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442:, where his disciples do not recognise him at first (Luke.24.13-32). Sometimes it is used to distinguish Jews from other peoples such as Egyptians or Philistines. It is often depicted in art from times and places where the hat does not seem to have actually been commonly worn by Jews, "as an external and largely arbitrary sign devised by Christian iconographers", one of a number of useful visual ways of identifying types of persons in medieval art. In notable contrast to forms of
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order that the crime of such an accursed mingling shall not in future have an excuse and an evasion under the pretext of error, we resolve that (Jews and
Saracens) of both sexes in all Christian lands shall distinguish themselves publicly from other people by their dress. According to the testimony of scripture, such a precept was already made by Moses (Lev.19.19; Deut.22.5.11)".
1759:
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world, a series of figures show different stages of removing their hats to signify the stages they have reached in their conversion, so that "the hat does not just identify Jews; it functions independently of its placement to signify infidelity and recalcitrant
Jewishness". Other scenes in Christian art where some characters often wear it include the
842:
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Such examples of this hat-wearing can be seen nearly 350 years after the Fourth
Lateran Council. Regions divided into many states, such as Renaissance Italy and Germany, had local laws in this as in other fields, leading to difficulties for travellers who might not be aware of the local regulations.
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By the end of the Middle Ages the hat is steadily replaced by a variety of headgear including exotic flared
Eastern style hats, turbans and, from the fifteenth century, wide flat hats and large berets. In pictures of Biblical scenes these sometimes represent attempts to portray the contemporary dress
554:
to be clearly distinguishable from
Muslims in public, Muslim rulers often prohibited dhimmis from wearing certain types of clothing, while forcing them to put on highly distinctive garments, usually of a bright colour. These included headgear, though this was not usually the primary element. At some
431:
The Jewish hat is frequently used in medieval art to denote Jews of the
Biblical period. Often the Jews so shown are those shown in an unfavourable light by the story being depicted, such as the money-changers expelled by Jesus from the Temple (Matthew 21:12–17), but this is by no means always the
234:
The first recorded instance of a “Jewish hat” or “Judenhut” was around the 11th century in the
Flanders region. The wearing of these distinctive hats originate from European Christians who wore such hats before mandating that it become a symbol for European Jews. According to Sara Lipton, "The few
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distinguishes them from
Christians, but in others a degree of confusion has arisen, so that they cannot be recognised by any distinguishing marks. As a result, in error Christians have sexual intercourse with Jewish or Saracen women, and Jews and Saracens have intercourse with Christian women. In
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Christian painting of an Old
Testament sacrifice, 1483, with various forms of Jewish hat, as well as turbans and other exotic styles. By this date it is hard to judge how illustrations like these relate to actual contemporary dress in Europe, or are an attempt to recreate historically appropriate
171:
type" by Sara Lipton. Smaller versions perching on top of the head are also seen. Sometimes a ring of some sort encircles the hat an inch or two over the top of the head. In the fourteenth century a ball or bobble appears at the top of the hat, and the tapering end becomes more of a stalk with a
503:
clerics confronting a group of hat-wearing Jews, and has a Latin caption explaining "Moses and Aaron signify good prelates who, in explaining the words of the Gospel, devour the false words of the Jews". In another scene showing the conversion of Jews and other non-Christians at the end of the
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forbidding Jews and
Christians from wearing dresses, turbans, and sandals. In 1580, he changed his mind, restricting the previous prohibition to turbans and requiring dhimmis to wear black shoes; Jews and Christians also had to wear red and black hats, respectively. Observing in 1730 that some
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broke out in 1349, Jews were expelled from much of German-speaking Europe. The pointed hat which had formerly been used to depict Jews, now was also used for other outcasts. Naomi Lubrich claims that the pointed hat was transferred in iconography to criminals, pagans, and other non-Christian
180:, but all the same styles are to be seen in some images of contemporary European scenes. Where a distinctive pointed Jewish hat remains it has become much less defined in shape, and baggy. Loose turbans, wide flat hats, and berets, as well as new fur hat styles from the
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in which Christians supposedly took an obligation to "always dress in the same way wherever we may be, and… bind the zunar round our waists". Al-Nawawi required dhimmis to wear a piece of yellow cloth and a belt, as well as a metallic ring, inside public baths.
566:
Regulations on dhimmi clothing varied frequently to please the whims of the ruler. Although the initiation of such regulations is usually attributed to Umar I, historical evidence suggests that it was the Abbasid caliphs who pioneered this practice. In 850 the
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made a concession after appeals from the Jews, relaxing the required clothing to yellow garments and turbans. In the sixteenth century, Jews of the Maghreb could only wear sandals made of rushes and black turbans or caps with an extra red piece of cloth.
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relatively constant width. The top of the hat becomes flatter, or rounded (as in the Codex Manesse picture). The materials used are unclear from art, and may have included metal and woven plant materials as well as stiffened textiles and leather.
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310:(1177–1235), ignored on several occasions demands from the Pope, which gained him excommunication twice. At that time many Jews were in royal service. The excommunications even forbade Andrew II from being present at his daughter
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outsiders, in particular sorcerers and dwarfs. Among the examples are laws, for example in Hungary in 1421, according to which people convicted of sorcery were forced to put on a Jewish hat for public shaming.
261:, suggesting that at least initially it was regarded by European Jews as "an element of traditional garb, rather than an imposed discrimination". The hat is also worn in Christian pictures by figures such as
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times the regulated dress of Christians and Jews differed, at others it did not. As in Europe, the degree to which the recorded regulations were enforced is hard to assess, and probably varied greatly.
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just months before, had a yellow hat placed on it (similar to the yellow hat Paul IV had forced Jews to wear in public). After a mock trial, the statue was decapitated. It was then thrown into the
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220:, perhaps from late Roman styles, which may themselves derive from the hats of ancient Persian clergy. Hats worn (by Pharaoh's advisors, among others) in the illustrations to the
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1550:
1095:
167:, but rather more common in the early period is a hat with a round circular brim—apparently stiff—curving round to a tapering top that ends in a point, called the "so-called
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269:(see below). However, once "made obligatory, the hat, hitherto deliberately different from hats worn by Christians, was viewed by Jews in a negative light". A provincial
1297:
1451:
384:, instead of a yellow one, required in Lodi. These dress codes became a normal part of what it meant to be a Jew living inside Catholic dominated European societies.
591:, whose various extreme decrees and actions are usually attributed to mental illness, ordered Christians to put on half-meter wooden crosses and Jews to wear wooden
714:
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However, in Christian art the wearing of the hat can be sometimes be seen to express an attitude to those wearing it. In one extreme example in a manuscript of the
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of 1215 ruled that Jews and Muslims must be distinguishable by their dress (Latin "habitus"), the rationale given being: "In some provinces the dress of Jews and
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known as the Judenkopf Groschen. Its obverse portrait shows a man with a pointed beard wearing a Judenhut, which the populace took as depicting a typical Jew.
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ordered in 1555 that all Jews in Rome were required to wear the yellow hat "under the severest penalties." When he died, his statue, erected before the
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583:(the Christians had already been required to wear the sash). He also required them to wear small bells in public baths. In the eleventh century, the
246:, observant Jews should keep their heads covered almost all the time, and indeed men of all religious groups tended to wear hats when outside in the
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515:, where the medieval legend specified a Jewish character. The Jewish hat worn in reality was probably less pointy than is usually shown in art.
1863:
364:. It was probably more widely required by local laws, for example English legislation concentrated on the badge, which took the form of the two
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were far more long-lasting. This was an alternative form of distinguishing mark, not found in Europe before 1215, and later reintroduced by the
1693:
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its use was formally discontinued, although it had been declining long before that, and is not often seen after 1500; the various forms of the
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854:, with the infant Christ being shadowed by the Jewish "false Messiah", who is seen half-naked wearing a pointed cap in the stable doorway.
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surviving early medieval references to Jewish clothing likewise suggest that Jews dressed no differently from their Gentile neighbor".
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seen dressed in forbidden attire. The last Ottoman decree affirming the distinctive clothing for dhimmis was issued in 1837 by
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in 1528, at the request of various distinguished patients (at the time in Venice each profession had special clothing rules).
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257:, the Jewish hat is often seen in illustrated Hebrew manuscripts, and was later included by German Jews in their seals and
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Cassen, Flora (2019). "Jewish Travelers in early Modern Italy: Visible and Invisible Resistance to The Jewish Badge".
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in 1267 said that since Jews had stopped wearing the pointed hats they used to wear, this would be made compulsory.
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436:, is often shown wearing a Jewish hat, and Jesus himself may be shown wearing one, especially in depictions of the
639:. Discriminatory clothing was not enforced in those Ottoman provinces where Christians were the majority, such as
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and Aaron do not wear the hat but the Egyptian magicians do, signifying not that they are Jews, but that they are
1074:
Piponnier and Mane, p. 138; Silverman, 57; Seals from Norman Roth, op cit. Also Schreckenburg p. 15 & passim.
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ordered the Jews of the Maghreb to wear dark blue garments with long sleeves and saddle-like caps. His grandson
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The origin of the hat is unclear, although it is often seen as ultimately evolving from the same origin as the
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were probably made in Germany around 1175, and two Jewish merchants depicted on the doors wear them. Under
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Additional rules were imposed by local rulers at various times. The council decision was confirmed by the
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372:, rabbis or other Jewish leaders wear the Jewish hat when other Jews do not, which may reflect reality.
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In Europe, the Jewish hat was worn in France from the eleventh century, and Italy from the twelfth. The
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31:
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1394:""The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Hat", in: Jewish History, 29 (2015), 203–244"
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This article is about the headgear of medieval European Jews. For the modern Jewish skullcap, see
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personally helped to enforce his decrees regarding clothes. In 1758, he was walking incognito in
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The shape of the hat is variable. Sometimes, especially in the thirteenth century, it is a soft
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1598:, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan., 1942), pp. 59–72, Indiana University Press.
1228:“Jewish Travelers in Early Modern Italy: Visible and Invisible Resistance to The Jewish Badge.”
1119:
Fehér, J. (1967). Magyar Középkori Inkvizicio. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Transilvania.
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75:. Initially worn by choice, its wearing was enforced in some places in Europe after the 1215
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1427:. Madison/Teaneck, J: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses.
1379:""From Judenhut to Zauberhut: A Jewish Sign Proliferates", in: Asdiwal, 10, 2015, 136–162"
8:
1898:
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Although this may not yet have acquired the force of law at this period. See Roth op cit.
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322:, despite some of the earliest examples being seen in Italy, and was not found in Spain.
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However, not all European medieval monarchs followed these pontifical resolutions. King
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224:, a manuscript of around 1030, have been seen as an early form, and they appear in the
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Cone-shaped pointed hat, worn by Jews in Medieval Europe and parts of the Islamic world
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it must be a yellow, peaked hat, and from 1567 for twenty years it was compulsory in
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Images of Intolerance: The Representation of Jews and Judaism in the Bible moralisée
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sultans continued to regulate the clothing of their non-Muslim subjects. In 1577,
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Modern distinctive or characteristic Jewish forms of male headgear include the
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In a late addition to local rulings, the very strict and locally unpopular
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Medieval Jewish History: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Norman Roth, Routledge
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Medieval Jewish History: An Encyclopedia. Edited by Norman Roth, Routledge
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Muslims took to the habit of wearing caps similar to those of the Jews,
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al‑Mutawakkil ordered Christians and Jews to wear both a sash called a
184:, remain associated with Jews up to the eighteenth century and beyond.
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The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century
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836:(1851–1890) features a Jewish merchant wearing a Judenhut (at right).
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462:(Germany, c. 1300), the figures wear the hat when sitting to eat the
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that it often resembles, the hat may have originated in pre-Islamic
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333:. A doctor was given a temporary dispensation from wearing it in
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Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings
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Lipton, 18; the image is on folio 25c of Vienna ONB Codex 1179
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around their necks. In the late twelfth century, Almohad ruler
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for wearing a black hat, as was acceptable in his home city of
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Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century
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1273:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 719.
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1044:
Dark Mirror: The Medieval Origins of Anti-Jewish Iconography
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1946:
1805:
1738:
319:
1758:
1523:“The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Hat”
349:, but by this period it is rarely seen in most of Europe.
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ancient dress from styles of the contemporary Middle East.
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1460:
1293:
Schreckenburg: 125–196. A twefth-century English example
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Jews, i.e. on the wrong side of the dispute. The paired
80:
1530:“From Judenhut to Zauberhut: A Jewish Sign Proliferates”
982:
For example as worn by the Old Testament figures on the
1246:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 41.
1185:, of about 1300. See sacrifice illustration below also.
1004:
Occasionally small straight "stalks" are seen earlier,
577:
and a distinctive kind of shawl or headscarf called a
376:
For example, in Italy a Leone Segele was arrested in
875:
329:of 1311–12. In 1267 the hat was made compulsory in
1177:For example in the enigmatic illustrations to the
479:, which has turned into a serpent, turning on the
318:in Germany. The hat was mostly found north of the
1425:Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide
1328:, pp. 380-86, 1980, Chatto & Windus, London,
2838:
1596:The "Jewish Hat" as an Aspect of Social History
1326:Late Antique, Early Christian and Mediaeval Art
829:Valdemar Atterdag holding Visby to ransom, 1361
1642:
1419:
546:Regulated dress for Jews in the Islamic world
1649:
1635:
1482:Parts of this article are translated from
631:and ordered the beheading of a Jew and an
87:to distinguish them from others. Like the
1622:Website in German with many illustrations
1260:
1026:
767:by the Knight Volkmar at the time of the
743:German Jews of the twelfth century. From
623:ordered the hanging of the perpetrators.
446:, the Jewish hat is often seen in Hebrew
368:. In some pictures from all parts of the
71:, often white or yellow, worn by Jews in
1525:, in: Jewish History, 29 (2015), 203–244
1507:, 1999, University of California Press,
731:, Germany, first half of twelfth century
409:
279:
191:
138:
25:
1656:
1008:. Schreckenberg:77, illus 4, of c. 1170
67:("horned skullcap"), was a cone-shaped
2839:
1535:Françoise Piponnier and Perrine Mane;
1266:
1194:
1031:. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 55–57.
1630:
1046:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 15.
250:to a much greater extent than today.
34:(on the right) wearing a Jewish hat (
1239:
1041:
301:
1391:
1358:Lipton, 19; ONB Codex 1179, f. 181a
787:twelfth-century German Nativity of
475:, an illustration shows the rod of
13:
1588:
1571:A Cultural History of Jewish Dress
1083:Piponnier & Mane, 138 (quoted)
1029:A Cultural History of Jewish Dress
14:
2873:
1610:
1376:
196:Figure in a Jewish hat holding a
2821:
1757:
1532:, in: Asdiwal, 10, 2015, 136–162
1159:. Lithuania, JE: "Yellow badge".
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149:, in the Jewish manuscript the "
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1:
1694:Court dress (Empire of Japan)
1559:, 1996, Continuum, New York,
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1324:, Selected Papers, volume 3,
703:
678:
422:
291:Fourth Council of the Lateran
154:
77:Fourth Council of the Lateran
1230:Academia, November 28, 2019.
341:ordered in 1555 that in the
7:
1551:"Was There a "Jewish Hat"?"
1496:at the Jewish Encyclopaedia
1469:Bat Ye’or (2002), pp. 91–96
1267:Setton, Kenneth M. (1984).
1130:"Mantino, Jacob ben Samuel"
871:
765:Burning and killing of Jews
558:Islamic scholars cited the
532:
432:case. The husband of Mary,
10:
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18:
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1995:
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1557:The Jews in Christian Art
940:List of hats and headgear
454:made in medieval Europe (
405:
129:
1537:Dress in the Middle Ages
1312:Lipton, 16-19, 17 quoted
1027:Silverman, Eric (2013).
970:
960:Clothing laws by country
448:manuscript illuminations
176:of the time worn in the
134:
83:to wear while outside a
2862:Medieval Jewish history
1573:, 2013, A&C Black,
1555:Schreckenburg, Heinz,
1295:is in the Getty Museum
1240:Stow, Kenneth (2001).
1208:Cite journal requires
513:Finding the True Cross
506:Circumcision of Christ
428:
415:Circumcision of Christ
286:
213:
160:
153:Pentateuch", Germany,
39:
2687:Manchu platform shoes
1168:Schreckenburg:288-296
1042:Sara, Lipton (2014).
945:Ottoman Millet system
850:Adoration of the Magi
834:Carl Gustaf Hellqvist
519:William III the Brave
413:
352:As an outcome of the
283:
222:Old English Hexateuch
204:) for the holiday of
195:
142:
38:, fourteenth century)
29:
2599:Stephane (headdress)
984:Klosterneuburg Altar
745:Herrad von Landsperg
460:Birds' Head Haggadah
312:Elisabeth of Hungary
308:Andrew II of Hungary
46:, also known as the
32:SĂĽĂźkind von Trimberg
2828:Clothing portal
1658:Historical clothing
1134:Jewish Encyclopedia
1110:Schreckenburg, p.15
852:by Hieronymus Bosch
791:with Mary's father
389:Counter Reformation
354:Jewish Emancipation
1454:2008-10-24 at the
1300:2010-06-07 at the
1156:Cum nimis absurdum
1098:2008-02-25 at the
924:Ethnic segregation
866:Judenkopf Groschen
525:, minted a silver
429:
366:Tablets of the Law
287:
214:
182:Pale of Settlement
161:
40:
2834:
2833:
2672:Episcopal sandals
1937:Close-bodied gown
1839:Sompot Chong Kben
1581:, 9781847882868,
1569:Silverman, Eric,
1539:, Yale UP, 1997;
1515:, 9780520215511,
750:Hortus deliciarum
439:Meeting at Emmaus
327:Council of Vienne
302:Local regulations
2869:
2857:Medieval costume
2826:
2825:
2717:Tiger-head shoes
1987:Zaju chuishao fu
1872:
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1594:Straus Raphael,
1528:Lubrich, Naomi,
1521:Lubrich, Naomi,
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1392:Lubrich, Naomi.
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1377:Naomi, Lubrich.
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1066:
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1017:Silverman, 55-56
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993:
987:
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902:
897:
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895:
888:
883:
882:
881:
863:
845:
824:
807:Coat of arms of
804:
784:
761:
740:
717:
708:
707: 1225–1230
705:
692:
683:
680:
661:
601:Abdallah al-Adil
499:below shows two
427:
424:
159:
156:
144:Circumcision of
124:Hasidic clothing
30:The Jewish poet
2879:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2814:
2795:Perfumed gloves
2726:
2623:
2335:
2198:
2097:Mackinaw jacket
1991:
1918:
1875:
1866:
1815:
1762:
1753:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1613:
1591:
1589:Further reading
1486:of 13 July 2005
1478:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:Wayback Machine
1447:
1443:
1435:
1413:
1409:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1367:Saurma no. 4386
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1347:Bible moralisée
1344:
1340:
1336:; Lipton, 16-17
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:Wayback Machine
1292:
1288:
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1254:
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1189:
1179:Golden Haggadah
1176:
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1152:
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1138:
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1128:
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1123:
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795:wearing the hat
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521:(1425–1482) of
472:Bible moralisée
425:
408:
304:
210:Hebrew calendar
190:
157:
137:
132:
97:Babylonian Jews
79:for adult male
73:Medieval Europe
65:pileus cornutus
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2291:Liberty bodice
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2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Norfolk jacket
2104:
2099:
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2089:
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2082:Inverness cape
2079:
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2069:
2064:
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2054:
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2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Cardinal cloak
2017:
2012:
2007:
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1972:Sack-back gown
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1611:External links
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1549:Roth, Norman,
1547:
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1517:Amazon preview
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1322:Meyer Schapiro
1314:
1305:
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1280:978-0871691149
1279:
1259:
1253:978-0295980256
1252:
1232:
1226:Cassen, Flora.
1219:
1210:|journal=
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700:Bronze Serpent
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649:
547:
544:
534:
531:
483:'s magicians (
464:Passover Seder
407:
404:
303:
300:
265:and sometimes
229:Stavelot Bible
208:in a medieval
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2247:Waist cincher
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2040:Kinsale cloak
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36:Codex Manesse
33:
28:
22:
2847:Pointed hats
2463:
2349:Anthony Eden
2301:Open drawers
2152:Galway shawl
1967:Robe de cour
1595:
1583:google books
1570:
1556:
1536:
1504:
1501:Lipton, Sara
1493:
1481:
1444:
1424:
1418:, quoted in
1415:
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1201:cite journal
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1137:. Retrieved
1133:
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955:Yellow badge
849:
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748:
668:Finding the
666:Saint Helena
664:
606:
578:
572:
565:
560:Pact of Umar
557:
549:
536:
517:
511:Saint Helena
509:
492:
487:, 7:10-12);
470:
468:
455:
444:Jewish badge
437:
434:Saint Joseph
430:
392:Pope Paul IV
386:
374:
358:yellow badge
351:
343:Papal States
339:Pope Paul IV
324:
316:canonization
305:
288:
263:Saint Joseph
255:yellow badge
252:
237:
233:
215:
174:
165:Phrygian cap
162:
143:
106:(skullcap),
101:
89:Phrygian cap
64:
52:
51:
47:
43:
41:
2805:Shoe buckle
2732:Accessories
2682:Lotus shoes
2459:Jeongjagwan
2434:French hood
2384:Blessed hat
2306:Pantalettes
2274:Farthingale
2184:Ulster coat
2164:Smock-frock
2077:Houppelande
1867: [
1672:Body-length
1617:PBS feature
1484:de:Judenhut
1414:Al-Nawawi,
1153:Papal Bull
908:Conical hat
682: 1170
677:, Germany,
625:Mustafa III
426: 1340
396:Campidoglio
370:Middle Ages
253:Unlike the
248:Middle Ages
158: 1300
122:; see also
69:pointed hat
2841:Categories
2775:Lavallière
2692:Pampooties
2449:Gable hood
2326:Union suit
2321:Pettipants
2264:Hoop skirt
2194:Witzchoura
1864:SaragĂĽells
1801:Poet shirt
1719:Justacorps
1709:Frock coat
1579:1847882862
1513:0520215516
1476:References
995:Lipton, 16
950:Tembel hat
929:Fulani hat
702:, German,
670:True Cross
458:). In the
244:Jewish law
151:Regensburg
48:Jewish cap
44:Jewish hat
2750:Cointoise
2745:Belt hook
2740:Ascot tie
2722:Turnshoes
2707:Poulaines
2667:Duckbills
2652:Carbatina
2614:Welsh Wig
2564:Printer's
2524:Mounteere
2514:Mooskappe
2474:Kokoshnik
2359:Arakhchin
2311:Petticoat
2296:Loincloth
2269:Crinoline
2204:Underwear
2142:Shadbelly
2112:Overfrock
2067:Greatcoat
1997:Outerwear
1962:Polonaise
1942:Debutante
1899:Safeguard
1689:Brunswick
1421:Bat Ye'or
1183:Darmstadt
965:Witch hat
913:Court Jew
809:Judenburg
637:Mahmud II
614:issued a
612:Murad III
597:Abu Yusuf
537:When the
347:Lithuania
231:of 1097.
178:Holy Land
108:shtreimel
2702:Pigaches
2662:Chopines
2629:Footwear
2554:Phrygian
2534:Nightcap
2509:Monmouth
2439:Fontange
2419:Cornette
2414:Coonskin
2404:Cavalier
2394:Capotain
2341:Headwear
2316:Peignoir
2237:Corselet
2232:Codpiece
2222:Chausses
2072:Himation
2010:Car coat
1982:Tea gown
1844:Culottes
1834:Breeches
1821:Trousers
1811:Suea pat
1749:Xout lao
1494:Judenhut
1452:Archived
1423:(2002).
1402:24709777
1298:Archived
1096:Archived
872:See also
729:Augsburg
698:and the
643:and the
633:Armenian
629:Istanbul
621:Mahmud I
589:Al-Hakim
580:taylasin
533:Transfer
527:groschen
501:tonsured
452:Haggadot
450:such as
295:Saracens
273:held in
120:kashkets
53:Judenhut
2790:Partlet
2760:Hairpin
2697:Pattens
2677:Hessian
2647:Caligae
2637:Buskins
2609:Taranga
2594:Smoking
2584:Salakot
2574:Qeleshe
2569:Pudding
2549:Petasos
2544:Pahlavi
2539:Ochipok
2494:Miner's
2484:Malahai
2479:Llawt'u
2399:Caubeen
2379:Bergère
2369:Aviator
2364:Attifet
2279:Pannier
2227:Chemise
2179:Surtout
2174:Surcoat
2169:Spencer
2132:Pelisse
2127:Pallium
2117:Pañuelo
2052:Doublet
2030:Chlamys
2025:Chamail
1924:Dresses
1829:Braccae
1791:Doublet
1781:Bedgown
1724:Paenula
1604:4615188
1416:Minhadj
986:of 1181
936:, Melah
813:Austria
793:Joachim
651:Gallery
645:Balkans
608:Ottoman
587:caliph
585:Fatimid
552:dhimmis
523:Meissen
497:roundel
481:Pharaoh
419:Austria
275:Breslau
188:History
169:oil-can
2810:Visard
2765:Hatpin
2642:Calcei
2619:Wimple
2604:Tainia
2559:Pileus
2504:Modius
2469:Kausia
2464:Jewish
2454:Hennin
2429:Fillet
2389:Bonnet
2374:Ba tầm
2259:Garter
2254:Dickey
2242:Corset
2217:Bustle
2212:Basque
2189:Visite
2137:Poncho
2102:Nadiri
2092:Kandys
2087:Jerkin
2062:Exomis
2057:Duster
2047:Dolman
2015:Caraco
2005:Capote
1977:Sailor
1957:Mantua
1952:Kirtle
1932:Bliaut
1904:Sompot
1894:Poodle
1889:Hobble
1881:Skirts
1786:Bodice
1776:Basque
1729:Peplos
1699:Chiton
1684:Banyan
1679:Abolla
1602:
1577:
1563:
1543:
1511:
1431:
1400:
1332:
1277:
1250:
1139:5 July
934:Ghetto
918:Dhimmi
773:Prague
721:Daniel
641:Greece
616:firman
593:calves
574:zunnar
569:caliph
539:plague
485:Exodus
406:In art
335:Venice
331:Vienna
206:sukkot
198:citron
130:Europe
118:, and
116:kolpik
112:spodik
104:kippah
93:Persia
85:ghetto
58:German
21:Kippah
2770:Jabot
2712:Socci
2589:Snood
2529:Nemes
2444:Futou
2424:Dunce
2157:Kullu
2147:Shawl
2122:Palla
2035:Cloak
1914:Train
1871:]
1849:Harem
1744:Tunic
1734:Stola
1714:Hanfu
1704:Frock
1600:JSTOR
1439:p. 91
1398:JSTOR
971:Notes
832:, by
696:Moses
489:Moses
477:Aaron
400:Tiber
382:Genoa
362:Nazis
271:synod
267:Jesus
226:Mosan
218:mitre
202:etrog
146:Isaac
135:Shape
62:Latin
60:) or
2800:Ruff
2780:Muff
2579:Qing
2409:Coif
2354:Apex
2286:Hose
1947:Gown
1909:Sinh
1806:Sbai
1768:Tops
1739:Toga
1575:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1214:help
1141:2014
920:laws
789:Mary
550:For
508:and
493:like
378:Lodi
320:Alps
289:The
81:Jews
42:The
2785:Oes
2499:Mob
2331:Yáşżm
1181:of
1006:e.g
723:in
314:'s
2843::
1869:ca
1503:,
1462:^
1396:.
1205::
1203:}}
1199:{{
1132:.
811:,
747:,
727:,
704:c.
679:c.
673:,
647:.
466:.
423:c.
421:,
417:,
402:.
155:c.
126:.
114:,
110:,
99:.
50:,
1650:e
1643:t
1636:v
1606:.
1437:.
1404:.
1381:.
1349:.
1283:.
1256:.
1216:)
1212:(
1143:.
815:.
775:)
771:(
212:.
200:(
56:(
23:.
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