1652:. The participants obtained guns and grenades after two young men used forged keys and snuck into the armory unit. The weapons were then distributed around the camp in garbage bins. However, during the distribution of arms, a Nazi guard stopped a prisoner and found contraband money on him. Fearing that the prisoner would be tortured and give away the plan, the organizers decided to launch the revolt ahead of schedule without completing the distribution of weapons, and set off a single grenadeâthe agreed-upon signal for the uprising. The prisoners then attacked the Nazi guards with guns and grenades. Several German and Ukrainian guards were killed, a fuel tank was set on fire, barracks and warehouses were burned, military vehicles were disabled, and grenades were thrown at the SS headquarters. The guards replied with machine-gun fire, and 1,500 inmates were killedâbut 70 inmates escaped to freedom. The guards chased those who had escaped on horseback and in cars, but some of those who escaped were armed, and returned the guards' fire. Gassing operations at the camp were interrupted for a month.
1519:, who wrote that resistance to the Nazis comprised not only physical opposition, but any activity that gave the Jewish people dignity and humanity despite the humiliating and inhumane conditions. The scholarly argument surrounding passive and spiritual resistance stems from historian Yehuda Bauer's concept of "amidah", the Hebrew word meaning "to stand up against", which asserts any act of resisting the destruction of Jewish life is an act of defiance. Further historical research and arguments have used "Amidah" to characterize religious observation, the of Jewish resistance to the destruction of one's culture, one's individualism, and one's will to live.
2142:. It counted about 200 mainly Jewish participants. They made several bomb attacks on German troop trains and arson attacks on cinemas, which were forbidden for Jews. Dormits was caught after stealing a handbag off a woman in order to obtain an identification card for his Jewish girlfriend, who also participated in the resistance. Dormits committed suicide in the police station by shooting himself through the head. From a cash ticket of a shop the police found the hiding place of Dormits and discovered bombs, arson material, illegal papers, reports about resistance actions and a list of participants. The
1633:
60:
1535:, Middleton-Kaplan mentions Jewish resistance leader Abba Kovner, famed for his role in the Vilna ghetto uprising, quoted as early as 1941 using the "sheep to the slaughter" phrase as a call to action, arguing Kovner employed the phrase's original connotation as a call to action towards an unmoving or absent God. Historians such as Patrick Henry have found that the "sheep to the slaughter" myth of Jewish passivity is partly tied to the apparent lack of discussion regarding forms of Jewish resistance outside armed revolt.
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1572:. As a result, from roughly May 1940 to October 1941, the Jews of the ghetto published their own underground newspapers, offering hopeful news about the war and prospects for the future. The most prominent of these were published by the Jewish Socialist party and the Zionist Labor Movement. These two groups formed an alliance but they had no arms. These papers lamented the carnage of war, but for the most part did not encourage armed resistance.
1512:
employment and preservation of Jewish art and artists in
Germany through the creation of Jewish Cultural Association serve as a passive means of resisting the Nazi aim to destroy the identity and culture of Judaism. Richard Middleton-Kaplan identifies documented acts of spiritual resistance in concentration camps, such as inmates saying prayers for Shabbat and fallen loved ones and making efforts to care for themselves and others.
2842:
1910:
40:
2830:, lacing their bread rations with arsenic at the bakery which supplied it. Approximately 1,200 prisoners fell ill, but no deaths were reported. The U.S. Army mustered its medical resources to treat the poisoned prisoners. Nokmim responses ranged from viewing this mass assassination attempt as a failure to claiming that the Allies covered up the fact that there had been deaths.
2003:, and independent left-wing groups such as the New Beginning. Much of the non-left wing and non-Jewish opposition to Hitler in Germany (i.e., conservative and religious forces), although often opposed to the Nazi plans for extermination of German and European Jewry, in many instances itself harbored anti-Jewish sentiments.
1813:
crystallised between AugustâSeptember 1942, following the passing of legislation regarding wearing yellow badges and the start of the deportations. When deportations began, Jewish partisans destroyed records of Jews compiled by the AJB. The first organization specifically devoted to hiding Jews, the
1530:
had to live under and endure, what is surprising is not how little resistance there was, but rather how much resistance was present. Middleton-Kaplan calls upon the traditional connotation of "sheep to the slaughter" in both
Judaism in Christianity to argue the positive notion in Jewish scripture of
1850:
one). The CDJ was only one of dozens of organised resistance groups that provided support to hidden Jews. Other groups and individual resistance members were responsible for finding hiding places and providing food and forged papers. Many Jews in hiding went on to join organised resistance groups.
1675:
officers, including the deputy commander, and a number of
Ukrainian guards. Although the plan was to kill all of SS members and walk out of the main gate of the camp, the guards discovered the killings and opened fire. The inmates then had to run for freedom under fire, with roughly 300 of the 600
1607:
attacked from the outside in support. After fierce fighting, vastly superior German forces pacified the Warsaw Ghetto and either murdered or deported all of the remaining inhabitants to the Nazi killing centers. The
Germans claimed that they lost 18 dead and 85 wounded, though this figure has been
1511:
Nechama Tec argues that any of the complex and varying acts of defiance against the restrictive and demoralizing conditions forced upon the Jews of Europe should be considered spiritual resistance. Tec asserts that actions such as ghetto leaders scavenging resources for food and medicine, or the
1612:
estimating 300 German casualties. Some 13,000 Jews were killed, and 56,885 were deported to concentration camps. There are two main reasons why Jews failed to resist when they were leaving the ghettos: Nazis' powerful army and also, it was difficult for Jews to get armed resistance because they
1507:
defines Jewish resistance more widely. He recounts widespread individual resistance in many forms. Jews fought oppressors with the weapons they could find. But
Gilbert emphasizes that many Jews resisted passively; by enduring suffering and even death with dignity, they refused to satisfy German
2055:. The action resulted in mass arrests, executions, and reprisals against German Jews. Because of the reprisals it provoked, the bombing led to debate within opposition circles similar to those that took place elsewhere where the Jewish resistance was activeâtaking action and risking murderous
1870:
The resistance was responsible for the assassination of Robert
Holzinger, the head of the deportation program, in 1942. Holzinger, an active collaborator, was an Austrian Jew selected by the Germans for the role. The assassination led to a change in leadership of the AJB. Five Jewish leaders,
2269:, an all-Jewish unit of the British Army for Jews from Palestine, in July 1944. It consisted of about 5,500 Jewish volunteers from Palestine led by British-Jewish officers, and was organized into three infantry regiments, an artillery regiment, and supporting units. They were attached to the
1978:
forces, distributing anti-Nazi propaganda, as well as participating in attempts to assist Jewish emigration out of Nazi-controlled territories. It has been argued that, for Jews during the
Holocaust, given the intent of the Nazi regime to exterminate Jews, survival itself constituted an act
2779:
for "avengers"), they tracked down and executed former Nazis who took part in the
Holocaust. They killed an unknown number of Nazis, and their efforts are believed to have continued into the 1950s. The Nazis were often kidnapped and killed by hanging or strangulation, others were killed by
2119:. Bluhm's group was the only Jewish group resisting the Germans in the Netherlands and the first active group of resistance fighters in the Netherlands. Bluhm survived the war, and strove for a monument for the Jewish resisters that came about two years after his death in 1986.
2103:, the so-called "Weerafdeling"("WA"). One day in February 1941 the German police forced their entrance into the parlor, and were gassed. Later, Cahn was caught and on March 3, 1941, he became the first civilian to be executed by a Nazi firing squad in the Netherlands.
1499:: "first, individual French Jews in the general Resistance; secondly, specifically Jewish organizations in the general Resistance; thirdly, Resistance organizations (not necessarily comprising Jews alone) with specifically Jewish objectives." In his book
2083:
in 1941, in protest against anti-Jewish measures. In this resistance, many Jews participated. About 1,000 Dutch Jews took part in resisting the
Germans, and of those, 500 perished in doing so. In 1988, a monument to their memory was unveiled by the then
2129:
Within the underground communist party, a militant group was formed: de
Nederlandse Volksmilitie (NVM, Dutch Peoples Militia). The leader was Sally (Samuel) Dormits, who had military experience from guerrilla warfare in Brazil and participation in the
2047:(Baum-Gruppe), which was active from 1937 to 1942. Largely young Jewish women and men, the group disseminated anti-Nazi leaflets, and organized semi-public demonstrations. Its most notable action was the bombing of an anti-Soviet exhibit organized by
2106:
Benny Bluhm, a boxer, organized Jewish fighting parties consisting of members of his boxing school to resist attacks. One of these brawls led to the death of a WA-member, H. Koot, and subsequently the Germans ordered the first Dutch
1676:
inmates in the camp escaping alive. All but 50â70 of the inmates were killed in the surrounding minefields or recaptured and murdered by the Germans. However, the escape forced the Nazis to close the camp, saving countless lives.
3792:
2308:, and gathered military intelligence by stopping and questioning German transports while dressed as German military police. They also assisted other British forces. Following the disastrous failure of
1735:
There were a number of Jewish partisan groups operating in many countries, especially in places like Poland. Jews also joined existing partisan movements. The most notable Jewish partisan group is the
1702:, which also overpowered their guards and broke out of the compound. The inmates then attempted a mass escape, but were stopped by heavy fire. Three guards were killed in the uprising, including an
2312:, a series of ground and amphibious operations carried out by British, Rhodesian and New Zealand forces on German and Italian-held Tobruk in September 1942, the survivors were transferred to the
2079:. During the first two war years, it was by far the biggest resistance organization, much bigger than all other organizations put together. A major act of resistance was the organisation of the
4165:
5433:
1874:
The Belgian resistance was unusually well informed on the fate of the deported Jews. In August 1942 (two months after the start of the Belgian deportations), the underground newspaper
5460:
1698:. Female inmates had smuggled in explosives from a weapons factory, and Crematorium IV was partly destroyed by an explosion. At this stage they were joined by the Birkenau One
971:
957:
1706:
who was pushed alive into an oven. Almost all of the 250 escapees were killed. There were also international plans for a general uprising in Auschwitz, coordinated with an
7434:
5095:
964:
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1475:, as well as the administrative system of ghettoization and the hostility of various sections of the civilian population, few Jews were able to effectively resist the
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6803:
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2126:, was instrumental in smuggling children out of his centre. He was aided by his assistant Jacques van de Kar and the director of the nearby crĂšche, Mrs Pimentel.
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431:
3881:. The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, D.C.
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was injected into his bloodstream while he was in hospital awaiting an operation. It is possible that some of the most successful Nokmim were veterans of the
7746:
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5485:
5130:
3864:
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6759:
6705:
5891:
3885:
3091:
Yehuda Bauer, "Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews", Jewish Resistance and Passivity in the Face of the Holocaust, 1989, p. 243
2914:
Yehuda Bauer, "Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews", Jewish Resistance and Passivity in the Face of the Holocaust, 1989, p. 237
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including the head of the AJB, were arrested and interned in Breendonk, but were released after public outcry. A sixth was deported directly to Auschwitz.
1583:
death camps, whereas in Western Europe, they used armed resistance. Between April and May 1943, Jewish men and women of the Warsaw Ghetto took up arms and
1901:. Martin visited Auschwitz and witnessed the crematoria. Arrested by the Germans, he escaped, and was able to report his findings to the CDJ in May 1943.
1568:
7216:
6712:
6328:
3836:
Poznanski, Renée; Aleksov, Bojan; Gildea, Gildea (2020). "Transnational Perspectives on Jews in the Resistance". In Gildea, Robert; Tames, Ismee (eds.).
2254:. Szenes was arrested at the Hungarian border, then imprisoned and tortured, but refused to reveal details of her mission. She was eventually tried and
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17:
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6549:
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5261:
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was cut off from its access to Polish underground newspapers, and the only newspaper allowed to be imported into the confines of the ghetto was the
6402:
5782:
4243:
2896:
2122:
Numerous Jews participated in resisting the Germans. The Jewish director of the assembly center in the "Hollandsche Schouwburg", a former theatre,
900:
3712:. A Memorial to the Jewish Community of BÄdzin (in Hebrew and Yiddish). Translated by Lance Ackerfeld. pp. 364â365 – via Jewishgen.org.
3482:
1456:, Jewish resistance was defined as actions that were taken against all laws and actions acted by Germans. The term is particularly connected with
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6839:
6151:
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1496:
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militarily. Nevertheless, there are many cases of attempts at resistance in one form or another including over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings.
2040:
newspaper, on behalf of Strasser and the Black Front. Hirsch was sentenced to death on March 8, 1937, and on June 4 was executed by guillotine.
1974:
Jewish resistance within Germany itself during the Nazi era took a variety of forms, from sabotage and disruptions to providing intelligence to
6658:
5960:
2100:
1417:
8657:
2150:. The Dutch police participated in torturing the Jewish communists. After a trial more than 20 were shot to death; most of the others died in
2095:
Among the first Jewish resisters was the German fugitive Ernst Cahn, owner of an ice cream parlor. Together with his partner, Kohn, he had an
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in July 1945. As well as participating in combat operations against German forces, the brigade assisted and protected Holocaust survivors.
1255:
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Jews mainly used unarmed resistance in Eastern Europe; for instance, young Jews smuggled food or secretly took people into the forests in
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was warned immediately and that day two hundred people were arrested, followed by many more connected people in Rotterdam, The Hague and
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308:
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3454:, near Paris, or 17,4%. Quoted by Monique-Lise Cohen et Jean-Louis Dufour in "Les Juifs dans la Résistance", Publisher: Tirésias, 2001)
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In the aftermath of the war, Holocaust survivors led by former members of Jewish resistance groups banded together. Calling themselves
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3645:, first published by Julian Messner, 1961; this edition Milah Press, 1997, pp. 118â133. Hecht cites Bar Adon, Dorothy and Pessach.
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There were many other major and minor ghetto uprisings, however most were not successful. Some of the ghetto uprisings include the
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633:
333:
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409:
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Approximately 1.5 million Jews served in the regular Allied militaries during World War II, among them roughly 550,000 in the
1942:
organization, which at its height, numbered some 2,000 fighters. Operating throughout France, it smuggled hundreds of Jews to
657:
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8226:
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5914:
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3431:
3395:
3362:
3334:
3309:
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3209:
3113:
3055:
3009:
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640:
498:
3569:
8554:
7961:
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7012:
6479:
6475:
6453:
6057:
4752:
4170:
4010:
1695:
301:
98:
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7265:
7251:
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5390:
5035:
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628:
251:
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organization, may have saved up to 4,000 children and 10,000 adults by finding them safe hiding places. It produced two
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1996:
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was Jewish despite Jews making up only about 1% of the French population, and there was a Jewish resistance unit, the
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2634:, one of the leaders of the uprising in Montenegro against the Italian occupation forces in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia
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2043:
Perhaps the most significant Jewish resistance group within Germany for which records survive was the Berlin-based
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69:
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4231:
4226:
2201:
1934:
participated in the general Resistance movements, some Jews also set up their own armed resistance movement: the
1483:, the study of Jewish resistance to German rule is considered an important aspect of the study of the Holocaust.
525:
6744:
6312:
3882:
3120:
Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of WdowiĆski's memoir. WdowiĆski is considered the single author.
1753:. Hundreds of Jews escaped the ghettoes and joined the Partisan resistance groups. Some Jews liberated from the
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8713:
8591:
8384:
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7072:
6998:
6794:
6165:
5884:
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4861:
4323:
3535:
2886:
2278:
2240:
1480:
1434:
396:
5023:
2548:
1927:. Some of the Jewish resistance members were refugees from Germany, Poland and other central European states.
1621:
1508:
attackers' desire to see them despair. Gilbert writes, "Simply to survive was a victory of the human spirit."
149:
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5520:
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4377:
4358:
4338:
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4201:
3132:
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reported that "They are being killed in groups by gas, and others are killed by salvos of machinegun fire."
1403:
1261:
806:
750:
718:
488:
266:
246:
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2505:
2488:
2424:
1854:
1660:
1029:
466:
8875:
8771:
8146:
8107:
7026:
6861:
6846:
6773:
6752:
6570:
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6034:
6027:
6011:
5722:
5681:
5653:
5385:
4948:
4576:
4445:
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4298:
2649:
2534:
2270:
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1649:
1637:
1588:
368:
103:
45:
5018:
3548:
3464:
3282:
2812:
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to track down and kill Nazis who had settled there. In one instance, they are believed to have confronted
1617:
144:
8838:
8162:
8114:
7732:
7704:
7557:
7172:
7151:
6672:
6335:
6241:
5731:
5567:
5552:
5453:
5299:
5223:
4435:
4392:
4353:
4253:
4087:
3953:
2891:
2855:
2444:
2379:
2293:
2175:
2085:
1980:
1897:, to gather information on the fate of deported Belgian Jews using the cover of his research post at the
1890:
1523:
1441:
1248:
1108:
794:
713:
623:
584:
493:
286:
226:
4545:
2231:
to parachute into Europe in an attempt to organize resistance. The most famous member of this group was
8636:
8132:
8051:
7996:
7884:
7840:
7490:
7116:
7040:
6942:
6819:
6691:
6684:
6644:
6617:
6349:
6282:
5877:
5688:
5618:
5425:
5304:
5274:
5193:
5110:
4943:
4581:
4479:
4440:
4397:
4333:
4206:
4082:
3490:
3357:. Studies in Jewish History (Reprint (trans.) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 393.
3304:. Studies in Jewish History (Reprint (trans.) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 436.
3234:. Studies in Jewish History (Reprint (trans.) ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 394.
2611:
2193:
2000:
1592:
1531:
facing a looming, existential threat with faith and bravery, succumbing to one's fate without fear. In
952:
879:
574:
542:
118:
3145:
8538:
8455:
8240:
8100:
8072:
7905:
7810:
7600:
7033:
6107:
5761:
5063:
4878:
4425:
4402:
4313:
4175:
4027:
4015:
4002:
3933:
2926:
2255:
652:
510:
461:
231:
6305:
2792:, who had access to military intelligence, transport, and the right to freely travel across Europe.
271:
8277:
8254:
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7307:
7300:
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6596:
6589:
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5043:
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4343:
4290:
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4221:
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4127:
4117:
4107:
4059:
4042:
4032:
3997:
3992:
3987:
1810:
1604:
915:
820:
241:
6321:
6298:
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1613:
needed others' support and because they lacked the ability to get arms when they were in ghettos.
1217:
8699:
8643:
8513:
8373:
8058:
7711:
7607:
7513:
7081:
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6919:
6883:
6868:
6740:
6632:
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6542:
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6188:
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4533:
4211:
4196:
4122:
4102:
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4077:
4047:
4037:
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2305:
2200:. About 100,000 served in the Polish Army during the German invasion and thousands served in the
579:
404:
348:
113:
4602:
8391:
8284:
8086:
8037:
7940:
7833:
7803:
7586:
7474:
7200:
6991:
6582:
6563:
6533:
6080:
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5013:
4492:
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4064:
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2766:
2705:
2479:
2460:
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2099:
gas cylinder installed in the parlor to stave off attacks from the militant arm of the fascist
1975:
1784:
1707:
1584:
1148:
1051:
872:
769:
343:
164:
65:
4757:
3325:
Gotovich, José (1998). "Resistance Movements and the Jewish Question". In Michman, Dan (ed.).
3200:
Gotovich, José (1998). "Resistance Movements and the Jewish Question". In Michman, Dan (ed.).
2747:, a Jewish Soviet partisan commander in Minsk of a group that consisted of 800 Jewish fighters
2537:, one of the first armed underground organizations in the Jewish ghettos under Nazi occupation
1923:
Despite amounting to only 1% of the French population, Jews accounted for about 15â20% of the
1189:
845:
8882:
8605:
8448:
8344:
8314:
8270:
8010:
7975:
7968:
7891:
7789:
7230:
7207:
7054:
6665:
6202:
5942:
5928:
5611:
5480:
5105:
5058:
4722:
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3705:
2728:, a Jewish resistance fighter in Vilnius; after he was captured by the Gestapo, he committed
2355:
2217:
1898:
1596:
1369:
1138:
1098:
1071:
886:
862:
857:
779:
557:
471:
179:
123:
6500:
3900:
3878:
1954:
agents. Armee Juive participated in the general French uprising of August 1944, fighting in
378:
59:
8706:
8561:
8212:
8169:
8139:
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7854:
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4487:
3423:
3416:
3387:
3380:
2880:
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2819:
home, and after telling him that they intended to kill him, allowed him to commit suicide.
2598:, one of the organizers, and the leader of the most successful uprising and mass-escape of
2484:
2337:
2213:
1741:
1460:
and includes a multitude of different social responses by those oppressed, as well as both
1294:
1076:
867:
5309:
3747:
How the Jews Defeated Hitler: Exploding the Myth of Jewish Passivity in the Face of Nazism
2324:
1587:
after it became clear that the Germans were deporting remaining Ghetto inhabitants to the
1495:
argued that there were three forms of Jewish resistance in the course of his study of the
8:
8824:
8598:
8476:
8432:
7954:
7088:
6854:
6381:
6211:
6195:
6144:
5530:
5438:
5284:
4871:
2688:
2595:
2561:
2313:
2309:
2228:
2209:
1668:
1632:
1437:
1230:
1224:
1203:
1128:
421:
358:
338:
221:
4666:
4656:
3810:
This Cannot Happen Here: Integration and Jewish Resistance in the Netherlands, 1940â1945
3779:
The Story of an Underground: The Resistance of the Jews of Kovno in the Second World War
2617:
2514:
8817:
8650:
8575:
8529:
8499:
8407:
8247:
7912:
7796:
7690:
7641:
7579:
7335:
7286:
7095:
6719:
6374:
6172:
4910:
4905:
4412:
3824:
3061:
3015:
2969:
2725:
2603:
2589:
2410:
2383:
2151:
1801:
1776:
1563:
1461:
1359:
1153:
993:
978:
569:
456:
3692:
2715:
1862:
589:
8808:
8692:
8582:
8522:
8483:
8416:
8398:
8364:
8307:
8261:
8205:
8030:
7768:
7760:
7697:
7550:
7144:
6676:
6137:
6116:
5826:
5515:
5375:
5206:
5120:
5087:
5001:
4818:
4784:
3841:
3814:
3782:
3768:
3750:
3531:
3427:
3391:
3358:
3330:
3305:
3235:
3205:
3109:
3051:
3005:
2959:
2585:
2524:
2389:
2131:
1950:, launched attacks against occupying German forces, and targeted Nazi informants and
1931:
1924:
1913:
1762:
1746:
1736:
1600:
1492:
1236:
988:
826:
691:
552:
373:
353:
325:
296:
256:
3725:"The Jewish avengers who survived the death camps and tracked down their tormentors"
2347:
2123:
594:
8727:
8720:
8664:
8328:
8093:
8079:
7982:
7919:
7870:
7683:
7536:
7483:
7293:
7244:
7158:
6388:
6365:
5898:
5492:
5470:
5289:
5279:
5008:
4996:
4978:
4915:
3043:
2997:
2951:
2667:
2621:
2494:
2456:
2393:
2072:
2031:
1988:
1827:
1772:
1730:
1664:
1656:
1549:
1347:
1337:
1210:
1182:
1133:
1024:
937:
910:
789:
755:
696:
672:
662:
446:
154:
5907:
4661:
4623:
3451:
2625:
8750:
8462:
8377:
8335:
8233:
8176:
8044:
7826:
7817:
7346:
6928:
6904:
6158:
5562:
5402:
5395:
5212:
5115:
4973:
4953:
4866:
4702:
3907:
3889:
3868:
3526:
3447:
3418:
The Twentieth Train: the True Story of the Ambush of the Death Train to Auschwitz
3382:
The Twentieth Train: the True Story of the Ambush of the Death Train to Auschwitz
3078:
Leni Yahil. "The Warsaw Ghetto Underground Press". In Robert Moses Shapiro, ed.,
2808:
2557:
2464:
2406:
2401:
2297:
2205:
2116:
2080:
2048:
1758:
1391:
1332:
530:
139:
8862:
2527:
who fought the Germans while attempting to save as many Jewish lives as possible
2440:
8757:
8293:
8219:
6271:
6130:
5475:
5370:
5269:
5240:
4932:
4896:
4851:
4561:
4468:
3256:
3042:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. xiiiâxviii.
2847:
2789:
2663:
2540:
2430:
2329:
2266:
2185:
2171:
1680:
1527:
1522:
Bauer disputes the popular view that most Jews went to their deaths passivelyâ"
1504:
1476:
1163:
1158:
1088:
1015:
927:
850:
363:
108:
4856:
4676:
3894:
3793:
The Phoenix Effect of State Repression: Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust
2631:
2180:
2036:
1935:
1917:
1767:
564:
8898:
8568:
6493:
6342:
6181:
5365:
5294:
5185:
5053:
4883:
4840:
4686:
4671:
3969:
2973:
2945:
2823:
2796:
2719:
2680:
2645:
2579:
2475:
2469:
2450:
2414:
2232:
2023:
2007:
1859:(FI-OF), were particularly popular with Belgian Jews. The Communist-inspired
1837:
1780:
1754:
1714:
1609:
1559:
1457:
1304:
1289:
1284:
476:
318:
88:
27:
Various forms of resistance conducted by Jews against Nazi occupation regimes
8867:
8671:
6971:
6876:
6507:
5870:
5634:
5577:
4727:
4712:
4707:
4681:
4634:
4566:
4528:
4278:
3828:
3808:
3065:
3037:
3019:
2991:
2867:
2744:
2735:
2695:
2653:
2607:
2520:
2510:
2453:, an Italian Jew who joined a partisan group, killed by the Nazis at age 13
2420:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2244:
2224:
2089:
2044:
1992:
1516:
1468:
1453:
1449:
1314:
838:
667:
276:
187:
49:
3765:
Fighting Back: Lithuanian Jewry's Armed Resistance to the Nazis, 1941â1945
2955:
2950:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 44â67.
8506:
8492:
8154:
6830:
6651:
6636:
5990:
5583:
5100:
4717:
4571:
2691:
2637:
2567:
2553:
2530:
2286:
2108:
2068:
2019:
1947:
1790:
1684:
1644:
There were major resistance efforts in three of the extermination camps.
1472:
1354:
1299:
211:
3047:
3001:
2996:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. 4â7.
2300:-speaking Jewish volunteers from Palestine. It carried out commando and
1386:
7861:
7614:
7593:
6486:
5819:
5747:
5572:
5407:
5180:
4958:
3872:
2822:
In 1946, the Nokmim carried out a mass poisoning attack against former
2699:
2351:
2247:
2236:
2196:(including those who served in the Pacific theater) and 500,000 in the
2052:
1688:
1279:
1196:
1045:
679:
261:
3838:
Fighters across Frontiers: Transnational Resistance in Europe, 1936â48
1576:
195:
8124:
7529:
7326:
7137:
6935:
6890:
5412:
5218:
3921:
Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War II
2827:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2059:
vs. being non-confrontational with the hopes of maximizing survival.
2015:
2011:
1930:
Although the majority of the French and foreign Jews involved in the
1847:
1823:
1710:
1692:
1624:. Uprisings took place in five major cities and 45 provincial towns.
1580:
1364:
833:
6411:
5073:
3450:, there were 175 Jews among the 1008 Resistance members executed at
2034:, a leading Nazi official and editor of the virulently anti-Semitic
6395:
6123:
4938:
4738:
3260:
2816:
2785:
2575:
2301:
2197:
2056:
1963:
1699:
1309:
1123:
1118:
3912:
2990:
Middleton-Kaplan, Richard (2014). "The Myth of Jewish Passivity".
3917:
3549:
Heroic Or Foolish? The 1942 Bombing of a Nazi Anti-Soviet Exhibit
2781:
2729:
2709:
2282:
2143:
2096:
2027:
1984:
1951:
1939:
1806:
1683:(inmates kept separate from the main camp and put to work in the
39:
3938:
2543:, one of the leaders of the Jewish underground in Nazi-occupied
1983:
was largely confined to the underground activities of left-wing
7005:
5603:
5448:
2800:
2776:
2675:
2671:
2657:
2641:
2571:
2547:
and the only woman on the High Command of the resistance group
2544:
2434:
2259:
2014:, in connection with a plot to bomb Nazi Party headquarters in
1909:
1750:
2738:, a Jewish resistance fighter who fought back the Germans and
2281:. After the end of the war in Europe the Brigade was moved to
7193:
4813:
3840:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 109â131.
2804:
2772:
2762:
2472:
helped smuggle several people out of BiaĆystok Ghetto in 1943
2274:
2111:(police raid) of Jews as a reprisal. That in turn led to the
1979:
considered a form of resistance. Jewish participation in the
1955:
1943:
1526:". He argues that, given the conditions in which the Jews of
2985:
2983:
3929:, Organization of Partizans Underground and Ghetto Fighters
3527:
On the Road to the Wolf's Lair: German Resistance to Hitler
2599:
2397:
1959:
1039:
701:
313:
2944:
Tec, Nechama (2014). "Facts, Omissions, and Distortions".
2188:
being inspected by the brigade's commander in October 1944
1867:(PA) had a particularly large Jewish section in Brussels.
1721:
Uprisings also erupted in at least 18 forced labor camps.
3649:. Sefer Press, 1947, and "The Return of Hanna Senesh" in
3637:
3635:
2980:
2684:
2375:
2161:
2030:
in December 1936, Hirsch confessed to planning to murder
1445:
734:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
3289:. Brussels: Les Enfants des Partisans Juifs de Belgique.
1822:(CDJ-JVD), was formed in the summer of 1942. The CDJ, a
1543:
3568:(in Dutch). Nationaal Comité 4 en 5 mei. Archived from
3329:(2nd ed.). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. pp. 281â2.
3176:
The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection
3135:" (PDF file, direct download 169 KB). Yad Vashem. 2013.
3031:
3029:
2702:, she was captured, tortured, and executed by the Nazis
2006:
A celebrated case involved the arrest and execution of
1672:
6265:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
5331:
3835:
3632:
2712:, which helped Jewish refugees to escape the Holocaust
2592:
groups participating in the Jewish resistance movement
2340:, leader of the Jewish Combat Organization during the
1791:
Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe by country
1783:, was composed of entirely of Jews liberated from the
2437:
member of the Minsk Resistance, executed by the Nazis
2354:
youth leader in Warsaw and a senior commander of the
2319:
521:
Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
3355:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932â1945
3302:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932â1945
3232:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932â1945
3204:(2nd ed.). Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. p. 274.
3026:
2837:
1599:
fought the Germans with a handful of small arms and
3483:"August 1944: A Jewish partisan in Southern France"
3422:(1st US ed.). New York: Grove Press. pp.
3248:
3146:
This Week in History: Prisoners revolt at Treblinka
2423:, a survivor from the uprising and escape from the
2328:A Jewish partisan group of the brigade named after
1464:and armed resistance conducted by Jews themselves.
3923:documentary film and website (jewishpartisans.net)
3693:Holocaust in Belorussia â pages 427â428, JewishGen
3415:
3409:
3407:
3386:(1st US ed.). New York: Grove Press. p.
3379:
3327:Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans
3255:Williams, Althea; Ehrlich, Sarah (19 April 2013).
3202:Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans
2922:
2920:
2216:during the war. Another 17,000 Jews served in the
2071:, the only pre-war group that immediately started
2939:
2937:
2935:
2582:and also helped children escape out of the ghetto
2358:, killed in action defending the JMU headquarters
2208:. About 60,000 British Jews and 30,000 Jews from
2022:, a breakaway faction from the Nazi Party led by
2010:, a Jewish architectural student originally from
8896:
3897:from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project
3195:
3193:
3108:. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222.
2989:
2897:Armenian resistance during the Armenian Genocide
2504:who organized the 1943 prisoner uprising at the
901:Romanian resistance movement during World War II
5106:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
3628:Jewish Canadian service in the Second World War
3404:
3254:
3187:Martin Gilbert, 'The Holocaust' (1986), p. 515.
3103:
2917:
2780:hit-and-run attacks, and a former high-ranking
3703:
3566:"Amsterdam, 'Monument Joods Verzet 1940-1945'"
2932:
1648:In August 1943, an uprising took place at the
967:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia
68:launched as the final act of defiance against
5619:
5466:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
3954:
3515:. Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers, 1998.
3348:
3346:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3190:
3094:
1841:
1831:
1775:were Jews. Thousands of Jews also joined the
1411:
3697:
3676:"'We proved to the world that we can fight'"
3152:, August 5, 2011. Accessed 23 December 2013.
3133:"Map of the Jewish uprisings in World War II
2296:was a British Army commando unit comprising
1884:
1860:
1852:
1851:Groups from left wing backgrounds, like the
1815:
1757:concentration camp participated in the 1944
5165:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
3879:"Jewish Resistance: A Working Bibliography"
3082:Yeshiva University Press, 2003. pp. 457â490
2258:. She is regarded as a national heroine in
1875:
1640:during the prisoner uprising of August 1943
1486:
729:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
309:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
5626:
5612:
3961:
3947:
3932:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum â
3706:"The demise of the Jews in Western Poland"
3343:
3293:
3218:
2862:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis (book)
1418:
1404:
817:Polish resistance movement in World War II
3813:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
3722:
3413:
3377:
3174:Bartrop, Paul R. and Dickerman, Michael:
2517:who joined Joseph Serchuk's partisan unit
1256:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang
3744:
3324:
3199:
2811:, responsible for killing 8,500 Jews at
2795:Nokmim also travelled to places such as
2323:
2179:
2168:Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine
2073:resistance against the German occupation
1908:
1671:. The inmates covertly killed 12 German
1631:
1554:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
984:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People
3749:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
3594:, Amsterdam, RIOD/Staatsuitgeverij 1975
3530:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3280:
3036:Henry, Patrick (2014). "Introduction".
2902:
2277:from November 1944, taking part to the
634:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance
334:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias
14:
8905:Jewish resistance during the Holocaust
8897:
7473:
7451:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3913:Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation
3895:Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust
3862:Jewish Armed Resistance and Rebellions
3806:
2162:Jewish resistance in Allied militaries
1627:
1538:
958:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National
8322:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
7754:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
7400:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
7356:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6461:Rape during the occupation of Germany
5607:
5330:
5151:
4782:
4273:
4272:
3942:
3352:
3299:
3287:Partisans Armés Juifs, 38 Témoignages
3229:
3128:
3126:
3035:
1544:Ghettos across German-occupied Poland
972:Anti-Fascist Council for the National
739:Japanese People's Emancipation League
641:National Committee for a Free Germany
77:Jewish resistance under the Nazi rule
7444:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6476:Rape during the liberation of France
4753:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
3604:Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies
2927:Jewish Partisan Education Foundation
5558:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
3039:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
2993:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
2947:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
2943:
2570:, a member of Jewish resistance in
2487:, the only known Dutch prisoner of
2304:raids behind Axis lines during the
1442:German occupation regimes in Europe
658:Saefkow-Jacob-BĂ€stlein Organization
629:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
252:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
24:
7670:German invasion of the Netherlands
5950:Weather events during World War II
5152:
3934:Armed Jewish Resistance: Partisans
3927:Jewish Resistance in the Holocaust
3738:
3723:Freedland, Jonathan (2008-07-25).
3616:Veteran Films: A Window on the War
3465:"Les Ă©trangers dans la RĂ©sistance"
3123:
2722:who served as its political leader
2718:, founder of the ƻZW group in the
2386:, tortured to death by the Gestapo
2320:Notable Jewish resistance fighters
2265:The British government formed the
2227:trained 37 Jewish volunteers from
2134:. This organisation was formed in
1724:
1243:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
499:People's Liberation Insurgent Army
25:
18:Jewish resistance to the Holocaust
8916:
8301:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
3968:
3855:
3797:American Political Science Review
3547:See, e.g., Herbert Lindenberger.
3257:"Escaping the train to Auschwitz"
1608:disputed, with resistance leader
1501:The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy
1431:Jewish resistance under Nazi rule
1062:Anti-fascist research group Kafka
8861:
5633:
5121:Polish leaders and intellectuals
4611:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
3919:Interviews from the Underground:
2840:
2018:. Hirsch became involved in the
1663:, led by Polish-Jewish prisoner
1433:took various forms of organized
1385:
1343:Anti-Germans (political current)
194:
70:the Holocaust in occupied Poland
58:
38:
3716:
3686:
3668:
3656:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3584:
3558:
3541:
3518:
3505:
3487:This Month in Holocaust History
3475:
3457:
3440:
3371:
3318:
3274:
3181:
3168:
3155:
3138:
2660:; she was captured and executed
1893:, an academic economist at the
1679:On October 7, 1944, the Jewish
8548:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
6258:Territorial changes of Germany
6166:Indonesian National Revolution
5049:Attack on the twentieth convoy
4862:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
3085:
3072:
2908:
2887:Resistance during World War II
2652:(SOE) on military missions in
2279:Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
2062:
2026:. After being captured by the
1895:Catholic University of Louvain
1779:. One Yugoslav Partisan unit,
1761:. In France, up to 20% of the
1012:PostâWorld War II anti-fascism
397:Resistance during World War II
13:
1:
7948:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7899:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
7663:German invasion of Luxembourg
6044:Mediterranean and Middle East
3777:Dov Levin and Zvie A. Brown.
2756:
2556:, leader of one of the first
2463:1943 and fighter in the 1944
2138:but became mainly located in
1262:Red and anarchist black metal
807:Norwegian resistance movement
751:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
719:National Liberation Committee
489:Bulgarian resistance movement
267:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
7855:Invasion of the Soviet Union
7544:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
6862:Independent State of Croatia
5386:Jewish war conspiracy theory
4577:Extermination through labour
3781:. (Gefen Publishing, 2014).
3767:. (Holmes and Meier, 1985).
3555:. 135 (Summer 2006):127â154.
3524:Theodore S. Hamerow (1997),
3489:. Yad Vashem. Archived from
2929:, Accessed 22 December 2013.
2751:
2650:Special Operations Executive
2535:United Partisan Organization
2459:, one of the leaders of the
2243:about to be deported to the
1650:Treblinka extermination camp
1638:Treblinka extermination camp
1589:Treblinka extermination camp
1533:The Myth of Jewish Passivity
1467:Due to military strength of
953:Yugoslav resistance movement
943:Moldovan resistance movement
410:National Liberation Movement
369:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
46:United Partisan Organization
7:
8839:End of World War II in Asia
8679:Western invasion of Germany
8186:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
8163:Second Battle of El Alamein
7733:Hundred Regiments Offensive
7705:Battle of the Mediterranean
7558:Italian invasion of Albania
5732:Air warfare of World War II
5568:Righteous Among the Nations
4783:
4254:Righteous Among the Nations
3745:Ginsberg, Benjamin (2013).
3080:Why Didn't the Press Shout?
2892:Like sheep to the slaughter
2856:Righteous Among the Nations
2833:
2560:of the war and member of a
2549:ƻydowska Organizacja Bojowa
2417:leader of Jewish resistance
2294:Special Interrogation Group
2239:to assist in the rescue of
2176:Special Interrogation Group
1832:
1818:Comité de Défense des Juifs
1622:CzÄstochowa Ghetto Uprising
1524:like sheep to the slaughter
1497:German occupation of France
1249:This machine kills fascists
1109:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust
795:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
714:Italian resistance movement
624:German resistance to Nazism
585:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
437:Latvian resistance movement
302:Concentrazione Antifascista
287:1922 Italian general strike
227:Republikanischer Schutzbund
10:
8921:
8765:Naval bombardment of Japan
8133:First Battle of El Alamein
8052:Battle of Christmas Island
7997:Japanese invasion of Burma
7761:Italian invasion of Greece
7677:German invasion of Belgium
7649:German invasion of Denmark
7622:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
7491:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
5755:Comparative military ranks
5305:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
5275:Lithuanian Security Police
5194:Reich Security Main Office
4161:Evidence and documentation
3414:Schreiber, Marion (2003).
3378:Schreiber, Marion (2003).
2760:
2612:Sobibor extermination camp
2506:SobibĂłr extermination camp
2489:SobibĂłr extermination camp
2425:SobibĂłr extermination camp
2344:, killed in action in 1943
2235:. She was parachuted into
2204:including about 10,000 in
2194:United States Armed Forces
2165:
1987:groups such as Werkleute,
1969:
1799:
1795:
1728:
1661:SobibĂłr extermination camp
1593:Jewish Combat Organization
1585:rebelled against the Nazis
1547:
1515:This view is supported by
1030:Arsch huh, ZĂ€ng ussenander
543:Danish resistance movement
526:Jan ĆœiĆŸka partisan brigade
8854:
8686:BratislavaâBrno offensive
8626:
8617:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
8354:
8241:Allied invasion of Sicily
8195:
8101:Aleutian Islands campaign
8073:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
8020:
8011:Greek famine of 1941â1944
7906:Second Battle of Changsha
7811:German invasion of Greece
7779:
7656:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
7631:
7569:
7464:
7345:
7071:
6981:
6829:
6532:
6523:
6281:
6106:
5998:North and Central Pacific
5959:
5721:
5714:
5641:
5521:Books and other resources
5508:
5424:
5353:
5349:
5326:
5260:
5232:
5173:
5160:
5147:
5086:
5034:
4987:
4924:
4894:
4832:
4804:
4795:
4791:
4778:
4736:
4695:
4647:
4633:
4595:
4554:
4454:
4411:
4289:
4285:
4268:
4184:
4153:
4053:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
3980:
3976:
2813:JĂ€gala concentration camp
2644:parachutists sent by the
1904:
1618:BiaĆystok Ghetto Uprising
1452:. According to historian
511:Anti-Fascist Organisation
462:Belgian National Movement
132:
81:
76:
57:
37:
32:
8278:Allied invasion of Italy
8255:Solomon Islands campaign
8004:Third Battle of Changsha
7601:First Battle of Changsha
7507:Second Sino-Japanese War
6447:German military brothels
6313:United States war crimes
5111:People with disabilities
5044:Aid and Rescue Committee
3704:Aharon Brandes (1959) .
3104:David WdowiĆski (1963).
2610:; which occurred at the
2491:who escaped and survived
2256:executed by firing squad
1830:underground newspapers,
1717:attack from the outside.
1487:Concepts and definitions
974:Liberation of Yugoslavia
916:Slovak National Uprising
821:Polish Underground State
242:Antifaschistische Aktion
8700:Second Guangxi campaign
8555:Philippines (1944â1945)
8059:Battle of the Coral Sea
7962:Fall of the Philippines
7608:Battle of South Guangxi
7514:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6920:Italian Social Republic
5252:Order Police battalions
3653:, XXV, No. 5, May 1950.
3513:Resisting the Holocaust
3471:. Government of France.
3165:. New York: Avon, 1982.
2513:, a participant in the
2447:, executed by the Nazis
2306:Western Desert Campaign
2158:. Only a few survived.
1997:German Social Democrats
1886:Front de l'Indépendance
1855:Front de l'Indépendance
960:Liberation of Macedonia
467:Front de l'Indépendance
349:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
8285:Armistice of Cassibile
8087:Battle of Dutch Harbor
8038:Battle of the Java Sea
7941:Attack on Pearl Harbor
7841:SyriaâLebanon campaign
7834:Battle of South Shanxi
7804:Invasion of Yugoslavia
7587:Battle of the Atlantic
7201:Korean Liberation Army
6914:(until September 1943)
6871:(until September 1944)
6849:(until September 1944)
5101:Soviet urban residents
4192:International response
4166:Contemporary knowledge
3618:â Jewish Museum London
2826:members imprisoned at
2767:Tilhas Tizig Gesheften
2706:Lelio Vittorio Valobra
2564:unit, killed in action
2480:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2461:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2400:from extermination in
2342:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2333:
2189:
1920:
1885:
1876:
1861:
1853:
1842:
1816:
1785:Rab concentration camp
1667:and Soviet-Jewish POW
1641:
770:Jewish Labor Committee
344:International Brigades
272:Roter FrontkÀmpferbund
66:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
8449:Second Battle of Guam
8345:Bengal famine of 1943
8315:Second Battle of Kiev
8271:Battle of the Dnieper
7976:Battle of Wake Island
7848:East African campaign
7790:Battle of South Henan
7435:atrocities by Germans
7208:Korean Volunteer Army
6189:Occupation of Germany
5943:Music in World War II
5548:Memorials and museums
5486:Reparations Agreement
5481:Holocaust restitution
5059:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4582:Human experimentation
4421:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2956:10.2307/j.ctt7zswcf.7
2392:, an organization of
2356:Jewish Military Union
2327:
2218:Canadian Armed Forces
2183:
1912:
1899:University of Cologne
1846:("Our Fight", with a
1811:the treatment of Jews
1635:
1597:Jewish Military Union
1591:. Warsaw Jews of the
1548:Further information:
1370:Libertarian socialism
1218:GrĂąndola, Vila Morena
1139:Unite Against Fascism
1099:Antifascistisk Aktion
1072:Armed Forces Movement
863:Narodowe SiĆy Zbrojne
858:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz
780:Luxembourg resistance
442:Lithuanian resistance
8735:Surrender of Germany
8213:Battle of West Hubei
8170:Guadalcanal campaign
8140:Battle of Stalingrad
8066:Battle of Madagascar
6840:Albania protectorate
6627:(formerly Swaziland)
6336:Wehrmacht war crimes
6152:Expulsion of Germans
5936:Art and World War II
5834:British contribution
5783:Governments in exile
4748:Jewish Ghetto Police
4617:Politische Abteilung
4512:Risiera di San Sabba
4373:Natzweiler-Struthof
3807:Braber, Ben (2013).
3791:Finkel, E. (2015). "
3353:Yahil, Leni (1991).
3300:Yahil, Leni (1991).
3230:Yahil, Leni (1991).
3144:Omer-Man, Michael. "
3106:And we are not saved
2903:Notes and references
2881:Uprising (2001 film)
2874:Defiance (2008 film)
2485:Selma Engel-Wijnberg
2338:Mordechaj Anielewicz
2214:British Armed Forces
1836:("Our Word", with a
1749:in the forests near
1655:In October 1943, an
1295:Diversity of tactics
765:during the Holocaust
8825:Potsdam Declaration
8714:Italy (Spring 1945)
8477:Liberation of Paris
7934:Siege of Sevastopol
6952:(until August 1944)
6855:Wang Jingwei regime
6677:from September 1943
6637:from September 1944
6575:from September 1944
6435:Romanian war crimes
6426:Persecution of Jews
6412:Croatian war crimes
6382:Japanese war crimes
6196:Occupation of Japan
6145:First Indochina War
5857:Military production
5769:Declarations of war
5526:Days of remembrance
5439:Holocaust survivors
5434:Depopulated shtetls
5285:Rollkommando Hamann
5131:Jehovah's Witnesses
4949:Kamianets-Podilskyi
4011:Bohemia and Moravia
3901:About the Holocaust
3511:Ruby Rohrlich, ed.
3163:Escape from Sobibor
3048:10.2307/j.ctt7zswcf
3002:10.2307/j.ctt7zswcf
2740:their collaborators
2689:Mandatory Palestine
2666:, commander of the
2596:Alexander Pechersky
2314:Royal Pioneer Corps
2310:Operation Agreement
2271:British Eighth Army
2210:Mandatory Palestine
2152:concentration camps
1883:In early 1943, the
1669:Alexander Pechersky
1628:Concentration camps
1539:Types of resistance
1481:Historiographically
1392:Politics portal
1274:Tactics and methods
1231:Rock Against Racism
1225:Nazi Punks Fuck Off
1204:First they came ...
1129:Anti-Fascist Action
846:Bataliony ChĆopskie
432:Estonian resistance
422:Austrian resistance
405:Albanian resistance
359:Dabrowski Battalion
339:Confederal militias
222:Arbeiter-Schutzbund
52:during World War II
8818:Surrender of Japan
8651:Battle of Iwo Jima
8500:Belgrade offensive
7913:Siege of Leningrad
7797:Battle of Shanggao
7726:British Somaliland
7691:Dunkirk evacuation
7642:Norwegian campaign
7580:Invasion of Poland
7407:Japanese prisoners
6375:Italian war crimes
6306:British war crimes
6221:Soviet occupations
6005:South-West Pacific
5892:Allied cooperation
5850:Military equipment
5509:History and memory
5413:Forced euthanasia
5361:Nazi racial policy
5064:Danish underground
4911:Operation Reinhard
4906:Wannsee Conference
3906:2006-06-18 at the
3888:2011-09-28 at the
3867:2012-01-13 at the
3680:The Jerusalem Post
3664:The Jewish Brigade
3647:The Seven who Fell
3493:on 3 December 2009
3469:Chemins de mémoire
3161:Raschke, Richard.
3150:The Jerusalem Post
2815:, at his suburban
2784:officer died when
2726:Yitzhak Wittenberg
2642:Palestinian Jewish
2640:, one of 32 or 33
2604:extermination camp
2590:irregular military
2533:, a member of the
2523:, a member of the
2502:resistance fighter
2478:, a leader of the
2411:Holocaust survivor
2384:National Socialism
2334:
2332:. Belorussia, 1943
2202:Free Polish Forces
2190:
2154:or were gassed in
2086:mayor of Amsterdam
1921:
1802:Belgian Resistance
1777:Yugoslav Partisans
1745:portrays, and the
1696:staged an uprising
1642:
1636:Smoke rising from
1564:General Government
1440:conducted against
1360:Left-wing politics
1154:Anti-Racist Action
994:Yugoslav Partisans
979:Croatian Partisans
882:Organizacja Bojowa
457:Belgian Resistance
379:ThÀlmann Battalion
292:Aventine Secession
8892:
8891:
8850:
8849:
8693:Battle of Okinawa
8592:Burma (1944â1945)
8426:Mariana and Palau
8206:Tunisian campaign
8031:Fall of Singapore
7955:Fall of Hong Kong
7698:Battle of Britain
7551:Operation Himmler
7460:
7459:
7124:Dutch East Indies
6767:Southern Rhodesia
6519:
6518:
6419:Genocide of Serbs
6322:German war crimes
6299:Soviet war crimes
6292:Allied war crimes
6138:Division of Korea
6117:Chinese Civil War
5915:Strategic bombing
5827:Manhattan Project
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5444:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
5391:Jewish emigration
5381:Hitler's prophecy
5376:Haavara Agreement
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5310:Ypatingasis bƫrys
5207:Sicherheitsdienst
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5082:
5081:
5002:Bielski partisans
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4605:TotenkopfverbÀnde
4264:
4263:
3847:978-1-5261-5124-7
3820:978-90-8964-583-8
3787:978-965-229-616-0
3756:978-1-4422-2238-0
3662:Beckman, Morris:
3433:978-0-8021-1766-3
3397:978-0-8021-1766-3
3364:978-0-19-504523-9
3336:978-965-308-068-3
3311:978-0-19-504523-9
3241:978-0-19-504523-9
3211:978-965-308-068-3
3115:978-0-8022-2486-6
3057:978-0-8132-2589-0
3011:978-0-8132-2589-0
2965:978-0-8132-2589-0
2586:Parczew partisans
2525:Parczew partisans
2390:Bielski partisans
2380:German resistance
2229:Mandate Palestine
2132:Spanish Civil War
1981:German resistance
1938:(Jewish Army), a
1932:French Resistance
1925:French Resistance
1914:Ariadna Scriabina
1763:French Resistance
1747:Parczew partisans
1739:, whom the movie
1737:Bielski partisans
1715:Polish resistance
1605:Polish resistance
1601:Molotov cocktails
1566:propaganda organ
1428:
1427:
1237:Rock gegen Rechts
1176:Music and culture
989:Slovene Partisans
763:Jewish resistance
692:Cretan resistance
609:of the Resistance
553:French Resistance
374:Palafox Battalion
354:British Battalion
326:Spanish Civil War
297:Arditi del Popolo
257:Confessing Church
173:
172:
33:Jewish resistance
16:(Redirected from
8912:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8868:World portal
8866:
8865:
8841:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8811:
8804:
8797:
8788:
8781:
8774:
8767:
8760:
8753:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8728:Prague offensive
8723:
8721:Battle of Berlin
8716:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8665:Vienna offensive
8660:
8653:
8646:
8644:Battle of Manila
8639:
8619:
8610:
8601:
8594:
8585:
8578:
8571:
8564:
8557:
8550:
8543:
8534:
8525:
8518:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8444:
8437:
8428:
8421:
8412:
8403:
8394:
8387:
8385:KorsunâCherkassy
8380:
8369:
8347:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8266:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8227:Bombing of Gorky
8222:
8215:
8208:
8188:
8181:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8094:Battle of Midway
8089:
8082:
8080:Battle of Gazala
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8013:
8006:
7999:
7992:
7990:Battle of Borneo
7985:
7983:Malayan campaign
7978:
7971:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7936:
7929:
7927:Bombing of Gorky
7922:
7920:Battle of Moscow
7915:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7772:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7684:Battle of France
7679:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7644:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7539:
7537:Munich Agreement
7532:
7525:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7493:
7486:
7471:
7470:
7453:
7446:
7437:
7430:
7423:
7422:Soviet prisoners
7416:
7409:
7402:
7393:
7386:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7362:German prisoners
7358:
7338:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6922:
6915:
6907:
6900:
6898:French Indochina
6893:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6842:
6822:
6813:
6806:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6745:from August 1944
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6628:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6530:
6529:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6471:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6437:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6389:Nanjing Massacre
6384:
6377:
6368:
6366:Nuremberg trials
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6099:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5970:Asia and Pacific
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5901:
5899:Mulberry harbour
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5741:
5734:
5719:
5718:
5707:
5700:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5649:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5493:Holocaust denial
5471:Nuremberg trials
5461:Postwar violence
5416:
5351:
5350:
5328:
5327:
5290:Special Brigades
5280:Nederlandsche SS
5247:Police Regiments
5171:
5170:
5149:
5148:
5009:Ghetto uprisings
4997:Jewish partisans
4944:Harvest Festival
4916:Holocaust trains
4802:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4780:
4779:
4645:
4644:
4541:
4519:
4501:
4482:
4464:
4287:
4286:
4270:
4269:
3978:
3977:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3851:
3832:
3760:
3733:
3732:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3701:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3639:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3590:Dr. L. de Jong,
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3572:on 22 March 2011
3562:
3556:
3545:
3539:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3455:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3421:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3385:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3281:Various (1991).
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3227:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3159:
3153:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3033:
3024:
3023:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2941:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2732:in his jail cell
2620:, leader of the
2618:Frumka PĆotnicka
2558:ghetto uprisings
2515:SobibĂłr uprising
2495:Leon Feldhendler
2457:Icchak Cukierman
2445:Italian partisan
2433:, a 17-year-old
2394:Jewish partisans
2184:Soldiers of the
2032:Julius Streicher
1989:Hashomer Hatzair
1916:, co-founder of
1888:
1879:
1866:
1858:
1845:
1835:
1828:Yiddish language
1821:
1773:Soviet partisans
1731:Jewish partisans
1665:Leon Feldhendler
1550:Ghetto uprisings
1420:
1413:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1348:Anti-Japaneseism
1338:Anti-nationalism
1211:Fischia il vento
1183:A las Barricadas
1134:Anti-Nazi League
938:Soviet partisans
911:Slovak partisans
790:Dutch resistance
697:Greek resistance
673:Oster conspiracy
663:Schwarze Kapelle
607:National Council
602:de la RĂ©sistance
494:Fatherland Front
447:Soviet partisans
232:Socialist Action
198:
175:
174:
140:Ghetto uprisings
62:
48:, active in the
42:
30:
29:
21:
8920:
8919:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8860:
8858:
8846:
8837:
8830:
8823:
8816:
8807:
8800:
8793:
8784:
8779:Atomic bombings
8777:
8770:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8698:
8691:
8684:
8677:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8635:
8622:
8615:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8581:
8574:
8567:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8537:
8528:
8521:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8482:
8475:
8470:Eastern Romania
8468:
8463:Warsaw Uprising
8461:
8456:Tannenberg Line
8454:
8447:
8442:Western Ukraine
8440:
8431:
8424:
8415:
8406:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8372:
8363:
8350:
8343:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8292:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8234:Battle of Kursk
8232:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8191:
8184:
8175:
8168:
8161:
8152:
8145:
8138:
8131:
8122:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8064:
8057:
8050:
8045:St Nazaire Raid
8043:
8036:
8029:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7869:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7827:Anglo-Iraqi War
7825:
7818:Battle of Crete
7816:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7775:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7747:Eastern Romania
7745:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7675:
7668:
7661:
7654:
7647:
7640:
7627:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7565:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7489:
7482:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7433:
7426:
7421:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7389:
7382:
7373:
7366:
7361:
7354:
7341:
7334:
7325:
7318:
7313:
7308:Western Ukraine
7306:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7252:Northeast China
7250:
7243:
7236:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6958:Slovak Republic
6956:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6929:Empire of Japan
6927:
6918:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6838:
6825:
6818:
6809:
6802:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6631:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6515:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6474:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6441:Sexual violence
6440:
6433:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6210:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6171:
6164:
6159:Greek Civil War
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6102:
6095:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5984:South-East Asia
5982:
5975:
5968:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5843:Military awards
5841:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5737:
5730:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5637:
5632:
5602:
5589:
5504:
5420:
5414:
5403:Madagascar Plan
5396:Kindertransport
5345:
5344:
5314:
5256:
5228:
5213:Ordnungspolizei
5169:
5156:
5135:
5078:
5030:
4983:
4954:Maly Trostenets
4925:Mass executions
4920:
4890:
4828:
4787:
4762:
4732:
4691:
4629:
4591:
4550:
4539:
4517:
4499:
4480:
4462:
4450:
4407:
4281:
4260:
4180:
4171:Hidden children
4149:
4007:Czechoslovakia
3972:
3967:
3908:Wayback Machine
3890:Wayback Machine
3869:Wayback Machine
3858:
3848:
3821:
3757:
3741:
3739:Further reading
3736:
3721:
3717:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3687:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3546:
3542:
3523:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:Serge Klarsfeld
3445:
3441:
3434:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3156:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3058:
3034:
3027:
3012:
2988:
2981:
2966:
2942:
2933:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2809:Aleksander Laak
2769:
2761:Main articles:
2759:
2754:
2716:Dawid WdowiĆski
2668:Jewish partisan
2465:Warsaw Uprising
2427:in October 1943
2407:Frank Blaichman
2402:western Belarus
2322:
2178:
2166:Main articles:
2164:
2117:February Strike
2113:Februaristaking
2081:February strike
2077:communist party
2065:
2049:Joseph Goebbels
1972:
1907:
1877:De Vrijschutter
1863:Partisans Armés
1804:
1798:
1793:
1771:. About 10% of
1759:Warsaw Uprising
1733:
1727:
1725:Partisan groups
1681:Sonderkommandos
1630:
1569:Gazeta ƻydowska
1556:
1546:
1541:
1489:
1424:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1333:Anti-capitalism
1328:
1320:
1319:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1114:United Kingdom
1078:
1009:
1001:
1000:
973:
966:
959:
888:
881:
875:Ghetto Uprising
874:
852:
840:
828:
764:
757:
608:
601:
600:Mouvements Unis
590:Libération-Nord
531:Prague uprising
394:
386:
385:
303:
217:Central Europe
206:
169:
128:
72:
53:
44:Members of the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8918:
8908:
8907:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8886:
8879:
8872:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8798:
8795:South Sakhalin
8791:
8790:
8789:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8675:
8668:
8661:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8632:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8595:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8544:
8535:
8526:
8519:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8429:
8422:
8413:
8404:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8332:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8274:
8267:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8220:Battle of Attu
8216:
8209:
8201:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8182:
8173:
8166:
8159:
8150:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8111:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8026:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7969:Battle of Guam
7965:
7958:
7951:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7892:Battle of Kiev
7888:
7881:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7785:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7575:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7510:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7479:
7477:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7431:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7403:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7391:United Kingdom
7387:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7359:
7351:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7204:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7077:
7075:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6843:
6835:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6795:British Empire
6788:United Kingdom
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6629:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6604:Czechoslovakia
6600:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6538:
6536:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6504:
6501:Rape of Manila
6497:
6490:
6483:
6472:
6457:
6450:
6438:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6422:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6378:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6339:
6332:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6272:United Nations
6268:
6261:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6217:
6208:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6131:Decolonization
6127:
6120:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6077:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5895:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5823:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5804:United Kingdom
5800:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5727:
5725:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5650:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5498:trivialization
5490:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5476:Eichmann trial
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5371:Nuremberg Laws
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5354:Early elements
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5335:Early elements
5332:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:Arajs Kommando
5266:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5241:Einsatzgruppen
5236:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5191:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5154:Responsibility
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4933:Einsatzgruppen
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4897:Final Solution
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4789:
4788:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4758:ĂstredĆa Ćœidov
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4723:Theresienstadt
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:Einsatzgruppen
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:Mittelbau-Dora
4365:
4356:
4351:
4349:KrakĂłw-PĆaszĂłw
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4239:Rescue of Jews
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
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3856:External links
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2790:Jewish Brigade
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2664:Joseph Serchuk
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2648:and Britain's
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2588:, fighters in
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2541:Zivia Lubetkin
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2378:member of the
2369:
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2348:PaweĆ Frenkiel
2345:
2330:Valery Chkalov
2321:
2318:
2267:Jewish Brigade
2241:Hungarian Jews
2212:served in the
2186:Jewish Brigade
2172:Jewish Brigade
2163:
2160:
2124:Walter SĂŒskind
2064:
2061:
1971:
1968:
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1838:Labour-Zionist
1809:resistance to
1800:Main article:
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1729:Main article:
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1528:Eastern Europe
1505:Martin Gilbert
1493:Julian Jackson
1491:The historian
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1477:Final Solution
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7320:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
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6804:United States
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6494:Comfort women
6491:
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6478: /
6477:
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6454:Camp brothels
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6379:
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6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:The Holocaust
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6329:forced labour
6326:
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6323:
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6307:
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6183:
6182:Marshall Plan
6179:
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6035:Eastern Front
6032:
6029:
6028:Western Front
6025:
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6022:
6018:
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5922:Puppet states
5919:
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5912:
5909:
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5896:
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5888:
5886:
5882:
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5868:
5865:
5864:Naval history
5861:
5858:
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5851:
5847:
5844:
5840:
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5824:
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5811:United States
5808:
5805:
5801:
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5773:
5770:
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5706:
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5695:
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5409:
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5397:
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5393:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Nazi eugenics
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:Topf and Sons
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5262:Collaborators
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5200:Referat IV B4
5198:
5197:
5196: (RSHA)
5195:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5187:Schutzstaffel
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:Organizations
5172:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:Romani people
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:Working Group
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Kastner train
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:Kristallnacht
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4624:SanitÀtswesen
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4587:Death marches
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4413:Extermination
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Sachsenhausen
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Herzogenbusch
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Bergen-Belsen
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4291:Concentration
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:United States
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:and colonies
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:The Holocaust
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3803:(2), 339â353.
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:0-8419-0831-1
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3651:Pioneer Woman
3648:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3452:Mont-Valérien
3449:
3446:According to
3443:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:j.ctt7zswcf.7
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:Latin America
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:Warsaw Ghetto
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:Hannah Szenes
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:Jewish Agency
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:BÄdzin Ghetto
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:Warsaw Ghetto
2577:
2574:who smuggled
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:Polish-Jewish
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:Marek Edelman
2474:
2471:
2470:Szymon Datner
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:Franco Cesana
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:Polish-Jewish
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:Polish Jewish
2349:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:Hannah Szenes
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Otto Strasser
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Helmut Hirsch
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:Victor Martin
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:Rab battalion
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1610:Marek Edelman
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1560:Warsaw ghetto
1558:In 1940, the
1555:
1551:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:the Holocaust
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Popular front
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Direct action
1288:
1286:
1285:Deplatforming
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1004:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
955:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:Soviet Union
929:
926:
925:
924:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
899:
898:
897:
890:
889:Zwiazek Walki
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
849:
847:
844:
842:
837:
835:
834:Armia Krajowa
832:
830:
825:
824:
822:
818:
815:
814:
813:
808:
805:
804:
803:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
787:
786:
781:
778:
777:
776:
771:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
703:
700:
699:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
625:
622:
621:
620:
615:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Armée secrÚte
568:
566:
563:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
550:
549:
544:
541:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
517:
512:
509:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:
486:
485:
478:
477:Witte Brigade
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
454:
453:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
423:
420:
419:
418:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
402:
401:
398:
390:
389:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
331:
330:
329:
327:
320:
319:Volante Rossa
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
213:
210:
209:
202:
201:
197:
193:
192:
189:
186:
185:
181:
177:
176:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
84:
82:Organizations
80:
75:
71:
67:
61:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
8876:Bibliography
8859:
8672:Project Hula
8637:VistulaâOder
8606:
8539:
8530:
8514:
8484:
8433:
8417:
8408:
8399:
8365:
8262:
8177:
8153:
8123:
7874:
7767:
7712:North Africa
7414:Soviet Union
7368:Soviet Union
7294:Soviet Union
7186:
7062:Vatican City
6972:Vichy France
6877:German Reich
6774:Soviet Union
6760:South Africa
6753:Sierra Leone
6706:Newfoundland
6525:Participants
6508:Marocchinate
6212:
6203:
6173:
6051:North Africa
6012:Indian Ocean
5871:Nazi plunder
5762:Cryptography
5635:World War II
5578:Yizkor books
5239:
5186:
4988:
4931:
4879:in Lithuania
4839:
4737:
4622:
4615:
4604:
4538:
4516:
4497:
4478:
4461:
4244:by Catholics
4113:Soviet Union
3981:By territory
3918:
3837:
3809:
3800:
3796:
3778:
3764:
3746:
3729:The Guardian
3728:
3718:
3709:
3699:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:Hecht, Ben.
3623:
3611:
3606:â Yad Vashem
3599:
3591:
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
3570:the original
3560:
3552:
3543:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:the original
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3442:
3417:
3381:
3373:
3354:
3326:
3320:
3301:
3295:
3286:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3250:
3231:
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3183:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3140:
3105:
3101:(in English)
3096:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3038:
2992:
2946:
2910:
2879:
2872:
2868:Anti-fascism
2860:
2821:
2794:
2770:
2745:Simcha Zorin
2736:Shalom Yoran
2708:, leader of
2696:British Army
2683:, one of 37
2670:unit in the
2608:World War II
2602:from a Nazi
2521:Munyo Gruber
2511:Dov Freiberg
2441:Eugenio CalĂČ
2421:Thomas Blatt
2396:who rescued
2372:Herbert Baum
2362:Yitzhak Arad
2291:
2264:
2225:British Army
2222:
2206:Anders' Army
2191:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2094:
2090:Ed van Thijn
2066:
2051:in Berlin's
2042:
2035:
2005:
1973:
1929:
1922:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1840:stance) and
1805:
1766:
1740:
1734:
1720:
1703:
1685:gas chambers
1643:
1615:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1532:
1521:
1517:Yehuda Bauer
1514:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1469:Nazi Germany
1466:
1454:Yehuda Bauer
1450:World War II
1430:
1429:
1315:United front
1190:ÂĄAy Carmela!
1143:
1113:
1104:Switzerland
1103:
1093:
1083:
1066:
1057:Netherlands
1056:
1044:
1034:
1019:
965:Anti-fascist
947:
932:
922:
905:
895:
827:Anti-Fascist
811:
801:
785:Netherlands
784:
774:
745:
723:
708:
686:
668:20 July plot
653:Rote Kapelle
618:
580:Franc-Tireur
547:
537:
515:
505:
483:
451:
426:
416:
399:
393:World War II
323:
281:
277:Three Arrows
236:
216:
188:Anti-fascism
50:Vilna Ghetto
8607:Bodenplatte
8493:Gothic Line
7719:West Africa
7266:Philippines
7245:Netherlands
7110:Czech lands
7048:Switzerland
6992:Afghanistan
6943:Philippines
6811:Puerto Rico
6727:Philippines
6713:New Zealand
6699:Netherlands
6652:Free France
6403:Prosecution
6204:Osoaviakhim
6074:West Africa
6058:East Africa
5705:Conferences
5584:Never again
5415:(Action T4)
5341:Remembrance
5126:Homosexuals
5096:Soviet POWs
5024:CzÄstochowa
4572:Gas chamber
4383:RavensbrĂŒck
4324:Gross-Rosen
4319:FlossenbĂŒrg
4202:Philippines
4134:Yugoslavia
4093:Netherlands
4021:Sudetenland
3883:PDF version
3829:j.ctt6wp7hh
3763:Dov Levin.
3066:j.ctt7zswcf
3020:j.ctt7zswcf
2638:Haviva Reik
2632:MoĆĄe Pijade
2568:Vladka Meed
2554:Dov Lopatyn
2531:Abba Kovner
2364:, a former
2287:Netherlands
2069:Netherlands
2063:Netherlands
2037:Der StĂŒrmer
2020:Black Front
1948:Switzerland
1936:Armée Juive
1918:Armée Juive
1768:Armée Juive
1435:underground
1355:Anti-racism
1300:Milkshaking
948:Yugoslavia
775:Luxembourg
565:Armée Juive
472:Secret Army
212:Black Lions
150:CzÄstochowa
8707:West Hunan
8540:Pointblank
7876:Silver Fox
7862:Summer War
7615:Winter War
7594:Phoney War
7375:Azerbaijan
7336:Yugoslavia
7231:Luxembourg
7073:Resistance
6820:Yugoslavia
6685:Luxembourg
6487:Sook Ching
6283:War crimes
5885:Technology
5878:Opposition
5820:Lend-Lease
5797:Australian
5790:Home front
5748:Blitzkrieg
5698:Casualties
5689:Commanders
5661:Operations
5573:Yad Vashem
5553:Uniqueness
5408:Nisko Plan
5181:Nazi Party
4989:Resistance
4959:Ninth Fort
4824:Vel' d'Hiv
4596:Nazi units
4534:Westerbork
4524:Amersfoort
4378:Neuengamme
4359:Mauthausen
4339:Kaiserwald
4309:Buchenwald
4088:Luxembourg
3873:Yad Vashem
3576:17 January
3536:0674636805
3497:17 January
2757:The Nokmim
2700:Yugoslavia
2692:parachuted
2656:-occupied
2628:uprisings.
2413:who was a
2248:death camp
2237:Yugoslavia
2053:Lustgarten
2045:Baum Group
2001:Communists
1995:, and the
1843:Unzer Kamf
1833:Unzer Wort
1689:crematoria
1473:its allies
1438:activities
1280:Black bloc
1197:Bella ciao
1079:Revolution
1046:Bella ciao
680:White Rose
262:Iron Front
247:Black Band
8772:Manchuria
8658:Indochina
8434:Bagration
7885:Lithuania
7530:Anschluss
7327:Viet Minh
7224:Lithuania
7166:Hong Kong
6936:Manchukuo
6891:Azad Hind
6550:Australia
6350:Aftermath
6213:Paperclip
6108:Aftermath
5908:Total war
5776:Diplomacy
5739:In Europe
5531:Education
5426:Aftermath
5338:Aftermath
5300:Trawnikis
5224:Wehrmacht
5219:Waffen-SS
5019:BiaĆystok
4847:Bucharest
4819:Marseille
4696:Elsewhere
4657:BiaĆystok
4469:Breendonk
4446:Treblinka
4299:Auschwitz
4083:Lithuania
3283:"Préface"
2828:Stalag 13
2752:Aftermath
2622:Sosnowiec
2578:into the
2252:Auschwitz
2156:Auschwitz
2148:Amsterdam
2140:Rotterdam
2136:The Hague
2057:reprisals
2016:Nuremberg
2012:Stuttgart
1848:Communist
1824:left-wing
1693:Auschwitz
1581:Treblinka
1365:Anarchism
1077:Carnation
1067:Portugal
906:Slovakia
758:partisans
484:Bulgaria
208:Ethiopia
160:Treblinka
145:BiaĆystok
133:Uprisings
8899:Category
8883:Category
8832:document
8742:document
8599:Ardennes
8583:Budapest
8531:Crossbow
8409:Overlord
8248:Smolensk
7466:Timeline
7301:Slovakia
7287:Thailand
7138:Ethiopia
7103:Bulgaria
7027:Portugal
6965:Thailand
6847:Bulgaria
6625:Eswatini
6618:Ethiopia
6571:Bulgaria
6396:Unit 731
6357:Response
6174:Keelhaul
6124:Cold War
6097:Americas
6088:timeline
6081:Atlantic
5961:Theaters
5516:Academia
4969:PiaĆnica
4939:Babi Yar
4867:Jedwabne
4806:Roundups
4739:Judenrat
4703:Budapest
4474:Mechelen
4436:Majdanek
4393:Stutthof
4354:Majdanek
4249:by Poles
4207:Portugal
4185:Response
4176:Timeline
4154:Overview
4016:Slovakia
4003:Bulgaria
3904:Archived
3886:Archived
3865:Archived
3266:22 April
3261:BBC News
3178:, p. 535
2834:See also
2817:Winnipeg
2786:kerosene
2674:area in
2576:dynamite
2562:partisan
2382:against
2368:partisan
2302:sabotage
2285:and the
2198:Red Army
2075:was the
1964:Toulouse
1755:GÄsiĂłwka
1742:Defiance
1711:air raid
1704:Oberkapo
1700:Kommando
1657:uprising
1620:and the
1595:and the
1327:See also
1310:Squadism
1124:62 Group
1119:43 Group
1020:Germany
896:Romania
887:Zydowski
880:ƻydowska
619:Germany
538:Denmark
516:Czechia
452:Belgium
417:Austria
400:Albania
304:Italiana
237:Germany
205:Interwar
180:a series
178:Part of
8809:Shumshu
8576:Hungary
8523:Estonia
8507:Lapland
8485:Dragoon
8418:Neptune
8400:Ichi-Go
8366:Tempest
8308:Changde
8263:Cottage
8155:Jubilee
7871:Finland
7769:Compass
7475:Prelude
7428:Finland
7314:Vietnam
7280:Romania
7152:Germany
7131:Estonia
7117:Denmark
7096:Belgium
7089:Austria
7082:Albania
7013:Ireland
6999:Andorra
6983:Neutral
6950:Romania
6884:Hungary
6869:Finland
6741:Romania
6633:Finland
6611:Denmark
6557:Belgium
6543:Algeria
6249:Romania
6235:Hungary
5991:Pacific
5715:General
5669:Leaders
5654:Battles
5647:Outline
5543:Lessons
4979:Rumbula
4852:Dorohoi
4833:Pogroms
4785:Victims
4635:Ghettos
4567:Gas van
4555:Methods
4529:Schoorl
4507:Bolzano
4455:Transit
4441:Sobibor
4431:CheĆmno
4398:Vaivara
4334:Hinzert
4279:ghettos
4232:Vatican
4138:Croatia
4128:Ukraine
4118:Belarus
4108:Romania
4060:Hungary
4043:Germany
4033:Estonia
4028:Denmark
3998:Belgium
3993:Austria
3988:Albania
3875:website
3871:on the
3643:Perfidy
2782:Gestapo
2730:suicide
2710:DELASEM
2694:by the
2614:in 1943
2606:during
2283:Belgium
2144:Gestapo
2097:ammonia
2067:In the
2028:Gestapo
1993:Habonim
1985:Zionist
1970:Germany
1952:Gestapo
1940:Zionist
1807:Belgian
1796:Belgium
1577:SobibĂłr
1462:passive
1448:during
1094:Sweden
1008:Postwar
851:Gwardia
812:Poland
802:Norway
746:Jewish
687:Greece
548:France
324:Spain (
155:SobibĂłr
8786:Debate
8758:Taipei
8751:Borneo
8329:Tarawa
7523:Europe
7484:Africa
7273:Poland
7259:Norway
7238:Malaya
7217:Latvia
7159:Greece
7145:France
7041:Sweden
7006:Bhutan
6734:Poland
6720:Norway
6692:Mexico
6659:Greece
6645:France
6583:Canada
6564:Brazil
6534:Allies
6480:Serbia
6469:Poland
6242:Poland
6228:Baltic
6021:Europe
5723:Topics
5675:Allied
5449:Bricha
5215:(Orpo)
5088:Others
5074:ƻegota
5036:Rescue
5014:Warsaw
4974:Ponary
4884:Kaunas
4687:Warsaw
4672:Lublin
4662:KrakĂłw
4649:Poland
4493:Drancy
4426:Belzec
4403:Warsaw
4314:Dachau
4222:Turkey
4217:Sweden
4143:Serbia
4123:Russia
4103:Poland
4098:Norway
4078:Latvia
4048:Greece
4038:France
3844:
3827:
3817:
3785:
3771:
3753:
3534:
3430:
3394:
3361:
3333:
3308:
3238:
3208:
3112:
3064:
3054:
3018:
3008:
2972:
2962:
2803:, and
2801:Canada
2777:Hebrew
2773:Nokmim
2676:Poland
2672:Lublin
2658:Europe
2572:Poland
2545:Warsaw
2435:Jewish
2376:Jewish
2366:Soviet
2298:German
2260:Israel
2245:German
2174:, and
2115:, the
2109:razzia
1976:Allied
1962:, and
1905:France
1751:Lublin
1713:and a
1708:Allied
1149:Antifa
1084:Spain
1035:Italy
1025:Antifa
923:Spain
873:Warsaw
853:Ludowa
841:Ludowa
756:Jewish
724:Japan
709:Italy
575:Combat
558:Maquis
506:Burma
332:
282:Italy
165:Warsaw
8562:Leyte
8392:Narva
8378:Anzio
8336:Makin
8294:Burma
8178:Torch
8147:Rzhev
8108:Kiska
7194:Korea
7180:Japan
7173:Italy
7055:Tibet
7034:Spain
6912:Italy
6673:Italy
6666:India
6590:China
6465:Japan
6065:Italy
5977:China
5929:Women
5563:Humor
5536:Films
5233:Units
4964:Odesa
4814:Izieu
4728:Vilna
4713:Minsk
4708:Kovno
4682:Radom
4546:SereÄ
4363:Gusen
4344:Kauen
4275:Camps
4212:Spain
4197:Japan
4071:Libya
4065:Italy
3825:JSTOR
3553:Telos
3062:JSTOR
3016:JSTOR
2970:JSTOR
2805:Spain
2763:Nakam
2698:into
2687:from
2443:, an
2275:Italy
1956:Paris
1944:Spain
1889:sent
1691:) at
1603:, as
868:Olimp
839:Armia
8628:1945
8356:1944
8197:1943
8125:Blue
8115:Attu
8022:1942
7781:1941
7633:1940
7571:1939
7500:Asia
7347:POWs
7187:Jews
6905:Iraq
6831:Axis
6781:Tuva
6597:Cuba
5682:Axis
5454:List
5209:(SD)
5189:(SS)
4872:Lviv
4857:IaÈi
4797:Jews
4718:Riga
4677:LwĂłw
4667:ĆĂłdĆș
4639:list
4488:Gurs
4361:and
4277:and
3842:ISBN
3815:ISBN
3783:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3751:ISBN
3578:2022
3532:ISBN
3499:2022
3428:ISBN
3424:73â5
3392:ISBN
3359:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3306:ISBN
3268:2013
3236:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2765:and
2685:Jews
2654:Nazi
2624:and
2600:Jews
2497:, a
2409:, a
2398:Jews
2374:, a
2350:, a
2292:The
2223:The
1991:and
1960:Lyon
1946:and
1687:and
1579:and
1552:and
1471:and
1446:Jews
1040:ANPI
829:Bloc
702:ELAS
646:AKFD
314:TIGR
99:Bund
64:The
4603:SS-
3801:109
3795:."
3044:doi
2998:doi
2952:doi
2273:in
2250:at
2101:NSB
1444:by
124:ƻZW
119:ƻOB
114:PKB
104:FPO
94:AOB
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