few did so, however, because French citizenship required renouncing certain traditional mores. The Algerians considered that a kind of 3943: 76: 3155:, and they embraced many aspects of French culture. In embracing "Frenchness," the Algerian Jews joined the colonizers, although they were still considered "other" to the French. Although some took on more typically European occupations, "the majority of Jews were poor artisans and shopkeepers catering to a Muslim clientele." Moreover, conflicts between Sephardic Jewish religious law and French law produced contention within the community. They resisted changes related to domestic issues, such as marriage. 3919: 3907: 3931: 3845: 3295: 3895: 3871: 6000: 193: 3955: 35: 6006: 2851:) and were barred from gaining French citizenship unless highly specific conditions were met. However, the dhimma was abolished, and Jews became equal to Muslims under French law. Indeed, the Muslim law that governed the country put the former at a distinct disadvantage to the latter, especially in the legal sphere and their treatment as inhabitants of the country. Having become French citizens following the 337: 3803:

In 2014, the Minister of Religious Affairs Mohammed Eissa announced that the Algerian government would foster the reopening of Jewish synagogues. However, this never came to fruition, with Eissa stating that it was no longer the interest of Algerian Jews. In 2017, there were an estimated 50 Jews remaining in Algeria, mostly in Algiers. In 2020, there are an estimated 200 Jews in Algeria.

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A contemporary Jewess of Algiers wears on her head a "takrita" (handkerchief), is dressed in a "bedenor" (gown with a bodice trimmed with lace) and a striped vest with long sleeves coming to the waist. The "mosse" (girdle) is of silk. The native Algerian Jew wears a "ṭarbush" or oblong turban with

3802:

Since 2005, the Algerian government has attempted to reduce discrimination against the Jewish population, by establishing a Jewish association, and passing a law that recognized freedom of religion. They also allowed a relaunching of Jewish pilgrimage, to the most holy Jewish sites in North Africa.

3658:

in Algeria, an office called the "Special Department for the Control of the Jewish Problem" handled the execution of laws applying to Algeria's Jewish population. This was unique in French North Africa, and as such the laws covering the status of Jews were governed much more harshly in Algeria than

3634:

also limited the number of Jewish children in Algeria's public school system, and eventually terminated all Jewish enrollment in public schools. In response, Jewish professors who had been forced from their jobs set up a Jewish university in 1941, only for its forced dissolution to occur at the end

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set down strong roots among the expatriate French community in Algeria, where every municipal council was controlled by anti-Semites, and newspapers were rife with xenophobic attacks on the local Jewish communities. Much of this was encouraged by the French colonial administration, in particular by

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Cornell University Press 2012 p.136:'It is because the FLN considers Algerian Jews as sons of our country that we hope the leaders of the Jewish community will have the wisdom to contribute to the construction of a free and truly fraternal Algeria. The FLN is convinced that leaders will understand

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Between late 1961 and late summer 1962, 130,000 of Algeria's approximately 140,000 Jews left for France, while about 10,000 of them emigrated to Israel. Moroccan Jews who were living in Algeria and Jews from the M'zab Valley in the Algerian Sahara, who did not have French citizenship, as well as a

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regulations within Jewish communities, and was seen by much of the Jewish population as collaboration with the government. In response, many young Jews joined the Algerian resistance movement, which itself had been founded by Jews in 1940. On November 8, 1942, the Algerian resistance to the Vichy

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Vol. XIX Oxford University Press/Hebrew Institute of Jerusalem 2004 pp.88-103 p.97:'A larger group... took up arms towards the end of the war, with the opposing French terror group, the Organisation Armée Secréte (OAS), even though this group contained members of some of the most antisemitic and

4504:— A 2011 French animated film directed by Joann Sfar and Antoine Delesvaux, based on volumes one, two and five of Sfar's comics series with the same title. It tells the story of a cat, who obtains the ability to speak after swallowing a parrot, and its owner who is a rabbi in 1920s Algeria. 3650:, two French officials who administered the French military in North Africa, the antisemitic legislation was applied more severely in Algeria than France itself, under the pretext that it enabled greater equality between Muslims and Jews and considered racial laws a condition sine qua non of the 4379:

The Moroccan/Algerian, Djerban/Tunisian and Libyan subgroups of North African Jewry were found to demonstrate varying levels of Middle Eastern (40-42%), European (37-39%) and North African ancestry (20-21%), with Moroccan and Algerian Jews tending to be genetically closer to each other than to

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in Southern Algeria. They established, in Southern Algeria, “local civil status” laws, with rabbis overseeing legal issues. The French government recognized Jewish laws pertaining to domestic issues, such as marriage and inheritance. While these laws allowed for Jews to be structured under

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statutes on March 14, 1943, after the allies landed in North Africa, retained exceptionally the decree abolishing citizenship rights for Algerian Jews, claiming that they did not wish to incite violence between the Jewish and Muslim communities in Algiers. It was not until the arrival of

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for each region, with the duty "to inculcate unconditional obedience to the laws, loyalty to France, and the obligation to defend it". Such oversight was an example of the French Jews' attempt to "civilize" Jewish Algerians, as they believed their European traditions were superior to

5674:

Campbell, Christopher L.; Palamara, Pier F.; Dubrovsky, Maya; Botigue, Laura R.; Fellous, Marc; Atzmon, Gil; Oddoux, Carole; Pearlman, Alexander; Hao, Li; Henn, Brenna M.; Burns, Edward; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David; Friedman, Eitan; Pe'er, Itsik; Ostrer, Harry (2012).

3740:

Some Algerian Jews responded positively to the call from the FLN, joining with local militias or making financial contributions. For these Jews, they recognized a common attachment to Algeria and the antisemitism prevalent among the French. For others, memories of the 1934

3705:, became a place for the concentration of Jewish Algerian soldiers, who were forced to perform hard labor. These prisoners formed the "Jewish Work Group," and worked on a Vichy plan for a trans-Saharan railroad; many died from hunger, exhaustion, disease, or beatings. 4376:, 9 and 11 from Libya and Egypt, respectively, which makes 381 people. This study showed that the Jews of North Africa showed frequencies of their paternal haplotypes almost equal to those of the Lebanese and Palestinian non-Jews when compared to European non-Jews. 3148:. The decision to extend citizenship to Algerian Jews was a result of pressures from prominent members of the liberal, intellectual French Jewish community, which considered the North African Jews to be "backward" and wanted to bring them into modernity. 3209:

was to comment later that,'that pogroms against Jews in Algeria were carried out not, as it was claimed, by “‘backward Arabs’” but by “thoroughly sophisticated officers of the French colonial administration” and by the mayor of Algiers, Max Régis.'

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The spelling “Jews” (with a capital) designates members of a national or ethnic identity. The spelling “Jews” (without capital) designates practitioners of the Jewish religion. See on this subject the articles Jews and Use of capital letters in

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On March 31, 1942, the Vichy government issued a decree demanding the creation of a local Jewish government called the Union Générale des Israélites d’Algérie (UGIA). The UGIA was intended to be a body of Jews that would execute the

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La graphie « Juifs » (avec une capitale) désigne les membres d'une identité nationale ou ethnique. La graphie « juifs » (sans capitale) désigne les pratiquants de la religion juive. Voir à ce propos les articles

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landed and took control of Algiers and the rest of Algeria. However, Jews were not returned all of their former civil rights and liberties, nor their French citizenships until 1943. This can partially be explained by the fact that

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of that same year. The Jewish communities of Algeria also set up a system of Jewish primary schools for children, and by 1942 some 20,000 Jewish children were enrolled in 70 elementary and 5 secondary schools all over Algeria. The

2805:, which was completed in Algeria in the 8th century, brought North Africa into the realm of Islamic civilization and had a lasting impact on the identity of local Jewish communities, whose status was henceforth governed by the 5307:

that it is the duty and of course in the interest of the entire Jewish community not to remain "above the fray", to condemn without fail the dying French colonial regime, and to proclaim their choice of Algerian nationality.'

2960:. It is debated whether Jews influenced the Berber population, making converts among them. In that century, Islamic armies conquered the whole Maghreb and most of the Iberian peninsula. The Jewish population was placed under 116:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 4371:

The largest study to date on the Jews of North Africa has been led by Gerard Lucotte et al. in 2003. Sephardi population studied is as follows: 58 Jews from Algeria, 190 from Morocco, 64 from Tunisia, 49 from the island of

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The FLN published declarations guaranteeing a place in Algeria for Jews as an integral constituent of the Algerian people, hoping to attract their support. Algerian Muslims had assisted Jews during their trials under the

3494: 3832:), and a large silk handkerchief, the tassels of which hang down to his feet. At an earlier stage the Algerian Jewess wore a tall cone-shaped hat resembling those used in England in the fifteenth century. 2793:

in the 1st and 2nd centuries certainly led to the arrival of Jewish immigrants from these regions. The vast majority of scholarly sources reject the notion that there were any large-scale conversions of

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in Morocco or Tunisia. A bureau for "Economic Aryanization" was also installed in order to eradicate the Jewish community's significance in the economy, mostly by taking control of Jewish businesses.

6260: 3079:. While Muslims resisted the French occupation, some Algerian Jews aided in the conquest, serving as interpreters or suppliers. After their conquest, the French government rapidly restructured the 6543: 6539: 3623:

laws ensured that Jews were forbidden from holding public office or other governmental positions, as well as from holding jobs in industries such as insurance and real estate. In addition, the

6535: 6205: 4557: 6415: 6235: 3201:, sympathy for whom was widespread in the Arabic press, over 158 Jewish owned shops were looted and burned and two Jews were killed, while the army stood by and refused to intervene (see 6475: 6395: 6345: 3701:

In addition to the discriminatory and antisemitic laws faced by Jews all over Algeria, some 2,000 Jews were placed in concentration camps at Bedeau and Djelfa. The camp at Bedeau, near

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By 1969, fewer than 1,000 Jews were still living in Algeria. By 1975 the government had seized all but one of the country's synagogues and converted them to mosques or libraries.

2813: 6380: 6500: 6370: 3162:, the French government in Algeria legally categorized southern Algerian Jews, like the Muslims, as "indigènes", and thus subject to restricted and decreased rights under the 6430: 6230: 3573: 5456:

Jewish participation in the OAS has been widely acknowledged by historians, though just how many actually joined the organization and why, remain difficult to know exactly

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silken tassel, a "ṣadriyyah" or vest with large sleeves, and "sarwal" or pantaloons fastened by a "ḥizam" (girdle), all being covered by a mantle, a burnus (also spelled

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The fear of Spanish invasions in the 18th century caused Jews in Algeria to face potential expulsion and confiscation of property, similar to what had occurred in Spain.

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eventually created legislation allowing the government to control school curriculum, and schedules, which helped dampen efforts to educate young Jews in Algeria.

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In the 7th century, Jewish settlements in North Africa were reinforced by Jewish immigrants that came to North Africa after fleeing from the persecutions of the

3721:, against the Arab Independence movement, though they rejected that part of the official policy which proposed independence for Algeria. Some Jews did join the 4869: 3772: 3125:

This marked a change in the Jewish relationship with the state. They were separated from the Muslim court system, where they had previously been classified as

2991:, they thronged to the ports of North Africa, and mingled with native Jewish people. In the 16th century there were large Jewish communities in places such as 2007: 5988: 1662: 1357: 5773: 3037:'s demands that the French government pay its large outstanding wheat debts to two Jewish merchants. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, richer Jews from 6385: 5760: 4692: 1549: 3499: 3267:

movements in Algeria proved active in trying to turn Muslims against Algerian Jews by publishing tracts in Arabic, and were responsible for inciting the

3140:, while maintaining an inferior status for Muslims who, though technically French nationals, were required to apply for French citizenship and undergo a 3166:

compared to their northern Jewish counterparts, who were still French citizens under the Crémieux Decree of 1870. In 1881, there were only about 30,000

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Jessica Hammerman. "Ben, Myriam." Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2015. Reference. <

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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in 1830, Algerian Jews, like other Algerians, faced discrimination by the colonial state. Like Muslims, they were given the status of "indigéne" (

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280730558_Narrating_The_Past_Serving_the_Present_The_Berber_Identity_Movement_and_the_Jewish_Connection

5556: 5164: 3509: 3458: 2871:. This exile virtually put an end to more than 2,000 years of presence on Algerian soil. A few dozen very discreet Jews still live in Algeria. 2932:, note that Jews were found there, as they would be in any other major Muslim city of North Africa. Centuries later, the letters found in the 5596:"A Site for Sore Eyes The Israel21c Web site aims to show Americans that there's much more to Israel than the war-torn images they see on TV" 4117: 2046: 257: 3559: 3278: 229: 5966: 1031: 994: 4638: 3063:

In 1830, the Algerian Jewish population was between 15,000 and 17,000, mostly congregated in the coastal area. Some 6,500 Jews lived in

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At the time, the French government distinguished French citizens (who had national voting rights and were subject to French laws and

2777:, although it is not possible to trace with any certainty the time and circumstances of the arrival of the first Jews in what is now 1970: 5799: 4665: 3175:, it prevented southern Jews from accessing “elite” opportunities, as their indigenous status established them as lesser citizens. 1993: 5909:

The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

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settled in Algeria, mixing with the local Jewish population and influencing its traditions. In the 18th century, other Jews, the

1343: 3753:, together with arson attacks on the Batna and Orleanville synagogues, played a role in their decisions to turn down the offer. 243: 6162: 5956: 5569: 3393: 3099: 2750: 1920: 1855: 1737: 3231:

In 1931, Jews made up less than 2% of Algeria's total population. This population was more represented in the largest cities:

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Shepard, Todd. The invention of decolonization: the Algerian War and the remaking of France. Cornell University Press, 2008.

3094:) from Jewish and Muslim "indigenous" peoples, who each were allowed to keep their own laws and courts. By 1841, the Jewish 6300: 5974: 3504: 3424: 1479: 225: 3856: 6410: 6400: 4519: 3722: 3286: 1747: 1564: 1554: 794: 166: 121: 54: 5737: 5014:'The Colonized Semites and the Infectious Disease: Theorizing and Narrativizing Anti-Semitism in the Levant, 1870–1914,' 88: 6305: 5224: 4830: 3605:, on October 7, 1940, thereby abolishing French citizenship for Algerian Jews, affecting some 110,000 Algerians. Under 2143: 2093: 2058: 1752: 1617: 1484: 144: 5941: 6360: 6330: 6285: 6220: 5869: 5850: 5676: 5422: 4877: 2743: 1835: 1797: 1772: 1692: 1677: 1524: 1464: 1419: 294: 276: 62: 4711: 3668:

government took part in the takeover of Algiers in preparation for the Allied liberation of North Africa, known as "

157:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

6569: 6350: 5497:"Community in Algeria." WJC, World Jewish Congress, Jan. 2018, www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/DZ. 3378: 2909: 2128: 2110: 2016: 1910: 1762: 1757: 1682: 1647: 1514: 5480: 4177:, (Algerian Jew mother), President of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) Group in the French National Assembly 3882: 3045:

and the Ottoman Empire reinforced the Jewish community. Later again in the 19th century, many Sephardic Jews from

6450: 6425: 6275: 6270: 6250: 6215: 6200: 4514: 4272: 3942: 3783:, which aimed to disrupt the process of independence with bombings and assassination attempts, targets including 3780: 3726: 3532: 2802: 2646: 2545: 2100: 2083: 2036: 1935: 1845: 1782: 1732: 1712: 1707: 1627: 1601: 1576: 1454: 1444: 1434: 1414: 1409: 17: 5644:

Lucotte, G; David, F (October 1992). "Y-chromosome-specific haplotypes of Jews detected by probes 49f and 49a".

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Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XIX: Jews and the State: Dangerous Alliances and the Perils of Privilege,

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Within a generation, despite initial resistance, most Algerian Jews came to speak French rather than Arabic or

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The French government granted the Jews, who by then numbered some 33,000, French citizenship in 1870 under the

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in October 1943 that Jewish Algerians finally regained their French citizenship with the reinstatement of the

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and present-day Algeria before the Roman conquest, but the development of Jewish communities is linked to the

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http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/ben-myriam-SIM_000694

3615: 2540: 2078: 2063: 2026: 1988: 1960: 1950: 1945: 1930: 1925: 1905: 1890: 1875: 1850: 1816: 1787: 1687: 1672: 1596: 1586: 1504: 1474: 1399: 1385: 5617: 250: 6420: 6325: 6310: 6290: 6280: 6255: 6195: 6051: 3547: 3542: 2781:. In any case, several waves of immigration helped to increase the population. There may have been Jews in 2148: 2068: 2031: 1955: 1900: 1767: 1742: 1667: 1642: 1632: 1571: 1494: 1489: 1469: 1459: 1439: 1424: 1317: 1021: 785: 780: 5996: 5076: 6340: 3906: 3894: 3453: 3109:

In 1845, the French colonial government reorganized communal structure, appointing French Jews, who were

2900:). Epitaphs have been found in archaeological excavations that attest to Jews in the first centuries CE. 2138: 2133: 2088: 2041: 1727: 1697: 1657: 1652: 1509: 815: 3613:

and Jews who had converted to another religion were subject to anti-semitic laws, known collectively as

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Nationalism, Identity and Politics: Israel and the Middle East. Studies in Honor of Prof. Asher Susser

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Nationalism, Identity and Politics: Israel and the Middle East. Studies in Honor of Prof. Asher Susser

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in 117, reinforced Jewish settlement in North Africa and the Mediterranean. Early descriptions of the

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Pierre Birnbaumn, 'French Jews and the "Regeneration" of Algerian Jewry,' in Ezra Mendelsohn (ed.)

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Later many Sephardic Jews were forced to take refuge in Algeria from the persecutions in Spain of

6102: 6081: 5881:"Narrating The Past, Serving the Present: The Berber Identity Movement and the Jewish Connection" 5528: 4612:"Narrating The Past, Serving the Present: The Berber Identity Movement and the Jewish Connection" 4366: 4174: 3268: 3224: 3080: 2897: 2570: 2560: 2525: 2404: 2394: 2177: 1348: 1290: 1124: 803: 760: 475: 203: 5467: 4914: 6074: 6046: 5080: 4595: 4299: 4168: 3930: 3673: 3515: 3468: 2689: 2424: 2338: 1404: 956: 575: 545: 5301: 4979: 4820: 6148: 6069: 5622: 5439: 5344: 5279: 5047: 4899: 4737:

Inscribing devotion and death: archaeological evidence for Jewish populations of North Africa

4215: 4089: 3954: 2580: 2575: 2520: 2308: 1223: 951: 938: 833: 550: 173: 4293: 3717:, most Algerian Jews took sides with France, out of loyalty to the Republic which gave them 2812:

New immigrants later strengthened the Algerian Jewish community: Jews fled Spain during the

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Jews, who had been excluded from the Cremieux Decree, were also given French citizenship.

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in the south, with the permission of the Muslim authorities. Some Jews in Oran preserved

2984: 2856: 2817: 2704: 2399: 1077: 944: 847: 840: 770: 658: 533: 5932: 5695: 5318: 5714: 5677:"North African Jewish and non-Jewish populations form distinctive, orthogonal clusters" 5414:

North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: The Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria

5013: 4590: 4276: 4203: 4185: 4147: 3476: 3341: 2848: 2555: 2505: 2452: 2447: 2361: 2231: 1499: 1328: 1087: 1007: 861: 427: 6036: 4135: 4007: 3718: 3695: 3672:." Of the 377 resistance members who took Algiers, 315 were Jewish. In November 1942, 3643: 3602: 3137: 2852: 5865: 5846: 5719: 5653: 5445: 5418: 5375: 5350: 5230: 5220: 5108: 5053: 4995: 4985: 4957: 4947: 4826: 4796: 4693:"Algérie : Juifs, chrétiens… Comment le pays encadre les religions minoritaires" 4644: 4159: 4031: 3983: 3784: 3691: 3193: 2699: 2641: 2621: 2438: 1998: 1637: 1097: 968: 898: 775: 688: 555: 148: 5573: 4245: 4141: 4079: 3702: 5709: 5699: 5016: 4822:

Les juifs dans l'histoire de France : Premier colloque internationale de Haïfa

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Orit Bashkin, 'The Colonized Semites and the Infectious Disease,' 2021 pp.202-203.

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in WW2, when their citizenship rights under the Crémieux Degree had been revoked.

6119: 5945: 5412: 5102: 4941: 4251: 4233: 4221: 4199: 4049: 4001: 3757: 3669: 3610: 3429: 3167: 3020: 2774: 2631: 2590: 2585: 2565: 2487: 2481: 2414: 2366: 2206: 2187: 1338: 1067: 979: 962: 506: 378: 6140: 4347: 4311: 5800:"Genetics study of North African Jews tells migratory tale - Los Angeles Times" 4816: 4529: 4341: 4335: 4323: 4287: 4061: 4019: 3750: 3314: 3213:

Under French rule, some Muslim anti-Jewish riots still occurred, as in 1897 in

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in Italy started settling in Algeria. Commercial trading and exchanges between

3030: 2833: 2821: 2731: 2530: 2385: 2265: 2244: 2221: 2216: 2194: 2182: 1777: 1258: 1192: 1157: 1135: 1072: 910: 888: 750: 729: 705: 471: 453: 386: 4999: 4961: 4928: 4770: 4209: 3023:—which was a uniquely conservative dialect of Spanish—until the 19th century. 2816:

of the 5th and 6th centuries, and again during the persecutions linked to the

6563: 5951: 5927: 5214: 4524: 4317: 4305: 4123: 4073: 3324: 3206: 3119: 2828:, were few in number, but played a role as commercial intermediaries between 2679: 2674: 1880: 1807: 1333: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1140: 1092: 854: 693: 598: 560: 511: 414: 5704: 5234: 4870:"The Nineteenth Century and the Impact of the West / Social Transformations" 3243:, which each had Jewish populations of over 7%. Many smaller cities such as 3188: 5938: 5723: 4257: 4129: 4101: 4095: 4025: 3995: 3734: 3714: 3686: 3678: 3664: 3655: 3647: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3620: 3606: 3598: 3319: 3260: 3179: 3091: 2933: 2905: 2893: 2864: 2859:, and despite their forced return to second-class indigenous status during 2786: 2709: 2535: 2376: 2371: 2329: 2282: 1376: 1243: 1228: 1187: 1152: 765: 607: 5657: 5441:

Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home

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Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home

3184: 3163: 3058: 5395:"Marking the 60th Anniversary of the Mass Jewish Emigration from Algeria" 4553: 4353: 4329: 4281: 4239: 4113: 3725:

fighting for independence, but a larger group made common cause with the

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Algeria Sephardim Deported from France or Executed in France during WWII

5774:"International genetic study traces Jewish roots to ancient Middle East" 5119:

Muslim anti Jewish riots in Constantine in 1934 when 25 Jews were killed

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process. For this reason, they are sometimes incorrectly categorized as

3098:"religious courts" were placed under French jurisdiction, linked to the 5372:

The Burdens of Brotherhood Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France

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French civilization and its discontents: nationalism, colonialism, race

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The Extreme Right in Interwar France: The Faisceau and the Croix de Feu

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Jewish questions: responsa on Sephardic life in the early modern period

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set strict limitations on Jewish people working as doctors or lawyers.

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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There is evidence of Jewish settlements in Algeria since at least the

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settled in Algeria, creating new communities, particularly in Oran.

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lands were said to welcome Christians and Jews very early from the

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Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870-1962

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small number of Algerian Jews from Constantine, also emigrated to

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secured Algerian independence. Some Algerian Jews had joined the

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Stovall, Tyler Edward; Van den Abbeele, Georges, eds. (2003).

4070:, businessman, CEO of 3Com, venture capitalist, philanthropist 2884: 2840:

arrived in Algeria, strengthening the ranks of the community.

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was brought to trial for his defense in an 1898 open letter,

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In 1961, with the French National Assembly Law 61-805, the

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Algiers. The French attack on Algeria was provoked by the

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to this template: there are already 1,484 articles in the

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Site multilingue sur la Hazanout des Juifs de Constantine

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Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France,

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also had small Jewish populations. By the mid-thirties,

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of 1870, the Algerian Jews increasingly identified with

5019:, Winter 2021, Vol. 47 Issue 2, pp.189-217, pp.199-202 4916:

How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789,

4190:, author, wrote the first theatre play in Arabic (1847) 5843:

Decadent Orientalisms: The Decay of Colonial Modernity

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Djerban Jews and Libyan Jews. According to the study:

3745:, and incidents of violent Muslim assault on Jews in 3106:

were put in place, operating under French oversight.

3067:, where they made up 20% of the population; 2,000 in 5826:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 4939: 4636: 2299: 2280: 703: 109: 4858:. South Hadley, Massachusetts: Bergen, 1988. Print. 217:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2879: 6170: 4771:"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews - 1492 Spain" 4585: 4583: 4230:, actress (mother was of Algerian Jewish descent) 6561: 5738:"Study completes genetic map of N. African Jews" 5052:. Cornell University Press. 2004. pp. 10–. 4876:. The Jewish Publication Society. Archived from 4640:Le processus d'acculturation des Juifs d'Algérie 5684:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5669: 5667: 4658: 2964:domination in constant cultural exchanges with 163:{{Translated|fr|Histoire des Juifs en Algérie}} 5878: 5219:. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. 258, 259. 4709: 4609: 4580: 4016:, film director, actor (Algerian born parents) 3029:Jewish merchants did well financially in late 151:accompanying your translation by providing an 100:Click for important translation instructions. 87:expand this article with text translated from 6156: 5982: 5948:Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 5907:Resources > Jewish communities > Magreb 5437: 5342: 4977: 4712:"Y a-t-il encore des Juifs au Maghreb ?" 4690: 3567: 2751: 5664: 5643: 3587:Holocaust in Algeria, under the Vichy regime 2836:. Later in the 19th century, many Jews from 325: 318: 5296: 5294: 5274: 5272: 4943:Saharan Jews and the Fate of French Algeria 995:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6163: 6149: 5989: 5975: 5481:"Behind the Headlines the Jews of Algeria" 5369: 5363: 5323:. New York: Grove Press. pp. 155–157. 5165:"The Jews of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia" 4904:University of California Press, 1998 p.83. 4284:, Chief Rabbi of France (Algerian parents) 3574: 3560: 2956:, which was at the time still part of the 2758: 2744: 335: 5713: 5703: 5570:"This domain was registered by Youdot.io" 5374:. Harvard University Press. p. 212. 5336: 5094: 4973: 4971: 3972:Rabbi Ephraim Ankawa Synagogue in Tlemcen 3681:himself, along with the Governor-General 3597:One of the first moves of the pro-German 3593:Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation 295:Learn how and when to remove this message 277:Learn how and when to remove this message 5957:The Jewish Population of Algeria in 1931 5924:French site for Jews of Algerian origins 5431: 5291: 5288:reactionary of French Algerian circles.' 5269: 5104:The Martyrdom of a Moroccan Jewish Saint 4984:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 210. 4919:Duke University Press 2008 pp. 128, 253. 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 3977: 3836: 3810: 3601:regime was to revoke the effects of the 3219: 2952:and his successors. They escaped to the 2883: 5859: 5410: 5071: 5069: 4815: 4790: 4144:, French film director and scriptwriter 2939: 2936:mention many Algerian Jewish families. 14: 6562: 5246: 5244: 5210: 5208: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 4968: 4874:The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times 4224:, French born author and screenwriter. 4052:, philosopher (Algerian Jewish mother) 3794: 3685:, in promulgating the cancellation of 3100:Israelite Central Consistory of France 6144: 5970: 5840: 5797: 5761:A New Genetic Map Of Jewish Diasporas 5610: 5594:Hallé, Charlotte (24 December 2004). 5593: 5587: 5316: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5100: 4930:, University of California Santa Cruz 4839: 4388: 4290:, film director (Algerian Jew father) 3310:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 2820:of the 14th and 16th centuries. Many 5771: 5461: 5349:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 84–. 5066: 4907: 4867: 4236:, boxer: World Bantamweight Champion 4156:, boxer: World Bantamweight Champion 4104:, Algerian-born rabbi and head of a 3992:, member of the anti-Nazi resistance 3806: 357:Regions with significant populations 215:adding citations to reliable sources 186: 69: 28: 5491: 5241: 5205: 5049:Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History 4940:Sarah Abrevaya Stein (6 May 2014). 4520:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 3287:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 2888:A Jew of Algiers, late 19th century 326: 319: 24: 5816: 5444:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 84. 5438:Sung-Eun Choi (19 November 2015). 5343:Sung-Eun Choi (19 November 2015). 5124: 4267:player, a superstar in Israel and 25: 6581: 5952:Documents from Old Jewish Algeria 5900: 4703: 4684: 3052: 786:Historical population comparisons 44:This article has multiple issues. 6471:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6241:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6004: 5998: 4643:(in French). CIEMI. p. 41. 4558:Usage des majuscules en français 3965: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3869: 3855: 3843: 3293: 2920:in 70 CE, and thereafter by the 2910:destruction of the Second Temple 1430:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1344:Historical population by country 226:"History of the Jews in Algeria" 191: 74: 33: 5791: 5765: 5754: 5730: 5637: 5562: 5549: 5521: 5500: 5473: 5404: 5388: 5327: 5310: 5181: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5006: 4946:. University of Chicago Press. 4933: 4922: 4892: 4861: 4809: 4784: 4763: 4515:History of the Jews in Carthage 4171:, physicist, Nobel prize (1997) 3986:, singer, actor, make up artist 3533:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 3158:After the 1882 conquest of the 2880:Early Jewish history in Algeria 2822:Jews from the Iberian Peninsula 2803:Muslim conquest of North Africa 2789:. Jewish revolts in Israel and 202:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 6172:History of the Jews in Africa 5879:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2014). 5864:. Cambridge University Press. 5742:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 5285:Studies in Contemporary Jewry, 4742: 4729: 4691:Maïna Fauliot (11 July 2014). 4670:northafricanjews-ww2.org.il/fr 4630: 4610:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (2014). 4603: 4542: 3727:OAS, secret paramilitary group 3363:Antisemitism in the Arab world 3102:. Regional Algerian courts or 2845:French colonization of Algeria 2771:The history of Jews in Algeria 161:You may also add the template 13: 1: 5101:Vance, Sharon (10 May 2011). 4710:Benjamin Roger (2013-04-26). 4637:Jean-Jacques Deldyck (2000). 4573: 4493: 4344:, sociologist and philosopher 4162:, academic and biographer of 3815:Jewish women in Algeria, 1851 3708: 1001:Christianity and Judaism 5939:The Jewish Community of Oran 5845:. Fordham University Press. 5626:(in French). 24 January 2002 5411:Laskier, Michael M. (1994). 3543:Historical Jewish population 7: 5860:Roberts, Sohpie P. 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JewishEncyclopedia.com 4535: 4086:(Jewish Algerian father) 4040:, activist and novelist 3948:Sétif synagogue interior 3900:Sanya Synagogue, Algiers 3548:Islamic–Jewish relations 842:Temple in Jerusalem 535:Bar and bat mitzvah 6570:Jewish Algerian history 6103:Great Synagogue of Oran 5705:10.1073/pnas.1204840109 5401:. Accessed 7 Dec. 2023. 4856:Colonialism & After 4367:Genetic studies on Jews 4254:, cabalist and moralist 4108:in the Israeli town of 3269:1934 Constantine Pogrom 3225:Great Synagogue of Oran 2898:Mauretania Caesariensis 2814:Visigothic persecutions 804:Twelve Tribes of Israel 172:For more guidance, see 6047:1934 Constantine riots 5317:Fanon, Frantz (1967). 5107:. BRILL. p. 182. 5081:Jewish Virtual Library 4978:Samuel Kalman (2008). 4791:Goldish, Matt (2008). 4773:. Sephardicstudies.org 4596:Jewish Virtual Library 4386: 4273:Israel's national team 4169:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji 3888:Houma Keramane, Béjaïa 3834: 3816: 3516:The Forgotten Refugees 3228: 3227:, turned into a mosque 2889: 6386:São Tomé and Príncipe 6246:Republic of the Congo 5841:Fieni, David (2020). 5824:"The Jews of Algeria" 5189:"The Jews of Algeria" 4854:Friedman, Elizabeth. 4382: 4216:Jean-Pierre Elkabbach 3978:Notable Algerian Jews 3837:Synagogues in Algeria 3825: 3814: 3337:Arab–Israeli conflict 3257:François de La Rocque 3223: 3011:and as far spread as 2887: 2865:Algerian Independence 1550:São Tomé and Príncipe 1545:Republic of the Congo 939:Second Temple Judaism 810:Kingdom of Judah 781:Modern historiography 405:Related ethnic groups 174:Knowledge:Translation 145:copyright attribution 5529:"Fear Was My Father" 4825:(in French). BRILL. 4076:, double bass player 2940:Muslim dominance era 2652:World Agudath Israel 1793:United Arab Emirates 880:Second Temple period 870:Babylonian captivity 341:Algerian Jew (1892). 211:improve this article 6461:States with limited 6042:1898 Algerian riots 5696:2012PNAS..10913865C 5370:Ethan Katz (2015). 5320:A Dying Colonialism 4300:Reinette L'Oranaise 4022:, economist, writer 3821:Jewish Encyclopedia 3795:Independent Algeria 3265:French Social Party 3203:1898 Algerian riots 2985:Spanish Inquisition 2857:metropolitan France 2818:Spanish Reconquista 945:Hellenistic Judaism 523:Land of Israel 482:Principles of faith 312: 5944:2018-06-12 at the 5537:. 22 November 2007 4880:on August 28, 2006 4868:Stillman, Norman. 4739:, Bril, 2008, p.88 4399:Jewish Population 4389:Population numbers 4294:Bernard-Henri Lévy 4204:post-structuralist 4175:Jean-François Copé 4082:, philosopher and 3924:Synagogue, Algiers 3817: 3719:French citizenship 3477:Hurum air disaster 3229: 3187:. 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Algeria 15: 12: 11: 5: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6533: 6520: 6511: 6497:Canary Islands 6493: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6124: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6021: 5994: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5936: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5901:External links 5899: 5898: 5897: 5876: 5870: 5857: 5851: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5815: 5790: 5764: 5753: 5729: 5663: 5636: 5609: 5586: 5561: 5548: 5520: 5499: 5490: 5472: 5460: 5450: 5430: 5423: 5403: 5387: 5380: 5362: 5355: 5335: 5326: 5309: 5290: 5268: 5240: 5226:978-0739106464 5225: 5204: 5180: 5123: 5113: 5093: 5065: 5058: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012:Orit Bashkin, 5005: 4990: 4967: 4952: 4932: 4921: 4913:Patrick Weil, 4906: 4891: 4860: 4838: 4832:978-9004060272 4831: 4808: 4801: 4783: 4762: 4741: 4728: 4702: 4683: 4657: 4649: 4629: 4602: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4530:Sephardic Jews 4527: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4390: 4387: 4365:Main article: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4342:Shmuel Trigano 4339: 4336:Patrick Timsit 4333: 4327: 4324:Benjamin Stora 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4288:Claude Lelouch 4285: 4279: 4255: 4249: 4246:Marlène Jobert 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4197: 4191: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4142:Élie Chouraqui 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4112:and doctor of 4106:Hesder Yeshiva 4099: 4093: 4087: 4080:Daniel Bensaïd 4077: 4071: 4065: 4062:Jean Benguigui 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4020:Jacques Attali 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3808: 3805: 3796: 3793: 3768:at that time. 3710: 3707: 3703:Sidi-bel-Abbes 3648:General Giraud 3644:Admiral Darlan 3621:Vichy regime's 3591:Main article: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3527: 3526: 3525:Related topics 3522: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3199:Alfred Dreyfus 3153:Judaeo-Spanish 3142:naturalization 3111:Ashkenazi Jews 3075:; and 1000 in 3054: 3053:French Algeria 3051: 2941: 2938: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2834:Ottoman Empire 2787:Roman presence 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2647:Territorialism 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2531:Judaeo-Spanish 2528: 2526:Judaeo-Iranian 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1972:United Kingdom 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1405:Bilad-el-Sudan 1402: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1358:Land of Israel 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1216:Related groups 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1073:Jewish atheism 1070: 1065: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024:Islamic–Jewish 1019: 1012: 997: 992: 984: 983: 976: 975: 974: 973: 949: 936: 908: 903: 896: 891: 889:Yehud Medinata 883: 882: 876: 875: 874: 873: 866: 859: 851: 838: 830: 818: 813: 806: 798: 797: 795:Ancient Israel 791: 790: 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 751:Land of Israel 748: 740: 739: 733: 728: 727: 724: 723: 718: 717: 716: 715: 710: 706:Shulchan Aruch 701: 696: 691: 686: 678: 677: 676: 675: 670: 662: 661: 655: 654: 653: 652: 647: 639: 638: 632: 631: 630: 629: 624: 619: 611: 610: 602: 597: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 531: 526: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 484: 479: 472:God in Judaism 468: 463: 462: 459: 458: 457: 456: 451: 443: 442: 432: 431: 419: 418: 407: 406: 402: 401: 395: 394: 390: 389: 387:Tetuani Ladino 371: 370: 366: 365: 359: 358: 354: 353: 352:<200 (2020) 349: 348: 344: 343: 340: 332: 331: 320:יהדות אלג'יריה 316: 306: 303: 302: 285: 284: 199: 197: 190: 183: 182: 178: 177: 170: 159: 137: 134: 122:adding a topic 117: 106: 103: 84: 83: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6582: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6301:Guinea-Bissau 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6070:Algerian Jews 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5980: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5871:9781107188150 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5852:9780823286409 5848: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5825: 5819: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5762: 5757: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5652:(5): 757–61. 5651: 5647: 5640: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5597: 5590: 5576:on 2011-01-28 5575: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5509: 5503: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5424:9780814750728 5420: 5417:. NYU Press. 5416: 5415: 5407: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5273: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5209: 5194: 5193:dbs.bh.org.il 5190: 5184: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4902: 4898:Paula Hyman, 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4772: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4697:Jeune Afrique 4694: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4579: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525:Maghrebi Jews 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4368: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318:Martial Solal 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4306:Enrico Macias 4304: 4301: 4298: 4296:, philosopher 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:Panathinaikos 4274: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194:Gérard Darmon 4192: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4148:Hélène Cixous 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124:Patrick Bruel 4122: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4090:Richard Berry 4088: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4074:Michel Benita 4072: 4069: 4068:Éric Benhamou 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3990:José Aboulker 3988: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777:Évian Accords 3774: 3769: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3674:Allied forces 3671: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495:Awareness day 3493: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3259:'s extremist 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3207:Hannah Arendt 3204: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3168:Mozabite Jews 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773:goes back to 2772: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2571:Judeo-Aramaic 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2561:Judeo-Italian 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541:Ghardaïa Sign 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 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